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445:, enacted in 1990, significantly reshaped the logging industry's relationship with the Tongass National Forest. The law's provisions cancelled a $ 40 million annual subsidy for timber harvest; established several new wilderness areas and closed others to logging; and required that future cutting under the 50-year pulp contracts be subject to environmental review and limitations on old-growth harvest. Alaska Pulp Corporation and Ketchikan Pulp Corporation claimed that the new restrictions made them uncompetitive and closed down their mills in 1993 and 1997, respectively, and the Forest Service then cancelled the remainders of the two 50-year timber contracts.
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of this original land is now under water or in a watershed, and consequently
Sealaska has requested different land. On 23 April 2009, Senator Murkowski and U.S. Rep. Don Young introduced a revised Sealaska bill (S. 881 and H.R 2099) that requests public lands that are both economically valuable and environmentally delicate. Starting with the next session of Congress in 2011, Senator Murkowski reintroduced a slightly modified version of the Sealaska Bill and Representative Don Young introduced a companion bill (S 730 and HR 1408). While HR 1408 was passed out of the Natural Resources Committee, S 730 remains in the Natural Resources Committee of the Senate.
495:. Southeast Alaska is an extensive landscape, with communities scattered across the archipelago on different islands, isolated from each other and the mainland road system. The road system that exists in the region is in place because of the resource extraction history in the region, primarily established by the Forest Service to enable timber harvest. Once in place, these roads serve to connect local communities and visitors to recreation, hunting, fishing, and subsistence opportunities long into the future. Installing roads in the vast wilderness areas of the Tongass has been opposed by the
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395:(KPC) and the Alaska Pulp Company. These contracts were scheduled to last 50 years, and originally intended to complement independent sawlog operations in the region. However, the two companies conspired to drive log prices down, put smaller logging operations out of business, and were major and recalcitrant polluters in their local areas. Ultimately, virtually all timber sales in the Tongass were purchased by one of these two companies.
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411). However, the Forest
Service also conducts NEPA analyses, layout, and administrative operations to support these sales, and as such, the government does not make a profit overall. Given the guaranteed low prices during contract days and the continued high cost of logging in Southeast Alaska today, one analysis concludes that, since 1980, the Forest Service has lost over one billion dollars in Tongass
595:." The Biden administration planned to formally publish its intent to revise the Trump-era rule by August 2021, with details of the plan being finalized in the following two years. In November 2021, the administration officially published a rule to restore roadless protections in the Tongass National Forest; The rule took effect in January 2023, restoring the 2001 roadless rule.
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Though its land area is huge, about 40% of the
Tongass is composed of wetlands, snow, ice, rock, and non-forest vegetation, while the remaining 10 million acres (40,000 km) are forested. About 5 million acres (20,000 km) are considered "productive old-growth", and 4,500,000 acres
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Known by the U.S. Forest
Service as the "crown jewel", the Tongass stretches across 17 million acres of land and is Alaska's largest National Forest. Alaska Wilderness League describes the Tongass as "one of the last remaining intact temperate rainforests in the world". 70,000 people inhabit the
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Currently
Sealaska, a native regional corporation created under the ANCSA is asking for an amendment to the Act that would distribute additional land to Alaskan Natives. When Sealaska was created, it was promised additional land that was unavailable at the time due to contracts with pulp mills; much
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Of all the old growth in the forest, no more than 11% of the remaining area will ever be harvested. Of the 5,700,000 acres (23,000 km) of "productive old-growth" in the forest, 676,000 acres (2,740 km), or 12% of the total old-growth, are slated for harvest over the next 10 years. Current
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Historically, logging operations tended to concentrate on lower-elevation, bigger-tree ecosystems for harvesting; at present, approximately 78% of the land remains intact, i.e. 383,000 acres (1,550 km) out of 491,000 acres (1,990 km) original big-tree, low-elevation forest area. Given the
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In 2003, an appropriations bill rider required that all timber sales in the
Tongass must be positive sales, meaning no sales could be sold that undervalued the "stumpage" rate, or the value of the trees as established by the marketplace (2008 Appropriations Bill P.L. 110â161, H. Rept. 110â497, Sec.
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between Russia and the United States did not extinguish aboriginal title to the land, and that the creation of the
Tongass National Forest constituted a taking of land from the Tlingit and Haida. The case was finally settled in 1968 with a $ 7.5 million payment that valued the Tongass at about
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from the
Anchorage federal district court, in his ruling, reinstated the Roadless Rule on roadless areas in the Tongass, but with three of the Forest Service's recent timber projects excluded from that ruling "without prejudice." Those projects were Iyouktug Timber Sales ROD (record of decision),
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of 1971 (ANCSA). This Act conveyed approximately 44,000,000 acres (180,000 km) of federal land in Alaska to private native corporations which were created under the ANCSA. 632,000 acres (2,560 km) of those lands were hand-picked old growth areas of the
Tongass National Forest and are
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High-grading (preferentially targeting for logging the most profitable forest types) has been prevalent in the
Tongass throughout the era of industrial-scale logging there. For example, the forest type with the largest concentration of big treesâvolume class 7âoriginally comprised only 4% of the
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members added an amendment to the appropriations bill to block federally funded road building in Tongass National Forest. Proponents of the amendment said that the federal timber program in Tongass is a dead loss for taxpayers, costing some $ 30 million annually, and noted that the Forest
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for protection of the Salmon Bay Watershed was partially enacted into law when Congress Passed the Tongass Timber Reform Act; environmental lobbyists had compromised with Senator Ted Stevens leaving the most valuable forest available to logging in the headwaters of the salmon streams therein.
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in Ketchikan. The Mendenhall Glacier Visitor Center, built in 1962, was the first Forest Service visitor center in the nation. The forest interpretive program on the state ferries began in the summer of 1968, and was the longest-running naturalist program in the agency until ending in 2013.
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The Tongass National Forest offers recreation opportunities, some of which are found only in Alaska. The forest has close to one million visitors each year. Most come by cruise ships arriving through the Inside Passage of Southeast Alaska. The Forest Service provides visitor programs at the
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Transference of public National Forest land to a privately owned corporation removes it from protection by Federal law and allows the owners to use the land in whatever way they see fit without regard to the effects of the use on surrounding lands and ecosystems. This fact has caused much
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ruled in their favor in December 1975 and March 1976, enjoining clearcutting of over 150 square miles (390 km) of the north end of Prince of Wales Island. The suit threatened to halt clearcutting in the United States. In 1976, Congress removed the Zieske injunction in passing the
453:. Logging operations are not the only deficit-run programs, however. The Forest Service likens the overall deficit of the timber harvest program to the many other programs the agency operates at a deficit, including trail, cabin, and campground maintenance and subsistence programs.
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Because the reasons proffered by the Forest Service in support of the Tongass Exemption were implausible, contrary to the evidence in the record, and contrary to Ninth Circuit precedent, the court concludes that promulgation of the Tongass Exemption was arbitrary and capricious.
527:, an Ohio Republican who sponsored the amendment, said, "I am not opposed to logging when it's done on the timber company's dime⌠But in this case, they are using the American taxpayer to subsidize these 200 jobs at the tune of $ 200,000 per job. That just makes no sense."
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in a presidential proclamation of 20 August 1902. Another presidential proclamation made by Roosevelt, on 10 September 1907, created the Tongass National Forest. On 1 July 1908, the two forests were joined, and the combined forest area encompassed most of
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In a move that reverses a Trump administration decision to lift restrictions on logging and road-building, the Biden administration announced on 15 July 2021 that it would end large-scale, old-growth timber sales in the Tongass National Forest.
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A study released by Audubon Alaska on 22 February 2012 showed that the Sealaska selection of the largest trees in areas designated in S 730 and HR 1408 is 1200 percent greater than the occurrence of these trees in the Tongass as a whole.
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In September 2006, a landmark court decision overturned Bush's repeal of the Roadless Rule, reverting to the 2001 roadless area protections established under president Clinton. The Tongass remained exempt from that ruling. In June 2007,
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The Forest Service removed most of the Tongass National Forest from roadless area designation in October 2020, allowing road construction and logging in more than 9.3 million acres of rainforest. Clear-cut lands lose the
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Known as the Sealaska Lands Bill, the removal of 91,000 acres from the regulatory protections of the USFS and transfer of the land to Sealaska, a for profit corporation, created a huge controversy in South East Alaska.
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Much of the power of these companies lay in the long-term contracts. The contracts guaranteed low prices to the pulp companiesâin some cases resulting in trees being given away for "less than the price of a hamburger".
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Major disturbances in the Tongass National Forest include windfall and landslides. Local winter windstorms referred to as the "Takus" can affect the structure of some stands and often cause single-tree blow-downs.
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forested portion of the Tongass, and over two-thirds of it has been logged. Other high-grading has concentrated on stands of Alaska cedar and red cedar. The karst terrain often produces large trees and has fewer
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Timber harvest in Southeast Alaska consisted of individual handlogging operations up until the 1950s, focusing on lowlying areas and beach fringe areas. In the 1950s, in part to aid in Japanese recovery from
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With the passage of the Roadless Rule, inventoried roadless areas, 'for better or worse, more committed to pristine wilderness, and less amendable to road development for purposes permitted by the Forest
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within the Tongass National Forest, more than in any other national forest. They contain over 5,750,000 acres (23,300 km) of territory, also more than any other. From largest to smallest, they are:
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There is strong opposition to passage of S 881 coming from seven communities in the Tongass, most on Prince of Wales Island. In addition, there are fears expressed by the Territorial Sportsmen that the
631:, the state capital, with a population of 31,000. The forest is named for the Tongass group of the Tlingit people, who inhabited the southernmost areas of Southeast Alaska, near what is now the city of
469:, recreation and other non-commercial uses will instead be the focus. The new rules would still allow for smaller timber sales, including some old-growth trees, for cultural uses by local communities.
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Colella, Jocelyn P.; Frederick, Lindsey M.; Talbot, Sandra L.; Cook, Joseph A. (2021). "Extrinsically reinforced hybrid speciation within Holarctic ermine (Mustela spp.) produces an insular endemic".
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lawsuit, continued through comments submitted to the major US Forest Service Environmental Impact Statements issued in subsequent five-year intervals starting in 1979, and continuing in the 1988 EIS.
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After the creation of the Tongass National Forest, the Central Council of the Tlingit and Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska formed to challenge the federal government's rights to the land in 1935. In
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region. While the timber industry dominated the economy for a long time, the region has transitioned into "non-timber... such as recreation, subsistence food, salmon, scientific use, and
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approved clearcut logging on 381 acres (1.54 km) in the remaining old growth forests of a Tongass National Forest roadless area. The timber sale was permanently stopped by a lawsuit.
591:(USDA) under Biden, "We recognize the vital role the forest and its inventoried roadless areas play in communities, and in the economy and culture of southeast Alaska, as well as for
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will be listed as endangered if the bill is passed. Similar concerns were expressed by the Alaska Outdoor Council in letters to Senators Murkowski and Begich and Governor Parnell.
2220:. Text by Robert Glenn Ketchum and Carey D. Ketchum; introduction by Roderick Nash. New York, New York: Aperture Foundation. Distributed in the U.S. by Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.
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Tongass National Forest (N.F.), Ketchikan Pulp Company Long-term Timber Sale Contract, 1989-94 Operating Period, Ketchikan Administrative Area: Environmental Impact Statement
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The Wildlife Society, Alaska Chapter, 2003. Comments to the Chief of the Forest Service on the exemption of the Tongass National Forest from the roadless rule. Aug. 8, 2003.
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controversy involving the business interests of Native Regional Corporations and the personal interests of local Native and non-Native residents of Southeastern Alaska.
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347:, the court found Alaskan natives held established aboriginal title by their "exclusive use and occupancy of that territory from time immemorial". The court found the
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contributes more than $ 2 billion" annually. Tourism supports over 10,000 jobs in the Tongass National Forest, with about 10% being related to fishing activities.
1367:"The Tlingit and Haida Indians of Alaska and Harry Douglas et al., Intervenors, v. The United States. No. 47900. United States Court of Claims. January 19, 1968"
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While the Forest Service may reevaluate its approach to roadless area management in the Tongass, it must comply with the requirements of the APA in doing so.
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There are three other wilderness areas within the Alaska Panhandle region that are not part of the Tongass National Forest, but are administered by the
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43 cents an acre. The value was based on land value at the time of the taking in 1902, without the inflation or interest accrued in the past 66 years.
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administration revealed its intent to "repeal or replace" Trump's removal of roadless designation. According to Matt Herrick, spokesman for the
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and Governor Michael J. Dunleavy. In a statement, Forest Service officials said the new plan would be subject to public comment for 60 days.
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324:. Further presidential proclamations of 16 February 1909 (in the last months of the Roosevelt administration) and 10 June, and in 1925 (by
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Service faces an estimated $ 900 million road maintenance backlog in the forest. Supporters of the bipartisan amendment included the
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instructed federal officials to reverse the limits of tree cutting at the request of Alaska's top elected officials, including Senator
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A court order, ruling the Tongass exemption from the Roadless Rule invalid, Judge Sedwick (U.S. Dist. Court, Anchorage), 4 March 2011
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swim offshore. The Tongass is also home to steelhead and salmon. The Tongass is also the only place in the United States where the
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Administration, and the initiative prevented the construction of new roads in roadless areas of United States national forests.
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and is remote enough to be home to many species of endangered and rare flora and fauna. The Tongass, which is managed by the
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Parent, S. 1992. The National Forest Management Act: Out of the Woods and Back to the Courts? Lewis & Clark Law School.
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In 1974, the exclusive KPC contract for 800,000 acres of old growth forest on Prince of Wales Island was challenged by the
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The Tongass National Forest was included in the Roadless Initiative passed on 5 January 2001, during the last days of the
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675:. The Tongass is Earth's largest remaining temperate rainforest. The terrain underlying the forest is divided between
429:, held the US Forest Service had to protect all salmon streams in the Tongass with buffer strips. One of the claims in
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503:, diminish wildlife populations and damage salmon spawning streams. They argue that existing roads are sufficient.
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2105:"Sen. Murkowski Introduces Revised Sealaska Lands Bill - Alaska Business Monthly - February 2013 - Anchorage, AK"
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still surrounded by public National Forest land. These lands are now privately held and under the management of
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ZIESKE v. BUTZ, 406 F.Supp. 258 (1975), United States District Court, D. Alaska. Decision of 23 December 1975.
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at 16.7 million acres (26,100 sq mi; 6,800,000 ha; 68,000 km). Most of its area is
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1820:"Trump to strip protections from Tongass National Forest, one of the biggest intact temperate rainforests"
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Zieske v. Butz, 412 F.Supp. 1403 (1976), United States District Court, D. Alaska. Decision of 5 May 1976.
1316:"Aircraft Accident Report Alaska Airlines, Inc. Boeing 727, N29696, Near Juneau, Alaska September 4, 1971"
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harvesting plans call for a phase-out of old-growth harvesting, to be replaced by rotation harvesting of
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2227:. Environmental Ethics, Values, and Policy series. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Temple University Press.
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Steiner, R. 1998. Deforestation in Alaska's Coastal rainforest: causes and solutions. Univ. of Alaska.
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1257:. The forest extends from roughly 55 N, 130 W at the southern tip of Alaska to roughly 60 N, 140 W at
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2187:. Copyright Lawrence Rakestraw. Printed by the USDA Forest Service in 1982, 1994, 2002. SD565R24,
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663:, the Tongass is part of the "perhumid rainforest zone", and the forest is primarily made up of
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Tongass National Forest (N.F.), LPK Timber Sale Plan, 1979-1984: Environmental Impact Statement
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Scratchings Timber Sale ROD II, and Kuiu Timber Sale Area ROD. The Order concluded in part:
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1721:"Obama Administration Approves First Logging Contract in Alaska's Tongass National Forest"
328:) expanded the Tongass. An early supervisor of the forest was William Alexander Langille.
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The battle for buffer strips, to protect salmon streams from logging, which began in the
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726:. Many migratory birds spend summer months nesting among the archipelago, notably the
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1997:"Opinion: The Amazon forest isn't the only one in peril. Trump has his eye on Alaska"
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1791:"Trump administration proposes expanding logging in Alaska's Tongass National Forest"
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2253:. Written by Amy Gulick, Illustrated by Ray Troll. Published by Mountaineers Books.
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The Tongass: Alaska's Vanishing Rain Forest: The Photographs of Robert Glenn Ketchum
1974:"The Tongass National Forest: Recreationalists' Paradise and Wildlife Lover's Dream"
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of the Coast Mountains. The forest is administered from Forest Service offices in
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1880:"Biden officials to propose road ban on much of Alaska's Tongass National Forest"
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Eagle Glacier Memorial Cabin, located near Juneau in the Tongass National Forest
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The National Forest Foundation's Conservation Plan for Tongass National Forest
782:(both located within the Tongass), with the third being found on Haida Gwaii.
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The given coordinates are for one representative location in the forest near
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1345:"Central Council of the Tlingit and Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska: About Us"
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952:. Also in Southeast Alaska, but not in the Tongass National Forest, are the
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2297:âchronicler of the struggle to preserve the Tongass (book referenced above)
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inhabit the thousands of islands along the Alaska coast. Five species of
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and Pacific Coastal Mountain icefields and tundra ecoregions. Along with
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391:, the Forest Service set up long-term contracts with two pulp mills: the
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crashed in the Tongass National Forest, killing all 111 people on board.
1854:"Biden Plans to Restore Alaskan Forest Protections Stripped Under Trump"
1389:"Important Alaska Native settlement case started as grassroots movement"
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Lab Bay 1979-94 Environmental Impact Statement USDA Forest Service 1989
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627:. Thirty-one communities are located within the forest; the largest is
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415:. Over half the old growth timber was removed there by the mid 1990s.
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Lockyer, 575 F.3d at 1010 (quoting Kootenai Tribe, 313 F.3d at 1106).
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high value of these areas for wildlife species, close to 70% of this
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1906:"Biden Bans Roads and Logging in Alaska's Tongass National Forest"
1347:. Central Council of the Tlingit and Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska
1073:, one of the native regional corporations created under the ANCSA.
2070:(PDF). (See tables 3.7-9 and 3.9-12. Accessed 18 September 2008).
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is protected in reserves and will never be eligible for harvest.
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abound throughout the forest. Other terrestrial animals include
580:, habitat for wildlife, and soil stability, causing landslides.
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16.7 million acres (26,100 sq mi; 68,000 km)
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Tongass: Pulp Politics and the Fight for the Alaska Rain Forest
774:. Of the three subspecies of the Haida ermine, one is found on
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Collection of photographs spanning the Tongass National Forest
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In 1990, a Federal District Court in Alaska, in a case called
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Association led by Alan Stein, Chuck Zieske and Herb Zieske.
786:(18,000 km) of those are preserved as wilderness areas.
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Unique and protected creatures seldom found anywhere else in
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Protected areas of Prince of WalesâHyder Census Area, Alaska
1648:"Biden ends large-scale logging in Tongass National Forest"
1251:
1202:
Coeur Alaska, Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council
731:
491:
The most contested logging in the Tongass has involved the
200:
194:
2291:âcoalition of local groups working to preserve the Tongass
2022:
1695:"U.S. House Boosts Spending for Environment, Conservation"
191:
3224:
2288:
2251:
Salmon in the Trees: Life in Alaska's Tongass Rain Forest
197:
2185:
A History of the United States Forest Service in Alaska
657:
the Central and North Coast regions of British Columbia
2061:
Tongass National Forest Land Management Plan Final EIS
1602:
1600:
1064:
Native corporation lands are those designated by the
203:
4016:
Protected areas of Ketchikan Gateway Borough, Alaska
4006:
Protected areas of HoonahâAngoon Census Area, Alaska
2202:. Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University Press.
2092:
National Wilderness Areas by State, 14 November 2008
1971:
1636:
Tongass Land Management Plan Supplemental EIS, 1991.
1513:"Stein v. Barton, 740 F. Supp. 743 (D. Alaska 1990)"
1112:
345:
Tlingit and Haida Indians of Alaska v. United States
188:
4036:
Protected areas of Yakutat City and Borough, Alaska
1944:"Economic Realities in the Tongass National Forest"
1597:
185:
382:Alaska: Tongass National Forest. F.I. Shafer. 1940
35:The Tongass National Forest near Ketchikan, Alaska
1990:
1988:
1986:
3957:
2301:Temperate Rainforests of the North Pacific Coast
1607:Temperate Rainforests of the North Pacific Coast
2073:
1995:Dombeck, Mike; Wood, Chris (8 September 2019).
1737:Los Angeles Times editorial, 21 December 2009.
461:bogs, and has also been preferentially logged.
53:
2283:A History of the U.S. Forest Service in Alaska
1983:
3210:
2357:
2343:
901:Petersburg Creek-Duncan Salt Chuck Wilderness
683:rock, well-drained soil, and many caves) and
499:movement, which claims that it would promote
1750:US District Court, Alaska. 7 December 2009.
1564:"Underlying Causes of Deforestation: Alaska"
1080:A forest path in the Tongass National Forest
911:Pleasant/Lemesurier/Inian Islands Wilderness
2225:Environmental Ethics and Forestry: A Reader
1994:
1006:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3217:
3203:
2350:
2336:
2056:
2054:
1764:
1762:
1760:
79:Interactive map of Tongass National Forest
4001:Protected areas of Haines Borough, Alaska
1718:
1666:
1026:Learn how and when to remove this message
836:Misty Fjords National Monument Wilderness
1903:
1645:
1075:
1037:
940:. From largest to smallest they are the
938:Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge
642:
521:Republicans for Environmental Protection
482:
377:
359:
166:
2306:Audubon Alaska: Tongass National Forest
2051:
1757:
1240:
934:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
589:United States Department of Agriculture
472:
3958:
3183:Alaska Department of Natural Resources
1813:
1811:
1689:
1687:
1587:
1585:
817:'WWF ecoregion', a geographical area.
615:nations live in Southeast Alaska: the
3976:Civilian Conservation Corps in Alaska
3198:
2331:
2289:Southeast Alaska Conservation Council
2177:
1967:
1965:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1851:
1719:Goldstein, Katherine (16 July 2009).
1218:Southeast Alaska Conservation Council
960:, which are both administered by the
1877:
1817:
1788:
1423:"ZIESKE v. BUTZ - December 23, 1975"
1410:Finding Aid to the Alan Stein papers
1323:National Transportation Safety Board
1059:
1004:adding citations to reliable sources
971:
313:Alexander Archipelago Forest Reserve
4031:Protected areas of Wrangell, Alaska
3996:Protected areas established in 1907
1808:
1684:
1582:
1066:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
820:
762:, a rare and endangered species of
338:
16:National forest in southeast Alaska
13:
2825:Petersburg CreekâDuncan Salt Chuck
1962:
1931:
1904:Friedman, Lisa (25 January 2023).
1296:
651:The Tongass includes parts of the
14:
4052:
4011:Protected areas of Juneau, Alaska
2830:Pleasant/Lemesurier/Inian Islands
2264:
1325:. 13 October 1972. NTSB-AAR-72-28
1053:Southeast Alaska Discovery Center
1049:Mendenhall Glacier Visitor Center
846:Tracy Arm-Fords Terror Wilderness
141:1,881,000 (in 2006â2007)
4026:Protected areas of Sitka, Alaska
1272:"USFS Ranger Districts by State"
1171:
1157:
1143:
1129:
1115:
976:
876:South Prince of Wales Wilderness
866:West Chichagof-Yakobi Wilderness
653:Northern Pacific coastal forests
647:Misty Fjords Waterfall and kayak
181:
52:
45:
29:
3463:George Washington and Jefferson
2147:
2122:
2097:
2085:
2016:
1897:
1871:
1845:
1782:
1773:
1744:
1731:
1712:
1639:
1630:
1612:
1555:
1530:
1505:
1489:
1473:
1464:
1452:
1441:
958:Wrangell-Saint Elias Wilderness
2094:, United States Forest Service
1592:Tongass Forest Management FAQs
1414:
1403:
1381:
1359:
1337:
1308:
1264:
598:
413:National Forest Management Act
255:) runs along the crest of the
1:
3991:Pacific temperate rainforests
3971:1907 establishments in Alaska
2479:Aleutian Islands World War II
1594:(accessed 18 September 2008).
967:
815:Pacific temperate rain forest
804:managed second-growth forests
227:, encompasses islands of the
2223:List, Peter C., ed. (2000).
2183:Rakestraw, Lawrence (1981).
1674:"Tongass Roadless Exemption"
1233:
1196:climate change in the Arctic
916:Coronation Island Wilderness
225:United States Forest Service
150:United States Forest Service
7:
2025:Diversity and Distributions
1108:
942:Forrester Island Wilderness
926:Maurille Islands Wilderness
827:designated wilderness areas
333:Alaska Airlines Flight 1866
171:The Tongass National Forest
10:
4057:
3986:National Forests of Alaska
3063:National Conservation Area
2295:Q&A with Kathie Durbin
1972:Alaska Wilderness League.
1754:in case 1:09-cv-00003-JWS.
851:Stikine-LeConte Wilderness
778:and the other is found on
638:
497:roadless area conservation
476:
355:
349:Alaska Treaty of Cessation
306:
3931:
3233:
3177:
3145:
3092:
3083:
3061:
2923:
2670:
2652:
2629:
2538:National Wildlife Refuges
2536:
2508:
2459:
2433:National Historical Parks
2431:
2378:
2369:
871:Endicott River Wilderness
443:Tongass Timber Reform Act
367:map of the Tongass, with
155:
145:
137:
129:
121:
84:
66:
40:
28:
23:
2130:"Tongass Lowdown - Home"
1192:Climate change in Alaska
956:and a small part of the
946:Saint Lazaria Wilderness
921:Warren Island Wilderness
861:South Baranof Wilderness
856:Russell Fjord Wilderness
106:57.329642°N 135.973898°W
3966:Tongass National Forest
2198:Durbin, Kathie (1999).
1609:(accessed 16 May 2007).
1305:(accessed 8 July 2010).
1303:Indian River protection
1187:Chugach National Forest
950:Hazy Islands Wilderness
891:Tebenkof Bay Wilderness
881:South Etolin Wilderness
724:sitka black-tailed deer
687:(poorly drained soil).
177:Tongass National Forest
160:Tongass National Forest
24:Tongass National Forest
3628:Mount BakerâSnoqualmie
2925:Wild and Scenic Rivers
2890:Tracy Arm-Fords Terror
2080:Transition for Tongass
1081:
1043:
954:Glacier Bay Wilderness
906:Karta River Wilderness
886:Chuck River Wilderness
841:Kootznoowoo Wilderness
776:Prince of Wales Island
648:
558:
554:
488:
487:A stream in the forest
404:Federal District Court
393:Ketchikan Pulp Company
383:
375:
172:
111:57.329642; -135.973898
2910:West Chichagof-Yakobi
2870:South Prince of Wales
2316:16 March 2012 at the
2214:Ketchum, Robert Glenn
1624:7 August 2011 at the
1538:"Stein (Alan) papers"
1137:Earth sciences portal
1079:
1041:
962:National Park Service
661:Great Bear Rainforest
646:
560:In October 2019, the
549:
544:
537:In March 2011, Judge
501:habitat fragmentation
486:
477:Further information:
381:
363:
331:On 4 September 1971,
229:Alexander Archipelago
221:temperate rain forest
170:
3723:Rogue RiverâSiskiyou
3318:ChattahoocheeâOconee
3273:BeaverheadâDeerlodge
3228:of the United States
2915:WrangellâSaint Elias
2654:Forest Service units
2528:YukonâCharley Rivers
2066:24 July 2011 at the
1261:. See the map below.
1213:Juneau Raptor Center
1071:Sealaska Corporation
1000:improve this section
813:locates it in their
606:carbon sequestration
562:Trump administration
532:Obama Administration
479:Alaska Roadless Rule
473:Roadless controversy
245:international border
217:U.S. National Forest
3923:William B. Bankhead
3323:ChequamegonâNicolet
2735:Gates of the Arctic
2393:Gates of the Arctic
2161:on 13 December 2013
1884:The Washington Post
1795:The Washington Post
1652:The Anchorage Press
811:World Wildlife Fund
408:James von der Heydt
315:was established by
267:offices located in
239:, and peaks of the
146:Governing body
102: /
3937:Full Detailed List
3748:Samuel R. McKelvie
3663:OkanoganâWenatchee
3608:Medicine BowâRoutt
3003:North Fork Koyukuk
2662:Mendenhall Glacier
2518:Bering Land Bridge
2510:National Preserves
2461:National Monuments
2441:Klondike Gold Rush
2423:WrangellâSt. Elias
2178:General references
2134:tongasslowdown.org
1910:The New York Times
1878:Eilperin, Juliet.
1858:The New York Times
1818:Eilperin, Juliet.
1789:Eilperin, Juliet.
1654:. Associated Press
1284:on 19 January 2012
1165:Environment portal
1082:
1051:in Juneau and the
1044:
659:designated as the
649:
593:climate resilience
583:In June 2021, the
530:In July 2009, the
489:
467:Forest restoration
384:
376:
369:National Monuments
317:Theodore Roosevelt
263:. There are local
173:
3981:Ketchikan, Alaska
3953:
3952:
3688:OzarkâSt. Francis
3253:ApacheâSitgreaves
3192:
3191:
3173:
3172:
3079:
3078:
2715:Coronation Island
2259:978-1-59485-091-2
2037:10.1111/ddi.13234
2002:Los Angeles Times
1752:Order and Opinion
1060:Native inholdings
1036:
1035:
1028:
792:old growth forest
665:western red cedar
578:old-growth forest
523:. Representative
165:
164:
133:10 September 1907
4048:
3563:Lake Tahoe Basin
3518:HumboldtâToiyabe
3226:National Forests
3219:
3212:
3205:
3196:
3195:
3090:
3089:
2800:Maurille Islands
2730:Forrester Island
2680:Aleutian Islands
2672:Wilderness Areas
2631:National Forests
2551:Alaska Peninsula
2490:Cape Krusenstern
2469:Admiralty Island
2376:
2375:
2352:
2345:
2338:
2329:
2328:
2277:
2276:
2274:Official website
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2157:. Archived from
2151:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2058:
2049:
2048:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
1992:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1969:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1946:. Archived from
1940:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1875:
1869:
1868:
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1842:
1840:
1838:
1815:
1806:
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1803:
1801:
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1780:
1777:
1771:
1766:
1755:
1748:
1742:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1699:ens-newswire.com
1691:
1682:
1681:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1643:
1637:
1634:
1628:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1595:
1589:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1566:. Archived from
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1425:. Archived from
1418:
1412:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1320:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1283:
1277:. Archived from
1276:
1268:
1262:
1250:, listed in the
1244:
1181:
1176:
1175:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1139:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1125:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1103:northern goshawk
1031:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1011:
980:
972:
821:Wilderness areas
373:Wilderness Areas
339:Aboriginal title
322:Southeast Alaska
253:British Columbia
213:Southeast Alaska
210:
209:
206:
205:
202:
199:
196:
193:
190:
187:
117:
116:
114:
113:
112:
107:
103:
100:
99:
98:
95:
71:Alaska Panhandle
56:
55:
49:
33:
21:
20:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4046:
4045:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3927:
3888:WallowaâWhitman
3573:Lewis and Clark
3528:Idaho Panhandle
3468:Gifford Pinchot
3308:CaribouâTarghee
3229:
3223:
3193:
3188:
3169:
3141:
3075:
3057:
2919:
2875:Stikine-LeConte
2666:
2648:
2625:
2546:Alaska Maritime
2532:
2504:
2455:
2427:
2365:
2359:Protected areas
2356:
2318:Wayback Machine
2272:
2271:
2267:
2180:
2175:
2174:
2164:
2162:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2138:
2136:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2113:
2111:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2090:
2086:
2078:
2074:
2068:Wayback Machine
2059:
2052:
2021:
2017:
2007:
2005:
1993:
1984:
1976:
1970:
1963:
1953:
1951:
1942:
1941:
1932:
1922:
1920:
1902:
1898:
1888:
1886:
1876:
1872:
1862:
1860:
1850:
1846:
1836:
1834:
1824:Washington Post
1816:
1809:
1799:
1797:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1758:
1749:
1745:
1739:Logging illogic
1736:
1732:
1725:Huffington Post
1717:
1713:
1703:
1701:
1693:
1692:
1685:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1657:
1655:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1626:Wayback Machine
1617:
1613:
1605:
1598:
1590:
1583:
1573:
1571:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1546:
1544:
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1519:
1511:
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1453:
1446:
1442:
1432:
1430:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1404:
1394:
1392:
1391:. Juneau Empire
1387:
1386:
1382:
1372:
1370:
1365:
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1360:
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1348:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1328:
1326:
1318:
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1313:
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1297:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1228:Tongass Passage
1177:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1062:
1032:
1021:
1015:
1012:
997:
981:
970:
936:as part of the
930:
896:Kuiu Wilderness
823:
770:archipelago in
736:humpback whales
673:western hemlock
641:
601:
481:
475:
358:
341:
326:Calvin Coolidge
309:
265:ranger district
257:Boundary Ranges
241:Coast Mountains
215:is the largest
184:
180:
110:
108:
104:
101:
96:
93:
91:
89:
88:
62:
61:
60:
59:
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57:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4054:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3908:White Mountain
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3783:ShastaâTrinity
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3753:San Bernardino
3750:
3745:
3740:
3738:SalmonâChallis
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
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3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
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3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3523:HuronâManistee
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3483:Green Mountain
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3453:FremontâWinema
3450:
3448:Francis Marion
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3338:Choctawhatchee
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
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3255:
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3162:
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3149:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3102:Afognak Island
3098:
3096:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3067:
3065:
3059:
3058:
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3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
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2867:
2862:
2857:
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2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2810:Mollie Beattie
2807:
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2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
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2737:
2732:
2727:
2725:Endicott River
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2676:
2674:
2668:
2667:
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2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
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2608:
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2598:
2593:
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2583:
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2031:(4): 747â762.
2015:
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3147:State Forests
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3127:Point Bridget
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2019:
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1542:oac.cdlib.org
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1369:. Open Jurist
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1123:Alaska portal
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985:This section
983:
979:
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963:
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857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
833:
831:
828:
825:There are 19
818:
816:
812:
807:
805:
799:
795:
793:
787:
783:
781:
780:Suemez Island
777:
773:
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749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
692:North America
688:
686:
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674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
645:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
613:Alaska Native
609:
607:
596:
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586:
581:
579:
575:
569:
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470:
468:
462:
460:
454:
452:
446:
444:
439:
435:
432:
428:
423:
421:
420:Zieske v Butz
416:
414:
409:
405:
401:
396:
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380:
374:
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366:
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120:
115:
87:
83:
80:
76:
72:
69:
65:
48:
39:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3935:
3847:
3598:MantiâLa Sal
3433:Finger Lakes
3398:Daniel Boone
3258:Apalachicola
3181:
3137:Wood-Tikchik
3122:Kachemak Bay
2953:Beaver Creek
2880:Tebenkof Bay
2865:South Etolin
2805:Misty Fjords
2775:Kobuk Valley
2745:Hazy Islands
2643:
2495:Misty Fjords
2413:Kobuk Valley
2408:Kenai Fjords
2282:
2270:
2250:
2224:
2217:
2199:
2184:
2163:. Retrieved
2159:the original
2149:
2137:. Retrieved
2133:
2124:
2112:. Retrieved
2109:akbizmag.com
2108:
2099:
2087:
2075:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2006:. Retrieved
2000:
1952:. Retrieved
1948:the original
1921:. Retrieved
1909:
1899:
1887:. Retrieved
1883:
1873:
1861:. Retrieved
1857:
1847:
1835:. Retrieved
1823:
1798:. Retrieved
1794:
1784:
1775:
1751:
1746:
1733:
1724:
1714:
1702:. Retrieved
1698:
1678:Earthjustice
1677:
1668:
1656:. Retrieved
1651:
1641:
1632:
1614:
1572:. Retrieved
1568:the original
1557:
1545:. Retrieved
1541:
1532:
1520:. Retrieved
1516:
1507:
1497:
1491:
1481:
1475:
1466:
1454:
1443:
1431:. Retrieved
1427:the original
1416:
1405:
1393:. Retrieved
1383:
1371:. Retrieved
1361:
1349:. Retrieved
1339:
1327:. Retrieved
1310:
1298:
1286:. Retrieved
1279:the original
1266:
1242:
1208:Fort Tongass
1200:
1179:Trees portal
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1063:
1045:
1022:
1013:
998:Please help
986:
931:
824:
808:
800:
796:
788:
784:
760:Haida ermine
752:river otters
689:
669:sitka spruce
650:
610:
602:
582:
570:
559:
555:
550:
545:
539:John Sedwick
536:
529:
525:Steve Chabot
512:
508:Bill Clinton
505:
490:
463:
455:
451:timber sales
447:
440:
436:
430:
426:
424:
419:
417:
397:
389:World War II
385:
344:
342:
330:
312:
310:
176:
174:
18:
3943:former list
3913:White River
3878:Uncompahgre
3743:Sam Houston
3623:Monongahela
3293:Black Hills
3094:State Parks
2958:Birch Creek
2780:Kootznoowoo
2760:Karta River
2740:Glacier Bay
2710:Chuck River
2621:Yukon Flats
2616:Yukon Delta
2398:Glacier Bay
2247:Gulick, Amy
2139:9 September
2008:9 September
1889:30 December
1852:Davenport.
1704:9 September
1547:9 September
1522:9 September
1259:Yakutat Bay
768:Haida Gwaii
728:Arctic tern
708:bald eagles
704:black bears
599:Description
574:carbon sink
400:Point Baker
130:Established
109: /
97:135°58â˛26âłW
85:Coordinates
3960:Categories
3918:Willamette
3818:Stanislaus
3808:Six Rivers
3758:San Isabel
3718:Rio Grande
3633:Mount Hood
3603:Mark Twain
3588:Los Padres
3508:Homochitto
3478:Grand Mesa
3353:Clearwater
3288:Bitterroot
3048:Unalakleet
2943:Andreafsky
2795:Lake Clark
2695:Bering Sea
2685:Andreafsky
2418:Lake Clark
2155:"Archived"
1923:26 January
1837:28 October
1800:23 October
1517:Justia Law
1248:Petersburg
968:Recreation
948:, and the
748:sea otters
552:Service.'"
516:U.S. House
293:Thorne Bay
285:Petersburg
94:57°19â˛47âłN
3903:Wenatchee
3843:Tombigbee
3838:Talladega
3728:Roosevelt
3648:Nez Perce
3638:Nantahala
3613:Mendocino
3548:Kisatchie
3418:Deschutes
3358:Cleveland
3278:Bienville
3238:Allegheny
3160:Southeast
3043:Tlikakila
3008:Mulchatna
2978:Fortymile
2948:Aniakchak
2485:Aniakchak
2193:82-620020
2045:1472-4642
1918:0362-4331
1832:0190-8286
1574:3 January
1433:3 January
1234:Citations
1016:July 2019
987:does not
756:porpoises
740:sea lions
681:limestone
633:Ketchikan
625:Tsimshian
585:Joe Biden
281:Ketchikan
261:Ketchikan
3883:Uwharrie
3868:Umatilla
3858:Tuskegee
3828:Superior
3793:Shoshone
3773:Sawtooth
3768:Santa Fe
3763:San Juan
3713:Prescott
3683:Ouachita
3643:Nebraska
3558:Kootenai
3498:Hiawatha
3488:Gunnison
3458:Gallatin
3443:Flathead
3438:Fishlake
3428:Eldorado
3383:Coronado
3373:Colville
3363:Coconino
3333:Chippewa
3328:Cherokee
3248:Angelina
3038:Tinayguk
3033:Sheenjek
2855:Simeonof
2705:Chamisso
2700:Bogoslof
2690:Becharof
2561:Becharof
2314:Archived
2249:(2009).
2216:(1987).
2114:22 March
2064:Archived
1658:3 August
1622:Archived
1288:14 April
1109:See also
297:Wrangell
237:glaciers
138:Visitors
67:Location
4041:Tlingit
3848:Tongass
3813:St. Joe
3803:Siuslaw
3788:Shawnee
3778:Sequoia
3693:Payette
3673:Osceola
3668:Olympic
3593:Malheur
3578:Lincoln
3553:Klamath
3543:Kaniksu
3513:Hoosier
3408:De Soto
3388:Croatan
3378:Conecuh
3343:Chugach
3283:Bighorn
3263:Arapaho
3243:Angeles
3112:Chugach
3107:Chilkat
3028:Selawik
3018:Nowitna
2988:Ivishak
2983:Gulkana
2963:Charley
2933:Alagnak
2895:Tuxedni
2845:Selawik
2820:Nunivak
2785:Koyukuk
2755:Izembek
2644:Tongass
2639:Chugach
2601:Selawik
2596:Nowitna
2591:Koyukuk
2571:Izembek
2371:Federal
1863:12 June
1501:. 1989.
1485:. 1979.
1395:26 June
1373:26 June
1351:26 June
1008:removed
993:sources
685:granite
639:Ecology
617:Tlingit
356:Logging
307:History
301:Yakutat
156:Website
77:, U.S.
3873:Umpqua
3823:Sumter
3798:Sierra
3733:Sabine
3708:Plumas
3703:Pisgah
3678:Ottawa
3658:Ochoco
3568:Lassen
3538:Kaibab
3493:Helena
3393:Custer
3348:Cibola
3313:Carson
3268:Ashley
3155:Haines
3117:Denali
3071:Steese
3023:Salmon
3013:Noatak
2938:Alatna
2900:Unimak
2885:Togiak
2850:Semidi
2815:Noatak
2765:Katmai
2750:Innoko
2720:Denali
2611:Togiak
2606:Tetlin
2586:Kodiak
2576:Kanuti
2566:Innoko
2556:Arctic
2523:Noatak
2403:Katmai
2388:Denali
2363:Alaska
2257:
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2165:23 May
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1954:10 May
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754:, and
722:, and
720:ravens
712:wolves
706:, and
696:salmon
671:, and
629:Juneau
623:, and
611:Three
459:muskeg
406:judge
299:, and
277:Juneau
273:Hoonah
249:Canada
233:fjords
75:Alaska
3898:Wayne
3863:Uinta
3853:Tonto
3833:Tahoe
3653:Ocala
3618:Modoc
3423:Dixie
3413:Delta
3298:Boise
3085:State
2998:Kobuk
2973:Delta
2770:Kenai
2581:Kenai
2481:(FWS)
2451:Sitka
1977:(PDF)
1319:(PDF)
1282:(PDF)
1275:(PDF)
744:seals
700:brown
677:karst
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289:Sitka
269:Craig
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2993:John
2790:Kuiu
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2473:USFS
2255:ISBN
2237:ISBN
2229:ISBN
2204:ISBN
2189:LCCN
2167:2023
2141:2019
2116:2016
2041:ISSN
2010:2019
1956:2018
1925:2023
1914:ISSN
1891:2021
1865:2021
1839:2020
1828:ISSN
1802:2019
1706:2019
1660:2021
1576:2012
1549:2019
1524:2019
1435:2012
1397:2020
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1353:2020
1331:2019
1290:2009
1255:GNIS
1252:USGS
1194:and
991:any
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