274:
254:
294:
31:
380:. The central theme of all of them was the artist's love for the young nobleman. Some modern commentators assert that the relationship was merely a platonic affection, even suggesting that Michelangelo was seeking a surrogate son. Contemporaries of Michelangelo's grand-nephew, Michelangelo the Younger, suggested a homoerotic nature of the poems that prompted him to publish an edition of the poetry in 1623 with the gender of pronouns changed. In 1893, an early British homosexual activist,
221:, "Whatever the strength of his feelings, Michelangelo’s relationship with Tommaso de'Cavalieri is unlikely to have been a physical, sexual affair. For one thing, it was acted out through poems and images that were far from secret. Even if we do not choose to believe Michelangelo’s protestations of the chastity of his behaviour, Tommaso’s high social position and the relatively public nature of their relationship make it improbable that it was not platonic".
189:, did not begin until 1542 and would not be fully realized until 1662. Cavalieri was co-director for construction from 1554 to 1575 and supervised the project through its most productive phase of development. Despite his sharing responsibility for the construction with Prospero Boccapaduli, Cavalieri is mentioned to have been primarily responsible for the realization of Michelangelo's designs, while Boccapaduli managed the financial and administrative tasks.
314:
114:'s love. Michelangelo was 57 years old when he met Cavalieri in 1532. The young noble was exceptionally handsome, and his appearance seems to have fit the artist's notions of ideal masculine beauty, for Michelangelo described him as "light of our century, paragon of all the world". The two men remained close to each other throughout their lives and Cavalieri was present at the artist's death.
122:
Tommaso dei
Cavalieri was the son of Cassandra Bonaventura and Mario de' Cavalieri. Cavalieri was born around 1509 , but the exact date of his birth is unknown. In an official document translated by Gerda Panofsky-Soergel, mention is made that Cavalieri paid the stipend for the Mass in the memory of
349:
On another version of the composition, today in the
British Museum, Michelangelo wrote a note to Cavalieri: "Master Tommaso, if this sketch does not please you, tell Urbino so that I have time to do another by tomorrow evening, as I promised you. And if you like it and want me to finish it, send it
345:
Three versions of this drawing by
Michelangelo survive; this is perhaps the final version that was given to Cavalieri by September 6, 1533, the date of a letter to the artist telling him the drawing had been much admired by illustrious visitors (including the Pope and Cardinal Ippolito de' Medici).
331:
The two drawings at left both represent a muscular male attacked by an eagle. Tityus was the son of a human princess and the god Zeus. He attempted to rape a goddess and was killed by two of the deities, but his punishment did not end with death; for eternity he was chained to a rock in Hades while
134:
Cavalieri's parents married in
November 1509 and before Tommaso was born they had one son, Emilio. After the deaths of his father in 1524, and his older brother, Emilio, in 1536, Tommaso became the official head of the Cavalieri household. His first position in Roman government was caporione of his
216:
The earliest surviving letter from
Cavalieri to Michelangelo is dated to 1 January 1533. The letter gives clues to their budding relationship through a conversation about art. According to Cavalieri, they were united by a mutual love for art, and the letter refers to "Those works of mine that you
212:
noted that "Infinitely more than any other friend, Michelangelo loved the young
Tommaso", who became the object of Michelangelo's passion, his muse, and the inspiration for letters, numerous poems, and works of visual art. The pair would remain devoted to each other until Michelangelo's death in
341:
One drawing represents the myth of
Phaeton, a son of Apollo who nagged his father into letting him drive the chariot of the sun that his father drove daily. Phaeton lost control of the fiery horses and to keep the runaway chariot from destroying the earth, Zeus had to destroy the chariot with a
154:. The marriage of Tommaso and Lavinia was the continuation of a longstanding tradition of marriages between Cavalieri and della Valle family members. They had been related by marriage at least since the fifteenth century. The close connection of the families was shown during the
139:, which he took in 1539. It was noted that compared to his peers, Cavalieri did not participate in civic government extensively although he would serve in this position five times (in 1539, 1542, 1546, 1558, and 1562). Twice (in 1564 and 1571) he occupied the post of
158:
in 1527 when
Tommaso dei Cavalieri had sought shelter in the palace of Cardinal Andrea della Valle, where Lavinia's mother also found refuge with three of her children (most likely Lavinia's older sisters, Orinzia, Polimnia, and Porzia).
356:(at right) is a drawing that is not directly linked to Cavalieri, but its resemblance to those drawings has suggested to some scholars that it was related to them. Unlike some of the other drawings, the iconography does not derive from
127:, corrects Panofsky-Soergel's reading of the document and instead translates it to read that Cavalieri was "no more than 16", putting his birth likely in 1520 and meaning he was "but a boy of twelve" when he met
474:
One source goes so far as to claim, "These have naturally been interpreted as indications that
Michelangelo was a homosexual, but such a reaction according to the artist's own statement would be that of the
342:
thunderbolt, thereby killing
Phaeton. Zeus is riding an eagle as he casts the thunderbolt that overturns the chariot. The three women depicted below the falling chariot represent Phaeton's grieving sisters.
123:
his brother Emilio on 6 September 1536. This is the only document that mentions the age of Cavalieri and her translation states "he is older than 16, but younger than 25". Warren Kirkendale, in his book
166:, born by 1552. Emilio would go on to become a renowned composer. The marriage lasted nine years, ending with della Valle's death in early November 1553. She was buried in the church of
938:
1964:
241:
stood on their great originality. The meaning of the drawings is not fully understood, although it is common for scholars to relate them to moralizing themes or ideas about
666:
532:(in French). Véronique Goarin, Catherine Scheck, Musée du Louvre. Département des arts graphiques, Musée d'Orsay. Paris: Réunion des musées nationaux. p. 253.
820:
150:. Lavinia had been born sometime between 1527 and 1530. She was a daughter of Giulia Caffarelli and Lorenzo Stefano della Valle and she was a cousin of Cardinal
335:
Zeus lusted after Ganymede, the most beautiful of all humans, and turned himself into an eagle to abduct him to serve the god at Mount Olympus, or to rape him.
1404:
201:
in 1532. Although his contemporaries commented on his good looks and cultivated nature, no definite image produced by Michelangelo of Cavalieri has survived.
395:. Michelangelo re-iterates his neo-platonic love for Cavalieri in the first line of the sonnet, where he states "Love is not always a harsh and deadly sin".
1414:
1850:
596:
368:
Michelangelo dedicated approximately 30 of his total 300 poems to Cavalieri, which made them the artist's largest sequence of poems. Most were
233:, termed by Johannes Wilde presentation drawings. These were a new kind of drawing, completed works meant as presents, rather than sketches or
499:. Stephanie Buck, Tatiana Bissolati, Courtauld Institute Galleries. London: Courtauld Gallery in association with Paul Holberton. p. 81.
387:
The sonnets by Michelangelo are the first large sequence of poems in any modern tongue known to be addressed by one man to another, predating
1703:
946:
338:
The original drawing by Michelangelo of the rape of Ganymede, the first image presented here, is lost and is known today only from copies.
458:, which is also called the "Silkworm". In the sonnet, Michelangelo expresses a desire to be garments that clothe the body of Cavalieri.
1991:
1632:
1871:
237:. They, too, were greatly appreciated by Cavalieri, who was very sorry to have lent some of them to members of the papal curia.
2057:
1810:
1057:
402:
Michelangelo states that Cavalieri is all that can be, and represents pity, love, and piety. This is seen in the third stanza:
384:, wrote a two-volume biography of the artist and he undid this change in his translation into English of the original sonnets.
1983:
673:
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1138:
875:
629:
572:
504:
1975:
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that Michelangelo had begun restorating in 1538. Work on this complex project, involving the renovation of the existing
173:
Cavalieri was made one of the Convervatori in 1554, taking the position responsible for supervising construction at the
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2004:
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1203:
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1078:
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1674:
1546:
1297:
242:
1029:
The life of Michelangelo Buonarroti, based on studies in the archives of the Buonarroti family at Florence
1970:
1800:
1667:
1586:
273:
1953:
1050:
205:
wrote that Cavalieri was of "incomparable beauty with graceful manners", and was "charming demeanor".
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have seen with your own eyes, and which have caused you to show me no small affection". According to
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699:"Gossip and reputation in sixteenth-century Rome: Tommaso de'Cavalieri and Lavinia della Valle"
381:
162:
The marriage of della Valle and Cavalieri produced two sons, Mario, probably born in 1548, and
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110:—1587) was an Italian nobleman, who was the object of the greatest expression of
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391:'s sonnets to his young friend by a good 50 years. Examples include the sonnet
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1465:
1351:
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197:
Michelangelo Buonarroti met the young Tommaso dei Cavalieri during a stay in
186:
613:
Michelangelo, 1475–1564: The Complete Paintings, Sculptures and Architecture
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611:
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332:
two vultures ate his liver, which was considered the seat of the passions.
128:
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939:"British Museum - Michelangelo Buonarotti, The Fall of Phaeton, a drawing"
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747:
Un blasonario secentesco della piccola e media aristocrazia romana
360:, and its uncertain subject is interpreted as linked with beauty.
621:
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230:
170:, where both the Cavalieri and della Valle families had chapels.
1965:
Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects
1035:
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209:
208:
Michelangelo became infatuated with the young Roman patrician.
1002:
Sonnets. now for the first time translated into rhymed English
198:
147:
143:, the highest-ranking office a Roman citizen could occupy.
567:(in German). Verlag Klaus Wagenbach. Berlin. p. 467.
987:
The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Macropaedia, Volume 24
976:
Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd., 97–99.
1032:, volume 2, chapter XII (New York: Scribner, 1893).
185:, as well as construction of a third building, the
454:One of the most famous of Michelangelo's poems is
229:Michelangelo sent Cavalieri four highly-finished
192:
146:Cavalieri married Lavinia della Valle in 1544 in
2049:
1851:Study of a Kneeling Nude Girl for The Entombment
1832:
744:
616:. Translated by Karen Williams (2nd ed.).
70:Being the object of the greatest expression of
609:
1051:
425:
418:
411:
974:The Poetry of Michelangelo: An Introduction,
876:"Casa Buonarroti – Drawings of Michelangelo"
690:
436:Love takes me captive; beauty binds my soul;
762:Archivio della Valle-del Bufalo: Inventario
1992:Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes
1058:
1044:
998:
815:
813:
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774:
610:Zöllner, Frank; Thoenes, Christof (2019).
595:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
224:
29:
1633:The Creation of the Sun, Moon, and Plants
560:
527:
442:Wake in my heart a hope that cannot cheat
759:
745:Gianni Venditti, Luca Becchetti (2008).
312:
292:
272:
252:
125:Emilio de' Cavalieri "Gentiluomo Romano"
808:
789:
696:
218:
2050:
1811:Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri
427:ferma speranz' al cor par che ne doni.
297:Copy derived from Michelangelo's lost
1831:
1732:
1527:
1098:
1039:
764:. Vatican: Archivio Segreto Vaticano.
439:Pity and mercy with their gentle eyes
1415:Giuliano de' Medici, Duke of Nemours
913:
494:
420:la pietà , la mercè con dolci sguardi
413:l'amor mi prende e la beltĂ mi lega;
405:
855:The Concise Grove Dictionary of Art
13:
1020:
999:Buonarroti, Michaelangelo (1904).
779:. Florence: Imprimerie Granducale.
14:
2089:
1626:Separation of Light from Darkness
35:Possible drawing of dei Cavalieri
1998:The Titan: Story of Michelangelo
1733:
1065:
992:
979:
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931:
907:
894:
868:
857:. Oxford University Press. 2002
843:
783:
768:
530:Michel-Ange, élèves et copistes
468:
1704:The Crucifixion of Saint Peter
1099:
753:
738:
659:
646:
624:. pp. 381, 384, 387–390.
603:
554:
521:
488:
193:Relationship with Michelangelo
1:
2058:16th-century Italian nobility
1528:
1111:
482:
322:
304:
284:
264:
104:
49:
1865:Studies for the Libyan Sibyl
1833:Works on paper, milieu, etc.
1547:The Torment of Saint Anthony
775:Buonaparte, Jacques (1830).
117:
7:
1971:Michelangelo and the Medici
1801:San Giovanni dei Fiorentini
792:Michelangelo: His Epic Life
372:, although there were also
10:
2094:
1954:Art patronage of Julius II
1879:PietĂ for Vittoria Colonna
248:
16:Italian nobleman (d. 1587)
2006:The Agony and the Ecstasy
1946:
1895:
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1827:
1767:
1743:
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1728:
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1475:
1405:Christ Carrying the Cross
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1312:
1236:
1195:
1155:
1109:
1105:
1094:
1073:
760:Venditti, Gianni (2009).
561:Bredekamp, Horst (2021).
86:
78:
66:
58:
45:
28:
21:
1872:The Punishment of Tityus
1026:John Addington Symonds,
790:Gayford, Martin (2013).
777:ac de Rome Ă©crit en 1527
528:Joannides, Paul (2003).
495:Buck, Stephanie (2010).
461:
363:
179:Palazzo dei Conservatori
2029:Michelangelo quadrangle
1759:Basilica of San Lorenzo
927:. Inventory no. 912766.
735:(subscription required)
697:Ruvoldt, Maria (2019).
225:Novel finished drawings
168:Santa Maria in Aracoeli
1780:Piazza del Campidoglio
1711:The Conversion of Saul
1587:Salone dei Cinquecento
1259:Piccolomini Altarpiece
1139:Battle of the Centaurs
1007:John Addington Symonds
924:Royal Collection Trust
919:"The Fall of Phaethon"
904:, New York, 1974, 235.
851:"Presentation Drawing"
821:"Michelangelo's Dream"
794:. London: Penguin UK.
426:
419:
412:
382:John Addington Symonds
328:
310:
290:
270:
2073:LGBT history in Italy
2024:Michelangelo (crater)
1928:Sebastiano del Piombo
1908:Tommaso dei Cavalieri
1858:Male Back with a Flag
1373:The Genius of Victory
1132:Madonna of the Stairs
943:www.britishmuseum.org
825:The Courtauld Gallery
316:
296:
276:
256:
101:Tommaso dei Cavalieri
23:Tommaso dei Cavalieri
1790:St. Peter's Basilica
1640:The Creation of Adam
1164:Arca di San Domenico
656:New York, 1974, 229.
497:Michelangelo's Dream
260:Punishment of Tityus
91:Emilio de' Cavalieri
1903:Cecchino dei Bracci
1397:Florence, 1516–1534
1237:Florence, 1501–1505
831:on 22 February 2014
703:Renaissance Studies
280:The Fall of Phaeton
94:Mario de' Cavalieri
82:Lavinia della Valle
53: 1509 to 1519
2017:A Season of Giants
2000:(1950 documentary)
1775:Capitoline Museums
1755:Laurentian Library
1554:Manchester Madonna
1304:Rothschild Bronzes
1156:Bologna, 1494–1495
963:London, 1997, 233.
749:. Gangemi Editore.
715:10.1111/rest.12611
329:
311:
291:
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152:Andrea della Valle
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2044:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2036:
1823:
1822:
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1818:
1724:
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1684:The Last Judgment
1612:(ceiling gallery)
1596:Battle of Cascina
1575:Leda and the Swan
1519:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1314:Tomb of Julius II
1257:Additions to the
1252:Madonna of Bruges
1162:Additions to the
631:978-3-8365-3716-2
574:978-3-8031-3707-4
506:978-1-907372-05-6
451:
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183:Palazzo Senatorio
98:
97:
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1984:Replicas of the
1938:Luigi del Riccio
1913:Vittoria Colonna
1840:
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1829:
1828:
1741:
1740:
1730:
1729:
1661:Prophet Jeremiah
1536:
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1498:Palestrina PietĂ
1491:Florentine PietĂ
1331:Rebellious Slave
1116:
1115: 1488–1492
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985:"Michelangelo",
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959:Anthony Hughes,
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945:. Archived from
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900:Howard Hibbard,
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878:. Archived from
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672:. Archived from
671:
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652:Howard Hibbard,
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135:neighborhood of
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1959:Casa Buonarroti
1942:
1923:Gherardo Perini
1918:Ascanio Condivi
1891:
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1795:Tor San Michele
1785:Palazzo Farnese
1763:
1735:
1716:
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1581:
1539:Panel paintings
1530:
1511:
1506:Rondanini PietĂ
1476:Rome, 1534–1564
1471:
1392:
1366:Awakening Slave
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1232:
1196:Rome, 1496–1500
1191:
1170:Saint Petronius
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1021:Further reading
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997:
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989:, page 58, 1991
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882:on 21 July 2011
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1561:The Entombment
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1219:Standing Cupid
1215:
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1204:Sleeping Cupid
1199:
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1177:Saint Proculus
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1124:Head of a Faun
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978:
965:
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949:on 2012-02-03.
930:
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801:978-1905490547
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709:(3): 374–391.
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398:In the sonnet
365:
362:
317:Michelangelo,
277:Michelangelo,
257:Michelangelo,
250:
247:
239:Giorgio Vasari
226:
223:
219:Gayford (2013)
194:
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137:Sant'Eustachio
119:
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67:Known for
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1079:List of works
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982:
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962:
961:Michelangelo,
956:
948:
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756:
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728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
693:
679:on 2012-04-18
675:
668:
662:
655:
654:Michelangelo,
649:
641:
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623:
619:
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539:2-7118-4044-1
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407:
403:
401:
396:
394:
390:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
361:
359:
355:
351:
350:back to me."
347:
343:
339:
336:
333:
320:
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302:
301:
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263:
261:
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246:
244:
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222:
220:
214:
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206:
204:
200:
190:
188:
187:Palazzo Nuovo
184:
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144:
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130:
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92:
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77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
48:
44:
40:
32:
27:
20:
2063:1510s births
2016:
2008:(1961 novel,
2005:
1997:
1985:
1977:
1976:Replicas of
1963:
1907:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1751:New Sacristy
1734:Architecture
1709:
1702:
1682:
1673:
1668:Prophet Joel
1666:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1594:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1552:
1545:
1504:
1496:
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1482:
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1448:
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1434:
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1420:
1413:
1403:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1357:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1296:
1291:Taddei Tondo
1289:
1282:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1264:Saints Peter
1263:
1250:
1243:
1225:
1217:
1210:
1202:
1182:
1175:
1168:
1144:
1137:
1130:
1122:
1084:âś» attributed
1077:
1067:Michelangelo
1027:
1001:
994:
986:
981:
973:
972:Chris Ryan,
968:
960:
955:
947:the original
942:
933:
922:
915:Michelangelo
909:
902:Michelangelo
901:
896:
884:. Retrieved
880:the original
870:
859:. Retrieved
854:
845:
833:. Retrieved
829:the original
824:
791:
785:
776:
770:
761:
755:
746:
740:
706:
702:
692:
681:. Retrieved
674:the original
661:
653:
648:
612:
605:
564:Michelangelo
563:
556:
529:
523:
496:
490:
470:
455:
453:
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367:
353:
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344:
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337:
334:
330:
318:
298:
278:
258:
228:
215:
207:
196:
172:
161:
156:Sack of Rome
145:
141:Conservatore
133:
129:Michelangelo
124:
121:
112:Michelangelo
100:
99:
72:Michelangelo
39:Michelangelo
37:might be by
2068:1587 deaths
1359:Atlas Slave
1345:Young Slave
1338:Dying Slave
1316:, 1505–1545
1284:Pitti Tondo
389:Shakespeare
326: 1533
308: 1532
288: 1533
268: 1532
243:Neoplatonic
175:Campidoglio
108: 1509
2052:Categories
2011:1965 film)
1568:Doni Tondo
1110:Florence,
1100:Sculptures
1009:. p.
861:2011-04-10
835:24 January
683:2014-05-14
640:1112202167
583:1248717101
483:References
475:ignorant".
1806:Porta Pia
1529:Paintings
1005:. Trans.
731:201436849
723:1477-4658
591:cite book
515:551673496
378:quatrains
374:madrigals
354:The Dream
319:The Dream
118:Biography
1886:Epifania
1744:Florence
1146:Crucifix
886:10 April
548:53434968
231:drawings
87:Children
1947:Related
1757:in the
1620:Ceiling
1276:Gregory
1212:Bacchus
622:Taschen
618:Cologne
370:sonnets
249:Gallery
235:studies
74:'s love
1896:Milieu
1484:Brutus
1459:Apollo
1380:Rachel
798:
729:
721:
667:"p. 5"
638:
628:
581:
571:
546:
536:
513:
503:
446:
245:love.
213:1564.
210:Vasari
164:Emilio
79:Spouse
2078:Muses
1986:PietĂ
1978:David
1422:Night
1324:Moses
1245:David
1227:PietĂ
1184:Angel
1087:†lost
727:S2CID
677:(PDF)
670:(PDF)
462:Notes
393:G.260
364:Poems
1768:Rome
1753:and
1443:Dawn
1436:Dusk
1387:Leah
1274:and
1272:Pius
1268:Paul
888:2011
837:2022
796:ISBN
719:ISSN
636:OCLC
626:ISBN
597:link
579:OCLC
569:ISBN
544:OCLC
534:ISBN
511:OCLC
501:ISBN
456:G.94
400:G.41
376:and
199:Rome
181:and
148:Rome
62:1587
59:Died
46:Born
1429:Day
711:doi
2054::
1270:,
1266:,
1112:c.
1011:26
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810:^
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262:,
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