202:
49:
219:
357:
237:
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which house the city's
Criminal and Supreme Courts, city offices, and various departments, including the headquarters of the Department of Corrections. The northern tower is freestanding, with the separate address of 125 White Street. It was officially named the Manhattan House of Detention for Men (MHD), although it was still referred to popularly as The Tombs.
435:
after an informational picket of City Hall by union correctional officers drawing attention to the pressures. Rioters took command of the entire ninth floor, and five officers were held hostage for eight hours, until state officials agreed to hear prisoner grievances and take no punitive action against the rioters. Despite that promise, Mayor
977:
Manhattan
Detention Complex – capacity: 898. This lower Manhattan command consists of two buildings designated the North and South Towers, connected by a bridge. The North Tower was opened in 1990. The South Tower, formerly the Manhattan House of Detention, or the "Tombs," was opened in 1983, after a
504:
reported that the city planned to close the complex prior to the end of
November 2020. The demolition of the Tombs attracted criticism from landlords, local residents, and prison-reform advocates. Opponents claimed the redevelopment would harm local residents and businesses. An injunction preventing
467:
The
Manhattan Detention Complex consisted of a South Tower, the former Manhattan House of Detention remodeled and reopened in 1983, and a North Tower across White Street, completed in 1990. The complex housed only male inmates, most of them pretrial detainees. The total capacity of the two buildings
434:
By 1969, the Tombs ranked as the worst of the city's jails, both in overall conditions and in overcrowding. It held an average of 2,000 inmates in spaces designed for 925. Inmates rioted on August 10, 1970, after multiple warnings about falling budgets, aging facilities, and rising populations, and
306:
The Tombs' formal title was The New York Halls of
Justice and House of Detention, as it housed the city's courts, police, and detention facilities. It was a notable example of Egyptian Revival architecture, although opinion varied greatly concerning its actual merit. As Dickens wrote: "What is this
430:
The facility is the northernmost of the four 15-story towers of the New York City
Criminal Courts Building at 100 Centre Street, bounded by Centre Street, White Street, Baxter Street, and Hogan Place. The three southern towers are wings of a single integrated structure sharing a five-story "crown"
287:
that was the principal water source for
Colonial New York City. Industrialization and population density by the late 18th century resulted in the severe pollution of the Collect, so it was condemned, drained, and filled in by 1817. The landfill job was poorly done, however, and the ground began to
292:
by the time that prison construction started in 1838. The heavy masonry of
Haviland's design was built atop vertical piles of lashed hemlock tree trunks in a bid for stability, but the entire structure began to sink soon after it was opened. This damp foundation was primarily responsible for its
325:, a prison relief worker and missionary, became known as "the Tombs Angel" for her efforts to help and advocate on behalf of the many poor people held in squalid conditions at the Tombs. A monument to her, built in 1902 and put in storage in 1940, was rededicated in 2019 in the
386:
and Walter
Dickson from Albany, who had been partners since the 1880s. This was their final major commission. In September 1900, the architects complained that construction would be delayed for a year and cost an additional $ 250,000 due to the unnecessary insertion of corrupt
450:
Within a month after the riot, the New York City Legal Aid
Society filed a landmark class action suit on behalf of pre-trial detainees held in the Tombs. The city decided to close the Tombs on December 20, 1974, after years of litigation and after federal judge
513:
declined to grant an injunction, and seven murals were subsequently removed. The demolition of the Tombs was finally approved in April 2023 but was paused after further objections. Demolition continued despite objection by local residents.
310:
The prison was well known for its corruption and was the scene of numerous scandals and escapes during its early history. A fire destroyed part of the building on November 18, 1842, the same day that a notorious killer named
394:
The building was connected to the 1892 Manhattan Criminal Courts Building with a "Bridge of Sighs", crossing four stories above Franklin Street. There was also an Annex with another 144 cells that was finished in 1884.
560:, American educator, writer, radical political activist, historian, and magazine editor, incarcerated in the Tombs after a 1941 perjury conviction obtained in association with testimony before the
315:
was due to be hanged. Apparently it was an escape attempt on Colt's part that failed, and he fatally stabbed himself in his cell. Convicted murderer and New York City politician
2080:
280:. It initially accommodated about 300 prisoners, and $ 250,000 was allocated in 1835 to build it, but various cost overruns occurred prior to completion of the project.
832:
268:, although this appears to be untrue. The building was 253 feet, 3 inches in length and 200 feet, 5 inches wide, and it occupied a full block, surrounded by
1679:
1051:
509:
in 2020 but was overturned the next year. Two artists also filed a lawsuit to preserve artwork that was displayed on the Tombs' facade, but U.S. district judge
2120:
2115:
2110:
164:. It may have been this style that caused it to be called "the Tombs", although other theories exist. It was built as a replacement for the Colonial-era
1322:
Gilfoyle, Timothy J. (2003). ""America's Greatest Criminal Barracks": The Tombs and the Experience of Criminal Justice in New York City, 1838–1897".
1102:
2075:
978:
complete remodeling. The complex houses male detainees, most of them undergoing the intake process or facing trial in New York County (Manhattan).
2135:
2100:
2095:
2090:
872:
319:
earned national notoriety for escaping from the prison disguised as a woman on November 22, 1872. He was never captured and his fate is unknown.
937:
States of Siege : U.S. Prison Riots, 1971–1986, by Public Safety Research at the Urban Research Institute University of Louisville, page 26
348:
The "Bridge of Sighs" connecting the 1902 Tombs prison at left with the 1894 Manhattan Criminal Courts building, looking west from Centre Street
1596:
201:
1545:
956:
793:
379:
facade with conical towers along Centre Street, bounded by Centre Street, White Street, Elm Street (today's Lafayette), and Leonard Street.
1915:
1025:
479:
was commissioner of the New York City Department of Corrections from 1998 to 2000 before becoming police commissioner. New York City mayor
419:
The 1902 prison was replaced in 1941 by a high-rise facility across the street on the east side of Centre Street. The 795,000 square foot
1910:
1758:
1699:
2105:
1844:
1704:
1215:
260:
completed in 1838. There was a rumor at the time that the building was inspired by a picture of an Egyptian tomb that appeared in
1748:
1129:
110:
288:
subside in less than 10 years. The resulting swampy, foul-smelling conditions transformed the neighborhood into a slum known as
168:
located in City Hall Park, built in 1735. The new structure incorporated material from the demolished Bridewell to save money.
1496:
1465:
1406:
1368:
415:. It became the South Tower of the expanded and renamed Manhattan Detention Complex once the new North Tower opened in 1990.
1394:
706:
303:: "Such indecent and disgusting dungeons as these cells, would bring disgrace upon the most despotic empire in the world!"
1267:
645:"Mayor Giuliani and Correction Commissioner Fraser rename the Manhattan Detention Complex 'The Bernard B. Kerik Complex'"
1077:
541:
1589:
675:
1293:
1163:
2145:
2140:
455:
agreed that the prison's conditions were so bad as to be unconstitutional. They shipped the remaining 400 inmates to
742:
484:
2130:
1188:
1241:
2125:
2085:
858:
165:
1582:
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253:
206:
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The two existing buildings began demolition in 2023, in preparation for a planned replacement jail building.
1976:
1859:
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440:
326:
273:
17:
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2052:
2006:
1961:
1779:
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946:
Courts, Corrections, and the Constitution: The Impact of Judicial ... edited by John J. DiIulio, page 149
928:
Courts, Corrections, and the Constitution: The Impact of Judicial ... edited by John J. DiIulio, page 143
919:
Courts, Corrections, and the Constitution: The Impact of Judicial ... edited by John J. DiIulio, page 140
471:
The jail was named The Bernard B. Kerik Complex in December 2001 at the direction of New York City mayor
1991:
1727:
1642:
1401:(Columbia University Press Morningside ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 23–35.
575:
277:
31:
876:
1971:
1941:
1684:
1632:
1052:"NYC to close two city jails by November: 'The Tombs' in Lower Manhattan and a jail on Rikers Island"
523:
269:
1526:
1986:
1834:
1753:
964:
383:
801:
375:
In 1902, the 1838 building was replaced by a million-dollar City Prison featuring an eight-story
146:
1520:
181:
1941–2023, Manhattan House of Detention (became Manhattan Detention Complex South Tower in 1983)
2026:
561:
506:
289:
142:
993:
1920:
1880:
1839:
529:
491:
420:
322:
48:
870:
612:
209:-style Tombs building in a photograph from 1893. Leonard Street, left. Centre Street, right.
1901:
1605:
613:
424:
141:, New York City. It was also the nickname for three previous city-run jails in the former
8:
1854:
1694:
1689:
1436:
535:
500:
261:
644:
1794:
1347:
833:"Long-Forgotten Monument to Prison Reformer Will Be Reinstalled in New York Courthouse"
711:
557:
444:
242:
1242:"City Hits Pause on Demolition of Manhattan Detention Center After Outcry From Locals"
1658:
1502:
1492:
1485:
1471:
1461:
1444:
1412:
1402:
1374:
1364:
1351:
1339:
1164:"Artists mourn loss of Manhattan Detention Center murals as buildings are demolished"
1137:
898:
854:
689:
681:
671:
480:
307:
dismal fronted pile of bastard Egyptian, like an enchanter's palace in a melodrama?"
1824:
1799:
1331:
570:
547:
472:
452:
157:
2031:
1956:
1875:
1849:
1420:
1078:"New York is building the world's tallest jail in Chinatown. Can anyone stop it?"
510:
294:
138:
1335:
768:
Reminiscences of the Old Fire Laddies and Volunteer Fire Departments of New York
574:
radio show were arrested and held in The Tombs overnight during a promotion for
376:
356:
1981:
1951:
1774:
619:
299:
1531:
1130:"Demolition for Jail Can Go Forward, Judge Rules in a Suit Brought by Artists"
2069:
2001:
1966:
1618:
1560:
1547:
1141:
693:
495:
476:
456:
257:
66:
1506:
1475:
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1936:
1637:
1416:
551:
436:
388:
312:
284:
225:
1448:
1996:
411:
was built in 1941, at the same time as the Manhattan Criminal Courthouse
554:
political ring, spent a year in the Tombs after his second trial in 1873
403:
1574:
342:
707:"Doom of the Old Tombs; Soon to be Removed to Make Way for New Prison"
1829:
1789:
1614:
851:
New York, 15 Walking Tours: An Architectural Guide to the Metropolis.
728:. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1978. p. 165
579:
196:
1103:"Residents fight plans for 'mega jail' in New York City's Chinatown"
743:"New York's Tribute to the 'Tombs Angel': Lost, Found, Now Restored"
726:
The Egyptian Revival: Its Sources, Monuments, and Meaning, 1808–1858
668:
The Egyptian revival: its sources, monuments, and meaning, 1808–1858
1026:"Rikers Jail Replacement Plan Pits Chinatown Against New York City"
871:
Department of Citywide Administrative Services, City of New York.
137:
during 2001–2006), a former municipal jail at 125 White Street in
1784:
1216:"Teardown of Manhattan jail set to begin amid Rikers uncertainty"
614:"Disgraced and Penalized, Kerik Finds His Name Stripped Off Jail"
498:, including a high-rise jail tower on the site of the Tombs. The
161:
685:
236:
175:
1838–1902, New York City Halls of Justice and House of Detention
1946:
1804:
218:
1527:
New York Correction History Society timeline (includes photo)
439:
had the primary troublemakers shipped upstate to the state's
145:
neighborhood of lower Manhattan, in an area now known as the
494:
announced plans to build four new jails citywide to replace
398:
1539:
at the website of the New York Correction History Society
1181:
783:. New York: Caxton Book Concern, Ltd., 1887. pp. 292–296.
670:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 165.
487:
in 2006, committed during his tenure as a city employee.
462:
1399:
The Eight Million: Journal of a New York Correspondent
1532:"Irish in New York" site, Census of prisoners in 1860
1458:
Forms of Constraint: A History of Prison Architecture
283:
The building site had been created by filling in the
53:
The North Tower of the complex as it appeared in 2013
1268:"Anger in New York Over Huge Chinatown Jail Project"
647:(Press release). City of New York. December 12, 2001
293:
unsanitary conditions in the decades that followed.
1155:
578:, a mostly glass bus carting topless women through
2081:Egyptian Revival architecture in the United States
1484:
736:
734:
564:(investigating Communism in education in New York)
197:Halls of Justice and House of Detention, 1838–1902
184:1990–2023, Manhattan Detention Complex North Tower
1361:Prisons and Prison Systems: A Global Encyclopedia
1233:
1095:
1019:
1017:
1015:
538:, prison relief worker known as "The Tombs Angel"
532:, prison relief worker known as "The Tombs Angel"
391:architects Horgan and Slattery into the project.
2067:
1207:
957:"Facilities Overview – Department of Correction"
568:In November 2000, 16 people associated with the
505:the jail tower's construction was issued by the
731:
526:, first criminal executed at the prison in 1839
152:The original Tombs was officially known as the
1441:Stone Walls: Prisons from Fetters to Furloughs
1069:
1012:
252:The first complex to have the nickname was an
102:Halls of Justice, Manhattan House of Detention
1590:
1266:Chen, Stefanos; Chan, Mable (April 1, 2024).
171:The four buildings known as The Tombs were:
1759:Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association
1189:"Demolition to start on White Street jails"
781:Recollections of a New York Chief of Police
2121:Buildings and structures completed in 1941
2116:Buildings and structures completed in 1902
2111:Buildings and structures completed in 1838
1597:
1583:
1363:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
1294:"Escort of Voyeur Bus Suspended by Police"
160:architectural style, similar in form to a
47:
1161:
1050:Marcius, Chelsia Rose (October 9, 2020).
899:"Criminal Courts Building, New York City"
459:, where conditions were not much better.
332:
1604:
1460:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
1321:
1291:
1265:
1162:Duddridge, Natalie (November 10, 2023).
402:
200:
27:Detention complex in Manhattan, New York
2076:1838 establishments in New York (state)
1749:Charles B. Wang Community Health Center
1482:
1455:
1292:Rashbaum, William (February 12, 2000).
1239:
1049:
665:
639:
637:
399:Manhattan House of Detention, 1941–1974
111:New York City Department of Corrections
14:
2136:New York City Department of Correction
2101:Government buildings completed in 1941
2096:Government buildings completed in 1902
2091:Government buildings completed in 1838
2068:
1435:
1392:
1213:
988:
986:
740:
606:
604:
602:
600:
483:ordered Kerik's name removed after he
463:Manhattan Detention Complex, 1983–2023
1868:
1578:
1127:
864:
853:(New York: McGraw-Hill Professional (
224:Artist's depiction of the wedding of
1487:The Encyclopedia of American Prisons
1358:
1075:
1023:
634:
610:
423:facility was designed by architects
1240:Johnson, Stephon (April 26, 2023).
983:
873:"Manhattan Criminal Court Building"
597:
24:
1386:
485:pleaded guilty to two misdemeanors
25:
2157:
2106:Government buildings in Manhattan
1514:
1076:Chan, Wilfred (August 21, 2023).
830:
517:
407:The Manhattan House of Detention
443:which likely contributed to the
355:
341:
235:
217:
1700:St. James Roman Catholic Church
1537:Article on the building complex
1315:
1285:
1259:
1214:Garber, Nick (April 20, 2023).
1128:Small, Zachary (May 19, 2022).
1121:
1043:
949:
940:
931:
922:
913:
891:
843:
824:
811:
741:Libbey, Peter (June 16, 2019).
786:
773:
760:
718:
700:
659:
13:
1:
1680:Church of the Transfiguration
1024:Poon, Linda (June 17, 2022).
611:Chan, Sewell (July 3, 2006).
585:
363:
42:(Manhattan Detention Complex)
1860:Stephen Van Rensselaer House
1845:Bowery Savings Bank Building
1733:Museum of Chinese in America
666:Carrott, Richard G. (1978).
441:Attica Correctional Facility
327:New York State Supreme Court
266:Incidents of Travel in Egypt
129:was the colloquial name for
7:
2057:Manhattan Community Board 3
2053:Manhattan Community Board 2
1780:Chinatown Ice Cream Factory
1664:Pace University High School
1521:Manhattan Detention Complex
1491:. New York: Facts on File.
1336:10.1177/0096144203029005002
817:"City Prison Alterations",
131:Manhattan Detention Complex
10:
2162:
1728:Asian American Arts Centre
1643:Sara Delano Roosevelt Park
1456:Johnson, James A. (2000).
994:"Bernard Kerik Fast Facts"
191:
32:The Tombs (disambiguation)
29:
2047:
2019:
1929:
1900:
1893:
1817:
1767:
1741:
1720:
1713:
1685:Eldridge Street Synagogue
1672:
1651:
1625:
1612:
1443:. Philadelphia: Chilton.
1359:Roth, Mitchel p. (2006).
1220:Crain's New York Business
276:(today's Lafayette), and
120:Commissioner Joseph Ponte
116:
106:
98:
90:
82:
72:
62:
58:
46:
2146:Skyscrapers in Manhattan
2141:Prisons in New York City
1754:Chinese Community Center
1324:Journal of Urban History
1107:South China Morning Post
849:Wolfe, Gerard R. (2003)
798:www.nyc-architecture.com
590:
384:Frederick Clarke Withers
297:wrote about the jail in
135:Bernard B. Kerik Complex
94:1838 (original building)
2131:John Haviland buildings
1393:Berger, Meyer (1983) .
468:was nearly 900 people.
427:and Charles B. Meyers.
2126:Jails in New York City
2086:Five Points, Manhattan
1561:40.716611°N 74.00139°W
1483:Sifakis, Carl (2003).
837:www.smithsonianmag.com
582:with a police escort.
562:Rapp-Coudert Committee
507:New York Supreme Court
416:
333:City Prison, 1902–1941
210:
178:1902–1941, City Prison
156:, built in 1838 in an
1840:Alfred E. Smith House
1423:on September 27, 2007
542:Vojislav Stanimirović
530:Rebecca Salome Foster
492:New York City Council
421:Art Deco architecture
406:
323:Rebecca Salome Foster
204:
1835:254–260 Canal Street
1606:Chinatown, Manhattan
1566:40.716611; -74.00139
1437:DeFord, Miriam Allen
901:. SkyscraperPage.com
879:on February 21, 2009
724:Carrott, Richard G.
447:about a year later.
425:Harvey Wiley Corbett
382:The architects were
362:The Bridge of Sighs
30:For other uses, see
1855:Edward Mooney House
1695:Sea and Land Church
1557: /
1246:THE CITY – NYC News
1056:New York Daily News
821:, September 7, 1900
807:on October 5, 2020.
779:Walling, George W.
536:Ernestine Schaffner
501:New York Daily News
272:, Franklin Street,
262:John Lloyd Stephens
43:
1881:Bull's Head Tavern
1795:Nom Wah Tea Parlor
1298:The New York Times
1272:The New York Times
1134:The New York Times
819:The New York Times
766:Kernan, J. Frank.
747:The New York Times
712:The New York Times
558:Morris U. Schappes
445:Attica Prison riot
417:
317:William J. Sharkey
243:Harry Kendall Thaw
228:in The Tombs, 1842
211:
39:
2063:
2062:
2015:
2014:
1889:
1888:
1813:
1812:
1705:St. Joseph Church
1659:Shuang Wen School
1638:Collect Pond Park
1498:978-0-8160-4511-2
1467:978-0-252-02557-0
1408:978-0-231-05710-3
1370:978-0-313-32856-5
967:on April 20, 2014
794:"New City Prison"
544:(crime boss) YACS
481:Michael Bloomberg
245:in his cell, 1912
124:
123:
16:(Redirected from
2153:
1977:Elizabeth Street
1898:
1897:
1866:
1865:
1825:51 Market Street
1800:Pearl River Mart
1718:
1717:
1690:Mariner's Temple
1599:
1592:
1585:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1523:on prisonpro.com
1510:
1490:
1479:
1452:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1419:. Archived from
1382:
1355:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1263:
1257:
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1237:
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1226:
1211:
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1200:
1195:. April 20, 2023
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1174:
1159:
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1109:. April 22, 2022
1099:
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1073:
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1047:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1021:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1005:
990:
981:
980:
974:
972:
963:. Archived from
961:City of New York
953:
947:
944:
938:
935:
929:
926:
920:
917:
911:
910:
908:
906:
895:
889:
888:
886:
884:
875:. Archived from
868:
862:
847:
841:
840:
828:
822:
815:
809:
808:
806:
800:. Archived from
790:
784:
777:
771:
764:
758:
757:
755:
753:
738:
729:
722:
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704:
698:
697:
663:
657:
656:
654:
652:
641:
632:
631:
629:
627:
616:
608:
576:"The Voyeur Bus"
571:Opie and Anthony
548:William M. Tweed
473:Rudolph Giuliani
453:Morris E. Lasker
368:
365:
359:
345:
254:Egyptian Revival
239:
221:
207:Egyptian-Revival
166:Bridewell Prison
158:Egyptian Revival
154:Halls of Justice
51:
44:
38:
21:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2043:
2032:The Old Brewery
2011:
2007:Mulberry Street
1962:Division Street
1957:Chrystie Street
1925:
1885:
1876:Atlantic Garden
1864:
1850:Confucius Plaza
1818:Other buildings
1809:
1763:
1737:
1709:
1668:
1647:
1621:
1608:
1603:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1556:
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1548:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1517:
1499:
1468:
1426:
1424:
1409:
1389:
1387:Further reading
1371:
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1264:
1260:
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1234:
1224:
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1212:
1208:
1198:
1196:
1193:Tribeca Citizen
1187:
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1112:
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1034:
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1003:
1001:
1000:. March 4, 2020
992:
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970:
968:
955:
954:
950:
945:
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1987:Henry Street
1937:Allen Street
1916:Grand Street
1911:Canal Street
1626:Green spaces
1549:40°42′59.8″N
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1486:
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1440:
1425:. Retrieved
1421:the original
1398:
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1316:Bibliography
1301:. Retrieved
1297:
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1168:CBS New York
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1082:the Guardian
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965:the original
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883:December 30,
881:. Retrieved
877:the original
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649:. Retrieved
626:February 16,
624:. Retrieved
618:
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377:Châteauesque
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285:Collect Pond
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147:Civic Center
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18:Tombs Prison
2027:Five Points
1997:Mott Street
1564: /
1427:October 10,
1395:"The Tombs"
1061:October 18,
367: 1896
290:Five Points
143:Five Points
99:Former name
2070:Categories
1768:Businesses
1552:74°00′05″W
859:0071411852
586:References
329:'s lobby.
274:Elm Street
256:design by
107:Managed by
2050:See also:
2037:The Tombs
1830:97 Bowery
1790:Jing Fong
1742:Community
1652:Education
1615:Manhattan
1352:144410853
1277:April 13,
1142:0362-4331
861:), p. 102
694:633069010
580:Manhattan
127:The Tombs
40:The Tombs
1904:stations
1673:Religion
1507:49225908
1476:42434965
1439:(1962).
1379:60835344
1344:88513081
1251:March 2,
1225:March 2,
1199:March 2,
1173:March 2,
1147:March 2,
1113:March 2,
1087:March 2,
1035:March 2,
971:March 7,
752:June 17,
686:76024579
117:Director
63:Location
1930:Streets
1785:Hop Kee
1721:Museums
1714:Culture
1417:9066227
1303:July 5,
413:(right)
192:History
162:mastaba
1947:Bowery
1902:Subway
1869:Former
1805:Wo Hop
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770:p. 220
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409:(left)
91:Opened
77:Active
73:Status
1348:S2CID
805:(JPG)
591:Notes
477:Kerik
1503:OCLC
1493:ISBN
1472:OCLC
1462:ISBN
1445:OCLC
1429:2007
1413:OCLC
1403:ISBN
1375:OCLC
1365:ISBN
1340:OCLC
1305:2007
1279:2024
1253:2024
1227:2024
1201:2024
1175:2024
1149:2024
1138:ISSN
1115:2024
1089:2024
1063:2020
1037:2024
1006:2021
973:2018
907:2022
885:2008
855:ISBN
754:2019
690:OCLC
682:LCCN
672:ISBN
653:2021
628:2021
1332:doi
998:CNN
2072::
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364:c.
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20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
_pg501_THE_TOMBS._THE_PLACE_OF_DETENTION_FOR_CRIMINALS_AWAITING_TRIAL_(cropped).jpg)
