229:. On his 1926 visit, he was able to secure permission from the curators to study the boards' construction and restore several of them. He then began his own experiments in improving surfboard design. Up until that point, most modern surfers, even Duke Kahanamoku, used the shorter alaia boards due to the immense weightâ up to 200 poundsâ of the solid olo boards. Blake initially sought to build lighter olos by drilling hundreds of holes in the board, then covering the openings with a thin outer layer. This was the style of board he used to win the 1928 Pacific Coast Championship. Then after three years of experimenting, in 1929, Blake constructed a hollow board with transverse bracing. In 1932, he received a patent for his hollow surfboard design "and opened the sport up to hundreds of people who weren't able to muscle the heavy plank boards down the beach and into the water."
237:
flat-bottomed, but in 1935, Blake experimented by tearing the keel off an old speedboat and attaching it to the bottom of a surfboard. Blake later remembered, "I finally put the fin on the board and went out in the surf, paddled out. In paddling out, the board had an entirely different feeling with the skeg on it, it wasn't entirely a likeable feeling... But I got a pretty good wave and right away found the remarkable control you had over the board with the skeg on it. It didn't spin out, it steered easy, because the tail held steady when you put the pressure on the front. You could turn it any way you wanted it. I knew right from that moment it was a success. I consider it as my good solid contribution to the sport. It gives me a lot of pleasure when I see the kids drive by in their cars with a fin on their board."
194:, and in 1928, he organized, and then won, the first Pacific Coast Surfriding Championship. In 1930, he entered the Hawaiian Surfboard Paddling Championships using a lightweight board of his own design. He overwhelmed all opposition, setting eight new records in the course of the match. However, his victory sparked some resentment among his native Hawaiian friends, feeling that the new board had given him unfair advantage, and Blake stopped entering races after this. Nonetheless, he continued to compile an extraordinary record of athletic feats. In 1932, Blake, with two friends, made the first successful attempt at paddling the 26 miles from mainland California to
483:
root of so many innovations and influences as almost to be taken for granted. A dozen or so men might have eventually done everything Blake did singularly. Even a partial list of his accomplishments is overwhelming. His greatest contribution was a life â our life. Tom Blake didn't just surf, but made a life of surfing. And while the great Duke nobly represented a spiritual tie to his ancient
Hawaiian sport, it was Blake who provided the modern mode for all who came after. And now here we are at the end of the century â a century of surfing he shaped more than anyone â we still look like him, we still dress like him, we still surf like him."
475:
frame-of-mind and possessed the unique ability to produce water craft in harmony with the previous one thousand years of surfing's progression. Blake placed surfboards, paddleboards, and life saving equipment within reach of the interested athlete, lifeguard, and seaside visitor. In Blake's life, there was no separation between religion, surfing, swimming, building surfboards, eating, and exercise. At the time, no one guessed that his unorthodox life style would one day become the accepted standard for the beach culture.â
31:
390:" and many others, the book explored topics as diverse as immortality, vegetarianism, and the nature of God. Much of the work is presented as a conversation with a young man named "Anthony," a mysterious hitch-hiker. It is clear that the book is the culmination of a long process of contemplation: some eighteen years before its publication, he carved its essential message, âNATURE=GODâ, into a secluded rock face on the Lake Superior shoreline near his hometown of Washburn.
186:
the sport. Upon arrival, Blake attempted to seek out
Kahanamoku, only to find that he was not on the island. However, he quickly became friends with Duke's five brothers, all skilled surfers in their own right, and became immersed in the study of surfing and Hawaiian culture. For the next thirty years, Blake would divide his time between Hawaii and the mainland, shuttling back and forth every year except when interrupted by the Second World War.
262:, basing it on the steel buoy created by California lifeguard Harry Walters in 1919. His contributions to the field of water rescue were recognized by the National Surf Life Saving Association, which presented Blake with an achievement award noting, âthe thousands of lives saved because of his inventive contributions in the interest of fellow human beings."
112:
the fin; he was the first to build a waterproof camera housing and inaugurated the tradition of surfers documenting themselves and their friends; and he was the first among countless surfers to come to write a book on the history and pleasures of surfing. In addition, his personal style became the prototypical beachcomber look, still in effect today.
421:. Knocked off his board, he could not recover properly and came close to passing out. A companion came to his aid and Blake accepted a ride back to shore, without his board, which eventually washed up on shore, badly nicked. Blake later commented, "For the first time in my life, I realized I was getting old... That was the beginning of the end."
266:
catch the waves, thought he should be able to use the wind for propulsion.â For his first experiment, he simply used an umbrella, but subsequently refined the design, adding a proper sail and a foot-controlled rudder. By 1935, he had a version usable in competitions, and in 1940, the L.A. Ladder
Company produced them for sale.
107:(March 8, 1902 â May 5, 1994) was an American athlete, inventor, and writer, widely considered to be one of the most influential surfers in history, and a key figure in transforming surfing from a regional Hawaiian specialty to a nationally popular sport. Assessing Blake's significance, sociologist Kristin Lawler wrote that
482:
magazine, Sam George summed up Blakeâs accomplishments: "To put it simply, because Tom Blake was, we are. The extraordinary contributions of this one man to the lifestyle we call surfing are almost impossible to gauge. They're too broad, too all-encompassing. Thomas Edward Blake's initials are at the
152:
closed the school during his senior year, and local records are inconclusive as to whether he graduated. After leaving school, Blake embarked upon the nomadic lifestyle that would characterize most of his life, working a succession of jobs in
Detroit, New York, and Miami. One episode from that period
111:
Tom Blake is a legendary figure; he's considered the founder of
California surf culture. He personally innovated most of what's associated with surfers to this day: he was the first to experiment with making better surfboards, revolutionizing board design in the process with lightweight materials and
457:
reminisced about the sight of the great surfer as, "Late in the evening... he would seek his way back to (his) tiny boat, carrying a brown paper sack containing carrots, celery, a loaf of bread, some cheese (and) ice cream for his lonely evening meal." A 1989 article explains: âBlake states: âI knew
448:
In 1967, Blake returned to his hometown of
Washburn for the first time in 43 years. He quickly renewed his ties to the community, spending much of his remaining years living in his van at a park on the Lake Superior shoreline, where he was seen as a friendly eccentric who was more than happy to give
248:
independently came up with the idea for the skeg shortly afterward, but Brown himself gave Blake precedence: â(I made my first surfboard keel) about '36 or '37, somewhere in there; about the same time. But, I didn't know anything about (Blake) and his experiments with adding fins to surfboards. See,
185:
Blake first attempted to ride a wave in 1921 on an old board he found while working at the Santa Monica Swim Club. According to his account, he wiped out badly and waited several years to try again. By 1924, however, his interest returned, to the point that he traveled to Hawaii to learn more about
461:
Blake finally gave up his wandering ways in 1986, at the age of 84. He spent his last years living in an apartment in
Ashland, Wisconsin, about one-quarter mile from Lake Superior. He died on May 5, 1994, and is buried in Washburnâs Woodland Cemetery under a simple stone that notes his Coast Guard
424:
Three years later, Blake made a sharp break with his previous life. In
September 1955, deciding that Hawaii had become too crowded and changed for the worse since his halcyon days, he left the island for good. For the next three decades, from 1955 well into the 1980s, Blake lived wherever the mood
273:
camera from Duke
Kahanamoku, then built a waterproof housing that allowed him to take photographs underwater or while surfing. Although it is often stated that Blake "built the first underwater camera," in fact, there had been sporadic attempts to do so since as early as 1856. Nonetheless, Blakeâs
470:
Tom Blake is widely described as one of the most significant figures in the history of surfing: for his athletic achievements, for his innovations in board design, for his success in popularizing the sport, and for his role in pioneering what came to be known as âthe surfing life.â In 2001, surf
398:
Blake maintained a nomadic existence for nearly all the remainder of his long life. With the exception of the wartime era, he traveled back and forth from the mainland to Hawaii every year until the mid 1950s. While in Hawaii, he usually lived in a beach shack or aboard a boat; on the mainland he
265:
In the early 1930s, Blake experimented with the idea of attaching a sail to one of his surfboards. As one author wrote, "The modern sport of windsurfing can be traced back to the 1930s when a surfer named Tom Blake, whose arms became particularly tired one afternoon from paddling his board out to
236:
Blakeâs internally braced hollow wooden surfboards were eventually superseded by laminated boards with an interior layer of balsa, then by foam-and-fiberglass designs, but another of his innovations remains a fixture of modern surf- and paddleboards, the "skeg" or fin. Traditional surfboards were
474:
Blakeâs biographer Gary Lynch described his significance this way: "Tom Blake is the obvious link between the ancient South
Pacific waterman and the twentieth century Anglo waterman. Not only did he precede most other Anglo visitors to Hawaii that surfed, he understood and adopted the Aloha
157:
at a movie theater. He shook hands with Kahanamoku and later reported, "I felt that somehow he had included an invitation to me to come over to his own Hawaiian islands... As I look back now I realize how much I was influenced by this first contact with the man who has become the best-known
402:
In 1925, Blake married 18-year-old Frances Cunningham, daughter of an affluent Hollywood family. His new in-laws attempted to arrange a job for him at a ranch in Oklahoma, but that did not work out. The marriage did not last a year, and Blake remained single ever after.
445:; and finally back to Wisconsin. He lived in his vehicles â vans and station wagons â setting up camp and then moving on. His friend and biographer Gary Lynch reported that in those days, Blake owned one plate, one knife, one fork, one dish, and one chair.
309:
Later in life, Blake devoted a great deal of his thought to matters of philosophy, and in 1969, published an essay, "Voice of the Wave," which approached surfing from a metaphysical perspective. He then revised and greatly expanded this essay into a book,
257:
Blakeâs inventions and innovations were not limited to surfboards. He was particularly interested in improving lifesaving equipment, and he adapted his hollow surfboard designs into paddleboards for rescue use. He built the first aluminum âtorpedoâ
232:
One historian remarked: "Blake changed the whole scene by working on these boards. He single-handedly, without really giving it much thought, changed surfing in a massive, huge way. It was because of this we are doing what we do on boards."
452:
No discussion of Blake's life would be complete without mention of his long-term commitment to vegetarianism, a philosophy that he adopted with evangelical zeal. In a 1955 article reporting Blake's departure from the island, the
189:
Over the next decade, Blake rose to eminence in a sport that had until then been largely the province of native Hawaiians. Back on the mainland, in September 1927, Blake and his friend Sam Reid became the first to surf
145:
shore, where he spent most of his childhood. He attended Washburn's St. Louis Catholic School, where, he later recalled, an educational film provided his first awareness of surfing.
471:
journalist Drew Kampion wrote, "Blake altered everything. He almost single-handedly transformed surfing from a primitive Polynesian curiosity into a 20th-century lifestyle."
294:, a comprehensive study which treated the history and tradition of the sport, board construction, and surfing technique. He also wrote articles on surfboard construction for
703:
492:
410:. Considerably older than the average enlisted man, he served three years, teaching swimming and ocean rescue, and serving on a munitions loading team.
165:, where he supported himself as a lifeguard and occasionally worked as a stuntman in films. Over the years he served as stunt double for stars such as
290:
photo-essay mentioned above ("Waves and Thrills at Waikiki"), in the same year Blake also published what is said to be the first book on surfing,
414:
191:
513:
199:
399:
often lived out of his car. He typically supported himself by working as a lifeguard, an occupation he pursued into his early sixties.
173:. During this period he became active in competitive swimming. In 1922, he traveled to Pennsylvania to enter a ten-mile race on the
1027:
1007:
784:
707:
1012:
195:
1022:
413:
Blake admitted to feeling the advance of age as he entered his fifties. A crucial incident took place in 1952 at
275:
153:
that presaged his later career occurred in Detroit in 1920, when he encountered the legendary Hawaiian surfer
1017:
210:
177:
and triumphed over a field of the East Coast's top swimmers, breaking the existing record in the process.
1002:
269:
Blake also contributed substantially to the field of underwater photography. In 1929, he purchased a
521:
162:
889:
454:
678:
997:
992:
274:
innovations were significant, and a photo spread of his work that was published in 1935 in
245:
122:
8:
430:
363:
138:
209:
While in Hawaii, Blake became fascinated by the traditional surfboards preserved at the
158:
personality in the history of surfing." Blake and Kahanamoku later became good friends.
426:
134:
130:
198:. Then on August 1, 1936, he set a milestone that still stands: entering the waves at
295:
206:, he made a run estimated at 4,500 feet, the longest recorded surf ride in history.
407:
129:
when he was eleven months old, and his father left him in the care of relatives in
560:
Mackreth, Bob, "Tom Blake- Pioneer Surfer From Washburn, Wisconsin," Ashland (WI)
249:
we were all separated out. I was in San Diego and he was in L.A., way up there.")
434:
387:
319:
299:
154:
704:"The World's First Underwater Photographer: Louis Boutan - Faded & Blurred"
174:
986:
371:
166:
142:
30:
225:
boards traditionally reserved for royalty including one owned by High Chief
926:, Volume 1, Chapter 24 (Originally: âWoody Brown: Pilot, Surfer, Sailor,â
458:
I didn't want to be killed, and I figured all animals felt the same way.ââ
347:
126:
259:
170:
149:
924:
Legendary Surfers: A Definitive History of Surfing's Culture and Heroes
442:
438:
383:
375:
355:
343:
331:
323:
315:
241:
226:
942:
Radical: The Image of the Surfer and the Politics of Popular Culture
278:
magazine helped call attention to the potential his device offered.
351:
327:
214:
379:
367:
359:
339:
335:
270:
203:
890:
http://files.legendarysurfers.com/surf/legends/ls07_blake.shtml
218:
975:
Yehling, Bob (November 1981) âTom Blake- Voice of the Atomâ
886:
Legendary Surfers: A History of Surfingâs Culture and Heroes
956:
Tom Blake : The Uncommon Journey Of A Pioneer Waterman
679:
https://www.angelfire.com/extreme3/windsurfing/history.html
418:
406:
When the Second World War broke out, Blake enlisted in the
493:
List of members of the International Swimming Hall of Fame
700:
The World's First Underwater Photographer: Louis Boutan
217:. These included a variety of styles, from the shorter
922:
Gault-Williams, Malcolm (2003) âWoody 'Spider' Brownâ
912:, Mountain and Sea Publishing, Redondo Beach, Cal.)
462:
service but says nothing of his other achievements.
961:Lynch, Gary (November 1989) âBeyond the Horizonâ
449:swimming and paddling lessons to local teenagers.
314:, completed in 1982. Offering acknowledgments to "
505:
984:
958:. Croul Family Foundation, Corona del Mar, Cal.
511:
302:(1939). In 1961 he published his second book,
148:Blake attended Washburn High School, but the
884:Quoted in Gault-Williams, Malcolm (2008)
29:
180:
16:American surfer and inventor (1902â1994)
240:(According to at least one source, the
985:
970:Small Town, U.S.A: Washburn, Wisconsin
564:, 2017 Homecoming Edition, July 2017
782:
252:
13:
14:
1039:
512:Gault-Williams, Malcolm (2008).
1028:20th-century American inventors
1008:People from Washburn, Wisconsin
898:
878:
869:
857:
848:
839:
826:
817:
808:
799:
785:"Celebrities and famous people"
776:
767:
758:
749:
740:
731:
722:
693:
684:
669:
660:
651:
642:
633:
621:
612:
98:Innovations in surfboard design
949:Surfing- The Ultimate Pleasure
603:
594:
585:
576:
567:
554:
545:
536:
1:
888:. Retrieved Feb. 17, 2015 at
498:
393:
161:By 1921, Blake was living in
116:
944:. Routledge and Keegan Paul.
465:
211:Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum
7:
1013:Sportspeople from Milwaukee
787:. United States Coast Guard
486:
425:took him: in California at
221:to the heavy, 16-foot long
10:
1044:
937:. J.B. Lippincott and Co.
690:e.g. Lawler, (2010) p. 153
281:
92:
84:
76:
60:
37:
28:
21:
908:. (Republished 1983 as
417:on the western shore of
286:In addition to the 1935
163:Santa Monica, California
972:. F.A. Weber & Sons
947:Lueras, Leonard (1984)
940:Lawler, Kristin (2010)
865:Encyclopedia of Surfing
834:Encyclopedia of Surfing
719:retrieved Feb. 17, 2015
681:retrieved Feb. 13, 2015
629:Encyclopedia of Surfing
514:"Tom Blake (1902-1994)"
150:1918 influenza pandemic
1023:Writers from Milwaukee
455:Honolulu Star-Bulletin
181:Surfing and surfboards
979:, XXII:11, pp 64â68.
951:. Workman Publishing.
933:Klein, Arthur (1965)
676:Windsurfing's History
125:. His mother died of
928:The Surfer's Journal
910:Hawaiian Surf Riders
478:In 1991, writing in
437:on the shore of the
304:Hawaiian Surf Riding
123:Milwaukee, Wisconsin
88:Popularizing surfing
55:Milwaukee, Wisconsin
1018:Writers from Hawaii
968:Woiak, Tony (1994)
954:Lynch, Gary (2001)
657:Gault-Williams 2003
288:National Geographic
276:National Geographic
139:Washburn, Wisconsin
105:Thomas Edward Blake
42:Thomas Edward Blake
930:, V:3, Fall 1996.)
915:Blake, Tom (1982)
906:Hawaiian Surfboard
904:Blake, Tom (1935)
292:Hawaiian Surfboard
135:Ashland, Wisconsin
131:Hibbing, Minnesota
121:Blake was born in
71:Ashland, Wisconsin
917:Voice of the Atom
518:Legendary Surfers
441:; in Florida, at
312:Voice of the Atom
296:Popular Mechanics
102:
101:
80:Surfer, lifeguard
1035:
1003:American surfers
892:
882:
876:
873:
867:
861:
855:
852:
846:
843:
837:
830:
824:
821:
815:
812:
806:
803:
797:
796:
794:
792:
780:
774:
771:
765:
762:
756:
753:
747:
744:
738:
735:
729:
726:
720:
718:
716:
715:
706:. Archived from
697:
691:
688:
682:
673:
667:
664:
658:
655:
649:
646:
640:
637:
631:
625:
619:
616:
610:
607:
601:
598:
592:
589:
583:
580:
574:
571:
565:
558:
552:
549:
543:
540:
534:
533:
531:
529:
520:. Archived from
509:
408:U.S. Coast Guard
253:Other inventions
95:
67:
51:
49:
33:
19:
18:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1032:
983:
982:
901:
896:
895:
883:
879:
874:
870:
862:
858:
853:
849:
844:
840:
831:
827:
822:
818:
813:
809:
804:
800:
790:
788:
783:Westman, Erik.
781:
777:
772:
768:
763:
759:
754:
750:
745:
741:
736:
732:
727:
723:
713:
711:
702:
698:
694:
689:
685:
674:
670:
665:
661:
656:
652:
647:
643:
638:
634:
626:
622:
617:
613:
608:
604:
599:
595:
590:
586:
581:
577:
572:
568:
559:
555:
550:
546:
541:
537:
527:
525:
510:
506:
501:
489:
468:
435:Imperial Valley
396:
388:Albert Einstein
320:Marcus Aurelius
300:Popular Science
284:
255:
196:Catalina Island
183:
155:Duke Kahanamoku
119:
93:
72:
69:
65:
56:
53:
47:
45:
44:
43:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1041:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
981:
980:
973:
966:
959:
952:
945:
938:
931:
920:
913:
900:
897:
894:
893:
877:
868:
856:
847:
838:
832:"Blake, Tom,"
825:
816:
807:
798:
775:
766:
757:
748:
739:
730:
721:
692:
683:
668:
659:
650:
641:
632:
620:
611:
602:
593:
584:
575:
566:
553:
544:
535:
503:
502:
500:
497:
496:
495:
488:
485:
467:
464:
395:
392:
283:
280:
254:
251:
182:
179:
175:Delaware River
137:; and finally
118:
115:
114:
113:
100:
99:
96:
90:
89:
86:
85:Known for
82:
81:
78:
74:
73:
70:
68:(aged 92)
62:
58:
57:
54:
41:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1040:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
990:
988:
978:
974:
971:
967:
964:
960:
957:
953:
950:
946:
943:
939:
936:
932:
929:
925:
921:
918:
914:
911:
907:
903:
902:
891:
887:
881:
872:
866:
863:âBlake, Tomâ
860:
851:
842:
835:
829:
820:
811:
802:
791:September 19,
786:
779:
770:
761:
752:
743:
734:
725:
710:on 2015-02-17
709:
705:
701:
696:
687:
680:
677:
672:
663:
654:
645:
636:
630:
627:"Blake, Tom"
624:
615:
606:
597:
588:
579:
570:
563:
557:
548:
539:
524:on 3 May 2014
523:
519:
515:
508:
504:
494:
491:
490:
484:
481:
476:
472:
463:
459:
456:
450:
446:
444:
440:
436:
433:, and in the
432:
428:
422:
420:
416:
411:
409:
404:
400:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
279:
277:
272:
267:
263:
261:
250:
247:
243:
238:
234:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
187:
178:
176:
172:
168:
167:Ramon Navarro
164:
159:
156:
151:
146:
144:
143:Lake Superior
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
110:
109:
108:
106:
97:
91:
87:
83:
79:
77:Occupation(s)
75:
63:
59:
52:March 8, 1902
40:
36:
32:
27:
20:
976:
969:
962:
955:
948:
941:
934:
927:
923:
919:. priv. pub.
916:
909:
905:
899:Bibliography
885:
880:
871:
864:
859:
850:
841:
833:
828:
819:
810:
801:
789:. Retrieved
778:
769:
760:
751:
742:
733:
724:
712:. Retrieved
708:the original
699:
695:
686:
675:
671:
662:
653:
644:
635:
628:
623:
614:
605:
596:
587:
578:
569:
561:
556:
547:
538:
526:. Retrieved
522:the original
517:
507:
479:
477:
473:
469:
460:
451:
447:
423:
415:Makaha Beach
412:
405:
401:
397:
311:
308:
303:
291:
287:
285:
268:
264:
256:
239:
235:
231:
222:
208:
192:Malibu Point
188:
184:
160:
147:
127:tuberculosis
120:
104:
103:
94:Notable work
66:(1994-05-05)
998:1994 deaths
993:1902 births
600:Lueras 1984
562:Daily Press
542:Lawler 2010
528:14 December
298:(1936) and
260:rescue buoy
246:Woody Brown
200:Kalehuawehe
171:Clark Gable
64:May 5, 1994
987:Categories
875:Lynch 2001
854:Lynch 2001
845:Lynch 1989
823:Woiak 1994
814:Lynch 2001
805:Lynch 2001
773:Lynch 2001
764:Lynch 2001
755:Lynch 2001
746:Blake 1982
737:Lynch 2001
728:Lynch 2001
714:2015-04-05
666:Lynch 2001
648:Lynch 2001
639:Lynch 2001
618:Lynch 2001
609:Lynch 2001
591:Lynch 2001
582:Lynch 2001
573:Lynch 2001
551:Lynch 2001
499:References
443:Boca Raton
439:Salton Sea
394:Later life
384:Copernicus
376:Schweitzer
356:Swedenborg
227:Abner PÄkÄ«
117:Early life
48:1902-03-08
965:, XXX:11.
466:Influence
344:Confucius
332:Aristotle
324:Epictetus
316:Descartes
242:San Diego
23:Tom Blake
487:See also
352:Mohammed
328:Socrates
215:Honolulu
935:Surfing
431:Ventura
380:Galileo
368:Thoreau
364:Emerson
360:Spinoza
340:Lao Tsu
336:Gautama
282:Writing
271:Graflex
244:surfer
204:Waikiki
141:on the
977:Surfer
963:Surfer
480:Surfer
427:Malibu
372:Bacon
354:;...
219:alaia
202:near
793:2023
530:2023
419:Oahu
348:Zeno
169:and
61:Died
38:Born
223:olo
213:in
989::
516:.
429:,
386:,
382:,
378:,
374:,
370:,
366:,
362:,
358:,
350:,
346:,
342:,
338:,
334:,
330:,
326:,
322:,
318:,
306:.
133:;
836:.
795:.
717:.
532:.
50:)
46:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
_Cropped.jpg)