Tobin tax - Knowledge

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die Einnahmen der Weltbank zur Verfügung zu stellen. Aber darum ging es mir gar nicht. Die Devisenumsatzsteuer war dafür gedacht, Wechselkursschwankungen einzudämmen. Die Idee ist ganz simpel: Bei jedem Umtausch von einer Währung in die andere würde eine kleine Steuer fällig, sagen wir von einem halben Prozent des Umsatzes. So schreckt man Spekulanten ab. Denn viele Investoren legen ihr Geld sehr kurzfristig in Währungen an. Wird dieses Geld plötzlich zurückgezogen, müssen die Länder die Zinsen drastisch anheben, damit die Währung attraktiv bleibt. Hohe Zinsen aber sind oft desaströs für die heimische Wirtschaft, wie die Krisen in Mexiko, Südostasien und Russland während der neunziger Jahre gezeigt haben. Meine Steuer würde Notenbanken kleiner Länder Handlungsspielraum zurückgeben und dem Diktat der Finanzmärkte etwas entgegensetzen." -

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2007, or £400,000 billion per annum with the trade in sterling, the fourth most traded currency in the world, worth £34,000 billion a year. A sterling stamp duty set at 0.005% as some claim would have raised in the region of £2 billion a year in 2007. The All Party Parliamentary Group for Debt, Aid and Trade published a report in November 2007 into financing for development in which it recommended that the UK government undertake rigorous research into the implementation of a 0.005% stamp duty on all sterling foreign exchange transactions, to provide additional revenue to help bridge the funding gap required to pay for the

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disadvantage versus another. Third, it is likely to enhance domestic financial market stability by discouraging domestic asset speculation. Fourth, to the extent that advanced economies already put too many real resources into financial dealings, it would cut back on this resource use, freeing these resources for other productive uses such substitution is costly both in resource use, and because alternative instruments do not provide exactly the same services just as the market provides an incentive to avoid a Tobin tax, so too it automatically sets in motion forces that deter excessive avoidance." - Palley, 2000

2446:(CFD) industry, which provides UK investors with untaxed substitutes for LSE stocks, according to the Oxera (2007) report, more than 70% percent of the total UK stock market volume, including the entire institutional volume remained (in 2005) exempt from the Stamp Duty, in contrast to the common perception of this tax as a "tax on bank transactions" or a "tax on speculation". On the other hand, as much as 40% of the Stamp Duty revenues come from taxing foreign residents, because the tax is "chargeable whether the transaction takes place in the UK or overseas, and whether either party is resident in the UK or not." 2135:(SDRs) mechanism. In Soros' scheme, rich countries would pledge SDRs (which are denominated as a basket of multiple 'hard' currencies) for the purpose of providing international assistance. Soros was not necessarily dismissing the Tobin tax idea. He stated, "I think there is a case for a Tobin tax ... (but) it is not at all clear to me that a Tobin tax would reduce volatility in the currency markets. It is true that it may discourage currency speculation but it would also reduce the liquidity of the marketplace." In this Soros appeared to agree with the Chicago School. 2233: 2427:. Jackson and O'Donnel (1985), using UK quarterly data, found that the 1% cut in the Stamp Duty in April 1984 from 2% to 1% lead to a "dramatic 70% increase in equity turnover". Analyzing all three Stamp Duty rate changes, Saporta and Kan (1997) found that the announcements of tax rate increases (decreases) were followed by negative (positive) returns, but even though these results were statistically significant, they were likely to be influenced by other factors, because the announcements were made on 3653:. All of these would have to be taxed together under a "non-currency" financial transactions tax (such as under certain proposals in the U.S. in 2009 which, although not intending to tax currencies directly, would still do so due to taxation of currency futures and currency exchange traded funds). Because these three groups of instruments are nearly perfect substitutes, if at least one of these groups were to be exempt, it would likely attract most market volume from the taxed alternatives. 2924:, only to find themselves so short of dollars that they are forced to cut off growth. They raise interest rates to extraordinary levels to protect investors against currency losses, only to topple their economies and the source of investor profits. ... IMF bailouts provide a brief respite for international investors but they are, even from the perspective of the wealthy, a short-term solution at best ... they leave countries with more debt and fewer options." 3690: 1710: 3499:

reducing trading volume or trading frequency reduces volatility, these Tobin tax supporters combine it with the observation that Tobin-style taxes are volume-reducing, and thus should also indirectly reduce volatility ("this finding implies a negative relationship between transaction tax and volatility, because higher transaction costs will 'ceteris paribus' always dampen trading activities)." (Schulmeister et al., 2008, p. 18).

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or settlement process." (All large-value financial transactions go through three steps. First dealers agree to a trade; then the dealers' banks match the two sides of the trade through an electronic central clearing system; and finally, the two individual financial instruments are transferred simultaneously to a central settlement system. Thus a tax can be collected at the few places where all trades are ultimately cleared or settled.)

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could cost New York City between 30,000 and 42,000 private-sector jobs, and if the stock market volume reductions reached levels observed by Umlauf (1993) in Sweden after a stock FTT was introduced there ("By 1990, more than 50% of all Swedish trading had moved to London") then according to Schwabish (2005), following an introduction of a FTT tax, there would be 150,000-210,000 private-sector jobs losses in the New York alone.

1698: 2602:, France's president, suggested that revenues from the Tobin tax could be devoted to the world's fight against climate change, especially in developing countries. They suggested that funding could come from "a global financial transactions tax." However British officials later argued the main point of a financial transactions tax would be provide insurance for the global taxpayer against a future banking crisis." 36: 2033:

autonomy in policies tailored to their specific economic institutions and objectives." Tobin's preferred solution was the former one but he did not see this as politically viable so he advocated for the latter approach: "I therefore regretfully recommend the second, and my proposal is to throw some sand in the wheels of our excessively efficient international money markets."

1777:. Tobin's tax was originally intended to penalize short-term financial round-trip excursions into another currency. By the late 1990s, the term Tobin tax was being applied to all forms of short term transaction taxation, whether across currencies or not. The concept of the Tobin tax is being picked up by various tax proposals currently being discussed, amongst them the 3413:—and thus "certainty what importers and exporters' money is worth"—has nothing to do with volatility whatsoever, as this cost is exclusively determined by the interest rate differential between two currencies. Nevertheless, as Tobin said, "If ... is suddenly withdrawn, countries have to drastically increase interest rates for their currency to still be attractive." 3339:/APLN), the informal trade union body of the Asia-Pacific, supported the Tobin Tax in their Statement to the 2010 APEC Economic Leaders Meeting. The representatives of APEC's national trade unions centers also met with the Japanese Prime Minister, Naoto Kan, the host Leader of APEC for 2010, and called for the Prime Minister's support on the Tobin Tax. 2431:. Bond et al. (2005) confirmed the findings of previous studies, noting also that the impact of the announced tax rate cuts was more beneficial (increasing market value more significantly) in case of larger firms, which had higher turnover, and were therefore more affected by the transaction tax than stocks of smaller companies, less frequently traded. 2085:

spot currency markets would clearly induce a huge shifting of transactions into futures and derivatives markets. Thus, the real issue is how to design a tax that takes account of all the methods and margins of substitution that investors have for changing their patterns of activity to avoid the tax. Taking account of these considerations implies a

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businesses to build markets and production networks that are truly global in scope, then the current monetary system is in many ways an endless headache whose costs are rapidly outstripping its benefits." She continues with a view on how that monetary system stability is appealing to many players in the world economy, but is being undermined by

2749:, advocated the Tobin Tax to address that issue. (According to Cliff Kincaid, Castro advocated it "specifically in order to generate U.S. financial reparations to the rest of the world," however a closer reading of Castro's speech shows that he never did mention "the rest of the world" as being recipients of revenue.) Castro cited 3640:

Hanke et al. state, "The economic consequences of introducing a Tobin Tax are completely unknown, as such a tax has not been introduced on any real foreign exchange market so far". At the same time, even in the case of stock transaction taxes, where some empirical evidence is available, researchers

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It is also possible to estimate the impact of a reduction in stock market volume caused by taxing stock transactions on the rise in the overall unemployment rate. For every 10 percent decline in stock market volume, elasticities estimated by Schwabish implied that a stock transaction ("transfer") tax

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forwarding in a magnified form any taxes imposed on Wall Street employees through their reduced demand to their suppliers and supporting industries. The author estimated the ratios of financial- to non-financial job losses of between 10:1 to 10:4, that is "a 10 percent decrease in securities industry

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An economist speaking out against the common belief that investment banks would bear the burden of a Tobin tax is Simon Johnson, Professor of Economics at the MIT and a former Chief Economist at the IMF, who in a BBC Radio 4 interview discussing banking system reforms presented his views on the Tobin

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In January 2010, feasibility of the tax was supported and clarified by researcher Rodney Schmidt, who noted "it is technically easy to collect a financial tax from exchanges ... transactions taxes can be collected by the central counterparty at the point of the trade, or automatically in the clearing

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Tobin observed that, while his original proposal had only the goal of "putting a brake on the foreign exchange trafficking", the antiglobalization movement had stressed "the income from the taxes with which they want to finance their projects to improve the world". He declared himself not contrary to

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Wrobel's paper highlighted the Swedish experience with financial transaction taxes. In January 1984, Sweden introduced a 0.5% tax on the purchase or sale of an equity security. Thus a round trip (purchase and sale) transaction resulted in a 1% tax. In July 1986 the rate was doubled. In January 1989,

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that resembles the tax suggested by Pollin et al. (1999). There are four benefits to this. First, it is likely to generate significantly greater revenues. Second, it maintains a level playing field across financial markets so that no individual financial instrument is arbitrarily put at a competitive

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A key issue with Tobin's tax was "avoidance by change of product mix... market participants would have an incentive to substitute out of financial instruments subject to the tax and into instruments not subject to it. In this fashion, markets would innovate so as to avoid the tax... focusing on just

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Tobin saw two solutions to this issue. The first was to move "toward a common currency, common monetary and fiscal policy, and economic integration." The second was to move "toward greater financial segmentation between nations or currency areas, permitting their central banks and governments greater

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Excerpt from original German article:"SPIEGEL: Diese Bewegung will die Einführung einer Steuer auf Devisengeschäfte. Damit sollen die Kapitalmärkte gebändigt und mit den zusätzlichen Einnahmen die Entwicklungshilfe verstärkt werden. Klingt das nicht wie Ihr Vorschlag? Tobin: Ich hatte vorgeschlagen,

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loop). This allows these Tobin tax proponents to state that "some studies show (implicitly) that higher transaction costs might dampen price volatility. This is so because these studies report that a reduction of trading activities is associated with lower price volatility." So if a study finds that

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price, so "a tax on transactions in foreign exchange markets imposed unilaterally, 6/1000 of a basis point (or 0.00006%) is a realistic maximum magnitude." Similarly Shvedov (2004) concludes that "even making the unrealistic assumption that the rate of 0.00006% causes no reduction of trading volume,

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Professor Willem Buiter, who studied under James Tobin, wrote an obituary for the man, but also remarked that, "This ... was in recent years adopted by some of the most determined enemies of trade liberalisation, globalisation and the open society." Buiter added, "The proposal to use the Tobin tax

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The Sterling Stamp Duty, as it became known, was to be set at a rate 200 times lower than Tobin had envisaged in 2001, which "pro Tobin tax" supporters claim wouldn't have affected currency markets and could still raise large sums of money. The global currency market grew to $ 3,200 billion a day in

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The concept of a Tobin tax has experienced a resurgence in the discussion on reforming the international financial system. In addition to many legislative initiatives in favour of the Tobin tax in national parliaments, possible ways to introduce a Tobin-style currency transaction tax (CTT) are being

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returns and the volatility behavior of foreign exchange rates. This is used as evidence that the similarity between currencies and stocks in the context of a tax designed to curb volatility such as a CTT (or FTT in general) can be inferred from the almost identical (statistically indistinguishable)

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fell by 98% and the options trading market disappeared. On 15 April 1990, the tax on fixed-income securities was abolished. In January 1991 the rates on the remaining taxes were cut in half and by the end of the year they were abolished completely. Once the taxes were eliminated, trading volumes

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In July, 2006, analyst Marion G. Wrobel examined the actual international experiences of various countries in implementing financial transaction taxes. Wrobel's paper highlighted the Swedish experience with financial transaction taxes. In January 1984, Sweden introduced a 0.5% tax on the purchase

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theoretical models, such as those developed by Wei and Kim (1997) or Westerhoff and Dieci (2006) suggest that transaction taxes can reduce volatility, at least in the foreign exchange market. In contrast, some papers find a positive effect of a transaction tax on market volatility. Lanne and Vesala

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If implemented the tax must be paid in the European country where the financial operator is established. This "R plus I" (residence plus issuance) solution means the EU-FTT would cover all transactions that involve a single European firm, no matter if these transactions are carried out in the EU or

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and transactions volume in foreign exchange markets to estimate the maximum "non-disruptive rate" of a currency transaction tax. A CTT tax rate designed with a pragmatic goal of raising revenue for various development projects, rather than to fulfill Tobin's original goals (of "slowing the flow of

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given that their Japanese sample is subsumed by a research conducted in 14 Asian countries by Hu (1998), showing that "an increase in tax rate reduces the stock price but has no significant effect on market volatility". As Liu and Zhu (2009) point out, the different experience in Japan highlights

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or more predictable levels of exchange rates. The impact of such a tax on volatility is of particular concern because the main justification given for this tax by Tobin was to improve the autonomy of macroeconomic policy by curbing international currency speculation and its destabilizing effect on

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It was originally assumed that the Tobin tax would require multilateral implementation, since one country acting alone would find it very difficult to implement this tax. Many people have therefore argued that it would be best implemented by an international institution. It has been proposed that

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would likely be affected. Clinton referred separately to "Impose a risk fee on the largest financial institutions. Big banks and financial companies would be required to pay a fee based on their size and their risk of contributing to another crisis." The calculations of such fees would necessarily

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currency-only Tobin tax), because it could reduce tax avoidance (i.e., substitution of similar untaxed instruments), could significantly increase the tax base and could be implemented more easily on organized exchanges than in a dealership market like the global foreign exchange market. (See also

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On the day that the tax was announced, share prices fell by 2.2%. But there was leakage of information prior to the announcement, which might explain the 5.35% price decline in the 30 days prior to the announcement. When the tax was doubled, prices again fell by another 1%. These declines were in

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The revenues from taxes were disappointing; for example, revenues from the tax on fixed-income securities were initially expected to amount to 1,500 million Swedish kronor per year. They did not amount to more than 80 million Swedish kronor in any year and the average was closer to 50 million. In

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was to find a way to manage exchange-rate volatility. In his view, "currency exchanges transmit disturbances originating in international financial markets. National economies and national governments are not capable of adjusting to massive movements of funds across the foreign exchanges, without

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According to Stephan Schulmeister, Margit Schratzenstaller, and Oliver Picek (2008), restricting the financial transactions tax to foreign exchange only (as envisaged originally by Tobin) would not be desirable. Any "general FTT seems...more attractive than a specific transaction tax" (such as a

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Schwabish (2005) examined the potential effects of introducing a stock transaction (or "transfer") tax in a single city (New York) on employment not only in the securities industry, but also in the supporting industries. A financial transactions tax would lead to job losses also in non-financial

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Note - APEC's 21 Member Economies are Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Chile, People's Republic of China, Hong Kong, China, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Peru, The Republic of the Philippines, The Russian Federation, Singapore, Chinese

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traders' but that it 'would not have any impact on volatility in case of sufficiently deep global markets such as those in major currency pairs, unlike in case of less liquid markets, such as those in stocks and (especially) options, where volatility would probably increase with reduced volumes.

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For supporters of a Tobin tax, there is a wide range of opinion on who should administer a global Tobin tax and what the revenue should be used for. There are some who think that it should take the form of an insurance: In early November 2009, at the G20 finance ministers summit in Scotland, the

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included in her platform a vow to "Impose a tax on high-frequency trading. The growth of high-frequency trading has unnecessarily placed stress on our markets, created instability, and enabled unfair and abusive trading strategies. Hillary would impose a tax on harmful high-frequency trading and

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European Union leaders urged the International Monetary Fund on Friday to consider a global tax on financial transactions in spite of opposition from the US and doubts at the IMF itself. In a communiqué issued after a two-day summit, the EU's 27 national leaders stopped short of making a formal

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One non-tax regulatory equivalent of Tobin's (very narrow original) tax is to require "non-interest bearing deposit requirements on all open foreign exchange positions.". If these deposit requirements result in forfeits or losses if a currency suddenly declines due to speculation, they act as

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tax on share purchases in 1808, preceding by over 150 years the Tobin tax on currency transactions. Changes were made in 1963. In 1963 the rate of the UK Stamp Duty was 2%, subsequently fluctuating between 1% and 2%, until a process of its gradual reduction started in 1984, when the rate was

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for the member states of the Bretton Woods system, leading the system to collapse in the face of increasing financial strain in that same year. In that context, Tobin suggested a new system for international currency stability, and proposed that such a system include an international charge on

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has pointed out that while perhaps some trading ought to be discouraged, trading for the hedging of derivatives is generally considered a good thing in that it can reduce risk, and this should not be punished. He estimates that any financial tax should be at most one basis point so as to have

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Economic literature of the period 1990s-2000s emphasized that variations in the terms of payment in trade-related transactions (so-called "swaps" for instance) provided a ready means of evading a tax levied on currency only. Accordingly, most debate on the issue has shifted towards a general

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In 1972, Tobin examined the global monetary system that remained after the Bretton Woods monetary system was abandoned. This examination was subsequently revisited by other analysts, such as Ellen Frank, who, in 2002 wrote: "If by globalization we mean the determined efforts of international

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In 2005, the Tobin tax was developed into a modern proposal by the United Kingdom NGO Stamp Out Poverty. It simplified the two-tier tax in favour of a mechanism designed solely as a means for raising development revenue. The currency market by this time had grown to $ 2,000 billion a day. To

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Even though the tax on fixed-income securities was much lower than that on equities, the impact on market trading was much more dramatic. During the first week of the tax, the volume of bond trading fell by 85%, even though the tax rate on five-year bonds was only 0.003%. The volume of

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proposing to impose on banks to insure them against the costs of any future bailouts. EU leaders instructed their finance ministers, in May, 2010, to work out by the end of October 2010, details for the banking levy, but any financial transaction tax remains much more controversial.

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plus others. The G20 was established in September, 1999, and Canada was part of the original G7. There was no Canadian election between the March 23, 1999 Canadian adoption of the Tobin tax resolution, and the September 1999 formation of the G20, so the government remained the

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in 2001, the tax rate he suggested was 0.5%. His use of the phrase "let's say" ("sagen wir") indicated that he was not, at that point, in an interview setting, trying to be precise. Others have tried to be more precise or practical in their search for the Tobin tax rate.

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Excerpt from original German article: "wie die Krisen in Mexiko, Südostasien und Russland während der neunziger Jahre gezeigt haben. Meine Steuer würde Notenbanken kleiner Länder Handlungsspielraum zurückgeben und dem Diktat der Finanzmärkte etwas entgegensetzen." -

2298:. According to the European Commission it could raise €57 billion every year, of which around €10bn (£8.4bn) would go to Great Britain, which hosts Europe's biggest financial center. It is unclear whether a financial transaction tax is compatible with European law. 3644:

According to Stephan Schulmeister, Margit Schratzenstaller, and Oliver Picek (2008), from the practical viewpoint it is no longer possible to introduce a non-currency transactions tax (even if foreign exchange transactions were formally exempt) since the advent of

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In 1996, the United Nations Development Programme sponsored a comprehensive feasibility and cost-benefit study of the Tobin tax: Haq, Mahbub ul; Kaul, Inge; Grunberg, Isabelle (August 1996). The Tobin Tax: Coping with Financial Volatility. Oxford University Press.

2985:(transaction taxes or government-controlled minimum brokerage commissions) and a reduction in volatility—in fact a frequent unintended consequence observed by 'early adopters' after the imposition of a financial transactions tax (see Werner, 2003) has been an 2207:, the Tobin tax proposal came under much criticism from economists and governments, especially those with liberal markets and a large international banking sector, who said it would be impossible to implement and would destabilise foreign exchange markets. 2538:

argued for a European version of the Tobin tax. This tax would go beyond just financial transactions: "all shopping and petrol would be taxed.". Countering him was his sister, Christine Van Rompuy, who said, "any new taxes would directly affect the poor".

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The lack of empirical evidence to support or clearly refute the Tobin tax proponents' claim it will reduce "excess" volatility is due in part to a lack of an agreed definition of "excess" volatility that allows to be distinguished and formally measured.

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passed a resolution directing the government to "enact a tax on financial transactions in concert with the international community." However, ten years later, in November 2009, at the G20 finance ministers summit in Scotland, the representatives of the

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line with the capitalized value of future tax payments resulting from expected trades. It was further felt that the taxes on fixed-income securities only served to increase the cost of government borrowing, providing another argument against the tax.

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On November 7, 2009, prime minister Gordon Brown said that G-20 should consider a tax on speculation, although did not specify that it should be on currency trading alone. The BBC reported that there was a negative response to the plan among the G20.

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manage a Tobin tax would solve this problem and would give the UN a large source of funding independent from donations by participating states. However, there have also been initiatives of national dimension about the tax. (This is in addition to the

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It would have a very significant negative impact on real economic recovery, as these additional costs are likely to further reduce financing of business activities at a time when markets remain fragile and prospects for the global economy are still

2963:(2006) argue that a transaction tax "is likely to amplify, not dampen, volatility in foreign exchange markets", because such tax penalises informed market participants disproportionately more than uninformed ones, leading to volatility increases. 2422:

The changes in Stamp Duty rates in 1974, 1984, and 1986 provided researchers with "natural experiments", allowing them to measure the impact of transaction taxes on market volume, volatility, returns, and valuations of UK companies listed on the

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Opinions are divided between those who applaud that the Tobin tax could protect countries from spillovers of financial crises, and those who claim that the tax would also constrain the effectiveness of the global economic system, increase price

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Tobin's method of "throwing sand in the wheels" was to suggest a tax on all spot conversions of one currency into another, proportional to the size of the transaction. In the development of his idea, Tobin was influenced by the earlier work of

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The Swedish experience of a transaction tax was with purchase or sale of equity securities, fixed income securities and derivatives. In global international currency trading, however, the situation could, some argue, look quite different.

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capital across borders" and "preventing or managing exchange rate crises"), should avoid altering the existing "fundamental market behavior", and thus, according to Schmidt, must not exceed 0.00005, i.e., the observed levels of currency

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On June 29, 2011, the European Commission called for Tobin-style taxes on the EU's financial sector to generate direct revenue starting from 2014. At the same time it suggested to reduce existing levies coming from the 27 member states.

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Based on digital technology, a new form of taxation, levied on bank transactions, was successfully used in Brazil from 1993 to 2007 and proved to be evasion-proof, more efficient and less costly than orthodox tax models. In his book,

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Garber, Peter M. (1996). "Issues of Enforcement and Evasion in a Tax on Foreign Exchange Transactions," in: The Tobin Tax: Coping with Financial Volatility. Mahbub ul Haq, Inge Kaul, and Isabelle Grunberg, eds. (New York, Oxford:

6505: 2953:—researches conducted laboratory simulations or constructed economic models. Some of these theoretical studies have concluded that a transaction tax could reduce volatility by crowding out speculators or eliminating individual ' 3493:

evidence in their favor, reinterpreting studies which do not deal directly with volatility, but instead with trading volume (with volume being generally reduced by transaction taxes, though it constitutes their tax base, see:

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Volcker endorsed only the UK's tax on bank bonuses, calling it "interesting", but was wary about imposing levies on financial market transactions, because he is "instinctively opposed" to any tax on financial transactions.

2012:, and the economic argument (attributed to the "Chicago School") that they cannot in principle be differentiated. However, advocates of such taxes considered these problems manageable, especially in context of broader 2915:

such as Mexico (1994), countries in South East Asia (1997), and Russia (1998). She writes, "Governments of developing countries try to peg their currencies, only to have the peg undone by capital flight. They offer to

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There are agencies and groups in Europe that have used the Tobin Tax as an issue of broader campaigns, for reasons that go far beyond my proposal. My proposal was made into a sort of milestone for an antiglobalization

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There is no global consensus why a tax is needed and what the revenue would be used for, and therefore no understanding how much is needed. Any consequential tax would need to be supported by clear consensus for its

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frameworks required reporting that would help to differentiate them and economic thought was tending to reject the belief that they could not be differentiated, or (as the "Chicago School" had held) should not be.

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which deals with proprietary trading of investment banks and restricts banks from making certain speculative kinds of investments if they are not on behalf of their customers. Former U.S. Federal Reserve Chairman

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employment would depress employment in the retail, services, and restaurant sectors by more than 1 percent; in the business services sector by about 4 percent; and in total private jobs by about 1 percent."

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as a means of raising revenues for development assistance was rejected by Tobin, and he forcefully repudiated the anti-globalisation mantra of the Seattle crowd." In September 2009, Buiter also wrote in the

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said that any new tax should be levied on all asset classes – not merely foreign exchange, and would be based on the gross value of the assets, thereby helping to discourage the creation of asset bubbles.

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addition, as taxable trading volumes fell, so did revenues from capital gains taxes, entirely offsetting revenues from the equity transactions tax that had grown to 4,000 million Swedish kronor by 1988.

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In those same "years" that Buiter spoke of, the Tobin tax was also "adopted" or supported in varying degrees by the people who were not, as he put it, "enemies of trade liberalisation." Among them were

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Effective implementation would be virtually impossible, especially as opportunities for cross-border arbitrage arise from decisions of certain jurisdictions not to adopt the tax or to exempt particular

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ATTAC and other organizations have recognized that while they still consider Tobin's original aim as paramount, they think the tax could produce funds for development needs in the South (such as the

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a considerably lower tax of 0.002% on fixed-income securities was introduced for a security with a maturity of 90 days or less. On a bond with a maturity of five years or more, the tax was 0.003%.

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On the other side of the debate were the leaders of Germany who, in May 2008, planned to propose a worldwide ban on oil trading by speculators, blaming the 2008 oil price rises on manipulation by

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or sale of an equity security. Thus a round trip (purchase and sale) transaction resulted in a 1% tax. In July 1986 the rate was doubled. In January 1989, a considerably lower tax of 0.002% on

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They did not find any evidence on the differential effects of introducing or removing, stock transactions taxes or a hypothetical currency (Tobin) tax on any subset of markets or all markets.

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Ten studies report a positive relationship between transaction taxes and short-term price volatility, five studies did not find any significant relationship. (Schulmeister et al, 2008, p. 18).

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In the year 2000, "eighty per cent of foreign-exchange trading place in just seven cities. Agreement by London, New York and Tokyo alone, would capture 58 per cent of speculative trading."

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elsewhere in the world. The scheme makes it impossible for say French or German banks to avoid the tax by moving their transactions offshore, unless they give up all their European customers.

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agreed that the "greater centralisation and automisation of the exchanges and banks clearing and settlements systems ... makes avoidance of payment more difficult and less desirable."

3121:, said, on October 5, 2009, that modern technology meant that was no longer the case. Stiglitz said, the tax is "much more feasible today" than a few decades ago, when Tobin recanted. 3068:

Assuming that all currency market participants incur the same maximum level of transaction costs (the full cost of the bid-ask spread), as opposed to earning them in their capacity of

5393: 4670: 3080:), Schmidt (2007) finds that a CTT rate of 0.00005 would be nearly volume-neutral, reducing foreign exchange transaction volumes by only 14%. Such volume-neutral CTT tax would raise 3297:, which is the forum for facilitating economic growth, cooperation, trade and investment in the Asia-Pacific region, expressed its views in a letter to the IMF on 15 February 2010. 1958:

reform rules to make our stock markets fairer, more open, and transparent.". However, the term "high-frequency" implied that only a few large volume transaction players engaged in

3290: 3547:

brought on by reckless speculation in the financial markets, ... This legislation will force Wall Street to do their part and put people displaced by that crisis back to work."

1975:). Because of its restriction to so-called "harmful high-frequency trading" rather than to inter-currency transactions, neither of Clinton's proposals could be considered a true 3444:

of market participants, the rate would have to be set so low that "a tax on futures markets will not achieve any important social objective and will not generate much revenue."

3350:

trade union body, in a research on the feasibility, strengths and weaknesses of a potential Tobin Tax. ITUC, APLN and TUAC refer to Tobin Tax as the Financial Transactions Tax.

3088:

has by far the greatest revenue-raising potential, estimated at $ 130-750 bn annually." The author warns however that both these market-based revenue estimates "are necessarily

6719:"The Parameters of a Financial Transaction Tax and the OECD Global Public Good Resource Gap, 2010 – 2020 (en, fr & es) - TUAC - Trade Union Advisory Committee to the OECD" 6480: 5575: 2463:

wherever it was traded in the world, as opposed to a tax on all currencies traded in the UK, was indeed feasible and could be unilaterally implemented by the UK government.

2305:

Being faced with stiff resistance from some non-eurozone EU countries, particularly United Kingdom and Sweden, a group of eleven states began pursuing the idea of utilizing

5035: 4596: 5362: 3048:

NGO whose "research supports global efforts to improve international financial systems and institutions"). Schmidt (2007) used the observed negative relationship between

2218:, has occurred at a national level. In July, 2006, analyst Marion G. Wrobel examined the international experiences of various countries with financial transaction taxes. 2090: 4477: 2827: 6171: 3385: 3368: 3279: 3206: 2997:

the comment made by Umlauf (1993) that it is hazardous to generalize limited evidence when debating important policy issues such as the STT and brokerage commissions."

2309:

to implement the tax in states which wish to participate. Opinion polls indicate that 41 percent of the British people are in favour of some forms of FTT (see section:

7387:

Kaiser, Johannes; Chmura, Thorsten; Pitz, Thomas (July 2007). "The Tobin Tax - A Game-Theoretical and an Experimental Approach". Social Science Electronic Publishing.

6992: 6544: 5704:"Key address by Fidel Castro Ruz, President of the Republic of Cuba at the World Conference against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance" 3502:

Some Tobin tax supporters argue that volatility is better defined as a "long-term overshooting of speculative prices" than by standard statistical definitions (e.g.,

1873:. The idea is very simple: at each exchange of a currency into another a small tax would be levied - let's say, 0.5% of the volume of the transaction. This dissuades 6755: 4382:

Dietlein, Georg (2012): National Approaches towards a Financial Transaction Tax and Their Compatibility with European Law, EC Tax Review, Vol. 21 Issue 4, S. 207–211

4330: 2625:

Nevertheless, Britain, France and Germany had already agreed before the summit to impose a "bank tax." On May 20, 2010, German officials were understood to favour a

2519:

called for a European Union Tobin tax to base the communities' financial structure on more stable and independent grounds. However, the proposal was rejected by the

2738: 4691: 7480:"Bibliography - Best Sources on Financing Alternatives, and Tobin Taxes" (includes economists on both sides of the issue of economic feasibility) from website of 7035: 4935:

Jackson, P. and A. O’Donnell, 1985. The effects of stamp duty on equity transactions and prices in the UK Stock Exchange. Bank of England Discussion Paper No. 25.

1877:

as many investors invest their money in foreign exchange on a very short-term basis. If this money is suddenly withdrawn, countries have to drastically increase

5862: 4563: 4156:

Baker, D., "The Case for a Unilateral Speculation Tax in the United States," Briefing Paper, Center for Economic and Policy Research, Washington DC 20036, 2000.

2056:) the key issue was the proportion of 'speculators' in the market, and his concern that, if left unchecked, these types of players would become too dominant. 7504: 7097: 3839: 4353: 4074: 2151:(FTT). In both cases, the various ideas proposed have included both national and multinational concepts. Examples of associating Tobin's tax with these: 5606: 2618:, the G20 leaders declared that a "global tax" was no longer "on the table," but that individual countries will be able to decide whether to implement a 5738: 5423: 4044: 1908:

which would capture such proxies. Other measures to avoid punishing hedging (a form of insurance for cashflows) were also proposed. By the 2010s the

6863:

Research Study by the Austrian Institute of Economic Research, co-financed by Federal Ministry of Finance and Federal Ministry of Economics and Labour

2799:

movement and a matter of discussion not only in academic institutions but even in streets and in parliaments in the UK, France, and around the world.

1937: 4723:

Campbell, John Y.; Froot, Kenneth A. (December 1993). "International Experiences with Securities Transaction Taxes (NBER Working Paper No. W4587)".

3032:

the tax on foreign currency exchange transactions would yield just $ 4.3 billion a year, despite an annual turnover in dozens of trillion dollars."

6609: 4641: 4442: 3044:

The same rate of 0.005% was proposed for a currency transactions tax (CTT) in a report prepared by Rodney Schmidt for The North-South Institute (a

4274: 3221:

securities was introduced for a security with a maturity of 90 days or less. On a bond with a maturity of five years or more, the tax was 0.003%.

2147:(CTT) in the manner of Tobin's original idea, and other times it has been used interchangeably with the various different ideas of a more general 2029:

real hardship and without significant sacrifice of the objectives of national economic policy with respect to employment, output, and inflation."

7152:

Kearney, Colm; Patton, Andrew J. (2000). "Multivariate GARCH Modeling of Exchange Rate Volatility Transmission in the European Monetary System".

6866: 6718: 5628: 5336: 4412: 6669: 6625:"Bank transactions: pathway to the single tax ideal. A modern tax technology;the Brazilian experience with a bank transactions tax (1993-2007)" 6584: 3960: 2989:

of stock market returns, usually coinciding with significant declines in liquidity (market volume) and thus in taxable revenue (Umlauf, 1993).

6128:"The effectiveness of Keynes–Tobin transaction taxes when heterogeneous agents can trade in different markets: A behavioral finance approach☆" 5188: 6697: 6030:

Davidson, P. (1997). "Are grains of sand in the wheels of international finance sufficient to do the job when boulders are often required?".

5278: 4912:"The effectiveness of Keynes-Tobin transaction taxes when heterogeneous agents can trade in different markets: A behavioral finance approach" 4181: 4139: 1809:

management ended in 1971. Prior to 1971, one of the chief features of the Bretton Woods system was an obligation for each country to adopt a

1392: 4662: 4619: 3678:

inhibitions against deliberate speculative shorts of a currency. However, they would not raise funds for other purposes, so are not a tax.

2097:

Pollin, Palley and Baker (2000) emphasize that transaction taxes "have clearly not prevented the efficient functioning of these markets. "

7517: 7317: 5385: 3518:

The Tobin tax rests on the premise that speculators ought to be, as Tobin puts it, "dissuaded." This premise itself is a matter of debate:

6190:

Mannaro K, Marchesi M and Setzu A (2008) "Using an artificial financial market for assessing the impact of tobin-like transaction taxes."

5890: 3778: 3429:

studies however, where due reference was paid to the prevailing market conditions, the resulting tax rates have been significantly lower.

2407: 2397: 2328:

in January 2013. The formal agreement on the details of the EU FTT still need to be decided upon and approved by the European Parliament.

2168:

appeal for the introduction of a so-called "Tobin tax" but made clear they regarded it as a potentially useful revenue-raising instrument.

7469: 6779:

Schwabish, Jonathan A. (2005). "Estimating Employment Spillover Effects In New York City with an Application to The Stock Transfer Tax".

6574:"Notes on the Feasibility and Impact of a General Financial Transactions Tax; Civil society consultation with the IMF on 28 January 2010" 6147: 5129:"Triennial Central Bank Survey of Foreign Exchange and Derivatives Market Activity in April 2007 – Preliminary global results – Turnover" 3612:

In 2003, researchers like Aliber et al. proposed that empirical evidence on the observed effects of the already introduced and abolished

5308: 5839: 5249: 4095: 1833:, effectively ending the system. This action created the situation whereby the U.S. dollar became the sole backing of currencies and a 6065:

Davidson, P. (1998). "Efficiency and fragile speculative financial markets: against the Tobin Tax and for a creditable market maker".

2658: 2619: 4304: 2702:

According to Stephen Spratt, "the revenues raised could be used for ... international development objectives ... such as meeting the

1774: 1249: 5565: 5212:

Kwan S. Kim & Seok-Hyeon Kim (December 2003). "The Tobin tax revisited in the context of global governance on capital markets".

4231: 2227: 1778: 1114: 1109: 7488:

Currency Transaction Taxes - Library of links to legislation, proposals, reports, articles and archives - from Global Policy Forum

7066: 6253:

Werner, Ingrid M. (2003). "Comment on 'Some Evidence that a Tobin Tax on Foreign Exchange Transactions may Increase Volatility'".

4588: 550: 6956:

Engle, Robert F. (1982). "Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity with Estimates of Variance of United Kingdom Inflation".

5658: 5005: 3994: 3925: 3887: 3813: 3589:, commented directly on the claims of Keynes and Tobin that 'taxes on financial transactions would reduce financial volatility'. 6450: 5358: 4019: 3641:

warn that "it is hazardous to generalize limited evidence when debating important policy issues such as the transaction taxes".

7262: 3374: 1463: 1056: 277: 6168: 4394: 545: 7453: 7434: 6410: 5711: 5539: 2845:), and allow governments, and therefore citizens, to reclaim part of the democratic space conceded to the financial markets. 2642:

On June 28, 2010, the European Union's executive said it will study whether the European Union should go alone in imposing a

2485: 6636: 6536: 5510: 4205: 7556: 6892: 6885:"A Proposal for International Monetary Reform. Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers 506, Cowles Foundation, Yale University" 6325:

Liu, Shinhua & Zhu, Zhen (2009). "Transaction Costs and Price Volatility: New Evidence from the Tokyo Stock Exchange".

2734: 1663: 844: 6747: 5682: 4326: 1881:

for their currency to still be attractive. But high interest is often disastrous for a national economy, as the nineties'

54: 46: 2434:

Because the UK tax code provides exemptions from the Stamp Duty Reserve Tax for all financial intermediaries, including

2115:

in 1995, "Analysis has shown that the Tobin tax as originally proposed is not viable and should be laid aside for good."

1538: 7027: 6913:

Eichengreen, Barry; Tobin, James; Wyplosz, Charles (1995). "Two Cases for Sand in the Wheels of International Finance".

6105: 2507:

On June 15, 2004, the Commission of Finance and Budget in the Belgian Federal Parliament approved a bill implementing a

7551: 7229: 6360:

Hu, Shing-yang (1998). "The effects of the stock transaction tax on the stock market: Experiences from Asian markets".

5124: 1740: 1603: 726: 238: 7189:"Transmission of equity returns and volatility in Asian developed and emerging markets: a multivariate GARCH analysis" 5854: 5466: 5095: 2791:(Association for the Taxation of financial Transactions for the Aid of Citizens). The tax then became an issue of the 4823: 4552: 4054: 2527: 1064: 812: 72: 4911: 2932:

One of the main economic hypotheses raised in favor of financial transaction taxes is that such taxes reduce return

2911:

Frank then corroborates Tobin's comments on the problems this instability can create (e.g. high interest rates) for

2310: 5815: 2052:, where he argued that excessive speculation by uninformed financial traders increased volatility. For Keynes (who 529: 7089: 7002: 5063: 4880: 3304:

Key to the APEC agenda is reduction of transaction costs. The proposal is directly counterproductive to this goal.

3250:

Wrobel's studies do not address the global economy as a whole, as James Tobin did when he spoke of "the nineties'

2372:

Wrobel's studies do not address the global economy as a whole, as James Tobin did when he spoke of "the nineties'

7546: 7357: 4945:

Saporta, Victoria; Kan, Kamhon (1998). "The Effects of Stamp Duty on the Level and Volatility of Equity Prices".

4392:

Sieling, Carsten (2012): Financial Transaction Tax. Sensible, Feasible, Overdue. Friedrich-Ebert-Foundation, S. 2

3847: 3650: 3077: 711: 307: 5132: 4070: 3314:

It would further weaken financial markets and reduce the liquidity, particularly in the case of illiquid assets.

5759: 4794: 3568: 3544: 3255: 3093: 2561: 2377: 1850: 1668: 1387: 5598: 5415: 5894: 5734: 4559: 3263: 2385: 2325: 1858: 1673: 632: 101: 6400:

Shvedov, Maxim (2004). Transaction Tax: General Overview. CRS Report for Congress, Order Code RL32266, p. 7.

2905: 1870: 7492: 6632: 5214:

The Role of International Institutions in Globalization: The Challenges of Reform (edited by John-ren Chen)

3163: 2842: 2711: 2703: 2468: 1371: 662: 3072:, and assuming that no untaxed substitutes exist for spot currency markets transactions (such as currency 6580: 5950:

Palley, T. (1999). "Speculation and Tobin Tax: why sand in the wheels can increase economic efficiency".

4177: 3646: 3477:

supporting evidence for stabilizing (volatility-reducing) properties of Tobin-style transaction taxes in

3259: 3159: 3133: 2770: 2715: 2587: 2381: 1854: 1613: 1583: 4638: 3918:"Die missbrauchen meinen Namen (translated as "They Are Misusing My Name") (Interview with James Tobin)" 3880:"Die missbrauchen meinen Namen (translated as "They Are Misusing My Name") (Interview with James Tobin)" 3806:"Die missbrauchen meinen Namen (translated as "They Are Misusing My Name") (Interview with James Tobin)" 2605: 7470:

Bank of Portugal report on the defense of the Portuguese Escudo in the European exchange rate mechanism

6567: 4263: 3171: 3114: 3027:

trades with spreads as tight as 1/10 of a basis point, i.e. with just a 0.00001 difference between the

2849: 2565: 2556: 2053: 994: 466: 6722: 5162: 3136:, said "transactions are very difficult to measure and so it's very easy to avoid a transaction tax." 2203:

Whilst finding some support in countries with strong left-wing political movements such as France and

7376: 6569: 6446: 5790: 5328: 3713: 3602: 3275: 3202: 2707: 2650: 2643: 2630: 2626: 2403: 2337: 2215: 2197: 2180: 2148: 2069: 2045: 2013: 2001: 1993: 1964: 1905: 1041: 619: 576: 427: 282: 131: 20: 7413: 7304: 7208: 6658: 6573: 6267: 5964: 5022: 4987: 4749: 3952: 7531: 7526: 6208:

Lanne, Markku; Vesala, Timo (2010). "The effect of a transaction tax on exchange rate volatility".

5277:. University of Frankfurt/Main; Paper originally published with the IMF as Working Paper WP/95/60. 5195: 3708: 3598: 3592: 2880: 2820: 2766: 2615: 2497: 2211: 2144: 2065: 2025: 1997: 1930: 1794: 1633: 1051: 535: 24: 6693: 5271: 5152:

Schmidt, R. 2007 Currency Transaction Tax: Rate & Revenue Estimates, The North-South Institute

4807: 4170: 1885:

in Mexico, Southeast Asia and Russia have proven. My tax would return some margin of manoeuvre to

6388: 4616: 4301:"Financial transactions taxes: the international experience and the lessons for Canada (BP-419E)" 3718: 3140: 2831: 2807: 2792: 2443: 1866: 1839: 1648: 1588: 1099: 1094: 716: 597: 248: 7514: 4300: 3766: 2981:

studies however, no statistically significant causal link has been found between an increase in

7487: 7299: 7284: 7203: 6814:

Edwards, Franklin R. (1993). "Taxing transactions in futures markets: Objectives and effects".

6262: 6127: 5959: 5017: 4147:(Online publisher: Project Gutenberg of Australia eBooks; via biblioeconomicus.googlepages.com) 3129: 2992:

For a recent evidence to the contrary, see, e.g., Liu and Zhu (2009), which may be affected by

2511:. According to the legislation, Belgium will introduce the Tobin tax once all countries of the 2419:

halved, first from 2% to 1%, and then once again in 1986 from 1% to the current level of 0.5%.

2132: 1733: 1558: 1443: 1438: 1034: 613: 432: 6239: 5234: 2830:

on the eve of the G8 2001 summit in Genoa. Afterwards James Tobin distanced himself from the

2787:. Ramonet proposed to create an association for the introduction of this tax, which was named 2274:

in September 2011 to introduce a financial transaction tax within the 27 member states of the

7400: 7392: 6509: 5305: 5301: 4974: 4736: 4728: 2949:

Most studies of the likely impact of the Tobin tax on financial markets volatility have been

2779: 2750: 2424: 2306: 2283: 2279: 1886: 1638: 1563: 1528: 1513: 1433: 1423: 667: 587: 582: 503: 6295:

Umlauf, Steven R. (1993). "Transaction taxes and the behavior or the Swedish stock market".

5253: 4966: 3425:

economists, without addressing the practicability of implementing a tax at these levels. In

2838:

this use of the tax's income, but stressed that it was not the important aspect of the tax.

7121:"Some Evidence that a Tobin Tax on Foreign Exchange Transactions Might Increase Volatility" 5470: 4416: 3503: 3454: 3432:

For instance, Edwards (1993) concluded that if the transaction tax revenue from taxing the

2933: 2917: 2901: 1826: 1802: 1798: 1658: 1623: 1598: 1478: 1458: 625: 302: 163: 7515:

Federal reserve bank of San Francisco article on the failed attack on the Hong Kong dollar

3990: 2884: 2516: 8: 7137: 7120: 6997: 6276: 4695: 4527: 4224: 3084:

though, estimated at around $ 33 bn annually, i.e., an order of magnitude less than the "

2796: 2520: 2321: 2295: 2271: 2038: 1947: 1678: 1578: 1573: 1518: 1503: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1428: 1418: 1413: 1397: 1267: 1213: 1016: 524: 7058: 6094:"The Big Players in the Foreign Exchange Market: Do They Trade on Information or Noise?" 3196: 7423: 7165: 6973: 6938: 6930: 6831: 6796: 6477:"Taxation To Slow Down High-Frequency Speculation While Not Affecting Hedging Activity" 6342: 6101: 6078: 6047: 6012: 5977: 5932: 5654: 5462: 4954: 4114:"Destabilizing Speculation and the Case for an International Currency Transactions Tax" 3458: 3426: 3183: 3049: 3028: 3016: 2959: 2912: 2819:

was quoted by the Italian foreign minister at the time, former director-general of the

2754: 1653: 1643: 1628: 1618: 1593: 1543: 1508: 1498: 1468: 1453: 1448: 1303: 1218: 1006: 970: 891: 770: 488: 126: 6373: 6169:"Regulatory Medicine Against Financial Market Instability: What Helps And What Hurts?" 3917: 3879: 3805: 2972: 2687: 7449: 7430: 7388: 7169: 6942: 6835: 6800: 6603: 6439: 6346: 6308: 6235: 6016: 5833: 5221: 4962: 4958: 4860: 4819: 4779: 4724: 4089: 4050: 4015: 3495: 3398: 2675: 2606:

The feasibility of gradual implementation of the FTT, beginning with a few EU nations

2575:

brought up the issue of a Tobin tax once again, suggesting it be adopted by the G20.

2531: 2481: 1726: 1568: 1553: 1548: 1523: 1473: 1273: 984: 936: 876: 792: 733: 445: 412: 218: 7254: 6631:. University Library of Munich, Germany in its series MPRA Paper with number 16710. 5981: 5936: 4842: 4766:

Umlauf, S (1993). "Transaction taxes and the behavior of the Swedish stock market".

4499:"11 eurozone states ready to launch financial transactions tax: EU tax commissioner" 3468: 2769:" from 1972 lay dormant for more than 20 years but was revived by the advent of the 2210:

Most of the actual implementation of Tobin taxes, whether in the form of a specific

7309: 7221: 7213: 7161: 7132: 6965: 6922: 6823: 6788: 6369: 6334: 6304: 6272: 6225: 6217: 6139: 6074: 6039: 6004: 5969: 5924: 5703: 5267: 5027: 4946: 4811: 4803: 4775: 4391: 4166: 3462: 3433: 3410: 3251: 3175: 3167: 3073: 3054: 2982: 2954: 2535: 2373: 2317: 2112: 1890: 1882: 1846: 1834: 1608: 1533: 1139: 1104: 1084: 896: 864: 738: 592: 343: 6624: 6414: 5531: 5460: 3421:

Financial transaction tax rates of the magnitude of 0.1%-1% have been proposed by

7521: 6856:"A General Financial Transaction Tax. Motives, Revenues, Feasibility and Effects" 6175: 5686: 5506: 5312: 4645: 4623: 4398: 4269: 4209: 3665: 3585: 3583:

In February 2010, Tim Harford, writing in the Undercover Economist column of the

3533: 3342:

The ITUC shares its support for Tobin Tax with the Trade Union Advisory Council (

3234: 3110: 2855: 2823: 2774: 2723: 2719: 2599: 2572: 2439: 2356: 2287: 2005: 1954: 1810: 1702: 1318: 1176: 1171: 906: 869: 780: 745: 647: 571: 407: 367: 333: 243: 233: 228: 223: 141: 7371: 6884: 5679: 4524:"Eleven EU countries get Parliament's all clear for a financial transaction tax" 3593:

Comparing Currency Transaction Taxes (CTT) and Financial Transaction Taxes (FTT)

7313: 6143: 5707: 5031: 4666: 3723: 2993: 2874: 2816: 2803: 2583: 2460: 2456: 2291: 2275: 2232: 2192: 2073: 1830: 1782: 1261: 1233: 1208: 1069: 911: 706: 642: 540: 478: 382: 377: 360: 338: 6338: 6093: 6008: 5928: 5689:, United Nations Millennium Development Goals website, retrieved 16 June 2009. 3362: 2679: 1889:

in small countries and would be a measure of opposition to the dictate of the

7540: 7255:"Modelling Australian Stock Market Volatility: A Multivariate GARCH Approach" 7173: 6792: 6751: 4863:. SDRT is a broadly equivalent tax on the transfers of uncertificated stock. 3540: 3441: 3391: 3377: 3024: 2859:, "Tobin was a genius ... but the Tobin tax was probably his one daft idea". 2501: 2204: 2143:

The term "Tobin tax" has sometimes been used interchangeably with a specific

1878: 1822: 1814: 1333: 1001: 926: 817: 750: 684: 652: 519: 461: 422: 402: 372: 287: 208: 203: 178: 168: 110: 7474: 7188: 6043: 3513: 3506:

of returns) ) which are typically used in empirical studies of volatility.

3241: 2885:§ Evaluating the Tobin tax as a general Financial Transaction Tax (FTT) 2586:

leaders expressed broad support for a Tobin tax in a communiqué sent to the

1939:. This was widely viewed as a warning to curb shorting of its currency the 7508: 7283:

Hanke, Michael; Huber, JüRgen; Kirchler, Michael; Sutter, Matthias (2010).

6506:"Joseph Stiglitz calls for Tobin tax on all financial trading transactions" 5699: 5570: 5474: 5103: 4473: 3843: 3733: 3695: 3659:

the discussion of tax avoidance as it relates to a currency transaction tax

3628: 3560: 3555: 3551: 3437: 3218: 3069: 3061: 2742: 2595: 2555:

group to formally accept the Tobin tax was Canada. On March 23, 1999, the

2435: 2124: 1817:

of its currency within a fixed value—plus or minus one percent—in terms of

1714: 1228: 1011: 980: 951: 931: 822: 807: 787: 701: 696: 498: 292: 5599:"Merkel leads calls for global financial tax as markets continue to slide" 5272:"International Financial Flows and Transactions Taxes: Survey and Options" 4171:"International Financial Flows and Transactions Taxes: Survey and Options" 3440:), with the tax rate not leading to a prohibitively large increase in the 2363: 1899:

others have tried to be more precise in their search for the optimum rate.

1897:

Though James Tobin suggested the rate as 0.5%, in that interview setting,

261: 5760:"VITA. James Tobin: «è figlia del suo tempo» (20/07/2001) | Vita.it" 4915: 3616:

transaction taxes and a hypothetical CTT (Tobin) can probably be treated

3564: 3521: 3478: 3335:

The International Trade Union Confederation/Asia-Pacific Labour Network (

3269: 3179: 3089: 3020: 3007: 2718:

have agreed (in 2000) to achieve by the year 2015. They include reducing

2049: 2009: 1770: 1762: 1223: 961: 921: 839: 775: 721: 657: 483: 473: 417: 297: 198: 193: 151: 136: 5808: 4815: 4206:"George Soros: Open Societies, Sovereignty, and International Terrorism" 2973:§ Tobin tax proponents response to empirical evidence on volatility 7498: 7259:

School of Economics, University of Wollongong, Australia, Working Paper

7225: 6977: 6934: 6854:

Schulmeister, Stephan; Schratzenstaller, Margit; Picek, Oliver (2008).

6827: 6051: 5973: 5056: 4950: 4873: 3915: 3877: 3803: 3529: 3118: 3092:", and he has more confidence in the revenue-raising potential of "The 3085: 3015:

According to Garber (1996), competitive pressure on transaction costs (

2869:

several from 2000 to 2004, including lukewarm support from George Soros

2784: 2428: 2415: 2411: 1874: 1328: 1298: 1181: 1166: 1089: 1021: 989: 941: 916: 901: 802: 797: 765: 691: 397: 392: 213: 173: 119: 3840:"James Tobin: "The antiglobalisation movement has highjacked my name"" 7479: 7217: 6230: 6221: 5128: 3728: 3422: 3197:

Evaluating the Tobin tax as a general Financial Transaction Tax (FTT)

3109:

Although Tobin had said his own tax idea was unfeasible in practice,

3045: 2691: 2683: 2508: 2106: 1972: 1959: 1913: 1161: 1079: 760: 755: 566: 493: 183: 23:. For the more general category of "currency transaction taxes", see 6969: 6926: 6748:"DeFazio calls for tax on financial transactions but critics abound" 5767: 4639:"Barnier: Europe's 'Robin Hood' tax 'politically and morally right'" 4176:. University of Frankfurt/Main; Paper originally published with the 3096:(IFF) and International Finance Facility for Immunisation (IFFIm)." 2270:

The EU financial transaction tax (EU FTT) is a proposal made by the

2089:

that is bigger in scope, and pushes the design toward a generalized

19:

For the more general category of "financial transaction taxes", see

7285:"The economic consequences of a Tobin tax—An experimental analysis" 4553:"Financial transaction tax: Council agrees to enhanced cooperation" 3916:

Christian Von Reiermann & Michaela Schießl (3 September 2001).

3804:

Christian Von Reiermann & Michaela Schießl (3 September 2001).

3703: 3532:. At that time India, with similar concerns, had already suspended 3188: 2783:, renewed the debate around the Tobin tax with an editorial titled 2610:

This scenario is possible, given the events in May and June, 2010:

2512: 1979:

though international exposure would be a factor in the "risk fee".

1968: 1940: 1909: 1766: 1323: 1291: 975: 965: 886: 881: 854: 827: 637: 387: 328: 323: 156: 5915:

Westerhoff, F. (2003). "Heterogeneous traders and the Tobin Tax".

5194:. Institut Francais des Relationes Internationales. Archived from 5123: 3632:

behavior of the volatilities of equity and exchange rate returns.

3211: 2564:

of Canada spoke publicly on the world stage in opposition to that

2442:

and other members of the LSE, and due to the strong growth of the

6853: 4589:"EU approves financial transaction tax for 11 eurozone countries" 4470:"Lowering contributions possible even under enhanced cooperation" 4327:"The EU Expects 57 Billion Euros a Year from a New Financial Tax" 3469:

Tobin tax proponents response to empirical evidence on volatility

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for end users such as investors, savers and hedgers, and destroy

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introduce a similar law. In July 2005 former Austrian chancellor

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stated, "The American taxpayers bailed out Wall Street during a

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Industries and consumers as a whole would be unfairly penalized.

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In early November 2007, a regional Tobin tax was adopted by the

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Christian Von Reiermann & Michaela Schießl (9 March 2001).

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In an interview given to the Italian independent radio network

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on transactions only richer investors can afford to engage in.

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Haq, Mahbub ul; Kaul, Inge; Grunberg, Isabelle (August 1996).

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research is acknowledged by some of the Tobin tax supporters:

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Accordingly, one of the modern Tobin tax versions, called the

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several supporters from 1990 to 1999, including Larry Summers

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Shields, Michael & Simon Jessopand (December 13, 2009).

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In addition, ABAC expressed further concerns in the letter:

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Evaluating the Tobin tax as a Currency Transaction Tax (CTT)

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compensation for colonialism and slavery arose in the agenda

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