684:
958:
546:
924:
896:
912:
936:
311:
420:
623:
399:, Tiro and Cicero's other secretaries were in the audience meticulously and rapidly transcribing Cicero's oration. On many of the oldest Tironian tables, lines from this speech were frequently used as examples, leading scholars to theorize it was originally transcribed using Tironian shorthand. Scholars also believe that in preparation for speeches, Tiro drafted outlines in shorthand that Cicero used as notes while speaking.
43:
260:). This system, however, was deliberately abstruse and accessible only to people with specialized knowledge. Otherwise, shorthand was improvised for note-taking or writing personal communications, and some of these notations would not have been understood outside of closed circles. Some abbreviations of Latin words and phrases were commonly recognized, such as those of
240:) of simpler Tironian notes, the resulting compound being still shorter than the word it replaces. This accounts in part for the large number of attested Tironian notes, and for the wide variation in estimates of the total number of Tironian notes. Further, the "same" sign can have other variant forms, leading to the same issue.
354:
This only of all Cato’s speeches, it is said, was preserved; for Cicero, the consul, had disposed, in various parts of the senate-house, several of the most expert and rapid writers, whom he had taught to make figures comprising numerous words in a few short strokes; as up to that time they had not
275:(106–43 BC) recognized the need for a comprehensive, standard Latin notation system after learning about the Greek shorthand system. Cicero presumably delegated the task of creating such a system for Latin to his slave and personal secretary
200:, Tiro's notation system was taught in European monasteries and expanded to a total of about 13,000 signs. The use of Tironian notes declined after 1100 but lasted into the 17th century. A few Tironian signs are still used today.
279:. Tiro's position required him to quickly and accurately transcribe dictations from Cicero, such as speeches, professional and personal correspondence, and business transactions, sometimes while walking through the
253:
Before
Tironian shorthand became popularized, literature professor Anthony Di Renzo explains, "no true Latin shorthand existed." The only systematized form of abbreviation in Latin was used for legal notations
380:. Before Tiro's system was institutionalized, he used it himself as he was developing and fine-tuning it, which historians suspect may have been as early as 75 BC, when Cicero held public office in
923:
509:(although this occurs in an informal style practised on certain Internet forums and sometimes in texting and other forms of instant messaging). This practice was distinct from the occasional use of
1282:
283:
or during fast-paced and contentious government and legal proceedings. Nicknamed "the father of stenography" by historians, Tiro developed a highly refined and accurate method that used
303:, 'whole sentences.'" Tiro's highly refined and accurate method became the first standardized and widely adopted system of Latin shorthand. The system consisted of abbreviations and
957:
387:
There is evidence that Tiro taught his system to Cicero and his other scribes, and possibly to his friends and family, before it came into wide use. In "Life of Cato the
Younger",
209:
501:
in the geographical sense). This additional function of a phonetic as well as a conjunction placeholder has escaped formal Modern
English; for example, one may not spell the word
935:
1368:
431:
Entering the Middle Ages, Tiro's shorthand was often used in combination with other abbreviations and the original symbols were expanded to 14,000 symbols during the
384:
and needed his notes and correspondences to be written in code to protect sensitive information he gathered about corruption among other government officials there.
5319:
364:
There are no surviving copies of Tiro's original manual and code, so knowledge of it is based on biographical records and copies of
Tironian tables from the
299:. According to Di Renzo: "Tiro then combined these mixed signs like notes in a score to record not just phrases, but, as Cicero marvels in a letter to
163:
895:
1959:
1443:
2389:
2379:
1954:
2369:
2359:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1024:
873:, as it looks similar and displays widely. The numeral 7 is also used in informal contexts such as Internet forums and occasionally in print.
435:, but it quickly fell out of favor as shorthand became associated with witchcraft and magic and was forgotten until interest was rekindled by
368:. Historians typically date the invention of Tiro's system as 63 BC, when it was first used in official government business according to
4085:
2374:
407:
Isidore tells of the development of additional
Tironian notes by various hands, such as Vipsanius, Philargius, and Aquila (as above), until
1115:
Biography of the father of stenography, Marcus
Tullius Tiro; together with the Latin letter, "De notis", concerning the origin of shorthand
902:
1518:
1219:
Bankston, Zach (2012). "Administrative
Slavery in the Ancient Roman Republic: The Value of Marcus Tullius Tiro in Ciceronian Rhetoric".
196:, who is often credited as their inventor. Tiro's system consisted of about 4,000 signs, extended to 5,000 signs by others. During the
4117:
5299:
3307:
5187:
1436:
3756:
1351:
3193:
1505:
1729:
346:). Isidore states that Tiro brought the practice to Rome, but only used Tironian notes for prepositions. According to
4955:
4941:
4911:
4050:
1065:
670:
911:
652:
5173:
3890:
3287:
1429:
881:
849:
131:
1734:
683:
350:
in "Life of Cato the
Younger", Cicero's secretaries established the first examples of the art of Latin shorthand:
3613:
2874:
644:
145:
5314:
5180:
3746:
3385:
648:
5309:
3855:
3380:
2438:
1409:
396:
334:, however, details another version of the early history of the system, ascribing the invention of the art to
2717:
775:, and displays (e.g. for documents written in Irish or Scottish Gaelic) on all common operating systems: on
5166:
5145:
2433:
2208:
1724:
1500:
159:
155:
5046:
5025:
3705:
3700:
3395:
3297:
1819:
1510:
355:
used those we call short-hand writers, who then, as it is said, established the first example of the art.
314:
Table with examples of
Tironian notes which can be modified with various marks to form more complex ideas
17:
5294:
5113:
3710:
3277:
2690:
1751:
545:
2443:
1761:
1039:
3363:
3085:
2638:
2225:
1068:[Shorthand]. Wörterbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft (WSK) Online (in German)
4863:
4849:
4154:
2737:
2540:
1756:
1316:
633:
440:
127:
4468:
1884:
1195:
753:
The use of
Tironian notes on modern computing devices is not always straightforward. The Tironian
5152:
4180:
3137:
2814:
2793:
2673:
2653:
2485:
2156:
2060:
1537:
1495:
1452:
637:
381:
300:
1405:
1399:
3870:
2809:
2799:
2732:
2242:
1675:
929:
Tironian note glossary from the 8th century, codex Casselanus. "Notae Senecae", Seneca's notes.
141:
5254:
5159:
4948:
4897:
4357:
4279:
4043:
3982:
3967:
3536:
3415:
3157:
3117:
2849:
2525:
1709:
1697:
1670:
1655:
858:
330:, and states that he employed his freedman Aquila in teaching the system to numerous others.
292:
272:
193:
3962:
3167:
5018:
4769:
4446:
3942:
3597:
3561:
2966:
2889:
2722:
2470:
2460:
2299:
2282:
1598:
988:
810:
font (which comes bundled with ChromeOS and various Linux distributions). On the Microsoft
237:
1369:"Proposal for a unified encoding of Early Cyrillic glyphs in the Unicode Private Use Area"
8:
5304:
3845:
3741:
3463:
2986:
1692:
444:
432:
276:
189:
123:
63:
2008:
5004:
4981:
4615:
4504:
4494:
4386:
4329:
4315:
4272:
3977:
3860:
3695:
3587:
3546:
3500:
3495:
3390:
3372:
3040:
2971:
2936:
2884:
2697:
2685:
2096:
2018:
1919:
1474:
1367:
Cleminson, Ralf; Baranov, Victor; Rabus, Achim; Birnbaum, David; Mitlas, Heinz (2010),
1236:
1205:
727:
408:
331:
4237:
3895:
1395:
5127:
5120:
4856:
4842:
4754:
4643:
4553:
4532:
4511:
4439:
4371:
4230:
4188:
4140:
3875:
3865:
3510:
3505:
3410:
3405:
3312:
3267:
3090:
3070:
3060:
3050:
3045:
2981:
2976:
2904:
2839:
2824:
2774:
2769:
2712:
2648:
2606:
2448:
2334:
2257:
1773:
1768:
1645:
1389:
1347:
1240:
1141:
1118:
1092:
776:
497:
5261:
5199:
5092:
5053:
5039:
4997:
4872:
4818:
4799:
4733:
4725:
4711:
4704:
4629:
4425:
4400:
4336:
4308:
4223:
4209:
4126:
4099:
4036:
3947:
3850:
3672:
3515:
3142:
3122:
3112:
3107:
2991:
2747:
2680:
2668:
2633:
2628:
2611:
2550:
2515:
2475:
2277:
2272:
2220:
2171:
2055:
1989:
1929:
1879:
1824:
1741:
1719:
1704:
1650:
1640:
1574:
1228:
1089:
Histoire de la sténographie dans l'antiquité et au moyen-âge; les notes tironiennes
877:
468:
served as both a phonetic and morphological place holder. For instance, a Tironian
373:
5099:
4294:
3920:
3571:
2941:
1412:, c. 1960 (German) (See 33. within for examples of composite Tironian notes.)
5085:
4777:
4718:
4664:
4657:
4636:
4622:
4606:
4584:
4539:
4432:
4407:
4379:
4364:
4287:
4265:
4258:
4216:
4176:
4147:
3835:
3805:
3628:
3551:
3317:
3247:
3152:
3100:
3080:
3016:
3006:
2996:
2961:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2829:
2784:
2779:
2663:
2658:
2505:
2495:
2349:
2314:
2309:
2289:
2183:
2141:
2081:
1964:
1934:
1844:
1804:
1746:
1680:
1660:
1608:
1591:
1579:
1232:
606:
550:
365:
197:
3282:
2465:
5222:
5106:
4990:
4970:
4879:
4747:
4678:
4577:
4525:
4518:
4350:
4343:
4322:
4301:
4202:
4195:
4002:
3957:
3885:
3880:
3731:
3715:
3690:
3633:
3623:
3618:
3458:
3332:
3292:
3262:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3172:
3147:
3095:
3035:
3001:
2951:
2864:
2819:
2789:
2742:
2702:
2601:
2555:
2510:
2428:
2364:
2319:
2304:
2267:
2247:
2215:
2203:
2151:
2146:
2136:
2126:
2121:
2038:
2023:
2013:
1979:
1969:
1914:
1899:
1864:
1714:
1618:
1566:
1456:
1415:
596:
493:
339:
327:
3432:
5288:
5229:
5078:
5011:
4934:
4904:
4762:
4740:
4671:
4567:
4546:
4393:
4251:
4169:
4162:
4133:
4092:
4007:
3997:
3992:
3779:
3473:
3132:
3075:
2727:
2500:
2384:
2339:
2294:
2262:
2111:
2028:
2001:
1974:
1904:
1889:
1874:
1829:
1586:
1255:
1096:
804:
710:
texts (especially in German printing), it was still used in the abbreviation
436:
284:
280:
116:
2048:
1122:
310:
4685:
4650:
4591:
4078:
3840:
3736:
3649:
3541:
3442:
3252:
3065:
3030:
3011:
2946:
2834:
2596:
2520:
2329:
2324:
2235:
2230:
2166:
2106:
2086:
2043:
2033:
1984:
1869:
1849:
1839:
1687:
1665:
1623:
1421:
1298:
1145:
807:
265:
2894:
180:) are a form of thousands of signs that were formerly used in a system of
5268:
5032:
4963:
4244:
3935:
3795:
3556:
3400:
3257:
3162:
2931:
2859:
2844:
2752:
2545:
2455:
2354:
2344:
2198:
2161:
2116:
2101:
2076:
1996:
1924:
1909:
1613:
1201:
1176:
983:
707:
459:
323:
288:
1283:
The Ciphers of the Monks: A Forgotten Number-notation of the Middle Ages
307:, which were either contrived by Tiro or borrowed from Greek shorthand.
3925:
3900:
3468:
2911:
2401:
2396:
2252:
2193:
1834:
811:
726:) throughout the 19th century. However, as not all typesets included a
296:
261:
1025:"His Master's Voice: Tiro and the Rise of the Roman Secretarial Class"
419:
5236:
5215:
5208:
3987:
3824:
3520:
3487:
3322:
3213:
2762:
2490:
2406:
2131:
978:
829:
735:
721:
687:
181:
3930:
622:
3952:
3915:
3910:
3790:
3751:
3592:
3351:
3236:
3127:
2869:
2757:
2707:
2578:
2091:
1894:
1854:
1635:
1628:
1479:
1418:
Online dictionary of Tironian notes, based on Schmitz 1893 (German)
796:
569:
Just one Tironian symbol remains in common use today, the Tironian
448:
411:
systematized the various marks to be approximately 5000 in number.
388:
369:
347:
151:
3972:
847:
Some applications and websites, such as the online edition of the
814:
Scottish Gaelic keyboard layout, the ⁊ can be entered by pressing
455:: a psalm and a Ciceronian lexicon written in Tironian shorthand.
4059:
3566:
3437:
3327:
3302:
3188:
3025:
2879:
2854:
2623:
2530:
2178:
1792:
1603:
225:
217:
208:
108:
42:
5060:
2804:
2616:
2535:
2480:
2188:
1859:
335:
304:
3427:
3422:
3272:
3055:
2956:
2643:
1554:
1366:
835:
816:
800:
788:
780:
101:
795:
devices in all default system fonts; and on Windows, macOS,
3905:
3800:
948:
876:
A number of other Tironian signs have been assigned to the
784:
581:
792:
963:
Irish Green postbox at Adare, County Limerick, with the
841:
822:
600:
1297:
Dwelly, William; Robertson, Michael; Bauer, Edward.
1113:
Mitzschke, Paul Gottfried; Lipsius, Justus (1882) .
150:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1136:Kopp, Ulrich Friedrich; Bischoff, Bernhard (1965).
787:that comes bundled with Windows Vista onwards); on
474:between two words would be phonetically pronounced
1208:. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company. p. 393.
188:) dating from the 1st century BCE and named after
1416:Martin Hellmann: Supertextus Notarum Tironianarum
1390:Wilhelm Schmitz: Commentarii notarum tironianarum
5286:
1296:
1112:
1108:
1106:
1032:Journal of Technical Writing & Communication
164:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
1400:Introduction à la lecture des notes tironiennes
478:and would mean 'and'. However, if the Tironian
1299:"Am Faclair Beag – Scottish Gaelic Dictionary"
1087:Guénin, Louis-Prosper; Guénin, Eugène (1908).
93:a few Tironian symbols are still in modern use
5320:Writing systems introduced in the 1st century
4044:
1437:
1103:
236:Tironian notes can be themselves composites (
1451:
1135:
1086:
903:Letter of Consolation for Departing Warriors
697:
1408:Manuscript B 16 of the Bibliothek der
1064:Job, Barbara. Schierholz, Stefan J. (ed.).
951:at the end of the nobility title list. 1768
942:
754:
719:
691:
651:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
590:
570:
560:
554:
532:
522:
488:, then it would be phonetically pronounced
479:
469:
463:
443:, in the 12th century. In the 15th century
255:
4051:
4037:
1444:
1430:
1406:Karl Eberhard Henke: Über Tironische Noten
1170:
1168:
378:The Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans
41:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
826:. On some Irish layouts, the shortcut is
671:Learn how and when to remove this message
414:
326:attributes the invention of shorthand to
1346:. Roinn nan Cànan Ceilteach. p. V.
1218:
1193:
1022:
682:
585:), used in Ireland and Scotland to mean
544:
418:
309:
207:
1165:
882:Medieval Unicode Font Initiative (MUFI)
748:
14:
5287:
1253:
1001:
203:
5188:American Printing House for the Blind
4964:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
4616:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
4032:
3822:
3777:
3670:
3349:
3234:
2576:
1790:
1552:
1535:
1425:
1091:(in French). Paris: Hachette et cie.
391:wrote that during Senate hearings in
3671:
1360:
1254:Russon, Allien R. (15 August 2023).
941:R rotunda substituting for Tironian
649:adding citations to reliable sources
616:
447:, abbot of the Benedictine abbey of
154:. For the distinction between ,
4058:
1341:
1117:. Translated by Heffley, Norman P.
338:, who he says invented 1100 marks (
24:
3778:
612:
287:and abstract symbols to represent
25:
5331:
1383:
917:Psalm 68. Manuscript, 9th century
553:sign in Dublin with the Tironian
521:is interpreted as the Latin word
1279:
1140:(in German). Osnabrück: Zeller.
956:
934:
922:
910:
894:
871:BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DOWN AND LEFT
850:Dictionary of the Irish Language
741:was substituted (which produced
621:
84:1st century BC – 16th century AD
3823:
1335:
1309:
1290:
1273:
1247:
1063:
492:and mean 'water' (ancestral to
359:
146:International Phonetic Alphabet
5300:Latin language in ancient Rome
1517:Languages by writing system /
1260:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
1212:
1200:. Vol. IV. Translated by
1187:
1152:
1129:
1080:
1057:
698:
318:
264:, and were typically used for
248:
13:
1:
4956:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
4912:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
3350:
3235:
2577:
1410:Monumenta Germaniae Historica
994:
531:is an abbreviation for Latin
397:first Catilinarian conspiracy
5167:National Braille Association
5146:Braille Institute of America
4864:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
1791:
1233:10.1080/07350198.2012.683991
427:in an Anglo-Saxon manuscript
402:
224:; with stroke; and capital,
139: This article contains
7:
5047:Refreshable braille display
5026:Optical braille recognition
4623:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
4155:Chinese (mainland Mandarin)
3298:New Epoch Notation Painting
972:
702:in a German print from 1845
451:in Germany, discovered the
10:
5336:
5114:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
1553:
1317:"Scottish Gaelic Keyboard"
1023:Di Renzo, Anthony (2000).
887:
853:, substitute the Tironian
690:substituting for Tironian
540:
462:manuscripts, the Tironian
243:
192:, a personal secretary to
5246:
5197:
5137:
5070:
4980:
4926:
4889:
4850:Mainland Chinese Mandarin
4829:
4810:
4791:
4696:
4602:
4563:
4490:
4417:
4116:
4109:
4070:
4028:
3831:
3818:
3786:
3773:
3724:
3683:
3679:
3666:
3642:
3606:
3580:
3529:
3486:
3451:
3371:
3364:Chinese family of scripts
3362:
3358:
3345:
3243:
3230:
3181:
2589:
2585:
2572:
2434:Boyd's syllabic shorthand
2421:
2069:
1812:
1803:
1799:
1786:
1561:
1548:
1544:
1536:
1531:
1519:by first written accounts
1488:
1467:
1463:
1184:I.21ff, Gothofred, editor
137:
114:
107:
97:
89:
77:
69:
59:
49:
40:
34:
4837:Chinese semi-syllabaries
4100:Unicode braille patterns
4086:International uniformity
2541:Thomas Natural Shorthand
441:archbishop of Canterbury
5174:Blindness organizations
5153:Braille Without Borders
4942:Canadian currency marks
4564:Egyptian lineage family
3747:Southwest Paleohispanic
734:character, the similar
142:phonetic transcriptions
4491:Russian lineage family
3891:Great Lakes Algonquian
2800:Greco-Iberian alphabet
2733:Gabelsberger shorthand
1676:Inscriptional Parthian
943:
755:
720:
703:
692:
601:
591:
571:
566:
561:
555:
533:
523:
480:
470:
464:
428:
415:Use in the Middle Ages
357:
343:
315:
256:
233:
177:
27:Roman shorthand system
5315:60s BC establishments
5255:Accessible publishing
5181:Schools for the blind
5160:Japan Braille Library
4949:Computer Braille Code
4603:Indian lineage family
3983:Old Persian cuneiform
2850:Carolingian minuscule
1656:Ancient North Arabian
1342:Cox, Richard (1991).
859:box-drawing character
779:, it can be shown in
686:
548:
422:
352:
313:
273:Marcus Tullius Cicero
211:
194:Marcus Tullius Cicero
5310:Latin-script letters
5019:Mountbatten Brailler
4374:(largely reassigned)
4157:(largely reassigned)
3706:Southeastern Iberian
3701:Northeastern Iberian
1599:Egyptian hieroglyphs
989:Scribal abbreviation
947:in the abbreviation
749:Support on computers
696:in the abbreviation
645:improve this section
589:(where it is called
484:followed the letter
372:in his biography of
271:Scholars infer that
54:shorthand
4971:Nemeth braille code
4757:(reassigned vowels)
4282:(extended to 8-dot)
3856:Canadian Aboriginal
3742:Khitan small script
3464:Khitan large script
2654:Coorgi–Cox alphabet
1206:Clough, Arthur Hugh
1038:(2). Archived from
445:Johannes Trithemius
433:Carolingian dynasty
291:, truncated words,
204:Note on sign counts
64:Marcus Tullius Tiro
5005:Braille translator
4982:Braille technology
4958:(science; GS8/GS6)
4927:Symbols in braille
4857:Taiwanese Mandarin
4372:Taiwanese Mandarin
3978:Nwagu Aneke script
3530:Other logosyllabic
3452:Chinese-influenced
3391:Oracle bone script
3373:Chinese characters
3308:Ojibwe Hieroglyphs
2698:Eclectic shorthand
2686:Duployan shorthand
2639:Caucasian Albanian
2439:Canadian syllabics
1475:History of writing
1138:Lexicon Tironianum
880:of Unicode by the
704:
567:
429:
332:Isidore of Seville
316:
234:
186:Tironian shorthand
5295:Shorthand systems
5282:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5200:tactile alphabets
5128:William Bell Wait
5121:Sabriye Tenberken
4922:
4921:
4787:
4786:
4772:(Japanese vowels)
4570:-mediated scripts
4497:-mediated scripts
4024:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4015:
3876:Ditema tsa Dinoko
3814:
3813:
3769:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3662:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3482:
3481:
3341:
3340:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3221:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2417:
2416:
1782:
1781:
1769:Teeline Shorthand
1527:
1526:
1323:. 8 December 2022
1194:Plutarch (1865).
967:⁊Ꞇ (P&T) logo
777:Microsoft Windows
760:⟨⁊⟩
739:⟨ꝛ⟩
732:⟨⁊⟩
681:
680:
673:
295:, syllables, and
230:⟨⹒⟩
222:⟨⁊⟩
171:
170:
16:(Redirected from
5327:
5271:
5264:
5262:Braille literacy
5257:
5239:
5232:
5225:
5218:
5211:
5190:
5183:
5176:
5169:
5162:
5155:
5148:
5130:
5123:
5116:
5109:
5102:
5095:
5088:
5081:
5063:
5056:
5054:Slate and stylus
5049:
5042:
5040:Perkins Brailler
5035:
5028:
5021:
5014:
5007:
5000:
4998:Braille embosser
4993:
4973:
4966:
4959:
4951:
4944:
4937:
4915:
4907:
4900:
4882:
4875:
4866:
4859:
4852:
4845:
4838:
4822:
4819:American Braille
4803:
4800:Algerian Braille
4780:
4773:
4765:
4758:
4750:
4743:
4736:
4729:
4721:
4714:
4707:
4689:
4681:
4674:
4667:
4660:
4653:
4646:
4639:
4632:
4625:
4618:
4595:
4587:
4580:
4556:
4549:
4542:
4535:
4528:
4521:
4514:
4507:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4442:
4435:
4428:
4415:
4414:
4410:
4403:
4396:
4389:
4382:
4375:
4367:
4360:
4353:
4346:
4339:
4332:
4325:
4318:
4311:
4304:
4297:
4290:
4283:
4275:
4268:
4261:
4254:
4247:
4240:
4233:
4226:
4219:
4212:
4205:
4198:
4191:
4184:
4172:
4165:
4158:
4150:
4143:
4136:
4129:
4114:
4113:
4102:
4095:
4088:
4081:
4064:
4053:
4046:
4039:
4030:
4029:
3820:
3819:
3775:
3774:
3681:
3680:
3673:Semi-syllabaries
3668:
3667:
3369:
3368:
3360:
3359:
3347:
3346:
3232:
3231:
2587:
2586:
2574:
2573:
2476:Japanese Braille
2061:Zanabazar square
1930:Nepalese scripts
1820:Bengali–Assamese
1810:
1809:
1801:
1800:
1788:
1787:
1705:Pitman shorthand
1550:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1533:
1532:
1465:
1464:
1446:
1439:
1432:
1423:
1422:
1377:
1376:
1375:(8–9/2010): 9–26
1364:
1358:
1357:
1353:978-0903204-21-7
1339:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1197:Plutarch's Lives
1191:
1185:
1172:
1163:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1110:
1101:
1100:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1044:
1029:
1020:
966:
960:
946:
938:
926:
914:
898:
878:Private Use Area
872:
869:
866:
864:
774:
773:TIRONIAN SIGN ET
771:
768:
766:
762:is available at
761:
758:
744:
740:
733:
725:
713:
701:
700:
695:
676:
669:
665:
662:
656:
625:
617:
604:
594:
584:
579:, equivalent to
578:
574:
564:
558:
536:
527:('and') and the
526:
483:
473:
467:
395:relating to the
394:
374:Cato the Younger
305:abstract symbols
259:
231:
223:
178:notae Tironianae
167:
161:
157:
85:
45:
32:
31:
21:
5335:
5334:
5330:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5325:
5324:
5285:
5284:
5283:
5274:
5267:
5260:
5253:
5242:
5235:
5228:
5221:
5214:
5207:
5193:
5186:
5179:
5172:
5165:
5158:
5151:
5144:
5133:
5126:
5119:
5112:
5105:
5098:
5091:
5086:Charles Barbier
5084:
5077:
5066:
5059:
5052:
5045:
5038:
5031:
5024:
5017:
5010:
5003:
4996:
4989:
4976:
4969:
4962:
4954:
4947:
4940:
4933:
4918:
4910:
4903:
4896:
4885:
4878:
4871:
4862:
4855:
4848:
4841:
4836:
4825:
4817:
4811:Frequency-based
4806:
4798:
4783:
4776:
4768:
4761:
4753:
4746:
4739:
4732:
4724:
4717:
4710:
4703:
4692:
4684:
4677:
4670:
4663:
4656:
4649:
4642:
4635:
4628:
4621:
4614:
4607:Bharati Braille
4604:
4598:
4590:
4583:
4576:
4565:
4559:
4552:
4545:
4538:
4531:
4524:
4517:
4510:
4503:
4492:
4486:
4479:
4474:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4445:
4438:
4431:
4424:
4413:
4406:
4399:
4392:
4385:
4378:
4370:
4363:
4356:
4349:
4342:
4335:
4328:
4321:
4314:
4307:
4300:
4293:
4286:
4278:
4271:
4264:
4257:
4250:
4243:
4236:
4229:
4222:
4215:
4208:
4201:
4194:
4187:
4181:Unified English
4175:
4168:
4161:
4153:
4146:
4139:
4132:
4125:
4110:Braille scripts
4105:
4098:
4091:
4084:
4077:
4066:
4062:
4057:
4012:
3827:
3810:
3806:Stokoe notation
3782:
3761:
3720:
3675:
3654:
3638:
3602:
3581:Logoconsonantal
3576:
3525:
3478:
3447:
3354:
3337:
3318:Siglas poveiras
3239:
3218:
3177:
3081:Younger Futhark
2785:Gregg shorthand
2581:
2560:
2413:
2065:
1795:
1778:
1557:
1540:
1523:
1496:Writing systems
1484:
1459:
1457:writing systems
1450:
1402:, 1900 (French)
1396:Émile Chatelain
1386:
1381:
1380:
1365:
1361:
1354:
1344:Brìgh nam Facal
1340:
1336:
1326:
1324:
1321:Microsoft Learn
1315:
1314:
1310:
1295:
1291:
1280:King, David A.
1278:
1274:
1264:
1262:
1252:
1248:
1221:Rhetoric Review
1217:
1213:
1192:
1188:
1173:
1166:
1157:
1153:
1134:
1130:
1111:
1104:
1085:
1081:
1071:
1069:
1062:
1058:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1027:
1021:
1002:
997:
975:
968:
964:
961:
952:
939:
930:
927:
918:
915:
906:
899:
890:
870:
867:
862:
861:
844:
838:
832:
825:
819:
781:Segoe UI Symbol
772:
769:
764:
763:
759:
751:
742:
738:
731:
711:
677:
666:
660:
657:
642:
626:
615:
613:Recent historic
607:Scottish Gaelic
580:
576:
551:pay and display
543:
417:
405:
392:
366:medieval period
362:
321:
251:
246:
229:
221:
206:
198:medieval period
138:
119:
83:
80:
55:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5333:
5323:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5280:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5272:
5265:
5258:
5250:
5248:
5247:Related topics
5244:
5243:
5241:
5240:
5233:
5226:
5223:New York Point
5219:
5212:
5204:
5202:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5191:
5184:
5177:
5170:
5163:
5156:
5149:
5141:
5139:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5131:
5124:
5117:
5110:
5107:Harris Mowbray
5103:
5096:
5089:
5082:
5074:
5072:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5064:
5057:
5050:
5043:
5036:
5029:
5022:
5015:
5008:
5001:
4994:
4991:Braille e-book
4986:
4984:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4967:
4960:
4952:
4945:
4938:
4930:
4928:
4924:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4908:
4901:
4893:
4891:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4876:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4860:
4853:
4846:
4833:
4831:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4823:
4814:
4812:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4795:
4793:
4789:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4781:
4774:
4766:
4759:
4751:
4744:
4737:
4730:
4722:
4715:
4708:
4700:
4698:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4690:
4682:
4675:
4668:
4661:
4654:
4647:
4640:
4633:
4626:
4619:
4611:
4609:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4588:
4581:
4573:
4571:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4550:
4543:
4536:
4529:
4522:
4515:
4508:
4500:
4498:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4443:
4436:
4429:
4421:
4419:
4412:
4411:
4404:
4397:
4390:
4383:
4376:
4368:
4361:
4354:
4347:
4340:
4333:
4326:
4319:
4312:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4284:
4276:
4269:
4262:
4255:
4248:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4220:
4213:
4206:
4199:
4192:
4185:
4173:
4166:
4159:
4151:
4144:
4137:
4130:
4122:
4120:
4118:French-ordered
4111:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4096:
4089:
4082:
4074:
4072:
4068:
4067:
4056:
4055:
4048:
4041:
4033:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3958:Linear Elamite
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3816:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3780:Sign languages
3771:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3757:Quốc Âm Tân Tự
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3732:Espanca script
3728:
3726:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3691:Linear Elamite
3687:
3685:
3677:
3676:
3664:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3572:Yi (Classical)
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3492:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3398:
3396:Bronze scripts
3393:
3388:
3383:
3377:
3375:
3366:
3356:
3355:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3209:Flag semaphore
3206:
3204:New York Point
3201:
3199:Telegraph code
3196:
3194:Maritime flags
3191:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3148:Visible Speech
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3118:Sorang Sompeng
3115:
3110:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
3002:Galik alphabet
2999:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2900:Tironian notes
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2745:
2743:Garay alphabet
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2683:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2593:
2591:
2583:
2582:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2526:Sorang Sompeng
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2449:Déné syllabics
2446:
2436:
2431:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2005:
2004:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1816:
1814:
1807:
1797:
1796:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1744:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1710:Proto-Sinaitic
1707:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1690:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1571:
1570:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1542:
1541:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1471:
1469:
1461:
1460:
1449:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1413:
1403:
1393:
1392:, 1893 (Latin)
1385:
1384:External links
1382:
1379:
1378:
1359:
1352:
1334:
1308:
1289:
1272:
1246:
1227:(3): 203–218.
1211:
1186:
1164:
1151:
1128:
1102:
1079:
1056:
1045:on 8 July 2016
999:
998:
996:
993:
992:
991:
986:
981:
974:
971:
970:
969:
962:
955:
953:
940:
933:
931:
928:
921:
919:
916:
909:
907:
905:", 9th century
900:
893:
889:
886:
840:
834:
827:
821:
815:
750:
747:
679:
678:
629:
627:
620:
614:
611:
559:for the Irish
542:
539:
494:Modern English
453:notae Benenses
416:
413:
404:
401:
361:
358:
336:Quintus Ennius
320:
317:
268:on monuments.
250:
247:
245:
242:
205:
202:
174:Tironian notes
169:
168:
162:⟩, see
135:
134:
120:
115:
112:
111:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
91:
87:
86:
81:
78:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
53:
51:
47:
46:
38:
37:
35:Tironian notes
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5332:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5270:
5266:
5263:
5259:
5256:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5245:
5238:
5234:
5231:
5230:Night writing
5227:
5224:
5220:
5217:
5213:
5210:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5201:
5196:
5189:
5185:
5182:
5178:
5175:
5171:
5168:
5164:
5161:
5157:
5154:
5150:
5147:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5138:Organisations
5136:
5129:
5125:
5122:
5118:
5115:
5111:
5108:
5104:
5101:
5100:Valentin Haüy
5097:
5094:
5090:
5087:
5083:
5080:
5079:Louis Braille
5076:
5075:
5073:
5069:
5062:
5058:
5055:
5051:
5048:
5044:
5041:
5037:
5034:
5030:
5027:
5023:
5020:
5016:
5013:
5012:Braille watch
5009:
5006:
5002:
4999:
4995:
4992:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4983:
4979:
4972:
4968:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4950:
4946:
4943:
4939:
4936:
4935:Braille music
4932:
4931:
4929:
4925:
4913:
4909:
4906:
4902:
4899:
4898:Luxembourgish
4895:
4894:
4892:
4888:
4881:
4877:
4874:
4870:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4854:
4851:
4847:
4844:
4840:
4839:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4828:
4820:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4809:
4801:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4790:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4749:
4745:
4742:
4738:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4720:
4716:
4713:
4709:
4706:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4697:Other scripts
4695:
4687:
4683:
4680:
4676:
4673:
4669:
4666:
4662:
4659:
4655:
4652:
4648:
4645:
4641:
4638:
4634:
4631:
4627:
4624:
4620:
4617:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4608:
4601:
4593:
4589:
4586:
4582:
4579:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4562:
4555:
4551:
4548:
4544:
4541:
4537:
4534:
4530:
4527:
4523:
4520:
4516:
4513:
4509:
4506:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4489:
4478:
4473:
4470:
4469:Northern Sámi
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4444:
4441:
4437:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4418:Nordic family
4416:
4409:
4405:
4402:
4398:
4395:
4391:
4388:
4384:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4366:
4362:
4359:
4358:South African
4355:
4352:
4348:
4345:
4341:
4338:
4334:
4331:
4327:
4324:
4320:
4317:
4313:
4310:
4306:
4303:
4299:
4296:
4292:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4280:Luxembourgish
4277:
4274:
4270:
4267:
4263:
4260:
4256:
4253:
4249:
4246:
4242:
4239:
4235:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4221:
4218:
4214:
4211:
4207:
4204:
4200:
4197:
4193:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4171:
4167:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4149:
4145:
4142:
4138:
4135:
4131:
4128:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4112:
4108:
4101:
4097:
4094:
4093:ASCII braille
4090:
4087:
4083:
4080:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4061:
4054:
4049:
4047:
4042:
4040:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4027:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3826:
3821:
3817:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3785:
3781:
3776:
3772:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3669:
3665:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3624:Attic (Greek)
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3562:Proto-Elamite
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3348:
3344:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3233:
3229:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3076:Elder Futhark
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2967:Old Hungarian
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2501:Masaram Gondi
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2471:Gunjala Gondi
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2283:Old Sundanese
2281:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2226:Old Maldivian
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2209:Bilang-bilang
2207:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2029:Sylheti Nagri
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1830:Brahmi script
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1725:South Arabian
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1671:Inscriptional
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1374:
1370:
1363:
1355:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1285:
1284:
1276:
1261:
1257:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1215:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1190:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1171:
1169:
1161:
1160:Roman History
1158:Dio Cassius.
1155:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1132:
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1009:
1007:
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987:
985:
984:Gaelic script
982:
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977:
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945:
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932:
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913:
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904:
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709:
694:
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664:
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640:
639:
635:
630:This section
628:
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619:
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446:
442:
438:
437:Thomas Becket
434:
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410:
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385:
383:
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371:
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345:
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329:
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312:
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294:
290:
286:
285:Latin letters
282:
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269:
267:
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258:
241:
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227:
219:
215:
210:
201:
199:
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187:
183:
179:
175:
165:
153:
149:
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143:
136:
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125:
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118:
117:Unicode range
113:
110:
106:
103:
100:
96:
92:
88:
82:
76:
72:
68:
65:
62:
58:
52:
48:
44:
39:
33:
30:
19:
4770:Thai and Lao
4447:Scandinavian
4079:1829 braille
4071:Braille cell
3871:Cypro-Minoan
3737:Pahawh Hmong
3650:Sitelen Pona
3614:Hindu-Arabic
2947:Mundari Bani
2899:
2521:Pahawh Hmong
2330:Tamil-Brahmi
2236:Eveyla Akuru
2231:Dhives Akuru
1698:Paleo-Hebrew
1565:
1501:undeciphered
1372:
1362:
1343:
1337:
1325:. Retrieved
1320:
1311:
1302:
1292:
1281:
1275:
1263:. Retrieved
1259:
1249:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1202:Dryden, John
1196:
1189:
1181:
1175:
1159:
1154:
1137:
1131:
1114:
1088:
1082:
1070:. Retrieved
1059:
1047:. Retrieved
1040:the original
1035:
1031:
875:
854:
848:
846:
752:
715:
705:
667:
658:
643:Please help
631:
586:
568:
549:A bilingual
528:
518:
517:, where the
514:
510:
506:
502:
496:
489:
485:
475:
457:
452:
430:
424:
406:
386:
377:
363:
360:Introduction
353:
322:
293:contractions
289:prepositions
270:
266:inscriptions
252:
235:
213:
185:
173:
172:
158:and ⟨
140:
29:
5269:RoboBraille
5093:Róża Czacka
5033:Perforation
4830:Independent
4728:(Bhutanese)
4463:Greenlandic
4134:Azerbaijani
3936:Jindai moji
3825:Syllabaries
3796:SignWriting
3696:Celtiberian
3598:Hieroglyphs
3401:Seal script
3386:Traditional
3258:Blissymbols
3163:Warang Citi
3138:Tolong Siki
3091:Marcomannic
3071:Dalecarlian
3061:Anglo-Saxon
3041:Pau Cin Hau
2932:Medefaidrin
2885:Merovingian
2845:Blackletter
2753:Asomtavruli
2546:Warang Citi
2355:Ulu scripts
2300:New Tai Lue
2243:Mon–Burmese
2097:Bhattiprolu
1925:Nandinagari
1752:ʾEsṭrangēlā
1511:constructed
1256:"Shorthand"
1177:Etymologiae
808:DejaVu Sans
708:blackletter
537:(' rest').
460:Old English
324:Dio Cassius
319:Controversy
297:inflections
257:notae juris
249:Development
79:Time period
50:Script type
18:Tironian et
5305:Typography
5289:Categories
4821:(obsolete)
4802:(obsolete)
4594:(Pakistan)
4505:Belarusian
4387:Vietnamese
4330:Portuguese
4316:Philippine
4273:Lithuanian
3926:Hentaigana
3921:Man'yōgana
3381:Simplified
3268:Ersu Shaba
3182:Non-linear
2987:Old Uyghur
2977:Old Permic
2972:Old Italic
2905:Visigothic
2840:Beneventan
2775:Glagolitic
2738:Gadabuursi
2402:Kolezhuthu
2397:Vatteluttu
2335:Tanchangya
2258:Saurashtra
1835:Devanagari
1693:Phoenician
1646:Manichaean
1174:Isidorus.
1072:22 January
995:References
812:Windows 11
661:March 2024
262:praenomina
5237:Vibratese
5216:Moon type
5209:Decapoint
4890:Eight-dot
4843:Cantonese
4792:Reordered
4755:Inuktitut
4644:Malayalam
4554:Ukrainian
4533:Mongolian
4512:Bulgarian
4475:Norwegian
4440:Icelandic
4231:Hungarian
4189:Esperanto
4141:Cantonese
3725:Redundant
3537:Anatolian
3488:Cuneiform
3416:bird-worm
3352:Logograms
3323:Testerian
3237:Ideograms
3214:Moon type
3101:Staveless
2992:Mongolian
2937:Molodtsov
2895:Sütterlin
2763:Mkhedruli
2629:Bassa Vah
2579:Alphabets
2551:Mwangwego
2516:Mwangwego
2491:Kharosthi
2444:Blackfoot
2407:Malayanma
2278:Sundanese
2273:Sukhothai
2221:Malayalam
2172:Khom Thai
2132:Goykanadi
2056:Tocharian
2009:ʼPhags-pa
1880:Khudabadi
1825:Bhaiksuki
1720:Samaritan
1651:Nabataean
1506:inventors
1241:145385697
1097:301255530
979:Ampersand
857:with the
736:R rotunda
722:et cetera
688:R rotunda
632:does not
423:Tironian
403:Expansion
238:ligatures
212:Tironian
182:shorthand
98:Languages
4873:Japanese
4734:Georgian
4726:Dzongkha
4712:Armenian
4630:Gujarati
4495:Cyrillic
4426:Estonian
4401:Yugoslav
4337:Romanian
4309:Nigerian
4224:Hawaiian
4210:Ghanaian
4127:Albanian
3988:Sumerian
3953:Linear B
3916:Katakana
3911:Hiragana
3861:Cherokee
3791:ASLwrite
3752:Bopomofo
3607:Numerals
3593:Hieratic
3552:Isthmian
3521:Sumerian
3501:Assyrian
3496:Akkadian
3153:Vithkuqi
3128:Tifinagh
3096:Medieval
3051:Pisidian
3046:Phrygian
3017:Vagindra
2962:Ol Chiki
2870:Interlac
2825:Kayah Li
2815:Jenticha
2770:Veso Bey
2758:Nuskhuri
2748:Georgian
2718:Formosan
2713:Etruscan
2708:Enochian
2664:Cyrillic
2649:Coelbren
2607:Armenian
2506:Meroitic
2496:Mandombe
2486:Jenticha
2350:Tigalari
2315:Tai Viet
2310:Tai Tham
2290:Tagbanwa
2142:Javanese
2092:Baybayin
2082:Balinese
2070:Southern
1965:Pracalit
1960:Pachumol
1935:Bhujimol
1895:Mahajani
1855:Gurmukhi
1845:Gujarati
1813:Northern
1793:Abugidas
1774:Ugaritic
1762:Maḏnḥāyā
1636:Tifinagh
1629:Solitreo
1567:Numerals
1480:Grapheme
1468:Overview
1327:15 April
1265:1 August
1182:Originum
1162:. 55.7.6
1123:11943552
1066:"Kürzel"
973:See also
868:┐
797:ChromeOS
770:⁊
730:for the
714:meaning
565:('and').
449:Sponheim
389:Plutarch
370:Plutarch
348:Plutarch
328:Maecenas
176:(Latin:
156:/ /
152:Help:IPA
4778:Tibetan
4719:Burmese
4705:Amharic
4688:(India)
4665:Sinhala
4658:Punjabi
4637:Kannada
4585:Persian
4540:Russian
4480:Swedish
4458:Finnish
4433:Faroese
4408:Zambian
4380:Turkish
4365:Spanish
4288:Maltese
4266:Latvian
4259:Italian
4238:Iñupiaq
4217:Guarani
4177:English
4148:Catalan
4065:⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑
4060:Braille
3943:Kikakui
3881:Eskayan
3866:Cypriot
3716:Dunging
3588:Demotic
3567:Tenevil
3511:Hittite
3506:Elamite
3459:Jurchen
3438:Sawndip
3433:Chữ Nôm
3333:Zapotec
3328:Yerkish
3303:Nsibidi
3288:Miꞌkmaw
3278:Isotype
3248:Adinkra
3189:Braille
3173:Zaghawa
3143:Vellara
3123:Sunuwar
3113:Sidetic
3108:Shavian
3036:Osmanya
3026:Ol Onal
2880:Kurrent
2865:Insular
2855:Fraktur
2830:Klingon
2820:Kaddare
2794:Archaic
2703:Elbasan
2691:Chinook
2681:Deseret
2669:Bosnian
2624:Avoiuli
2612:Avestan
2602:Ariyaka
2531:Tengwar
2429:Bharati
2390:Serawai
2380:Pasemah
2365:Lampung
2320:Lai Tay
2305:Tai Noi
2268:Sinhala
2248:Pallava
2216:Makasar
2204:Lontara
2179:Kulitan
2152:Kannada
2147:Kadamba
2137:Hanunoo
2127:Grantha
2122:Fakkham
2039:Tibetan
2024:Soyombo
2019:Siddhaṃ
2014:Sharada
1990:Litumol
1980:Tirhuta
1970:Ranjana
1955:Kvemmol
1915:Multani
1900:Marchen
1865:Kalinga
1805:Brahmic
1742:Sogdian
1681:Psalter
1661:Pahlavi
1641:Mandaic
1619:Cursive
1604:Elymaic
1575:Aramaic
1373:Scripta
1303:Faclair
1146:2996309
1049:31 July
888:Gallery
803:in the
653:removed
638:sources
541:Current
511:&c.
301:Atticus
244:History
144:in the
109:Unicode
70:Created
60:Creator
5198:Other
5071:People
5061:Braigo
4880:Korean
4748:Hebrew
4679:Telugu
4578:Arabic
4568:Arabic
4526:Kyrgyz
4519:Kazakh
4453:Danish
4351:Slovak
4344:Samoan
4323:Polish
4302:Navajo
4203:German
4196:French
4063:
4008:Yugtun
3998:Woleai
3948:Kpelle
3931:Sōgana
3851:Byblos
3629:Muisca
3547:Cretan
3516:Luwian
3474:Tangut
3293:Mixtec
3263:Dongba
3168:Yezidi
3158:Wancho
3133:Todhri
3086:Gothic
3066:Cipher
3007:Manchu
2997:Evenki
2982:Orkhon
2927:Manchu
2922:Lydian
2917:Lycian
2860:Gaelic
2810:Hanifi
2805:Hangul
2780:Gothic
2728:Fraser
2723:Fox II
2659:Coptic
2634:Carian
2617:Pazend
2590:Linear
2536:Thaana
2481:Sarati
2422:Others
2385:Rejang
2370:Lembak
2360:Incung
2340:Telugu
2295:Tai Le
2189:Langdi
2112:Chakma
2002:Karani
1975:Tamyig
1950:Kummol
1945:Himmol
1940:Golmol
1920:Nagari
1905:Meitei
1890:Lepcha
1875:Khojki
1860:Kaithi
1747:Syriac
1735:Musnad
1614:Ashuri
1609:Hebrew
1592:Elifba
1587:Arabic
1580:Hatran
1555:Abjads
1350:
1239:
1144:
1121:
1095:
865:
863:U+2510
799:, and
767:
765:U+204A
602:agusan
534:cetera
507:s&
409:Seneca
382:Sicily
160:
128:U+2E52
124:U+204A
90:Status
73:60s BC
4914:(GS8)
4905:Kanji
4763:Khmer
4741:Greek
4672:Tamil
4605:i.e.
4566:i.e.
4547:Tatar
4493:i.e.
4394:Welsh
4295:Māori
4252:Irish
4170:Dutch
4163:Czech
3973:Nüshu
3841:Bamum
3836:Afaka
3643:Other
3634:Roman
3619:Abjad
3542:Bagam
3443:Bowen
3428:Kanji
3423:Hanja
3411:small
3406:large
3313:Olmec
3283:Kaidā
3273:Emoji
3253:Aztec
3056:Runic
3031:Osage
3012:Oirat
2957:Ogham
2890:Sigla
2835:Latin
2790:Greek
2674:Early
2644:Cirth
2597:Adlam
2466:Geʽez
2461:Fox I
2325:Tamil
2184:Lanna
2167:Khmer
2157:Karen
2107:Buhid
2087:Batak
2044:Uchen
2034:Takri
1985:Limbu
1885:Laṇḍā
1870:Khema
1850:Gupta
1840:Dogri
1757:Serṭā
1730:Zabur
1715:Punic
1688:Pegon
1624:Rashi
1538:Types
1489:Lists
1453:Types
1237:S2CID
1043:(PDF)
1028:(PDF)
836:AltGr
830:Shift
817:AltGr
801:Linux
789:macOS
718:(for
597:Irish
582:&
519:&
498:sound
393:65 BC
344:notae
340:Latin
281:forum
228:2E52
220:204A
148:(IPA)
102:Latin
4686:Urdu
4651:Odia
4592:Urdu
3968:Loma
3963:Lisu
3906:Kana
3896:Iban
3886:Geba
3846:Bété
3801:si5s
3711:Khom
3684:Full
3557:Maya
2952:N'Ko
2511:Miao
2456:Dham
2375:Ogan
2345:Thai
2263:Shan
2199:Leke
2162:Kawi
2117:Cham
2102:Buda
2077:Ahom
1997:Odia
1910:Modi
1666:Book
1348:ISBN
1329:2023
1267:2016
1142:OCLC
1119:OCLC
1093:OCLC
1074:2023
1051:2016
949:etc.
805:free
791:and
785:font
728:sort
716:etc.
699:etc.
636:any
634:cite
599:and
592:agus
562:agus
515:etc.
513:for
503:sand
490:sond
277:Tiro
190:Tiro
132:MUFI
122:Et:
4245:IPA
3993:Vai
3901:Idu
3469:Sui
2942:Mru
2912:Luo
2875:IPA
2556:Rma
2253:Pyu
2194:Lao
2049:Umê
1455:of
1229:doi
1180:or
793:iOS
783:(a
745:).
743:ꝛc.
712:⁊c.
706:In
647:by
609:).
605:in
595:in
587:and
505:as
476:ond
458:In
376:in
5291::
4003:Yi
1398::
1371:,
1319:.
1301:.
1258:.
1235:.
1225:31
1223:.
1204:;
1167:^
1105:^
1036:30
1034:.
1030:.
1003:^
944:et
884:.
855:et
828:⇧
756:et
693:et
572:et
556:et
529:c.
524:et
481:et
471:et
465:et
439:,
425:et
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216:,
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