404:. If there are two detectors, one for each beam, then direction can also be known. Since the location of the beams is relatively easy to determine, the precision of the measurement depends primarily on how small the setup can be made. If the beams are too far apart, the flow could change substantially between them, thus the measurement becomes an average over that space. Moreover, multiple particles could reside between them at any given time, and this would corrupt the signal since the particles are indistinguishable. For such a sensor to provide valid data, it must be small relative to the scale of the flow and the seeding density.
436:. To generate arbitrary low frequencies field the screen is parted into plates (overlapping and connected by capacitors) with bias voltage on each plate and a bias current on coil behind plate whose flux is closed by an outer core. In this way the tube can be configured to act as a weak achromatic quadrupole lens with an aperture with a grid and a delay line detector in the diffraction plane to do angle resolved measurements. Changing the field the angle of the field of view can be changed and a deflecting bias can be superimposed to scan through all angles.
464:
20:
325:
34:) is the measurement of the time taken by an object, particle or wave (be it acoustic, electromagnetic, etc.) to travel a distance through a medium. This information can then be used to measure velocity or path length, or as a way to learn about the particle or medium's properties (such as composition or flow rate). The traveling object may be detected directly (direct time of flight,
383:. Ultrasonic flow meters come in three different types: transmission (contrapropagating transit time) flowmeters, reflection (Doppler) flowmeters, and open-channel flowmeters. Transit time flowmeters work by measuring the time difference between an ultrasonic pulse sent in the flow direction and an ultrasound pulse sent opposite the flow direction. Doppler flowmeters measure the
66:
62:. Originally, it was designed for measurement of low-conductive thin films, later adjusted for common semiconductors. This experimental technique is used for metal-dielectric-metal structures as well as organic field-effect transistors. The excess charges are generated by application of the laser or voltage pulse.
132:
In optical interferometry, the pathlength difference between sample and reference arms can be measured by ToF methods, such as frequency modulation followed by phase shift measurement or cross correlation of signals. Such methods are used in laser radar and laser tracker systems for medium-long range
399:
Optical time-of-flight sensors consist of two light beams projected into the fluid whose detection is either interrupted or instigated by the passage of small particles (which are assumed to be following the flow). This is not dissimilar from the optical beams used as safety devices in motorized
58:, one of the earliest devices using the principle are ultrasonic distance-measuring devices, which emit an ultrasonic pulse and are able to measure the distance to a solid object based on the time taken for the wave to bounce back to the emitter. The ToF method is also used to estimate the
129:(optical flow meter measurement), ToF measurements are made perpendicular to the flow by timing when individual particles cross two or more locations along the flow (collinear measurements would require generally high flow velocities and extremely narrow-band optical filters).
793:
378:
measures the velocity of a liquid or gas through a pipe using acoustic sensors. This has some advantages over other measurement techniques. The results are slightly affected by temperature, density or conductivity. Maintenance is inexpensive because there are no
416:
Usually the time-of-flight tube used in mass spectrometry is praised for simplicity, but for precision measurements of charged low energy particles the electric and the magnetic field in the tube has to be controlled within 10 mV and 1 nT respectively.
504:
Time-of-flight camera products for civil applications began to emerge around 2000, as the semiconductor processes allowed the production of components fast enough for such devices. The systems cover ranges of a few centimeters up to several
80:(MRA), ToF is a major underlying method. In this method, blood entering the imaged area is not yet saturated, giving it a much higher signal when using short echo time and flow compensation. It can be used in the detection of
121:
measurement, ToF is used to measure speed of signal propagation upstream and downstream of flow of a media, in order to estimate total flow velocity. This measurement is made in a collinear direction with the flow.
258:
400:
garage doors or as triggers in alarm systems. The speed of the particles is calculated by knowing the spacing between the two beams. If there is only one detector, then the time difference can be measured via
387:
resulting in reflecting an ultrasonic beam off either small particles in the fluid, air bubbles in the fluid, or the flowing fluid's turbulence. Open channel flow meters measure upstream levels in front of
653:
311:
1184:
The camera belongs to a broader group of sensors known as scanner-less LIDAR (i.e. laser radar having no mechanical scanner); an early example is Scott and his followers at Sandia.
107:. Thus the time-of-flight is used to measure velocity, from which the mass-to-charge ratio can be determined. The time-of-flight of electrons is used to measure their kinetic energy.
114:, the ToF method is used to measure the media-dependent optical pathlength over a range of optical wavelengths, from which composition and properties of the media can be analyzed.
446:
The sample should be immersed into the tube with holes and apertures for and against stray light to do magnetic experiments and to control the electrons from their start.
902:
Lamanna, Leonardo; Rizzi, Francesco; Demitri, Christian; Pisanello, Marco; Scarpa, Elisa; Qualtieri, Antonio; Sannino, Alessandro; De
Vittorio, Massimo (2018-08-01).
645:
618:
591:
564:
855:
835:
815:
185:
165:
1015:
M. Weis; J. Lin; D. Taguchi; T. Manaka; M. Iwamot (2009). "Analysis of
Transient Currents in Organic Field Effect Transistor: The Time-of-Flight Method".
1042:
1150:
46:). Time of flight technology has found valuable applications in the monitoring and characterization of material and biomaterials, hydrogels included.
539:. The first of the scintillators activates a clock upon being hit while the other stops the clock upon being hit. If the two masses are denoted by
502:, in which the entire scene is captured with each laser pulse, as opposed to point-by-point with a laser beam such as in scanning LIDAR systems.
140:, a pulsed monochromatic neutron beam is scattered by a sample. The energy spectrum of the scattered neutrons is measured via time of flight.
200:
358:. The time that it subsequently takes for the particle to reach a detector at a known distance is measured. This time will depend on the
958:
904:"Determination of absorption and structural properties of cellulose-based hydrogel via ultrasonic pulse-echo time-of-flight approach"
1196:
1097:
Time-of-Flight
Techniques For The Investigation Of Kinetic Energy Distributions Of Ions And Neutrals Desorbed By Core Excitations
362:
of the particle (heavier particles reach lower speeds). From this time and the known experimental parameters one can find the
788:{\displaystyle \Delta t=L\left({\frac {1}{v_{1}}}-{\frac {1}{v_{2}}}\right)\approx {\frac {Lc}{2p^{2}}}(m_{1}^{2}-m_{2}^{2})}
439:
When no delay line detector is used focusing the ions onto a detector can be accomplished through the use of two or three
405:
942:
1240:
1130:
1081:
137:
1212:
Z-Cam, the first depth video camera, was released in 2000 and was targeted primarily at broadcasting organizations.
333:
269:
96:
1096:
366:
of the ion. The elapsed time from the instant a particle leaves a source to the instant it reaches a detector.
77:
69:
425:
1169:
1230:
126:
111:
817:
is the distance between the scintillators. The approximation is in the relativistic limit at momentum
408:
approaches yield extremely small packages, making such sensors applicable in a variety of situations.
1073:
147:, ToF is the duration in which a projectile is traveling through the air. Given the initial velocity
433:
524:
516:
1047:
943:"Ultrasonic characterization of water sorption in poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogels"
1235:
472:
456:
375:
118:
989:
882:
623:
596:
569:
542:
483:
363:
359:
355:
104:
89:
38:, e.g., via an ion detector in mass spectrometry) or indirectly (indirect time of flight,
8:
1109:
532:
993:
1117:. 2006 ASME Joint U.S.-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting. pp. 1037–1044.
840:
820:
800:
170:
167:
of a particle launched from the ground, the downward (i.e. gravitational) acceleration
150:
1200:
1126:
1077:
980:
R.G. Kepler (1960). "Charge
Carrier Production and Mobility in Anthracene Crystals".
962:
923:
867:
528:
339:
59:
1161:
1118:
1024:
997:
954:
915:
429:
354:
as any other ion that has the same charge. The velocity of the ion depends on the
877:
872:
401:
192:
498:. Laser-based time-of-flight cameras are part of a broader class of scannerless
487:
351:
347:
100:
919:
1224:
1146:
1001:
966:
927:
476:
421:
384:
1122:
903:
536:
443:
placed in the vacuum tube located between the ion source and the detector.
380:
959:
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19980131)67:5<823::AID-APP7>3.0.CO;2-V
463:
191:(measured relative to the horizontal), then a simple rearrangement of the
19:
1160:. Vol. 4298. San Jose, CA: SPIE (published 2003-04-29). p. 48.
440:
55:
43:
941:
Maffezzoli, A.; Luprano, A.M.; Montagna, G.; Nicolais, L. (1998-01-31).
486:
between the camera and the subject for each point of the image based on
350:
of known strength. This acceleration results in an ion having the same
144:
1165:
1028:
490:, the round trip time of an artificial light signal, as provided by a
475:(ToF camera), also known as time-of-flight sensor (ToF sensor), is a
253:{\displaystyle s=vt-{\begin{matrix}{\frac {1}{2}}\end{matrix}}at^{2}}
85:
81:
1189:
1108:
Modarress, D.; Svitek, P.; Modarress, K.; Wilson, D. (July 2006).
1139:
940:
1014:
479:
1107:
324:
23:
Basic time-of-flight principles applied to laser range-finding
499:
491:
389:
901:
393:
42:, e.g., by light scattered from an object in laser doppler
99:, ions are accelerated by an electrical field to the same
65:
495:
343:
535:
of same momentum using their time of flight between two
432:. High frequencies are passively shielded and damped by
531:
which can discriminate between a lighter and a heavier
467:
Time of flight of a light pulse reflecting off a target
220:
1111:
Micro-optical sensors for boundary layer flow studies
843:
823:
803:
656:
626:
599:
572:
545:
272:
203:
173:
153:
849:
829:
809:
787:
639:
612:
585:
558:
305:
252:
179:
159:
1067:
1222:
338:The time-of-flight principle can be applied for
647:then the time of flight difference is given by
424:homogeneity of the tube can be controlled by a
103:with the velocity of the ion depending on the
306:{\displaystyle t={\frac {2v\sin \theta }{a}}}
1151:"3D imaging in the studio (and elsewhere…)"
979:
187:, and the projectile's angle of projection
1145:
428:. The magnetic field can be measured by a
462:
323:
316:for the time of flight of a projectile.
64:
18:
319:
1223:
1043:"Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA)"
1035:
857:denotes the speed of light in vacuum.
16:Timing of substance within a medium
13:
947:Journal of Applied Polymer Science
657:
14:
1252:
369:
138:neutron time-of-flight scattering
1070:Time-of-flight mass spectrometry
515:This section is an excerpt from
455:This section is an excerpt from
334:Time-of-flight mass spectrometry
97:time-of-flight mass spectrometry
1101:
1090:
1061:
1008:
973:
934:
895:
782:
746:
78:Magnetic Resonance Angiography
1:
1199:. 3DV Systems. Archived from
1149:; Yahav, Giora (2001-01-24).
888:
525:time-of-flight (TOF) detector
411:
70:Magnetic resonance angiograph
7:
861:
509:
49:
10:
1257:
1068:Cotter, Robert J. (1994).
514:
454:
331:
127:planar Doppler velocimetry
112:near-infrared spectroscopy
1074:American Chemical Society
920:10.1007/s10570-018-1874-4
449:
263:results in this equation
72:created by the ToF method
1241:Time measurement systems
1002:10.1103/PhysRev.119.1226
434:radar absorbent material
1123:10.1115/FEDSM2006-98556
517:Time-of-flight detector
1048:Johns Hopkins Hospital
851:
831:
811:
789:
641:
614:
587:
560:
468:
346:are accelerated by an
329:
307:
254:
181:
161:
133:distance measurement.
73:
24:
852:
832:
812:
790:
642:
640:{\displaystyle v_{2}}
615:
613:{\displaystyle v_{1}}
588:
586:{\displaystyle m_{2}}
561:
559:{\displaystyle m_{1}}
473:time-of-flight camera
466:
457:Time-of-flight camera
376:ultrasonic flow meter
328:Shimadzu Ion Trap ToF
327:
308:
255:
182:
162:
119:ultrasonic flow meter
68:
22:
883:Time of transmission
841:
821:
801:
654:
624:
597:
593:and have velocities
570:
543:
364:mass-to-charge ratio
360:mass-to-charge ratio
356:mass-to-charge ratio
320:In mass spectrometry
270:
201:
171:
151:
105:mass-to-charge ratio
1197:"Product Evolution"
1158:Proceedings of SPIE
994:1960PhRv..119.1226K
781:
763:
533:elementary particle
484:measuring distances
847:
827:
807:
785:
767:
749:
637:
610:
583:
556:
469:
330:
303:
250:
235:
177:
157:
74:
25:
1231:Mass spectrometry
1166:10.1117/12.424913
1147:Iddan, Gavriel J.
1029:10.1021/jp908381b
868:Propagation delay
850:{\displaystyle c}
830:{\displaystyle p}
810:{\displaystyle L}
744:
709:
689:
529:particle detector
340:mass spectrometry
301:
231:
180:{\displaystyle a}
160:{\displaystyle u}
60:electron mobility
1248:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1174:
1168:. Archived from
1155:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1116:
1105:
1099:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1072:. Columbus, OH:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1017:J. Phys. Chem. C
1012:
1006:
1005:
977:
971:
970:
938:
932:
931:
914:(8): 4331–4343.
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430:fluxgate compass
312:
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978:
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939:
935:
900:
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891:
878:Time of arrival
873:Round-trip time
864:
859:
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842:
839:
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822:
819:
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402:autocorrelation
372:
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1217:
1216:
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1138:
1131:
1100:
1089:
1082:
1060:
1034:
1007:
972:
953:(5): 823–831.
933:
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488:time-of-flight
461:
453:
451:
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413:
410:
371:
370:In flow meters
368:
352:kinetic energy
348:electric field
332:Main article:
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193:SUVAT equation
176:
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101:kinetic energy
51:
48:
28:Time of flight
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1253:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1213:
1203:on 2009-02-28
1202:
1198:
1192:
1185:
1175:on 2009-06-12
1171:
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1132:0-7918-4751-9
1128:
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1083:0-8412-3474-4
1079:
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1038:
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1023:(43): 18459.
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537:scintillators
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477:range imaging
474:
465:
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441:einzel lenses
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
422:work function
418:
409:
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385:doppler shift
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1236:Spectroscopy
1211:
1205:. Retrieved
1201:the original
1191:
1183:
1177:. Retrieved
1170:the original
1157:
1141:
1110:
1103:
1092:
1069:
1063:
1052:. Retrieved
1046:
1037:
1020:
1016:
1010:
985:
981:
975:
950:
946:
936:
911:
907:
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470:
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426:Kelvin probe
419:
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398:
381:moving parts
373:
337:
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188:
142:
135:
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116:
109:
94:
75:
53:
39:
35:
31:
27:
26:
988:(4): 1226.
505:kilometers.
482:system for
56:electronics
44:velocimetry
1225:Categories
1207:2009-02-19
1179:2009-08-17
1054:2017-10-15
889:References
412:In physics
145:kinematics
90:dissection
982:Phys. Rev
967:0021-8995
928:1572-882X
908:Cellulose
765:−
717:≈
692:−
658:Δ
295:θ
292:
217:−
862:See also
510:Detector
86:stenosis
82:aneurysm
50:Overview
990:Bibcode
1129:
1080:
965:
926:
797:where
494:or an
480:camera
450:Camera
390:flumes
1173:(PDF)
1154:(PDF)
1115:(PDF)
527:is a
500:LIDAR
492:laser
406:MOEMS
394:weirs
1127:ISBN
1078:ISBN
963:ISSN
924:ISSN
837:and
620:and
566:and
420:The
344:Ions
76:For
40:iToF
36:dToF
1162:doi
1119:doi
1025:doi
1021:113
998:doi
986:119
955:doi
916:doi
496:LED
392:or
374:An
289:sin
143:In
136:In
125:In
117:In
110:In
95:In
88:or
54:In
32:ToF
1227::
1210:.
1182:.
1156:.
1125:.
1076:.
1045:.
1019:.
996:.
984:.
961:.
951:67
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922:.
912:25
910:.
906:.
523:A
471:A
396:.
342:.
92:.
84:,
1164::
1135:.
1121::
1086:.
1057:.
1031:.
1027::
1004:.
1000::
992::
969:.
957::
930:.
918::
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825:p
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664:=
661:t
633:2
629:v
606:1
602:v
579:2
575:m
552:1
548:m
519:.
459:.
299:a
286:v
283:2
277:=
274:t
246:2
242:t
238:a
229:2
226:1
214:t
211:v
208:=
205:s
189:θ
175:a
155:u
30:(
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