31:
350:. The Court has carved out only specific exceptions to the doctrine for certain judicial procedural matters. However, the Supreme Court has never made a judgment broadly related to incorporation towards all parts of the Constitution; what Constitutional rights are incorporated to states have been set by specific cases, and the Court had yet to rule specifically on the Eighth Amendment's excessive fines clause.
371:(1993) that the Eighth Amendment applies to federal asset forfeitures, protecting citizens from excessive fines that would include asset forfeiture. In the Supreme Court's 2017 term, a petition for a case related to state-level asset forfeiture had been submitted but the Court was forced to reject it since the petitioner had brought up the Eighth Amendment argument only within the
491:, and that this protection "has been a constant shield throughout Anglo-American history: Exorbitant tolls undermine other constitutional liberties". Justice Thomas wrote an opinion concurring in the judgment that protection from excessive fines is incorporated, but did not accept that the Due Process Clause was the right constitutional reason for this but generally as part of
395:. However, Timbs, who had been a former drug addict, fell back to drugs following his father's death, and spent much of the remaining sum on illegal drug purchases as well as participating in drug sales to support his habit. Timbs was arrested by undercover officers during one such sale in November 2013, selling them about
434:, the decision was reversed. The Court argued that the Eighth Amendment only applies for federal actions and does not prohibit state or local laws from imposing excessive fines, and that the Supreme Court had yet to issue any decision that incorporated the excessive fines clause of the Eighth Amendment to the states.
502:
The
Supreme Court did not offer any tests in their opinions as to how to measure when fines are deemed excessive, a matter that is expected to require additional case law to establish. Ginsburg's opinion did suggest that the seizure of Timbs' Land Rover was disproportionate to the crime, but this was
442:
Timbs petitioned the US Supreme Court to hear his case, focused on answering the question of whether the "excessive fines" of the Eighth
Amendment apply to state and local governments as through the Due Process Clause. The Court accepted the case in June 2018. Timbs' case received bipartisan support.
407:
to confiscate the Land Rover as a civil action, as Timbs had used the vehicle to transport the drugs. Following his year of house arrest, Timbs found it difficult to get back into society without a vehicle; though he ultimately found a job that accepted his criminal history, it required him to borrow
515:
The State of
Indiana again appealed the decision all the way to the Indiana Supreme Court, which this time affirmed in a 4–1 decision the lower courts' rulings that the fine was unconstitutional. It wrote, "today, we reject the State's request to overturn precedent, as there is no compelling reason
470:
Oral arguments were heard on
November 28, 2018. Observers believed that on the constitutional question, the Justices were weighed heavily in favor of asserting that the excessive fines clause was another right that should be incorporated to states. However, these observers also believed that while
361:
in the mid-1970s to seize cash and material property used in illegal drug transactions. Cash assets are used to help fund law enforcement departments, but it has been found that seized assets like vehicles and homes are sometimes used for personal gain by law enforcers. It has been argued that the
511:
Timbs' case was reheard by the Grant County Court, which on April 27, 2020 ruled in Timbs' favor based on the
Supreme Court's ruling related to the Eighth Amendment, that seizure of the Land Rover was an excessive fine, and ordered the Land Rover returned to Timbs. While the state appealed the
1132:
524:
The Court's ruling is expected to affect the use of asset forfeiture at state and local levels, a common practice to help partially fund police forces. There is also speculation by supporters of criminal justice reform that the decision may affect the use of confiscation of
499:, though joining on the majority opinion, also wrote a similar concurring opinion, stating that the incorporation was best defined as part of the Privileges or Immunities Clause. The Court vacated the Indiana Supreme Court's decision, and remanded Timbs' case to be reheard.
379:, in his concurrence to the rejection of the petition, established several factors of why state and local asset forfeiture laws should be re-examined under the Eighth Amendment and identified similar criticism regarding the unbalanced nature towards the poor.
1101:
1140:
362:
use of asset forfeiture is imbalanced against poor people, who are more likely to be caught in drug trafficking and have the fewest assets to lose, and makes it difficult for such people to reintegrate with society without these assets.
471:
the question did favor Timbs' case, the Court appeared to be ready to vacate the
Indiana Supreme Court decision and rehear the case to determine if the forfeiture of the vehicle was to be considered as an excessive fine.
879:
1109:
1068:
474:
The Court issued its decision on
February 20, 2019, unanimously stating that the Eighth Amendment's protection from excessive fines was incorporated against the states. The opinion was written by Justice
467:
also filed a brief in support, arguing that just as individuals are harmed by unreasonable asset seizure, companies often end up incurring large fines under state and local laws for small violations.
912:
516:
to deviate from stare decisis and the law of the case; and we conclude that Timbs met his burden to show gross disproportionality, rendering the Land Rover's forfeiture unconstitutional."
1928:
340:: generally, all Constitutional rights must also be respected at state and local levels across a range of those rights, with the last such ruling on the topic of incorporation made in
2001:
576:
979:
336:, "or shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law". Since its ratification, the United States Supreme Court has followed the
353:
In more recent years, the question of whether the Eighth
Amendment's protection against excessive fines applies to state and local laws has been highlighted by the growing
302:
In
February 2019, the Court unanimously ruled that the Eighth Amendment's prohibition of excessive fines is an incorporated protection applicable to the states under the
1078:
948:
1471:
387:
Tyson Timbs of
Indiana received a cash sum of money from his father's life insurance company upon his father's death in early 2012. Of the money, he used about
329:
303:
266:
152:
The Eighth Amendment's Excessive Fines Clause is an incorporated protection applicable to the States pursuant to the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause.
710:
598:
79:
568:
419:
Superior Court judge ruled in Timbs' favor, finding that the value of the Land Rover was over four times the maximum penalty Timbs could have been fined (
543:
1229:
347:
292:
262:
2011:
1102:"Indiana Supreme Court Finally Puts an End to the Timbs Asset Forfeiture Case - "Reminiscent of Captain Ahab's Chase of the White Whale Moby Dick""
452:
318:
was meant to restrict the power of only the federal government, not the state or local governments, which was confirmed by the US Supreme Court in
922:
1012:
299:
of the petitioner's truck after the police found a small quantity of drugs within it and he was convicted on non-felony possession charges.
621:
415:, filed suit against the state, arguing that seizing of the vehicle violated the Eighth Amendment's prohibition against excessive fines. A
512:
decision, it did agree to return the vehicle on the condition that Timbs would not sell or give it away as the case continued in court.
1996:
989:
2006:
1220:
448:
1991:
423:), and thirty times over the fines he actually paid, and thus was an excessive fine in the context of the Eighth Amendment. The
1375:
354:
1040:
736:
487:
of the Fourteenth Amendment. Ginsburg's opinion referred to the protection from excessive fines as a key right as early as
399:
of drugs. Timbs pleaded guilty to the charges, and was sentenced to a year of house arrest, five years of probation, and
337:
771:
280:
35:
1013:"Supreme Court says states can't impose excessive fines, and delivers a win to former heroin addict in pivotal ruling"
464:
765:"Lisa Olivia Leonard v. Texas on Petition for Writ of Certiorari to the Court of Appeals of Texas, Ninth District"
2016:
492:
1855:
444:
851:
678:
1213:
315:
63:
1944:
1823:
593:
342:
288:
1807:
1479:
852:"Constitution prohibits 'excessive fines', but does it apply in all states? Supreme Court considers"
1960:
1907:
801:
460:
424:
124:
1936:
1332:
1206:
705:
367:
1919:
1783:
1383:
1268:
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74:
1647:
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1535:
1519:
1503:
1348:
1292:
1172:
984:
883:
1198:
949:"Supreme Court strikes blow against states that raise revenue by hefty fines, forfeitures"
677:
Sallah, Michael; O'Harrow Jr., Robert; Rich, Steven; Silverman, Gabe (September 6, 2014).
8:
1748:
1703:
1439:
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1300:
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563:
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1615:
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1447:
1391:
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1316:
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1133:"Supreme Court limits power of states and localities to impose fines, seize property"
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819:
797:
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to compel payment of fines and fees, as well as imprisoning those unable to pay
236:
Ginsburg, joined by Roberts, Breyer, Alito, Sotomayor, Kagan, Gorsuch, Kavanaugh
1899:
1839:
1775:
1756:
1679:
1069:"'A victory': Indiana returns Land Rover after 6 years – with strings attached"
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626:
483:
joining, stating that the Eighth Amendment is incorporated to states under the
456:
187:
1985:
1284:
1639:
496:
358:
211:
195:
167:
1181:
98:
488:
207:
392:
139:
1041:"Supreme Court Puts Limits on Police Power to Seize Private Property"
953:
86:
1929:
Browning-Ferris Industries of Vermont, Inc. v. Kelco Disposal, Inc.
676:
443:
Among those filing amicus briefs in support of Timbs included the
622:"Business, Progressives Unite at Supreme Court Against Big Fines"
375:, which made the case ineligible for the Court. However, Justice
737:"He Sold Drugs for $ 225. Indiana Took His $ 42,000 Land Rover"
128:
117:
30:
880:"Supreme Court likely to apply excessive-fines ban to states"
403:
in fines, which he paid. The state, however, also used their
295:
applies to state and local governments. The case covered the
1228:
1017:
530:
917:
980:"Supreme Court steps in to halt states' predatory fines"
2002:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court
911:
de Vogue, Ariane; Tatum, Sophie (February 20, 2019).
544:
Nebraska v. One 1970 2-Door Sedan Rambler (Gremlin)
730:
728:
726:
427:agreed with this ruling on appeal from the state.
1983:
1242:
913:"Now we know what Ruth Bader Ginsburg was doing"
453:National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers
906:
904:
723:
283:case in which the Court considered whether the
1214:
910:
495:defined by the Fourteenth Amendment. Justice
1879:
901:
942:
940:
1221:
1207:
973:
971:
840:, 138 S. Ct. 2650 (2018).
1168:, 586 U.S. ___ (2019) is available from:
937:
648:
449:NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund
2012:United States civil forfeiture case law
1010:
977:
968:
877:
616:
614:
357:, a tactic used since the start of the
1984:
1130:
1038:
849:
762:
734:
408:a neighbor's car to make the commute.
365:The Supreme Court previously ruled in
1878:
1376:Louisiana ex rel. Francis v. Resweber
1241:
1202:
1099:
1011:Higgens, Tucker (February 20, 2019).
533:or fines for otherwise minor crimes.
18:2019 United States Supreme Court case
1131:Barnes, Robert (February 20, 2019).
1066:
946:
611:
506:
947:Wolf, Richard (February 20, 2019).
878:Sherman, Mark (November 28, 2018).
850:Savage, David (November 28, 2018).
649:Stillman, Sarah (August 12, 2013).
503:to be resolved by the lower court.
309:
13:
1039:Liptak, Adam (February 20, 2019).
978:Garrett, Brandon (March 5, 2019).
772:Supreme Court of the United States
763:Thomas, Clarence (March 6, 2017).
382:
142:. granted, 138 S. Ct. 2650 (2018).
36:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
2028:
1997:United States Supreme Court cases
1158:
465:United States Chamber of Commerce
437:
29:
2007:Excessive Fines Clause case law
1124:
1093:
1060:
1032:
1004:
871:
843:
829:
807:
493:Privileges or Immunities Clause
324:(1833). However, following the
54:Tyson Timbs v. State of Indiana
1992:2019 in United States case law
1856:City of Grants Pass v. Johnson
1230:United States Eighth Amendment
1067:Hill, Crystal (May 28, 2020).
785:
756:
735:Liptak, Adam (June 25, 2018).
698:
670:
642:
586:
556:
445:American Civil Liberties Union
1:
1100:Somin, Ilya (June 10, 2021).
550:
279:, 586 U.S. 146 (2019), was a
1243:Cruel and unusual punishment
1191:Supreme Court (slip opinion)
316:United States Bill of Rights
7:
1945:United States v. Bajakajian
594:McDonald v. City of Chicago
536:
343:McDonald v. City of Chicago
281:United States Supreme Court
10:
2033:
1182:Oyez (oral argument audio)
411:Timbs, represented by the
1918:
1889:
1885:
1874:
1808:South Carolina v. Gathers
1767:
1714:
1480:Skipper v. South Carolina
1359:
1252:
1248:
1237:
519:
338:doctrine of incorporation
261:
256:
248:
240:
232:
227:
161:
156:
151:
146:
109:
104:
94:
69:
59:
49:
45:Decided February 20, 2019
42:
28:
23:
1961:Tyler v. Hennepin County
1908:United States v. Salerno
1880:Excessive bail and fines
461:Pacific Legal Foundation
425:Indiana Court of Appeals
346:(2010), relating to the
328:, Congress ratified the
43:Argued November 28, 2018
1937:Austin v. United States
1472:Caldwell v. Mississippi
1333:Montgomery v. Louisiana
706:Austin v. United States
368:Austin v. United States
355:use of asset forfeiture
263:U.S. Const. amend. VIII
2017:Incorporation case law
1920:Excessive Fines Clause
1784:Robinson v. California
1400:California v. Anderson
1384:McGautha v. California
1269:Robinson v. California
1261:Weems v. United States
820:84 N.E.3d 1179
285:excessive fines clause
1891:Excessive Bail Clause
1632:Panetti v. Quarterman
1512:Maynard v. Cartwright
857:The Los Angeles Times
798:62 N.E.3d 472
432:Indiana Supreme Court
413:Institute for Justice
1648:Kennedy v. Louisiana
1544:Whitmore v. Arkansas
1536:Stanford v. Kentucky
1520:Thompson v. Oklahoma
1504:Lowenfield v. Phelps
1349:Jones v. Mississippi
1293:Harmelin v. Michigan
1143:on November 29, 2020
1081:on November 24, 2020
884:The Associated Press
330:Fourteenth Amendment
304:Fourteenth Amendment
252:Thomas (in judgment)
127:2016); reversed, 84
85:139 S. Ct. 682; 203
1824:Helling v. McKinney
1749:Hudson v. McMillian
1715:Corporal punishment
1704:Bucklew v. Precythe
1440:Spaziano v. Florida
1341:Virginia v. LeBlanc
1301:Ewing v. California
1137:The Washington Post
992:on November 7, 2020
925:on November 8, 2020
895:The Washington Post
684:The Washington Post
564:Barron v. Baltimore
477:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
332:which included the
321:Barron v. Baltimore
314:As formulated, the
184:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
1816:Payne v. Tennessee
1741:Ingraham v. Wright
1696:Madison v. Alabama
1568:Atkins v. Virginia
1560:Herrera v. Collins
1488:Ford v. Wainwright
1464:Glass v. Louisiana
1432:Godfrey v. Georgia
1309:Lockyer v. Andrade
1046:The New York Times
742:The New York Times
485:Due Process Clause
373:writ of certiorari
334:Due Process Clause
326:American Civil War
172:Associate Justices
1979:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1832:Farmer v. Brennan
1800:Estelle v. Gamble
1725:Jackson v. Bishop
1616:Hill v. McDonough
1584:Tennard v. Dretke
1552:Walton v. Arizona
1448:Enmund v. Florida
1392:Furman v. Georgia
1368:Wilkerson v. Utah
1325:Miller v. Alabama
1317:Graham v. Florida
1277:Rummel v. Estelle
1074:Indianapolis Star
630:November 21, 2018
527:driver's licenses
507:Subsequent events
272:
271:
2024:
1953:Timbs v. Indiana
1887:
1886:
1876:
1875:
1848:Kahler v. Kansas
1733:Gates v. Collier
1672:Hurst v. Florida
1664:Glossip v. Gross
1592:Roper v. Simmons
1528:Penry v. Lynaugh
1496:Tison v. Arizona
1456:Pulley v. Harris
1416:Coker v. Georgia
1408:Gregg v. Georgia
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1166:Timbs v. Indiana
1153:
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1139:. Archived from
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1117:
1108:. Archived from
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1077:. Archived from
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988:. Archived from
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944:
935:
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932:
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921:. Archived from
908:
899:
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875:
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866:
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841:
839:
837:Timbs v. Indiana
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696:
695:
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691:
679:"Stop and seize"
674:
668:
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637:
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609:
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584:
560:
430:However, at the
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402:
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348:Second Amendment
310:Legal background
297:asset forfeiture
293:Eighth Amendment
276:Timbs v. Indiana
157:Court membership
33:
32:
24:Timbs v. Indiana
21:
20:
2032:
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2027:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2021:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1967:
1914:
1881:
1862:
1792:Powell v. Texas
1763:
1736:(5th Cir. 1974)
1728:(8th Cir. 1968)
1716:
1710:
1656:Hall v. Florida
1624:Kansas v. Marsh
1608:Oregon v. Guzek
1603:(5th Cir. 2005)
1600:Bigby v. Dretke
1576:Ring v. Arizona
1424:Lockett v. Ohio
1355:
1244:
1233:
1227:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1178:
1175:
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1106:Reason Magazine
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539:
522:
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481:Clarence Thomas
440:
420:
400:
396:
388:
385:
383:Case background
377:Clarence Thomas
312:
220:Brett Kavanaugh
210:
200:Sonia Sotomayor
198:
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176:Clarence Thomas
90:
44:
38:
19:
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1900:Stack v. Boyle
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1840:Brown v. Plata
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1796:
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1776:Trop v. Dulles
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1769:
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1757:Hope v. Pelzer
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1729:
1720:
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1712:
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1709:
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1692:
1688:Moore v. Texas
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1680:Kansas v. Carr
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1159:External links
1157:
1155:
1154:
1123:
1112:on May 9, 2023
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815:State v. Timbs
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656:The New Yorker
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627:Bloomberg L.P.
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457:Judicial Watch
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405:forfeiture law
391:to purchase a
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1266:
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1253:Incarceration
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821:
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799:
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773:
766:
759:
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479:with all but
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438:Supreme Court
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164:Chief Justice
163:
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155:
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137:
133:
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126:
125:Ind. Ct. App.
122:
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115:
112:
108:
103:
100:
99:Oral argument
97:
93:
88:
82:
81:
76:
72:
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48:
41:
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22:
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1951:
1943:
1935:
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1739:
1731:
1723:
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1686:
1678:
1670:
1662:
1654:
1646:
1640:Baze v. Rees
1638:
1630:
1622:
1614:
1606:
1598:
1590:
1582:
1574:
1566:
1558:
1550:
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1526:
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1510:
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1494:
1486:
1478:
1470:
1462:
1454:
1446:
1443:(1981, 1984)
1438:
1430:
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1398:
1390:
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1339:
1331:
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1307:
1299:
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1147:February 20,
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1141:the original
1136:
1126:
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1079:the original
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1052:February 20,
1050:. Retrieved
1044:
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1024:February 20,
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1016:
1006:
994:. Retrieved
990:the original
983:
960:February 20,
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889:November 28,
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861:. Retrieved
855:
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777:November 21,
775:. Retrieved
758:
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740:
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690:November 21,
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625:
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562:
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497:Neil Gorsuch
473:
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429:
417:Grant County
410:
386:
366:
364:
359:war on drugs
352:
341:
319:
313:
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289:Constitution
275:
274:
273:
257:Laws applied
215:
212:Neil Gorsuch
203:
196:Samuel Alito
191:
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168:John Roberts
113:
105:Case history
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1717:or injuries
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826: 2017).
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489:Magna Carta
249:Concurrence
241:Concurrence
208:Elena Kagan
1986:Categories
551:References
421:US$ 10,000
393:Land Rover
389:US$ 42,000
60:Docket no.
954:USA Today
401:US$ 1,200
87:L. Ed. 2d
70:Citations
1232:case law
1164:Text of
1116:June 12,
996:March 5,
985:The Hill
537:See also
233:Majority
95:Argument
1085:May 28,
651:"Taken"
397:US$ 225
287:of the
244:Gorsuch
147:Holding
138:2017);
64:17-1091
1964:(2023)
1956:(2019)
1948:(1998)
1940:(1993)
1932:(1989)
1911:(1987)
1903:(1951)
1859:(2024)
1851:(2020)
1843:(2011)
1835:(1994)
1827:(1993)
1819:(1991)
1811:(1989)
1803:(1976)
1795:(1968)
1787:(1962)
1779:(1958)
1760:(2002)
1752:(1992)
1744:(1977)
1707:(2019)
1699:(2019)
1691:(2017)
1683:(2016)
1675:(2016)
1667:(2015)
1659:(2014)
1651:(2008)
1643:(2008)
1635:(2007)
1627:(2006)
1619:(2006)
1611:(2006)
1595:(2005)
1587:(2004)
1579:(2002)
1571:(2002)
1563:(1993)
1555:(1990)
1547:(1990)
1539:(1989)
1531:(1989)
1523:(1988)
1515:(1988)
1507:(1988)
1499:(1987)
1491:(1986)
1483:(1986)
1475:(1985)
1467:(1985)
1459:(1984)
1451:(1982)
1435:(1980)
1427:(1978)
1419:(1977)
1411:(1976)
1395:(1972)
1387:(1971)
1379:(1947)
1371:(1879)
1352:(2021)
1344:(2017)
1336:(2016)
1328:(2012)
1320:(2010)
1312:(2003)
1304:(2003)
1296:(1991)
1288:(1983)
1280:(1980)
1272:(1962)
1264:(1910)
1194:
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1173:Justia
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891:2018
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824:Ind.
779:2018
750:2018
715:U.S.
692:2018
664:2018
636:2018
603:U.S.
577:Pet.
573:U.S.
531:bail
140:cert
136:Ind.
132:1179
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