Tilting train - Knowledge

1531: 182:(APT) which pioneered the active-tilt concept, along with in-cab signalling, to permit High Speed Rail services on conventional tracks. The APT family used hydraulic rams on the bottoms of the carriages to tilt them, rotating them around their centre point rather than swinging outward. This had the advantage of keeping the carriage centred over the bogies, which reduced load on the rails, and could be turned off when navigating switches. Due to lengthy political delays, the APT did not begin service testing until 1979, entering limited scheduled service in December 1981, the media describing the initial revenue run as both 631:. Between Roma and Ancona (km. 295), the train took 2 hours 50 minutes, while ordinary trains took 3 hours 30 minutes. The train had four cars and was mostly considered a travelling laboratory for the new technology. Initially the ETR 401 was conceived as the first of a series of four trains, but the government lost interest to the project because of financial problems, and the project was temporarily interrupted, as the service in 1983. The train was used in demonstration campaigns to foreign countries like Germany, Switzerland, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. A second unit was built for service to the wide-gauge 1053:(without tilting technology) were to cover the newly built or modernized high speed lines at up to 300 km/h (186 mph) (ICE 3 Class 403), Classes 411 and 415 with maximum speed of 230 km/h (143 mph) were designed for older twisting main lines. A total of 60 Class 411 and 11 Class 415 (shorter version) have been built so far. Both classes worked reliably until late 2008 when cracks were found on an axle during a routine check. The tilting mechanism has been switched off since 23 October 2008, and the maintenance intervals were drastically reduced which led to major service disruptions. 1425: 379: 1437: 45: 743: 1231:

sensation of cornering. The APT-P trains were quietly reintroduced to service in mid-1984 and ran regularly for a year, the teething problems having been corrected. However, under an in-house engineering management who felt slighted and by-passed in a project they had not developed, there was no political or managerial will to continue the project by building the projected APT-S production vehicles in numbers. Despite being an eventual success, the project was scrapped by British Rail in 1986, more for political reasons than technical.

66: 585: 936: 786: 27: 457:, experimented with passenger cars that combined the Talgo bogie with a new passive tilting system. This system used a large A-frame connected to the centre of the bogie that was as high as the cars. At the top of the A was a bearing system that the cars attached to, and a spring and damping system to smooth its motion. Because the cars were connected at this high point, they could swing to either side around the bearing axis, and this caused them to naturally pendulum outward on curves. 1127: 522: 654:, a train that began service in 1996. Though plagued by technical problems, the ETR 460 introduced several innovations, such as more powerful AC asynchronous motors. The pistons actuating the tilting action were placed in the bogie instead of on the carbody sides: this permitted the reorganisation of the vestibules and passenger compartment areas, improving comfort. The bogie-to-body connection is extremely simple and easy to build, with maintenance advantages. 949: 961: 312: 888: 88: 1565: 435: 1266: 1196: 211: 1550: 1211:, opened in 1964, had done fundamental work on vehicle dynamics, with the APT to a degree an extension of this. The existing Chief Mechanical and Electrical Engineers department was overlooked by the new project, creating resentment with its engineers. The work included experimentation with aluminium bodies, turbines, suspension and bogies, in cab signalling, automatic train protection, and active tilt. 574: 1030:. After entering service in 1996, this 50-unit class experienced problems both with the newly developed tilting system as well as chassis and axles, and was judged unsuccessful. The tilting system was out of service until 2006, when hardened axles and system updates solved the problems. In consideration of these problems DB ordered a full re-engineering, resulting in the development of 1457: 1099:(ICE-TD) units experienced trouble from the start. After breaking an axle in 2002, all remaining 19 units (one fell off a working platform) were taken out of service. Even though one year later the trains were admitted to service again, DB judged their operation to be overly expensive. In 2006, those trains were used for amplifier trains and from 2008 to 2017, they ran on the 643:, the first Pendolino to enter regular service in the world. Characterized by an 8-car configuration, and a maximum tilt reduced to 8° from the 10° of the ETR 401, for safety and comfort reasons, ETR 450 could run the Rome-Milan line in under four hours, at speeds up to 250 km/h (160 mph). Passenger numbers increased from 220,000 in 1988 to 2.2 million in 1993. 1034:. Starting in 1998, a total of 192 units were commissioned by DB. The tilting system proved to be reliable. In 2004, cracks were detected in a number of wheel sets, and again wheels and axles had to be replaced. Today Class 612 is back to tilting operation and forms the backbone of DB's fast regional service on non-electrified lines. Additional units were sold to 1143:(Light, Rapid, Comfortable) in the early 1970s. This design also used an active-tilt system, but one of very different form than the APT. The carriages rode on two C-shaped channels mounted across the top of the bogies. Tilt was accomplished by rams that pushed the bottom of the carriage side to side along these channels. 1219:

build. The developing engineers moved on to different fields while British Rail engineered the train into a production model. The BR engineers, who had little to no involvement in the development of the train, changed some of the prime and proven engineering aspects. For example, they changed the active tilt mechanism to

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The Tilting Train Express (TTX) or Hanvit 200 is a prototype six-car experimental tilting train developed and built in South Korea. Revealed in 2007, it had multiple test runs, including one which recorded a maximum speed of 223km/h. However, no production units were made as it was determined that it

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Amtrak experimented with the LRC in 1980, but retired it seven years later. In Canada, it entered service in 1981, beating the APT into service and becoming the first operational active-tilt system. The LRC carriages remain in use today, although the tilt mechanisms are being removed to reduce weight

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The APT-E (E for experimental) was powered by gas turbines; the APT-P (P for prototype) was electric. With no tilting, the train was developed to break the British rail speed record. Tilting trains using passive tilt were not new, but it was uncommon and not widely implemented. The engineers decided

273:, a problem that was widely seen on early "passive" tilting trains that exactly balanced the outward force. The effect could be felt under maximum speed and tilt, when the combination of tilting outside view and lack of corresponding sideways force can be disconcerting to passengers, like that of a " 226:

rounding sharp curves at high speeds may topple over. To make their turns easier, the outer edge of a roadway of a high-speed highway or outer rail of a railway may be canted (raised) upward around the curve. The combination of tilt and centrifugal force combines to produce an effective acceleration

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Many high-speed trainsets are designed to operate on purpose-built high-speed lines and then continue their journeys on legacy lines, upgraded or not. Where the legacy lines justify it, a tilting train may operate at higher speeds on the latter, even if below the normal 200 km/h (124 mph)

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beacons. The slight delay in reacting to this information leads to a short period of sideways force while the cars react. It was found that when the cars tilt just at the beginning of the curves instead of while they are making the turns, there was no motion sickness. Researchers have found that if

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family, in 1976, and operated in 11 countries. All of these had problems with short curves like those in switchyards, where they tended to sway about. Also, because of the way the carriages always swung outward, they placed more weight on the outside of the curve, which limited their improvement in

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More limited and slower tilt could be achieved using active, or 'forced', tilting mechanisms. In trains adopting these mechanisms tilt is initiated by computers, which 'force' train bodies to tilt at specific angles based on track information. This information could be stored on board or detected

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The particular angle of tilt ("superelevation") is determined by the intended vehicle speed — higher speeds require more banking. However, with a growing desire in the 1960s and 1970s to build high-speed rail networks, a problem arose: the amount of tilt appropriate for high-speed trains would be

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The train had hydro-dynamic brakes and lightweight articulated bodies, with two power cars in the centre of the train. When the prototypes were built, worked and proven, the engineering development team was disbanded and the trains handed over to British Rail's in-house engineering department to

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bowed to political pressure (the tilt-train was a credible threat to the TGV dedicated high-speed line network) and put in service an experimental TGV pendulaire. Only the passenger trailers were tilting while the two heavy power cars kept non-tilting bogies. Following the test program, it was

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lines - which would not have benefitted greatly with mechanical tilting mechanisms due to their already shallow curves that allow high speeds - allowed for greater ride comfort, less track wear and slightly higher speeds leading to increased frequency. The simplicity of this technology made it

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The trains were introduced in 1981, but almost immediately taken out of service. During initial tests, some passengers complained of being nauseous due to the tilting motion. Subsequently, it was learned that this could be prevented by reducing the tilt slightly, so that there was still some

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With tilting EMUs, consideration is required on keeping the pantographs within the railway gauge. When mounted on top of a tilting car, the pantograph usually sways in the opposite direction in order to counter for the degree of tilting. This is done mechanically on for instance the British

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trains in 1982, reaching the maximum speed of 225 km/h (140 mph) during Canadian trials. TurboTrains were also operated by Amtrak between Boston and New York. The UAC Turbos had a passive tilt mechanism based on a four-bar arrangement, and they inspired the second generation of

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Many of the problems with motion sickness are related to the fact that traditional servo systems respond inappropriately to the changes in trajectory forces, and even small errors, whilst not being consciously perceivable, cause nausea due to their unfamiliar nature. The original

1460: 1459: 3294: 1465: 1463: 1458: 797:, experimentation on mechanically-regulated passive tilt - a combination known as 'controlled passive tilt' (制御付き自然振子式), where tilt is initiated passively but controlled (and slowed) by computers through mechanical active suspension - culminated post-privatisation with the 817:(1,067mm) railway system soon became apparent and since then these 'semi-active' tilting trains have seen widespread use on limited-express trains throughout the archipelago. Particularly well-known diesel and electric examples of this generation of tilting trains include 286:

the tilting motion is reduced to compensate for 80% or less of lateral apparent force, then passengers feel more secure. Also, motion sickness on tilting trains can be essentially eliminated by adjusting the timing of when the cars tilt as they enter and leave the curves.

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was supposed to overcome this problem by using gyroscopes at the ends of the train and a leader/follower control system which defined a "tilting curve" for the whole train. It would appear that the technology of the era was unable to properly implement this technique.

1464: 1188:. Although eventually abandoned, the train was the pioneer of active tilt to negotiate tight curves at higher speeds than previous passive tilting trains. In the 1970s and 1980s, British Rail wanted an advanced fast train to negotiate Britain's twisting and winding 1285:. The train uses an active tilting system, enabling higher speeds of (200 km/h or 124 mph) on standard track. The train was also used in Norway and Denmark but later the train was removed from service in Norway. X2000 was a collaborative project by 1026:, which basically was built for the same purpose (fast regional traffic with up to 160 km/h (99 mph) on twisting non-electrified lines). The Class 611's tilting system was electric, with a maximum 8° tilt, based on military technology from the 638:

New interest by the Italian government in the project in the mid 1980s, and the introduction of new technologies, led to the revision of the project with the ETR 401 with electronic systems, that led to the introduction of the slightly more advanced

1015:). Class 403 was able to tilt 4°, but the fixed pantographs limited this to 2°. Shortly after the train had gone into service, the tilting technology was disabled as many passengers experienced motion sickness because the pivotal point was too low. 449:

company had introduced the first widely successful shared-bogie system, which allowed cars to be connected end-to-end using a single bogie instead of each car having its own bogies at either end. This design saves weight and can reduce rail wear.

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In Italy, the studies for a tilting train started in the mid 1960s and the concept was patented in 1967 by two engineers of Fiat railway materials, Franco di Maio and Luigi Santanera. A number of prototypes were built and tested, including an

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Modern tilting trains profit from state-of-the-art signal processing which senses the line ahead and is able to predict optimal control signals for the individual carriages. Complaints about nausea have largely become a thing of the past.

158:, which was the first (albeit short-lived) tilting train to enter commercial service in 1968 in the US and Canada. Japan similarly experimented, from the late 1960s, through the 591 Series that developed into the highly successful Hitachi 979:

in 1967 when some Class 624 DMUs were equipped with passive tilting systems. As the passengers experienced motion sickness, the tilting technology was disabled and later removed. The tests continued with the prototypes of the following

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The first successful European tilting train design was the Talgo in Spain, developed in the 1970s as a lightweight, fast train using passive tilt. Renfe, adopted the system widely, but was restricted to the Iberian peninsula initially.

3290: 604:, the ALn 668 1999 diesel car, provided with tilting seats to test the effects of active tilting technologies. The first working prototype using a tilting carbody was ETR Y 0160, an electrically powered car launched by 657:

ETR 460 keeps axle load to an extremely low level (14.5 ton/axle), to allow the train to negotiate curves up to 35% faster than conventional Intercity trains (locomotive plus coaches). The body, which exploits large

127:. Tilting trains are designed to counteract this by tilting the carriages towards the inside of the curve, thus compensating for the g-force. The train may be constructed such that inertial forces cause the tilting ( 665:

technology, has substantial modularity and allows for extremely low axle weight, whilst fully respecting the highest safety standards, and allows the best exploitation of the space with different loading gauges.

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In 1989, the old technologies and concepts of some parts of the ETR 450, and the introduction of new technologies in traction, led to the development of the next generation. The result was the

1461: 734:). Class 390s commenced operation in 2001 with only one being in a major derailment. Due to signalling constraints, Class 390s are limited to 201 km/h (125 mph) in regular service. 920:, a luxurious sightseeing express train with active suspension introduced not to increase speeds but to enhance ride comfort; and even cheap enough to be applied to commuter stock, such as 699:

Italian Pendolinos and their derivatives still represent the most popular solution for active tilting in passenger trains. The technology still in use today is almost the same developed by

2228:, 2007), later named Hanvit 200, experimental prototype for potential tilting trains in South Korea, with a max speed of 200km/h and a service speed of 180km/h. Production units not made. 353:

Some older high-speed lines were built for lower line speeds (≤ 230 km/h (143 mph)); newer tilting trainsets can maintain higher speeds on them. For example, the Japanese

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experimented with a self-propelled pendulum car, which also relied on centrifugal force. This experiment demonstrated the need for an active suspension system to tilt the coach bodies.

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The Light-Rapid Comfortable (LRC) Train and the Intermediate Capacity Transit System (ICTS): Two Case Studies of Innovation in the Urban Transportation Equipment Manufacturing Industry

361:, allowing the trains to maintain 270 km/h (168 mph) even on 2,500 m (8,200 ft) radius curves that previously had a maximum speed of 255 km/h (158 mph). 1080:(self-propelled car), as DB's marketing department at first deemed the top speed too low for assignment of the InterCityExpress brand and therefore planned to refer to this class as 3790: 3165: 1022:

units for fast regional traffic. This time the results were quite satisfying and allowed a significant reduction of running times. The Class 610 sets was followed by the

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built decades earlier - created a generation of trains with more limited tilt (around 2°) but are more economical to build and easier to maintain. The experimental

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in 1957–1958. Due to technical troubles and the precarious financial state of the New Haven railroad, the trainset was stored. The idea caught the interest of the

3970: 3566: 1997:"Pendolino" (United Kingdom), a high-speed train run by Avanti West Coast from London Euston to Liverpool/ Manchester / Glasgow / Birmingham and Wolverhampton. 750:

Japan was an early adopter of tilting trains and continues to use them on many express services. Due to the slow and twisty nature of its conventional-speed,

3095: 932:'s partly non-electrified suburban railway system. This is also one of the only applications of tilting technology on 'metro-style' commuter trains to date. 635:

Spanish lines in 1977, under the nickname of Platanito. The service didn't last of long, because problems with Spanish tracks made Platanito of little use.

1494:. In Japan there are many narrow gauge lines in mountainous regions, and tilting trains have been designed to run there. In Australia, the service between 3335: 2848: 1108: 1139:

In 1966, a consortium of Canadian industrial firms began considering a conventionally-powered competitor to the TurboTrain, eventually emerging as the

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that year. The company built another three pre-production models in 1939, using more conventional fore-and-aft bogies, and these saw some use with the

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would be less costly to straighten existing trackage and banking the rails. It has done further test runs in 2014, however, to test the LTE-R system.

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limited express services in 1990. With problems of ride nausea and track wear alleviated, the benefits of tilting trains on the country's mountainous

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pioneered their form of passive-tilt technology on their experimental 591 series EMU with commercial express services on mountain lines in mind. The

1338:, or InterCity Tilting Train) was made by Bombardier, including a tilting-system designed by SIG (today ALSTOM). It began service on the line from 3115: 254:

invested heavily in tilting-train technology to overcome the limitations of a rail network located in space-constrained built-up areas. Italy's

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designed by the Pacific Railway Equipment Company. The first prototype, with an articulated bogie system, was built in 1937 and tested on the

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ETR 401 used individual gyroscopes in each carriage so there was a lag, even though nausea had not been a major problem with this train. The

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has purchased three units in 2007, operating them jointly with DB for services from Germany to Austria. Even though DB assigned the name

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beacons are used to inform computers of the precise location of these trains and limit natural tilt to angles specified by track data.

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The next attempt was made with DMUs and the proven Italian hydraulic active tilting system. Between 1988 and 1990, DB commissioned 20

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began Japan's first experiments in tilting technology in the 1960s by fitting pneumatic bogies to their electric railcars, while the

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Broom, M. L.; Smart, G. W. (1990). "The design, manufacture and assembly of the British Rail Class 91, 25 kV 225 km/h locomotive".

3479: 1432:. In 1999, an Electric Tilt Train set an Australian speed record of 210 km/h, making it the fastest narrow-gauge train in service. 1087:

Rather luckless was Class 411/415's adaptation for diesel services. In 2001, a total of 20 units were commissioned for use on the

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in 1968. Some figures have considered it to be the first tilting train in service in the world. It provided daily service between

2727: 2132:-built high-speed tilting train operating between London and Holyhead / Wrexham / Chester and Birmingham to Edinburgh or Glasgow. 673:

for the Italo-Swiss Cisalpino company, the ETR 460 France, later called as ETR 463, used by FS to the route Milan Lione, and the

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Aeroplanes and bicycles tilt inwards when cornering, but automobiles and trains cannot do this on their own. Vehicles with high

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threshold, whilst operating at 250 km/h (155 mph) or faster, usually with tilt disabled, on the high speed lines.

2931: 2612: 3219: 1254: 496:. Talgo is currently in its 21st generation of production. Talgo trains are in service in various parts of Europe, and 3965: 3370: 1991:

project for high-speed inter-city tilting trains that saw limited service in the 1980s, from London Euston to Glasgow.

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The development of the Pendolino technology continued in the Italian factories of Alstom and the next generation, the

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to include 200 km/h (124 mph) for upgraded track and 250 km/h (155 mph) or faster for new track.

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followed the same pattern. Other operators did not have this luxury and were generally limited to much lower speeds.

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network, tilting trains were introduced as a way to speed up services on its congested main lines. The interurban

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under AC-powered Italian high speed lines. A total of 34 EMUs of the ETR 460/470/480 series were built for FS.

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efforts of the 1960s avoided this problem by laying all-new lines as part of a re-gauging effort, and France's

3795: 3709: 2862: 1903: 1746: 119:. This can cause packages to slide about or seated passengers to feel squashed by the outboard armrest, and 478: 860:

This generation of designs has seen some popularity overseas - the 8000 series serves as the basis of the

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units, but due to the again unsatisfying results the serial types were delivered without tilting system.

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have used tilting technology to speed express trains on conventional tracks through mountainous terrain.

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Main Line Railway Electrification Conference 1989 - Proceedings of the Institute of Electrical Engineers

776:. The sets remained in operation until June 2024, when the last regularly scheduled trains ended on the 3677: 2964: 2804: 1716: 1599: 794: 759: 3126: 1506:

claims to be the fastest narrow-gauge train in the world, running at 160 km/h (99 mph). The

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design in 1950s, and this concept was used on a number of commercial services. Among these was the

2626: 2234:(except N700-7000/8000 series) (Japan, 2007), introduced by JR Central and JR West and used on the 1984: 1941: 1675: 1510:

also holds the record for the fastest narrow-gauge train by maximum test speed, reaching 210 km/h.

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The JR Shikoku 2000 series DMU negotiating a tight curve on Shikoku's mountainous railway network.

3995: 2235: 2209: 1616: 1592: 1452:, in 1993. This composite image shows the extent to which the train can tilt in either direction. 1390: 917: 802: 755: 492:

The first full commercial application of passive tilting trains appeared in early 1980s with the

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design had become the first active tilting train to enter full commercial service, starting with

76: 3757: 3528: 3315: 3051: 406:, among others. Mounted on high springs, the car tilted inwards on curves to counterbalance the 231:

over-tilted for lower-speed local passenger and freight trains sharing the lines. Japan's early

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Tilting trains operating at 200 km/h (124 mph) or more on upgraded track include the

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Donnison, P. J.; West, G. R. (1989). "The Design and Development of the Class 91 Locomotive".

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rail system. Conventional trains were limited in speed due to the curvature of the network.

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The KiHa 201 DMU, a unique application of active suspension technology to a commuter train.

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in 2007, the former disabled and later removed the tilting equipment from its Class 221s.

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carriages which were designed to be retrofitted with tilting equipment, which run on the

1242: 992: 988: 972: 896: 861: 773: 619:, built in two units by FIAT. One was put into public service on 2 July 1976 on the Rome- 497: 142:

was built in the US in 1937, and an improved version was built in 1939. The beginning of

3489: 2239: 3900: 2716: 2540: 2053: 1522:, the pantographs are however mounted on a separate non-tilting frame within the cars. 651: 402: 250:, and developed it into a reliable high-speed train for a low-traffic-density railway. 191: 163: 120: 3650: 3636: 3945: 3926: 3907: 3737: 3422: 3397: 3030: 2968: 2856: 2384: 2305: 2154: 2078: 2074: 2021: 1921: 1754: 1638: 1598:(Japan), introduced in 1973 by the former Japan National Railways. Currently used by 1534: 1331: 711: 542: 414:

prevented any immediate orders, and the concept was not revived in the post-war era.

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The JR N700 Series Shinkansen, the first tilting train on Japan's high speed network.

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using the same system. The TurboTrain entered service in the US and Canada in 1968.

44: 3632: 2788: 2532: 2341: 2299: 2267: 2016: 1887: 1879: 1823: 1769: 1656: 1650: 1632: 1315: 1042: 742: 700: 605: 601: 65: 3454: 2920:(in Japanese). No. 556. Japan: Koyusha Co., Ltd. August 2007. pp. 13–20. 2049: 1158:, the third generation of tilting ICE, the new generation of fast British trains ( 584: 123:

to lose their balance, or in such excessive speeds, could even cause the train to

3875: 3774: 3322: 3253: 2851:. The Railway Centre. 2 June 2008. Archived from the original on 27 October 2007. 2335: 2161: 2150: 1917: 1893: 1861: 1850: 1789: 1678: 1668: 1553: 1286: 1234:

Much of the technology developed for the power cars was subsequently used in the

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The first Talgo tilting series were the "pendular" ones from 400 series onwards.

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CBQ No. 6000, one of three experimental Pendulum cars, at Vancouver in the 1940s.

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Hitachi is Boosting up Railway System Business in Taiwan – Tilting Train Project

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that is down through the floor, reducing or eliminating any sideways component.

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Switzerland got its first tilting train ever in its territory (discounting the

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The first tilting train to enter into regular service in North America was the

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Review of the Advanced Passenger Train: final report by Ford and Dain Partners

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was the first commercial tilting EMU in Asia, entering service in 1973 on the

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family, serves as the basis of the Taiwanese TEMU1000 series tilting EMU for

685: 72: 2402: 2170: 2024:(Switzerland), a new generation of tilting trains operated by Swiss Rail, a 1612:

Trains with tilting initiated by inertial forces but regulated by computer:

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The Advanced Passenger Train (APT) was initially an experimental project by

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an electric high-speed tilting train was commissioned. While classes 401 to

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is a tilting train that operates at high speed, typically defined as by the

26: 3362: 2985: 2779:"Debut of Amtrak's new Acela trains delayed a year by new round of testing" 2536: 2119: 2094: 2070: 2043: 2037: 2006: 1988: 1798: 1739: 1691: 1181: 1031: 1023: 1019: 981: 953: 751: 521: 411: 393: 387: 251: 175: 143: 139: 2822: 1215:

that active tilt was the key to negotiating curves at much higher speeds.

3503: 3365:["Romancecar VSE" designer reveals the story behind its design]. 3003: 2752: 2312: 2294: 2225: 1956: 1929: 1855: 1719: 1140: 1133: 921: 830: 818: 557: 195: 112: 3880:. University of Toronto/York University Joint Program in Transportation. 3823:"Korean Advanced Tilting Train Completes 200km/h Maximum Speed Test Run" 2544: 2520: 2090: 2034:(North America), Bombardier's experimental non-electric high-speed train 746:

The 381 series, the first tilting EMU to enter regular service globally.

218:(DB class 411) leaves a curve, showing cars tilted to different degrees. 3980: 3923:

The Oxford Companion to British Railway History: from 1603 to the 1990s

2383:(in Japanese). Japan: Kōtsū Shimbunsha. December 2005. pp. 12–19. 2355: 2214: 1831: 1818: 1764: 1749: 1702: 1595: 1104: 960: 948: 908: 854: 842: 838: 834: 814: 763: 710:, is a 225 km/h (140 mph) electric tilting train operated by 678: 470: 255: 232: 159: 124: 3651:"X2000 Tilting Trains operated by Swedish State Railways (SJ), Sweden" 2153:(Japan, 1996), used for metro-style commuter locals and rapids around 887: 311: 289:

A similar technology widely adopted across Asia and Oceania, known as

3279:「小田急座談 (Part1) 車両編」、『鉄道ピクトリアルアーカイブスセレクション』第1号、電気車研究会、2002年9月、 6-16頁。 2103: 2057: 1948:

Trains with active tilt controlled with sensory information given by

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produced the experimental Y 0160 in 1970, that would evolve into the

54: 3755:

Weiss, Theo (24 May 2000). "Die neuen Intercity-Neigezüge der SBB".

2627:"New study shows how to eliminate motion sickness on tilting trains" 2521:"Building a High-Speed Society: France and the Aérotrain, 1962-1974" 2073:(Germany and Croatia), a diesel regional tilting train. In Croatia ( 2028:-built high-speed tilting train operating between Zurich and Geneva. 1469:

Demonstration of the Tilting-Technology of a SBB RABDe 500 in stand.

1351: 1150:

Bombardier has since used updated versions of the LRC carriages for

1003:

services until 1979, it was also used for airport transfers between

111:

is a train that has a mechanism enabling increased speed on regular

87: 3736:(7). New York, US: Simmons-Boardman Publishing Corporation: 25–26. 3725: 2588: 2046:(Norway) Used on unelectrified regional services in northern Norway 2031: 1933: 1495: 1449: 1163: 1130: 553:

at speeds of 160 km/h (99 mph), until it was replaced by

546: 530: 199: 1883: 1644: 615:

This design led to the construction of an entire EMU in 1975, the

2061: 1627: 1359: 1100: 1088: 1035: 929: 895:

Later developments in pneumatic active suspension - based on the

826: 693: 689: 674: 670: 647: 640: 616: 588: 577: 550: 434: 3587: 3504:"Weisung für Triebfahrzeugführer der ICE-T vom 23. Oktober 2008" 1564: 1265: 1195: 891:

The Taiwanese TEMU1000 Series, based on the JR Kyushu 885 Series

210: 3214: 2107: 2106:(Italy, Finland, United Kingdom, and Czech Republic), built by 2098: 2086: 2082: 1975: 1937: 1662: 1549: 1499: 1441: 1347: 1339: 1298: 1282: 1151: 1092: 965: 624: 620: 501: 347: 335: 270: 2428:"APT tilting train: The laughing stock that changed the world" 1626:

in the world. Currently used on numerous limited expresses in

1107:

route. Since 2018 and 2021, two units are in operation as the

1061: 669:

ETR 460 was built in only 10 units. Improved versions include

3629:

Proceedings of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers Vol. 205

2135: 2065: 2012: 1967: 1580: 1569: 1519: 1290: 1278: 1270: 1200: 1155: 1050: 1046: 996: 632: 573: 562: 454: 446: 331: 247: 243: 215: 147: 97: 36:

tilting DMU, which can tilt up to 8° (6° in normal operation)

868:'s Cape Gauge network. The 885 series, built as part of the 3902:

On the right lines?: the limits of technological innovation

2111: 1475: 1343: 1310: 1294: 900: 423: 131:), or it may have a computer-controlled powered mechanism ( 2879:(in German). hochgeschwindigkeitszuege.com. Archived from 1959:

2904:, December 2008. issue: "山陽・九州新幹線直通用車両　量産先行車", pp. 64-67. 2139: 1557: 1330:, which entered Switzerland in 1996) on 28 May 2000. The 236: 2403:"APT - With Hindsight by Professor Alan Herbert Wickens" 2291:

services. Pooled with nearly identical E5 series units.

2256:

services. Pooled with nearly identical H5 series units.

1701:(Japan, 1992). Used on limited express services on the 1576:

Trains with tilting by inertial forces (passive tilt):

460:

The first test of a Talgo in the United States was the

265:

Tilting trains are meant to help reduce the effects of

3730:

International Railway Journal and Rapid Transit Review

3442:

Erpenbeck, Dr. T.; Büttner, A.; Voges, Dr. V. (2006).

2015:, also called ICT (Germany), a tilting version of the 1041:

In 1999 DB was able to use tilting technology for its

975:

started tests with tilting trains in Germany with its

876:

services, and some non-tilting variants including the

3567:"An All-Canadian Rail Innovation from Roof to Wheels" 3441: 392:

The first experimental tilting train concept was the

3248:"Pendolino 250 million miles and still going strong" 2914:"N700系量産車" [N700 series production trains]. 2802:

Beckhaus, John (January 1995), "The X2 Tilt Train",

2745: 1358:. It was a major carrier in the national exhibition 1301:

has been tested in US, Canada, Australia and China.

772:

limited express services that operated on the hilly

3906:. London, UK: Frances Pinter (Publishers) Limited. 3772:"CrossCountry removes tilt from its 221 Voyagers". 1672:. The upgraded N2000 Series was introduced in 1995. 688:, was delivered to Trenitalia and Cisalpino as the 410:with the induced centrifugal force. The opening of 162:, that has been in service since 1973. In parallel 3976:Ride Comfort and Motion Sickness in Tilting Trains 3899: 3246: 2283:(Japan, 2014), introduced by JR Hokkaido, used on 1974:-built high-speed tilting train operating between 1525: 453:In the early 1950s, the Spanish National Railway, 350:in Germany (the latter two being diesel powered). 281:using a sensor at the front of the train or using 3417:Mertens, Maurice; Malaspina, Jean-Pierre (2007). 2446: 2333:(Japan, 2017), introduced by JR Shikoku, used on 2297:(Japan, 2014), introduced by JR Shikoku, used on 1056:Much of the technical layout is derived from the 529:remained in service in Canada into the 1980s, in 481:, who began development of what would become the 3987: 3416: 2556: 2554: 2531:(1). The Johns Hopkins University Press: 21–40. 2077:) the train operates the premium brand services 2056:), a high-speed tilting train operating between 987:Another early train with tilting technology was 3791:"Super Voyager completes tilt trials in France" 3726:"FRENCH START TESTS WITH NEW TILTING TGV BOGIE" 3293:. Adelaide: Conference on Railway Engineering. 3193:"SBB begins Astoro tilting train refurbishment" 3966:Photos of Japanese trains — some tilting 3184: 3168:(in Italian). Trenitalia. 2008. Archived from 2924: 2805:Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin 2315:(Japan, 2015), introduced by JR East, used on 2262:(Japan, 2013), introduced by JR East, used on 2248:(Japan, 2011), introduced by JR East, used on 1963:Trains with tilting controlled by a computer: 1038:, where they are used for InterCity services. 3920: 3845:"World's fastest on narrow tracks - National" 3513: 3488:(in German). 22 November 2008. Archived from 3472: 3052:"Model-train manufacturer on the right track" 2823:"Full tilt: Virgin's 140mph Pendolino trains" 2551: 2452: 608:in 1969. This was the first to be christened 500:in Latin America and Asia. In North America, 3611: 3527:(in German). 26 October 2008. Archived from 2482: 2373: 1223:, rather than the well-developed and proven 1121: 269:on the human body, but they can still cause 3874:Litvak, Isaiah; Maule, Christopher (1982). 3873: 3541: 3435: 2470: 2273:TRA TEMU2000 series (Taiwan, 2013) use for 2142:. It was also used in China under the name 1365: 1169: 928:, which improved speeds and frequencies on 475:New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad 3626: 3071:"Remembering the ill-fated CN Turbo train" 2907: 2458: 706:The British version of the Pendolino, the 3681:. No. 202. October 2012. p. 53. 3391: 3291:"Tilt Trains - The Queensland Experience" 3144:"The Cisalpino nears the end of the line" 2817: 2815: 2717:"Electric Trains and Japanese Technology" 2714: 1186:entering limited service in December 1981 916:to introduce tilting trains, such as the 3939: 3815: 3394:Encyclopedia of JR's Railway Cars: JR全車輌 3190: 2801: 2518: 2464: 1563: 1548: 1529: 1455: 1435: 1423: 1404: 1264: 1194: 1125: 959: 947: 934: 886: 784: 741: 583: 572: 520: 433: 377: 310: 209: 3778:. No. 595. 2 July 2008. p. 8. 3696:. No. 219. March 2014. p. 54. 3207:Derailment at Grayrigg 23 February 2007 3068: 3049: 2956: 2869: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2631:Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai 2602: 1906:TEMU1000 series (Taiwan, 2007) use for 1281:introduced a high speed service called 3988: 3921:Simmons, Jack; Biddle, Gordon (1997). 3897: 3884: 3788: 3723: 3553: 3288: 2829:from the original on 27 September 2013 2812: 2678: 2476: 1940:. Electric Tilt Train is based on the 3944:. Shepperton, Surrey: Ian Allan Ltd. 3893:. No. July 1975. pp. 59–61. 3754: 3360: 3338:. Hitachi Rail Europe. Archived from 3297:from the original on 25 December 2022 3261:from the original on 18 December 2023 3226:from the original on 13 November 2019 3024: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2605:"Tilting trains shorten transit time" 1556:/Talgo 350 trains as used on Spanish 1321: 398:Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway 18:Type of train that can tilt in curves 3363:"｢ロマンスカーVSE｣デザイナーが明かす誕生秘話 | 特急･観光列車" 3282: 3244: 2776: 2733:from the original on 10 January 2017 2691:from the original on 3 November 2016 2665: 2653:from the original on 4 November 2016 2204:Chūbu Centrair International Airport 2198:. Used on limited expresses linking 2138:(Sweden), with tilting mechanism of 1722:(Japan, 1993), formerly used on the 1393:. After the fleet was split between 300: 150:introduced a version based on their 3925:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3396:. Japan: Sekai Bunka. p. 139. 3191:Artymiuk, Simon (18 January 2023). 2649:(Technical report). December 1981. 2584:"High-speed tilting train on track" 2562:"Talgo: A Train Ahead of the Curve" 1370:Forty-four diesel-electric powered 737: 13: 3419:La Légende des Trans Europ Express 3373:from the original on 18 April 2022 3220:Rail Accident Investigation Branch 3069:Bateman, Chris (9 December 2015). 3050:Langton, Jerry (8 December 2008). 2960:The Rise of Spanish Multinationals 2753:"General definitions of highspeed" 2724:Japan Railway and Transport Review 2703: 2519:Guigueno, Vincent (January 2008). 417: 14: 4007: 3959: 3692:"SJ2000 sets to be refurbished". 3637:10.1243/PIME_PROC_1990_204_200_02 3361:Osano, Kagehisa (16 April 2022). 2496:. Central Japan Railway Company. 1622:(Japan, 1989), the first tilting 1304: 943: 903:built in 1995 developed into the 516: 429: 357:may tilt up to one degree on the 3885:Maurer, Charles E. (July 1975). 3421:(in French). Vannes: LR Presse. 3245:Ford, Roger (21 November 2019). 3195:. International Railway Journal. 2500:from the original on 5 July 2022 1910:, based on JR Kyūshū 885 Series. 999:) high speed EMU. Following its 394:pendulum-suspension "chair" cars 178:also began experiments with its 86: 64: 43: 25: 3867: 3837: 3789:Hughes, Murray (1 March 2002). 3782: 3765: 3748: 3717: 3700: 3685: 3668: 3643: 3620: 3605: 3580: 3559: 3547: 3535: 3496: 3410: 3385: 3354: 3328: 3309: 3289:Hunter, Ross (21–23 May 2000). 3273: 3238: 3199: 3158: 3136: 3108: 3096:"Amtrak peddling its headaches" 3088: 3062: 3043: 3018: 2992: 2950: 2934:. www.talgo.com. Archived from 2895: 2841: 2795: 2770: 2757:International Union of Railways 2715:Mochizuki, Asahi (March 2010). 2637: 2619: 2596: 2576: 1932:(Australia), operating between 1526:Tilting trains around the world 1381:to operate in tilt mode on the 373: 346:in the United Kingdom, and the 246:took a domestic invention, the 3675:"X2 2088 arrives from China". 3336:"AT300 - Intercity High Speed" 3116:"Turbo train's first birthday" 2679:Hammer, Mick (1 August 1985). 2512: 2420: 2395: 995:(today this number is used by 793:During the final years of the 600:(self-propelled) derived from 171:cornering speed to about 20%. 1: 3796:Railway Gazette International 3713:. December 1994. p. 777. 3710:Railway Gazette International 3222:. 14 July 2011. p. 151. 2825:. Mathieson, SA. March 2002. 2361: 1541:is the flagship train of the 1419: 1072:originally did not stand for 479:Chesapeake & Ohio Railway 194:. By this time, the Canadian 3392:Haraguchi, Takayuki (2009). 2564:. Spanish Railway Foundation 2366: 568: 174:Starting in the late 1960s, 7: 3146:. swissinfo.ch. 2 June 2011 2381:プロトタイプの世界 - Prototype World 2349: 1877:(Japan, 2019), used on the 1853:(Japan, 2001), used on the 1834:(Japan, 1999), used on the 1821:(Japan, 1996), used on the 1767:(Japan, 1994), used on the 1752:(Japan, 1994), used on the 1737:(Japan, 1994), used on the 1490:Some tilting trains run on 10: 4012: 3971:Amtrak accelerates at last 3588:"Advanced Passenger Train" 3125:. May 1970. Archived from 2965:Cambridge University Press 2957:Guillen, Mauro F. (2005). 1539:Class 390 Alstom Pendolino 1516:Class 390 Alstom Pendolino 1408: 1173: 968:in regular service in 2002 795:Japanese National Railways 760:Japanese National Railways 510:service in the Northwest. 385: 368: 304: 3480:"Das Geheimnis der Achse" 2861:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2777:Lazo, Luz (3 June 2021). 2453:Simmons & Biddle 1997 2218:limited express services. 1608:limited express services. 1260: 1122:Light, Rapid, Comfortable 504:uses Talgo trains in its 242:Spain's national railway 205: 192:Alstom / Fiat Ferroviaria 3898:Potter, Stephen (1987). 3825:. KRRI. 30 December 2009 3761:(in German). p. 79. 3724:Hazard, L. (July 1999). 2603:Valenti, Michae (1998). 2212:(Japan, 2005), used for 2174:limited express service. 1985:Advanced Passenger Train 1695:limited express service. 1399:Virgin Trains West Coast 1366:Bombardier Super Voyager 1176:Advanced Passenger Train 1170:Advanced Passenger Train 1084:(InterCity-Triebwagen). 591:, in service since 2006. 321:high-speed tilting train 180:Advanced Passenger Train 3942:APT: a promise unfilled 3940:Williams, Hugh (1985). 3694:Today's Railways Europe 3678:Today's Railways Europe 3542:Litvak & Maule 1982 3000:"Amtrak Cascades Facts" 2494:global.jr-central.co.jp 2210:Odakyu 50000 series VSE 2194:(Japan, 2004), branded 2188:limited express trains. 2180:(Japan, 1999), branded 2164:(Japan, 1999), branded 1792:(Japan, 1995), branded 1681:(Japan, 1992), branded 1589:(United States, Canada) 1162:) and the experimental 1147:and maintenance costs. 918:Odakyu 50000 series VSE 756:Odakyu Electric Railway 291:controlled passive tilt 260:Japan National Railways 77:Hauenstein railway line 3655:railway-technology.com 2917:Japan Railfan Magazine 2902:Japan Railfan Magazine 2609:Mechanical Engineering 2547:– via jstor.org. 2537:10.1353/tech.2008.0018 2525:Technology and Culture 2490:"About the Shinkansen" 2232:N700 Series Shinkansen 2116:British Rail Class 390 1995:British Rail Class 390 1942:JR Shikoku 8000 series 1875:JR Shikoku 2700 series 1699:JR Shikoku 8000 series 1573: 1561: 1546: 1470: 1453: 1444:train on a US tour at 1433: 1274: 1204: 1136: 1068:to class 411/415, the 969: 957: 940: 892: 882:British Rail Class 801 878:British Rail Class 395 805:and introduced on the 790: 747: 708:British Rail Class 390 629:Italian State Railways 592: 581: 534: 442: 383: 355:N700 Series Shinkansen 316: 219: 94:British Rail Class 370 3707:"X2000 heads south". 3592:Crewe Heritage Centre 3101:Eugene Register-Guard 3029:. Rapido Trains Inc. 3027:TurboTrain: A Journey 3025:Shron, Jason (2008). 2681:"The high-speed flop" 1567: 1552: 1545:in the United Kingdom 1533: 1492:narrow gauge railways 1468: 1446:Chicago Union Station 1439: 1427: 1411:Tilting Train Express 1405:Tilting Train Express 1268: 1249:route from London to 1198: 1129: 963: 951: 938: 912:possible for smaller 890: 788: 745: 732:Manchester Piccadilly 728:Liverpool Lime Street 587: 576: 524: 437: 381: 314: 213: 3758:Neue Zürcher Zeitung 3492:on 20 February 2009. 3321:26 July 2009 at the 2281:H5 Series Shinkansen 2260:E6 Series Shinkansen 2246:E5 Series Shinkansen 2192:Meitetsu 2000 series 2186:Meitetsu Nishio Line 2178:Meitetsu 1600 series 2081:(ICN) on the routes 1987:(United Kingdom), a 1543:West Coast Main Line 1383:West Coast Main Line 1314:converted back to a 1247:East Coast Main Line 1045:services, when with 716:West Coast Main Line 627:) line, operated by 295:Automatic train stop 283:Automatic train stop 3531:on 29 October 2008. 3525:Süddeutsche Zeitung 3485:Süddeutsche Zeitung 3460:on 19 February 2016 3342:on 21 February 2020 2932:"Historia de Talgo" 2784:The Washington Post 2592:. 12 December 2005. 2289:Hokkaido Shinkansen 2254:Hokkaido Shinkansen 2097:, and Zagreb– 1970:(United States), a 1508:Electric Tilt Train 1430:Electric Tilt Train 1395:Arriva CrossCountry 1379:Virgin CrossCountry 989:Deutsche Bundesbahn 973:Deutsche Bundesbahn 897:DB Class 403 (1973) 862:Electric Tilt Train 623:(later extended to 498:built under licence 146:ended development. 121:standing passengers 3851:. 17 November 2004 3521:"Neigung zum Riss" 3367:Toyo Keizai Online 3132:on 6 October 2014. 2883:on 19 January 2009 2434:. 18 December 2015 2345:limited expresses. 2327:limited expresses. 2309:limited expresses. 2184:. Mainly used for 2054:InterCitySlovenija 1871:limited expresses. 1846:limited expresses. 1814:limited expresses. 1785:limited expresses. 1574: 1562: 1547: 1471: 1454: 1434: 1336:InterCity Neigezug 1322:InterCity Neigezug 1275: 1205: 1137: 970: 958: 941: 893: 791: 748: 703:in the 1960s-70s. 652:Giorgetto Giugiaro 593: 582: 535: 443: 384: 359:Tōkaidō Shinkansen 317: 224:centres of gravity 220: 184:fifteen years late 140:tilting car design 138:The first passive 57:train in July 2006 3428:978-29-036514-5-9 3403:978-4-418-09905-4 3172:on 3 January 2009 3123:Penn Central Post 3036:978-0-9783611-0-5 2285:Tōhoku Shinkansen 2264:Tōhoku Shinkansen 2250:Tōhoku Shinkansen 2079:InterCity Nagibni 2075:Croatian Railways 1897:limited expresses 1755:Wide View Shinano 1535:Avanti West Coast 1520:class 411 and 415 1466: 1209:research division 1207:Engineers at the 1203:RTC sidings, 1972 1184:, with the train 1109:advanced TrainLab 1047:class 411 and 415 914:private operators 714:. It runs on the 712:Avanti West Coast 543:Canadian National 463:John Quincy Adams 301:High-speed trains 267:centrifugal force 152:articulated bogie 117:centrifugal force 4003: 3955: 3936: 3917: 3905: 3894: 3881: 3861: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3799:. Archived from 3786: 3780: 3779: 3769: 3763: 3762: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3647: 3641: 3640: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3571: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3459: 3453:. Archived from 3448: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3389: 3383: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3332: 3326: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3286: 3280: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3250: 3242: 3236: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3211: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3188: 3182: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3162: 3156: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3140: 3134: 3133: 3131: 3120: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3104:. 10 April 1977. 3092: 3086: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3075:Spacing Magazine 3066: 3060: 3059: 3047: 3041: 3040: 3022: 3016: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3002:. Archived from 2996: 2990: 2989: 2983: 2981: 2954: 2948: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2928: 2922: 2921: 2911: 2905: 2899: 2893: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2873: 2867: 2866: 2860: 2852: 2849:"Class 221 data" 2845: 2839: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2819: 2810: 2809: 2808:, pp. 15–17 2799: 2793: 2792: 2774: 2768: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2749: 2743: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2732: 2721: 2712: 2701: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2676: 2663: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2641: 2635: 2634: 2633:. 4 August 2011. 2623: 2617: 2616: 2611:. Archived from 2600: 2594: 2593: 2580: 2574: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2558: 2549: 2548: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2486: 2480: 2479:, pp. 69–72 2474: 2468: 2462: 2456: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2424: 2418: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2399: 2393: 2392: 2377: 2268:Akita Shinkansen 2240:Sanyō Shinkansen 2114:); see also the 1827:limited express. 1796:and used on the 1758:limited express. 1743:limited express. 1728:limited express. 1560:high speed lines 1518:. On the German 1467: 1377:were ordered by 1291:Swedish railways 1279:Swedish railways 1241:locomotives and 1117: 1095:line, but these 1043:InterCityExpress 956:508 in Nuremberg 738:Japanese designs 701:Fiat Ferroviaria 164:Fiat Ferroviaria 90: 68: 47: 29: 4011: 4010: 4006: 4005: 4004: 4002: 4001: 4000: 3986: 3985: 3962: 3952: 3933: 3914: 3891:Popular Science 3887:"120-mph train" 3870: 3865: 3864: 3854: 3852: 3843: 3842: 3838: 3828: 3826: 3821: 3820: 3816: 3806: 3804: 3787: 3783: 3771: 3770: 3766: 3753: 3749: 3722: 3718: 3706: 3705: 3701: 3691: 3690: 3686: 3674: 3673: 3669: 3659: 3657: 3649: 3648: 3644: 3625: 3621: 3610: 3606: 3596: 3594: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3569: 3565: 3564: 3560: 3552: 3548: 3540: 3536: 3519: 3518: 3514: 3506: 3502: 3501: 3497: 3478: 3477: 3473: 3463: 3461: 3457: 3446: 3440: 3436: 3429: 3415: 3411: 3404: 3390: 3386: 3376: 3374: 3369:(in Japanese). 3359: 3355: 3345: 3343: 3334: 3333: 3329: 3323:Wayback Machine 3314: 3310: 3300: 3298: 3287: 3283: 3278: 3274: 3264: 3262: 3254:Modern Railways 3243: 3239: 3229: 3227: 3209: 3205: 3204: 3200: 3189: 3185: 3175: 3173: 3164: 3163: 3159: 3149: 3147: 3142: 3141: 3137: 3129: 3118: 3114: 3113: 3109: 3094: 3093: 3089: 3079: 3077: 3067: 3063: 3048: 3044: 3037: 3023: 3019: 3009: 3007: 2998: 2997: 2993: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2955: 2951: 2941: 2939: 2930: 2929: 2925: 2913: 2912: 2908: 2900: 2896: 2886: 2884: 2875: 2874: 2870: 2854: 2853: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2832: 2830: 2821: 2820: 2813: 2800: 2796: 2775: 2771: 2761: 2759: 2751: 2750: 2746: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2719: 2713: 2704: 2694: 2692: 2677: 2666: 2656: 2654: 2643: 2642: 2638: 2625: 2624: 2620: 2615:on 4 June 2011. 2601: 2597: 2582: 2581: 2577: 2567: 2565: 2560: 2559: 2552: 2517: 2513: 2503: 2501: 2488: 2487: 2483: 2475: 2471: 2467:, p. 10-12 2463: 2459: 2451: 2447: 2437: 2435: 2426: 2425: 2421: 2411: 2409: 2401: 2400: 2396: 2379: 2378: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2352: 2162:KiHa 261 series 2151:KiHa 201 series 2093:, Zagreb– 2089:, Zagreb– 1862:Super Matsukaze 1851:KiHa 187 series 1790:KiHa 283 series 1679:KiHa 281 series 1554:Renfe Class 102 1528: 1456: 1422: 1413: 1407: 1368: 1324: 1307: 1287:Kalmar Verkstad 1263: 1178: 1172: 1124: 1111: 946: 926:KiHa 201 series 870:Hitachi A-train 866:Queensland Rail 823:KiHa 281 series 801:DMU, built for 740: 724:Glasgow Central 571: 519: 468:Fairbanks-Morse 441:in Prague, 1993 432: 420: 418:SNCF experiment 408:cant deficiency 390: 376: 371: 338:in Sweden, the 334:in the US, the 309: 307:High-speed rail 303: 208: 105: 104: 103: 102: 101: 91: 82: 81: 80: 69: 60: 59: 58: 48: 39: 38: 37: 34:KiHa 283 series 30: 19: 12: 11: 5: 4009: 3999: 3998: 3996:Tilting trains 3984: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3961: 3960:External links 3958: 3957: 3956: 3950: 3937: 3931: 3918: 3912: 3895: 3882: 3869: 3866: 3863: 3862: 3836: 3814: 3803:on 4 June 2012 3781: 3764: 3747: 3716: 3699: 3684: 3667: 3642: 3619: 3604: 3579: 3576:. Spring 2009. 3558: 3546: 3534: 3512: 3495: 3471: 3434: 3427: 3409: 3402: 3384: 3353: 3327: 3308: 3281: 3272: 3237: 3198: 3183: 3166:"La Flotta AV" 3157: 3135: 3107: 3087: 3061: 3042: 3035: 3017: 3006:on 2 July 2017 2991: 2973: 2949: 2938:on 22 May 2010 2923: 2906: 2894: 2868: 2840: 2811: 2794: 2769: 2744: 2702: 2664: 2636: 2618: 2595: 2575: 2550: 2511: 2481: 2469: 2457: 2445: 2419: 2394: 2371: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2359: 2358: 2351: 2348: 2347: 2346: 2328: 2310: 2292: 2278: 2275:Puyuma Express 2271: 2257: 2243: 2229: 2219: 2207: 2189: 2182:Panorama Super 2175: 2168:. Used on the 2158: 2147: 2133: 2123: 2101: 2068: 2047: 2041: 2035: 2029: 2019: 2010: 2004: 1998: 1992: 1982: 1961: 1960: 1950:accelerometers 1946: 1945: 1911: 1908:Taroko Express 1901: 1872: 1847: 1828: 1815: 1786: 1776:Huis ten Bosch 1759: 1744: 1735:HOT7000 series 1729: 1714: 1696: 1689:. Used on the 1673: 1610: 1609: 1590: 1587:UAC TurboTrain 1584: 1527: 1524: 1421: 1418: 1409:Main article: 1406: 1403: 1374:Super Voyagers 1367: 1364: 1323: 1320: 1306: 1305:TGV Pendulaire 1303: 1273:at Graversfors 1262: 1259: 1199:APT-E, in the 1174:Main article: 1171: 1168: 1123: 1120: 1013:AiRail Service 945: 944:German designs 942: 874:Taroko Express 774:Chūō Main Line 739: 736: 570: 567: 539:UAC TurboTrain 527:UAC TurboTrain 518: 517:UAC TurboTrain 515: 494:Talgo Pendular 483:UAC TurboTrain 473:tested by the 439:Talgo Pendular 431: 430:Talgo Pendular 428: 419: 416: 386:Main article: 375: 372: 370: 367: 344:Super Voyagers 325:European Union 302: 299: 207: 204: 156:UAC TurboTrain 96:(APT) passing 92: 85: 84: 83: 70: 63: 62: 61: 49: 42: 41: 40: 31: 24: 23: 22: 21: 20: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4008: 3997: 3994: 3993: 3991: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3963: 3953: 3951:0-7110-1474-4 3947: 3943: 3938: 3934: 3932:0-19-211697-5 3928: 3924: 3919: 3915: 3913:0-86187-580-X 3909: 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2806: 2798: 2790: 2786: 2785: 2780: 2773: 2758: 2754: 2748: 2729: 2725: 2718: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2690: 2686: 2685:New Scientist 2682: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2652: 2648: 2647: 2640: 2632: 2628: 2622: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2599: 2591: 2590: 2585: 2579: 2563: 2557: 2555: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2515: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2485: 2478: 2473: 2466: 2465:Williams 1985 2461: 2455:, p. 486 2454: 2449: 2433: 2429: 2423: 2408: 2407:www.apt-p.com 2404: 2398: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2376: 2372: 2357: 2354: 2353: 2344: 2343: 2338: 2337: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2325: 2320: 2319: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2307: 2302: 2301: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2272: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2216: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2172: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2127: 2126:Super Voyager 2124: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 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73:SBB RABDe 500 67: 56: 53: 46: 35: 28: 16: 3941: 3922: 3901: 3890: 3876: 3868:Bibliography 3853:. Retrieved 3848: 3839: 3827:. Retrieved 3817: 3805:. Retrieved 3801:the original 3794: 3784: 3773: 3767: 3756: 3750: 3733: 3729: 3719: 3708: 3702: 3693: 3687: 3676: 3670: 3658:. Retrieved 3654: 3645: 3628: 3622: 3613: 3607: 3595:. Retrieved 3591: 3582: 3573: 3561: 3556:, p. 61 3549: 3544:, p. 55 3537: 3529:the original 3524: 3515: 3498: 3490:the original 3483: 3474: 3462:. Retrieved 3455:the original 3437: 3418: 3412: 3393: 3387: 3375:. Retrieved 3366: 3356: 3344:. Retrieved 3340:the original 3330: 3311: 3299:. Retrieved 3284: 3275: 3263:. Retrieved 3252: 3240: 3228:. Retrieved 3213: 3201: 3186: 3174:. Retrieved 3170:the original 3160: 3148:. Retrieved 3138: 3127:the original 3122: 3110: 3099: 3090: 3078:. Retrieved 3074: 3064: 3055: 3045: 3026: 3020: 3008:. Retrieved 3004:the original 2994: 2986:Google Books 2984:– via 2978:. Retrieved 2959: 2952: 2940:. Retrieved 2936:the original 2926: 2915: 2909: 2897: 2885:. Retrieved 2881:the original 2871: 2843: 2831:. 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