Tigray People's Liberation Front

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of revolutionary democracy came from Lenin's 1919 thesis "Bourgeois Democracy and the Proletarian Dictatorship", which proposed replacing the 'bourgeois' parliamentary democracy with revolutionary democracy, which would be secured by a vanguard party representing the masses, which would consult its constituency while still adhering to the socialist ideological guidelines. Meles Zenawi wrote that Ethiopia can become a developed country "if it is guided by ‘revolutionary democracy", adding that while "liberal democracy is partial wager, a collector of rents, and a representative of the comprador bourgeoisie, ‘revolutionary democracy’ stands for sustainable development." This marked the point at which TLPF abandoned Marxism-Leninism in favour of socialism and revolutionary ethnonationalism, moving closer to its initial position from the 1970s.

784:. It adopted a new political program calling for self-determination within a democratic Ethiopia, with independence an option only if unity proved impossible. Gaining and maintaining the support of the local population was at the core of the TPLF's strategy in the 1970s and 1980s. TPLF leaders knew that the goodwill of the population would sustain their movement and ultimately lead them to victory over the Derg. Consequently, any fighter caught mistreating locals was punished or even executed by TPLF authorities. As a result, local support for the TPLF was consistent and invaluable. The local population shared food and resources with the fighters, provided them with safe havens, and, most importantly, provided the TPLF with up-to-date information. 1416:

theme of a class-based - ethnonationalism is the fundamental foundation of the party and it persisted throughout the entire existence of the TPLF. The TPLF argues that Ethiopia is a collection of nationalities subjugated by the Amhara ethnic group, which imposes its culture and language over all others; the first manifesto of the party stated: "Disagreement and suspicion among the nations of Ethiopia have resulted from the worsening of the oppression by the Amhara ethnic group over the oppressed nations of Ethiopia and especially over the Tigray ethnic group. Therefore, we now reached a stage where all the oppressed nations of Ethiopia can no more undertake a common class struggle."

1428:, which took over the leadership of the party and proclaimed Marxism–Leninism to be the organization's overarching ideology. The party's ideological shift made Marxist aspects temporarily dominate over the ethnonationalist ones, though the party remained ethnonationalist and envisioned a 'national revolution' that would install "a planned socialist economy free of exploitation of man by man". Core Marxist aspects embraced by the TPLF included vanguardism, democratic centralism, dictatorship of the proletariat, and also self-determination in the name of national liberation. The party was also heavily influence by the Albanian communist model of 371: 111: 815: 1144:(TDF). The TPLF has accused the ENDF and Eritrean forces of war crimes, but it is difficult to independently verify these allegations because of the media blackout imposed by the federal government under Abiy. On March 23, 2021, in response to international pressure, the prime minister admitted for the first time that Eritrean forces had been in the Tigray region. In July 2021, after the Ethiopian government declared a unilateral cease-fire and withdrew from much of the Tigray region, the TDF entered neighboring 1080: 4568: 4359: 4556: 725:(Meles), and others soon joined the original group, and, after the arrival of the trainees from Eritrea in June 1975, the TPLF had about 50 fighters. It then elected a formal leadership consisting of Sehul (the chairman), Muse (the military commander), and the seven TNO founders. Berhu was appointed political commissar. Sehul played a crucial role in helping the nascent TPLF establish itself among the local peasantry. 623:(now Addis Ababa University), Tigrayan students had formed the Political Association of Tigrayans (PAT) in 1972 and the Tigrayan University Students' Association (TUSA) beginning in the early 1960s. These student groups evolved into a radical nationalist group that operated in Tigray after the start of the Ethiopian revolution in 1974, and began calling for Tigrayan independence, forming the 45: 491: 4580: 962:(ENDF) officer corps. The party exercised, "near-exclusive control over foreign aid, international loans, and the leasing of public land to amass billions of dollars." With the EPRDF effectively under TPLF control, the Tigrayan position in Ethiopian governance post-1991 mirrored the political dominance that Amhara's had held in the country during most of the 20th century. 874:(EPRDF) as the core of the planned United Democratic Front. In the spring of 1989, first the MLLT and then the TPLF held a congress. Abbay was elected chairman of both organizations, but toward the end of 1989 Meles became chairman of both. In May 1989, the EPDM formed the Ethiopian Marxist–Leninist Force (EMLF). 1415:

in late 1960s. After revolutionary students formed the Tigray University Student Association, a new leftwing organization known as the Tigrayan National Organization was founded in 1974, from which the TPLF emerged in February 1975. The core ideology of the party was ethnonationalism infused with the

1435:

After the fall of the USSR, the TPLF moderated itself and rebranded its ideology as "revolutionary democracy", pledging to introduce a new kind of democracy in Ethiopia that would differ from the liberal democratic structure, while also maintaining the core socialist values of the party. The concept

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declared that NEBE's decision undermined the TPLF's 50-year legacy and violated the Pretoria deal which had ended the Tigray War during November 2022. Following the decision, the federal government announced that the issue of TPLF registration and legality had been resolved. NEBE also warned against

1423:

as, "the beginning of national oppression" in the groups manifesto. Initially the group called for independence of Tigray from Ethiopia, arguing that it is the only way to liberate Ethiopian cultures from the ethnic and national oppression of the Amhara culture. However, separatism was abandoned in

1215:

warned that the TPLF could find itself in a war if it went ahead with holding the congress. As the six day long meeting commenced on 13 August, an Ethiopian government minister accused the TPLF of “practically nullifying” the Pretoria agreement and threatening the relative peace in Tigray since the

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On November 3, 2022, the Ethiopian government and the nationalist paramilitary group entered into a peace agreement, ending their two-year conflict. A draft agreement was sent to The Associated Press stating that the TPLF will first be disarmed with their "light weapons" followed by the Ethiopian

1219:

Since the 14th part congress, the factionalism within the TPLF escalated as both sides became more entrenched in their positions. Debretsion effectively has popular support and power over the TPLF party apparatus, while Getachew maintains authority over the Tigray regional government and is being

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among the Tigrayan population following the war. In July 2024, the TPLF released a statement announcing it faced an unprecedented 'severe test' that has brought the party to the verge of disintegration. The statement accused senior leaders of putting their personal interests above the party, thus

1462:

federal government passed a parliamentary resolution classifying the TPLF as a terrorist organization. According to Article 23, "this decision applies to organizations and individuals that collaborate with, have links with, or are associated with the ideas and actions of the designated terrorist

1162:

The TPLF was accused of forcing recruitment into the TDF, including minors. According to several witnesses and Tigrayan administrators, every household in Tigray was required to enlist a family member in the TDF. Those who refused were arrested and imprisoned, including the parents of minors who

877:

In July 1989, MLLT and EMLF formed the Union of Ethiopian Proletarian Organizations. In April 1990, the TPLF formed the Ethiopian Democratic Officers Movement from politically re-educated captured Ethiopian officers to undermine the Free Officers Movement, which had been formed in 1987 by exiled

728:

Although a few successful raids bolstered its military credibility, the TPLF grew to only about 120 fighters in early 1976, but a rapidly growing clandestine network of supporters in the cities and a support base among the peasants provided vital supplies and information. On February 18, 1976, a

551:

government, was dominated by the TPLF, who gradually consolidated control over Ethiopia's federal administrations, the ENDF, and key economic resources such as foreign aid, loans, and land leases, amassing billions. The TPLF's restructuring of Ethiopia into an ethnic federal state further fueled

748:

Although the TPLF, the ELF, and the EPLF cooperated during the 1976 and 1978 Derg offensives in Tigray and Eritrea, no stable alliance emerged. The ELF resented the liquidation of the TLF and considered the relationship between the EPLF and the TPLF a serious threat. Since 1977, there had been

634:

While the multinational leftist movements prioritized class struggle over national self-determination for the Ethiopian nationalities, the Marxists of the TUSA argued for self-determination as the starting point for the final socialist revolution because of the existing inequalities among the

957:

who became the first prime minister. The EPRDF government, particularly in areas concerning the military-security complex and the economy, was dominated by the TPLF. Gradually the TPLF hegemony within the EPRDF grew stronger as the party dominated Ethiopia's federal administrations and the

792:, enabled the movement to mobilize and better equip more fighters to prepare for the shift from guerrilla to frontal attack. Moreover, developments within the TPLF in the mid-1980s led to a conceptual shift from a struggle for the liberation of Tigray to that of all Ethiopia. 1702:

Likewise, Ethiopia has been ruled for decades by the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), a coalition of mostly ethnoregional political parties, dominated by the socialist Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF). Both combined nondemocratic traits with

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government removed the TPLF's classification as a Tier III level terrorist group when the group came to power in 1991. However, an analysis by the Terrorism Research and Analysis Consortium (TRAC) also classified it as a terrorist group dating back to 1976. According to the

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described as a "preemptive strike". In November 2020, Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed declared victory over the TPLF. Other sources suggested that the Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) controlled only about 70% of the Tigray region. Many TPLF members joined the

1039:. In this period the organization recruited a substantial amount of fighters from different groups such as the police and paramilitary organizations, while also withdrawing its supporters from the Ethiopian national security establishment. This precipitated the 1922:

As a member of the left-wing Tigray People's Liberation Front, he rose through Ethiopia's autocratic government as health and foreign minister. After taking the director-general job in 2017, he tried to install Zimbabwe dictator Robert Mugabe as a WHO goodwill

889:

In November 1990, a Marxist–Leninist Oromo movement was established within the OPDO. Also in 1990, the TPLF formed the Afar Democratic Union to undermine the Afar movements. It had already helped build liberation fronts in Gambella and Benshangul before 1985.

1207:, ignoring the NEBE's warning. The last congress had been held in September 2018. The general assembly comes amid escalating political infighting within the TPLF and has been boycotted by 14 members of the party's central committee, including deputy chair 787:

In retrospect, it is evident that the 1978-1985 period further strengthened the TPLF. The increasingly alienating intervention of the Derg, the front's handling of famine and refugee problems, and the foreign connections it built through its mission in

729:

conference of fighters elected a new leadership: Berhu (chairman), Muse (military committee), Abbay (political committee), Agazi (socioeconomic committee), Seyoum (foreign relations), Gidey, and Sebhat. Meles became head of the political cadre school.

732:

The first three years of its existence were marked by a constant struggle for survival, unstable cooperation with Eritrean forces, and power struggles against the other Tigrayan fronts: in 1975, the TPLF liquidated the TLF; in 1976–78, it fought the

1725:

However, the friction between the socialist Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF), which was active in Ethiopian politics until 2019, and the Ethiopian Federal Government, has deepened since last year, especially due to the postponement of the

752:

Relations with the EPLF also did not develop smoothly. Its material support was much less than the TPLF had anticipated. Politically, the EPLF favored the multinational EPRP over the ethno regionalist TPLF with its separatist agenda at the time.

607:

became emperor in 1889. The Tigrayan traditional elite and peasantry had a strong regional identity and a resentment due to their own perception of the decline of Tigray. It was popularly referred to as Woyane, for evoking memories of the

1007:

During 2018, newly elected prime minister Abiy began curtailing the influence and position of the TPLF within Ethiopian politics. In June of that year he unexpectedly sacked the two most powerful TPLF members since Zenawi's death -

1900:

Almost all leaders of the TPLF thought of themselves as Marxist revolutionaries. Among them, an informal group which later named itself the 'communist core' within the TPLF was constituted by Abbay Tsehaye, Meles Zenawi and Sibhat

1639: 965:

PM Meles Zenawi purged many members of the TPLF who opposed him, and a 2001 split in the party nearly saw his removal. Following Zenawi's death in 2012, the organization quickly splintered into factions of Meles loyalists, young

1463:

organizations, as well as others that have undertaken similar activities". Individuals or organizations that carry out " humanitarian activities," however, are exempt under Ethiopia's Anti-Terrorism Proclamation 1176/2020.

1453:

The Tigrayan People's Liberation Front (TPLF) is a political party in Tigray, Ethiopia that has been listed as a perpetrator in the Global Terrorism Database, based on ten incidents occurring between 1976 and 1990 (see GTD

3583: 998:

to Prime Minister of Ethiopia in the following years. Internal power struggles within the EPRDF and its inability to quell popular protests resulted in a major political transition and Abiy Ahmed's election in 2018.

3074: 993:

rule, strong popular opposition to the dominance of the party emerged across the country during 2016. Amhara and Oromo elites came to an agreement to reform the TPLF created system, resulting in the accession of

2125: 1762:

Adopting the ideological jargon of 'revolutionary democracy', the party leadership managed to come up with an ideology to maintain its power position in the party, not necessarily changing its core socialist

4235: 3351: 1944:

Mr. Tedros is a microbiologist, not a physician. He served as health and foreign minister as a member of Ethiopia's ruling leftist Tigray People's Liberation Front, which ousted military rule over 20 years

2090: 4213: 901:, prompted the TPLF and EPLF to put aside their differences and resume military cooperation. in 1989, the EPRDF formed a shadow government in Ethiopia to administer the liberated areas under its control. 4184: 3606: 2216: 1216:

end of the conflict. During opening remarks of the congress Debretsion stated that the ongoing congress was unprecedented and warned that the party's situation had “gone from bad to worse”.

857: 834:

to its advantage. In early 1985, it organized a march of over 200,000 famine victims from Tigray to Sudan to draw international attention to the plight in Tigray. Its humanitarian arm, the

3470: 2586: 1183:. The power struggle between the Debretsion and Getachew has raised concerns of the creation of a volatile political environment that could reignite the civil war. The TPLF also suffers a 3325: 2553: 2155: 1627: 867:

After the congress, the TPLF and its mass organizations were ruthlessly brought under MLLT control, and dissenting cadres, including TPLF co-founders Gidey and Berhu, were eliminated.

4162: 698:(EPLF) for support, but the ELF already had relations with the TLF. In November 1974, the EPLF agreed to train TNO members and allowed EPLF fighters from the Tigrayan community in 217: 3406: 1152:. The ENDF then launched its own counteroffensive and recaptured these regions by December 2021. By March 2022, the war had come to a virtual standstill. On 2 November 2022, the 3575: 1693: 1066:. PM Abiy stated that the federal government would not recognize the results of the Tigray election and banned foreign journalists from traveling to the region document it. 302: 1491: 524:. Within 16 years, it grew from about a dozen men to become the most powerful armed "liberation" movement in Ethiopia. From 1988 to 2018, it led a political coalition, the 3071: 1967:

Civil war erupted in November 2020 after the leftist Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) was accused of attacking a military base in the northern part of the country.

4185:"Implementation of New Discretionary Exemption Under INA Section 212(d)(3)(B)(i) For Activities and Associations Relating to the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF)" 2115: 1016:(intelligence chief). The party felt threatened as Abiy carried out significant reforms that aimed to merge Ethiopia's ethnic parties and reduce the TPLF's influence. 893:

In early 1988, the EPLF and the TPLF went on the offensive. The evolving situation in both Eritrea and Tigray, as well as the changing international context after the

687:(Seyoum), Fentahun Zere'atsion (Gidey), Mulugeta Hagos (Asfeha), and Zeru Gesese (Agazi). The TNO was to prepare the ground for the future armed movement in Tigray. 624: 3347: 705:

On the night of 18 February 1975, eleven men, including Gesese Ayyele (Sehul), Gidey, Asfeha, Seyoum, Agazi, and Berhu, left Enda Selassie for Sehul's home area of

2469:"The conflict between the Tigray People Liberation Front (TPLF) and the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE): Special emphasis on the Pretoria Agreement" 1220:

backed by the Ethiopian federal government. There is a growing risk the internal split will escalate into the outbreak of violence as it becomes more intractable.

1211:. Getachew described the congress as, “illegal movements by a group that does not represent the TPLF" several days before it was due to be held. Ethiopian PM 2072: 4605: 4205: 2046: 1599: 838:(REST), founded in 1978, received large amounts of international humanitarian aid for famine victims and small-scale development projects in liberated Tigray. 17: 4635: 4344: 2499: 1229: 1043:

in late 2020. As TPLF leaders and parliament members began shifting back to Mekelle, the organization began to challenge the administration of Abiy Ahmed.

1020: 950: 915:

In February 1991, the EPRDF began its offensive against the ruling regime with the support of a large EPLF contingent. On May 28, 1991, the EPRDF captured

871: 548: 525: 292: 3946: 579:, South Africa, between the federal government and the TPLF to end the Tigray War. As per the peace agreement, the TPLF began disarming in January 2023. 2685: 749:

conflict between ELF and the TPLF over the issue of Eritrean settlers in western Tigray, who were organized at ELF and rejected the TPLF's land reform.

3460: 1467:

federal forces' retrieval of “all federal facilities, installations, and major infrastructure such as airports and highways within the Tigray region."

4322: 3767: 3716: 3689: 2206: 878:

Ethiopian officers in opposition to the Derg. In May 1990, Oromo members of the EPDM and politically re-educated Oromo prisoners of war founded the

3997: 3438: 2576: 1782: 923:. In May 1991, the TPLF had 80,000 fighters, the EPDM had 8,000, and the OPDO had 2,000. The total number of TPLF members was well over 100,000. 4058: 3500: 3315: 2545: 2177: 2147: 1958: 656: 4620: 3814: 3266: 3237: 3208: 3108: 3057: 2993: 2959: 2900: 2835: 2806: 2292: 1027:. The TPLF viewed this merger as illegal and did not participate. Abiy called on the TPLF to dissolve and become part of his newly established 1171:

After the Tigray War significantly reshaped the region's political landscape, the TPLF faced deepening divisions following the signing of the

3373: 1470:

After the signed peace agreement matured for four months, the TPLF was removed from the country's list of terrorist group on March 22, 2023.

910: 4600: 2012: 1565: 3866: 4154: 3966: 541: 2772:

Elich, Haggai (1981). "Tigraian Nationalism, British Involvement and Haila-Selasse's emerging Absolutism-Northern Ethiopia, 1941–1943".

1676: 3398: 1935: 3523: 4337: 3664: 742: 4300: 3741: 2659: 4610: 1101: 297: 4274: 1054:, which was originally scheduled to occur in 2020. The TPLF defied the parliamentary vote and held regional elections anyway. The 4466: 1487: 1424:

1978, which subsequently led to defections and splits within the party. It was increasingly dominated by a faction known as the

4625: 2716: 3289: 4374: 4353: 3139: 1425: 845: 695: 537: 386: 3642: 2523: 4528: 4330: 631:

current emerged in TUSA that advocated national self-determination for Tigray within a revolutionary, democratic Ethiopia.

564: 504: 338: 930:, the EPRDF and TPLF dropped all Marxist references in their political discourse and adopted a program of change based on 63: 55: 4415: 3916:"Federal Govt Says TPLF Registration Issue Resolved, Regional Authorities Ban Demonstrations As Intraparty Tensions Rise" 3793: 1192: 1172: 1153: 1132: 920: 560: 508: 306: 3548: 4352: 3195:

The Generation: The history of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party, Part 2: Ethiopia-Transformation and Conflict

702:, including Mehari Tekle (Mussie), to join the TPLF. The first group of trainees was sent to the EPLF in January 1975. 4137:

A Political History of the Tigray People's Liberation Front (1975-1991): Revolt, Ideology and Mobilisation in Ethiopia

2855:

A Political History of the Tigray People's Liberation Front (1975–1991): Revolt, Ideology and Mobilisation in Ethiopia

1982:

A Political History of the Tigray People's Liberation Front (1975-1991): Revolt, Ideology and Mobilisation in Ethiopia

1892:

A Political History of the Tigray People's Liberation Front (1975-1991): Revolt, Ideology and Mobilisation in Ethiopia

651:(a military junta that ruled Ethiopia from 1974 to 1991), as they were convinced that it would neither lead a genuine 4630: 4615: 4488: 2034: 1587: 81: 3164: 2793:

The Generation: The history of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party, Part 1: From the Early Beginnings to 1975

974:. These factions took a wide range of positions on core issues, paralyzing the TPLF. Zenawi's handpicked successor, 4449: 2635:"Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration in Ethiopia: What to expect – Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO)" 1913: 1128: 959: 831: 4135: 1980: 1890: 4384: 1349: 1324: 1299: 1274: 1255: 1051: 848:(MLLT) was founded at a congress of a few hundred selected cadres. The MLLT was to be the nucleus of the future 1047: 2862: 1058:

was held on 9 September 2020. 2.7 million people participated in the election, though was it was boycotted by

616:

remained alive and provided an important reference for the new generations of educated Tigrayan nationalists.

4260: 1375: 1055: 861: 3428: 3348:"Exclusive: Third day EPRDF EC discussing "Prosperity Party" Regulation. Find the draft copy obtained by AS" 1097: 3072:

Tigray Defense Forces Resist Ethiopian Army Offensive as Sudan, Eritrea, and Ethnic Militias Enter the Fray

1990:

Here probably lies the reason why the militant elite of the TPLF was seen to require an ultraleftist party.

204: 3576:"Ethiopia's war in Tigray is 'but the tip of the iceberg when it comes to conflicts ravaging the country'" 4420: 804: 1807: 1668:

Tefera Negash Gebregziabher, Ideology and power in TPLF’s Ethiopia: A historic reversal in the making?,

776:

In February 1979, the TPLF held its first regular congress. It declared its struggle the Second Woyane (

659:. Two days after the Derg took power, on 14 September 1974, seven leaders of this trend established the 4546: 3007:

Tareke, Gebry (2004). "From Af Abet to Shire: the Defeat and Demise of Ethiopia's "Red" Army 1988–89".

1408: 841:

In 1984–1985, the TPLF diverted Western aid money intended for starving civilians to purchase weapons.

734: 613: 582:

Following the Pretoria peace agreement in 2022, the TPLF began experiencing severe internal divisions.

1775: 4503: 4432: 4090: 3492: 2468: 2412: 2356: 1716: 1420: 1092: 819: 808: 691: 2893: 919:, the capital of Ethiopia, and took control of the country. In July 1991, the EPRDF established the 4478: 835: 3607:"A grave humanitarian crisis is unfolding in Ethiopia. 'I never saw hell before, but now I have.'" 852:

vanguard party for all Ethiopia. The MLLT invited the genuine revolutionaries in the ranks of the

675:), also known as the Tigrayan National Organization (TNO). The founders were: Alemseged Mengesha ( 453:

until its removal from the list in 2023. In older and less formal texts and speech it is known as

4498: 4454: 2315:"'Game over'? Abiy Ahmed, the Tigrayan People's Liberation Front and Ethiopia's political crisis" 2077: 2003: 1556: 1381: 1196: 1195:(NEBE) rejected the TPLF's request to reinstate its pre-war legal status. On 12 August, chairman 1176: 1063: 946:, which has contributed significantly to civil conflicts in Ethiopia over the following decades. 370: 222: 141: 131: 4206:"Council of Ministers approves resolution designating TPLF and Shene as terrorist organizations" 2686:"TPLF Leadership Rift: Factional infighting threatens Tigray's fragile peace, post-war recovery" 2498:

Cite error: The named reference ":3" was defined multiple times with different content (see the

2037:[Wars without borders and the 'successful failure' of the states in the Horn of Africa] 1590:[Wars without borders and the 'successful failure' of the states in the Horn of Africa] 745:(EPRP) in East Tigray. The front also suffered heavy losses from Derg offensives in the region. 4640: 4437: 3947:"Getachew Reda boycotts upcoming TPLF congress as military leaders warn against deepening rift" 883: 879: 620: 568: 446: 110: 227: 3798: 1141: 766: 391: 317: 232: 3461:"News: Tigray state council approves appointment of regional electoral commission officials" 2822:

Haile Selassie's Students: The Intellectual and Social background to a Revolution, 1952–1977

544:(PDRE) on May 28, 1991, and installed a new government that remained in power for decades. 4533: 4493: 2073:"Ethiopia's Tigray Group, Once Powerful, Now Battles Government Forces in Bid for Survival" 1432:, stressing self-reliant economy and every nation having its unique way towards socialism. 1412: 975: 849: 652: 381: 254: 212: 8: 4120: 2722: 1184: 927: 894: 823: 738: 529: 467: 420: 1175:. These divisions emerged between two factions: a 'hardline' group led by TPLF chairman 3794:"Ethiopia's truce is a step toward ending civil war, but there are reasons for caution" 3260: 3231: 3202: 3145: 3102: 3051: 3024: 2987: 2953: 2881: 2829: 2800: 2492: 2467:

Dessie, Wubante Ayalew; Belete, Simeneh Bires; Dagnew, Agenagn Kebede (1 August 2024).

2442: 2386: 2286: 1871: 931: 430: 274: 269: 237: 4584: 4254: 4155:"US has not assigned terrorist status to dissident group in Ethiopia's Tigray region" 4112: 4028: 3886: 3280:

Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs.

3279: 3149: 3135: 3028: 2484: 2434: 2378: 2334: 2279:

Ethiopia: Democratization and Unity: The Role of the Tigray People's Liberation Front

2082: 2035:"Kriege ohne Grenzen und das "erfolgreiche Scheitern" der Staaten am Horn von Afrika" 1588:"Kriege ohne Grenzen und das "erfolgreiche Scheitern" der Staaten am Horn von Afrika" 943: 935: 710: 664: 458: 411: 282: 773:

permitted the substantial growth of his forces, the TPLF's momentum seemed to slow.

4389: 4102: 3281: 3127: 3016: 2926: 2754: 2476: 2424: 2368: 2326: 1838: 1751: 1535: 1031:. Many TPLF leaders began shifting from the nation's capital of Addis Ababa to the 1028: 1024: 990: 814: 796: 721:, "The Popular Struggle for the Freedom of Tigray"). Welde Selassie Nega (Sebhat), 609: 477: 31: 4107: 3915: 2480: 2429: 2373: 2357:"The vicious cycle of power rivalry and fear of losing power syndrome in Ethiopia" 4572: 4560: 4523: 3998:"TPLF begins 14th Congress amidst escalating controversy, leadership absenteeism" 3634: 3224:

Fire from the Ashes: a Chronicle of the Revolution in Tigray, Ethiopia, 1975–1991

3078: 2946:

The Hidden Revolution: and Analysis of Social Change in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia

2608: 2513: 2120: 1936:"Belt and road and 'bribes': Cotton says China paid off home country of WHO boss" 1680: 1013: 521: 498: 4091:"TPLF's annexation of Wolkait, Ethiopia: motivations, strategies, and interests" 3867:"Echoes of Mekelle: TPLF factions and the quest for legitimacy after Tigray War" 3253:

Peasant Revolutions in Ethiopia, the Tigrai People's Liberation Front, 1975-1911

3131: 644: 4394: 4063: 4002: 3971: 3951: 3920: 3871: 3493:"Ethiopia bars journalists from flying to Tigray regional vote, passengers say" 3465: 2690: 2581: 2211: 989:

parties pushed backed against Tigrayan dominance. After 30 years of TPLF-based

706: 536:

regime, which was overthrown on 28 May 1991. The TPLF, with the support of the

517: 3690:"Ethiopia's Amhara state rallies youth to fight Tigrayan forces as war widens" 3020: 2917:

Berhe, Aregawi (2004). "The Origins of the Tigray People's Liberation Front".

2758: 4594: 4473: 4461: 4444: 4410: 4116: 3967:"TPLF pushes forward with party congress despite warning from Election Board" 3433: 3122:

Smidt, W (2019). "A Short History and Ethnography of the Tembien Tigrayans".

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the convening a congress without the election boards approval or monitoring.

1180: 1149: 1136: 1032: 982: 939: 684: 676: 572: 151: 3839: 3524:"The World Must Condemn Human Rights Abuses in Tigray as It Does in Ukraine" 2609:"Ethiopia's Tigray conflict: Flights resume between Addis Ababa and Mekelle" 4483: 3768:"New front in Ethiopian war displaces thousands, hits hopes of peace talks" 3320: 2930: 2330: 2116:"Ethiopia's electoral board revokes TPLF's legal status as political party" 1843: 1827:"Ideology and power in TPLF's Ethiopia: A historic reversal in the making?" 1826: 1756: 1740:"Ideology and power in TPLF's Ethiopia: A historic reversal in the making?" 1739: 1540: 1524:"Ideology and power in TPLF's Ethiopia: A historic reversal in the making?" 1523: 1330: 1305: 1280: 1260: 1203:

On 13 August 2024, the TPLF began its controversial 14th party congress in

1059: 1009: 986: 954: 770: 722: 680: 438: 434: 331: 2634: 1517: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1079: 4068: 3168: 2514:"Tigray crisis: Ethiopia orders military response after army base seized" 1429: 1419:

The TPLF castigated the formation of the centralized empire state during

1145: 967: 916: 898: 425:'Popular Struggle for the Freedom of Tigray'), also known as the 126: 4567: 4059:"Ethiopian minister accuses Tigrayan party of nullifying Pretoria deal" 2853: 2314: 1875: 1859: 1673: 1506: 1355: 1212: 1122: 1040: 995: 762: 612:(the First Woyane) against the re-establishment of imperial rule after 600: 567:

formally approved a parliamentary resolution designating the TPLF as a

556: 450: 2847: 2845: 3889:[What are the consequences of the TPLF's internal 'decay'?]. 596: 249: 4143:(Thesis). Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. pp. 233–237. 3717:"Ethiopia's Tigray forces enter neighbouring Afar region, Afar says" 2413:"Ethiopian political crisis after reform: Causes of Tigray conflict" 1127:

In November 2020, a civil conflict erupted between the TPLF and the

555:

The TPLF lost control of the federal government in 2018. During the

4358: 4033: 4031:['There will be no Pretoria agreement if TPLF collapses']. 3891: 3374:"Ethiopian parliament allows PM Abiy to stay in office beyond term" 3316:"Rise and fall of Ethiopia's TPLF – from rebels to rulers and back" 2842: 2546:"Rise and fall of Ethiopia's TPLF – from rebels to rulers and back" 2518: 2148:"Rise and fall of Ethiopia's TPLF – from rebels to rulers and back" 1459: 789: 595:

The TPLF is considered to be the product of the marginalization of

576: 442: 259: 3399:"Ethiopia's Tigray region defies PM Abiy with 'illegal' election" 2313:

Fisher, Jonathan; Gebrewahd, Meressa Tsehaye (13 December 2018).

2207:"Ethiopia Declares Tigray, Oromia Groups Terrorist Organizations" 1204: 1036: 978:, proved too weak to manage growing internal strife in Ethiopia. 971: 886:

claim to be the exclusive representative of the Ethiopian Oromo.

807:(EPDM), a TPLF-loyal splinter group from the EPRP, used caves in 800: 699: 628: 169: 3421: 1988:(Thesis). Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. p. 237. 1959:"In Ethiopia, China and the US map rival roads to lasting peace" 1898:(Thesis). Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. p. 192. 1488:"Getachew Reda talks about the state of war situation in Tigray" 4427: 4379: 2745:

Bennet, John (1983). "Tigrai: Famine and National Resistance".

2355:

Endris, Mohammed Yimam; Mengisteab, Kidane (15 December 2023).

1622: 1620: 30:"Woyane" redirects here. For the original (1943) movement, see 3742:"Tigrayan forces announce retreat to Ethiopia's Tigray region" 1023:

unified the constituent parties of the coalition into the new

3815:"Some Ethiopians claim forced recruitment by Tigrayan forces" 3665:"Ethiopia declares ceasefire as rebels retake Tigray capital" 2660:"Ethiopia's Tigrayan rebels start handing over heavy weapons" 2577:"Ethiopia Pulls Tigray Party License Ahead of June Elections" 604: 4275:"Ethiopian govt, Tigray agree to end fighting after 2 years" 3549:"Ethiopia declares victory as military takes Tigray capital" 1617: 1411:

which was ideologically nationalist before shifting towards

981:

Over the years the TPLF's position in the EPRDF weakened as

563:

terminated the party's legal status. In 2021, the Ethiopian

3453: 1737: 1521: 942:. The TPLF restructured the Ethiopian state and introduced 648: 533: 4301:"Ethiopian lawmakers remove Tigray group from terror list" 926:

Reacting to the international political context after the

327: 3635:"Ethiopia PM Ahmed Abiy admits Eritrea forces in Tigray" 643:

In February 1974, the Marxists within TUSA welcomed the

2178:"Ethiopia takes Tigray's TPLF party off terrorism list" 2071:

Parkinson, Nicholas Bariyo and Joe (29 November 2020).

445:. It was classified as a terrorist organization by the 4089:

Kassaw, Alene; Veneranda, Mbabazi (31 December 2024).

3813:

Paravicini, Giulia; Houreld, Katharine (16 May 2022).

4544: 2506: 1228:

Elections from 1995 to 2015 were conducted under the

1179:

and a 'conciliatory' group led by deputy chairperson

1050:—to which the TPLF was a party—voted to postpone the 3044:

The National Movement in Tigray Myths and Realities

2980:

The Ethiopian Revolution: War in the Horn of Africa

1672:, Volume 118, Issue 472, July 2019, Pages 463–484, 1135:in the north of the country in what TPLF spokesman 4192:United States Citizenship and Immigration Services 2715: 2466: 2002: 1555: 1019:In November 2019, PM Abiy and the chairman of the 3812: 3095:Sweeter than Honey: Testimonies of Tigrayan Women 1230:Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front 951:Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front 872:Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front 526:Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front 352:Council of Tigray Regional State' Representatives 27:Left-wing nationalist political party in Ethiopia 4592: 3429:"Arena shies away from Tigray Regional election" 2354: 953:(EPRDF), the nation was governed by TPLF leader 795:They established their headquarters in caves in 661:Association of Progressives of the Tigray Nation 4088: 4029:"'ህወሓት እንተፈሪሱ ስምምዕ ፕሪቶሪያ ኣይህሉን'፡ ደብረጽዮን ገ/ሚካኤል" 2312: 1858:Tadesse, Medhane; Young, John (31 March 2024). 1694:"Don't Let Ethiopia Become the Next Yugoslavia" 1133:attacked the ENDF Northern Command headquarters 870:In December 1988, the TPLF and EPDM formed the 4606:Organizations formerly designated as terrorist 3840:"ህወሓት ለመዝመት ፍቃደኛ ያልሆኑ ልጆች ወላጆችን እያሰረ መሆኑ ተነገረ" 3715:Endeshaw, Dawit; Fick, Maggie (19 July 2021). 2943: 1630:[Parliamentary elections in Ethiopia] 818:A signboard for the EPDM/ANLF headquarters in 516:The TPLF was founded on February 18, 1975, in 183: 4338: 3865:Abera, Weldeslassie Hailai (12 August 2024). 3126:. GeoGuide. Springer Nature. pp. 63–78. 3124:Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains 1824: 911:History of the federal government of Ethiopia 709:, where they founded the TPLF (original name 4636:Rebel groups that actively control territory 3714: 1857: 4345: 4331: 4241:. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021 4210:Welcome to Fana Broadcasting Corporate S.C 3765: 3265:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3236:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3207:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3107:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3056:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2992:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2958:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2834:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2805:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2291:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1825:Gebregziabher, Tefera Negash (July 2019). 1715:Seyedi, Seyedmohammad (21 December 2021). 369: 4106: 3604: 3064: 2428: 2372: 2070: 1914:"World Health Coronavirus Disinformation" 1842: 1837:(472). Oxford University Press: 463–484. 1808:"Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF)" 1755: 1539: 1439: 82:Learn how and when to remove this message 3188: 3186: 2411:Jima, Abdisa Olkeba (31 December 2023). 1956: 813: 552:civil conflicts in the ensuing decades. 542:People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 540:(EPLF), overthrew the government of the 3629: 3627: 3221: 3192: 3092: 2944:Firebrace, James; Smith, Gayle (1982). 2899:CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2819: 2790: 2266:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. 2003. 509:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 18:Tigrayan People's Liberation Front 14: 4593: 4023: 4021: 3992: 3990: 3941: 3939: 3791: 3573: 3309: 3307: 3006: 2977: 2744: 2710: 2708: 2683: 2350: 2348: 2242:. Springfield: Dunwoody. p. 1780. 1788:from the original on 19 September 2020 1714: 1691: 880:Oromo Peoples' Democratic Organization 805:Ethiopian People's Democratic Movement 743:Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party 4621:Political parties established in 1975 4326: 4133: 4056: 3864: 3503:from the original on 9 September 2020 3473:from the original on 16 December 2020 3441:from the original on 16 December 2020 3409:from the original on 19 November 2020 3328:from the original on 15 February 2021 3313: 3292:from the original on 25 February 2021 3250: 3183: 3162: 3121: 3088: 3086: 3041: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2916: 2912: 2910: 2851: 2771: 2574: 2556:from the original on 15 February 2021 2526:from the original on 19 November 2020 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2276: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2240:Tigrinya-English Dictionary, Volume 2 2219:from the original on 24 November 2021 2201: 2199: 2158:from the original on 15 February 2021 2110: 2108: 2052:from the original on 28 February 2021 2045:(in German). Berlin. September 2008. 1978: 1888: 1636:Social Science Open Access Repository 1605:from the original on 28 February 2021 1598:(in German). Berlin. September 2008. 1494:from the original on 19 November 2020 3766:Paravicini, Giulia (30 March 2022). 3624: 3521: 2410: 2262:"Tigray People's Liberation Front". 2237: 2128:from the original on 21 January 2021 2007:[Napalm instead of millet]. 1738:Tefera Negash Gebregziabher (2019). 1717:"Ethiopia China's Gateway to Africa" 1674:https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adz005 1664: 1662: 1660: 1645:from the original on 3 December 2020 1560:[Napalm instead of millet]. 1522:Tefera Negash Gebregziabher (2019). 1073: 511: instead of Ethiopic characters. 99:Tigray People's Liberation Front 38: 4018: 3987: 3936: 3887:"ውሽጣዊ 'ምብስባስ' ህወሓት መዘዛቱ እንታይ ይኸውን?" 3304: 2868:from the original on 19 August 2019 2747:Review of African Political Economy 2705: 2684:Mitiku, Molla (16 September 2024). 2497: 2345: 1864:Review of African Political Economy 1692:Bieber, Florian (15 January 2019). 1223: 1193:National Election Board of Ethiopia 921:Transitional Government of Ethiopia 780:) and changed its Tigrinya name to 561:National Election Board of Ethiopia 24: 4165:from the original on 12 April 2021 3645:from the original on 23 March 2021 3244: 3215: 3083: 2966: 2907: 2589:from the original on 6 August 2021 2449: 2393: 2299: 2246: 2196: 2105: 2093:from the original on 10 March 2021 1957:Nyabiage, Jevans (27 March 2023). 858:organizing its own communist party 696:Eritrean People's Liberation Front 538:Eritrean People's Liberation Front 427:Tigrayan People's Liberation Front 54:tone or style may not reflect the 25: 4652: 4216:from the original on 18 June 2021 3314:Burke, Jason (25 November 2020). 3165:"Ethiopia aid 'spent on weapons'" 3009:Journal of Modern African Studies 2717:"How Tigray is turning on itself" 2575:Gebre, Samuel (18 January 2021). 2043:Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik 2015:from the original on 13 June 2021 1657: 1596:Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik 1568:from the original on 13 June 2021 1426:Marxist–Leninist League of Tigray 1156:was signed, ending the Tigray War 846:Marxist–Leninist League of Tigray 565:House of Peoples' Representatives 339:House of Peoples' Representatives 4601:Tigray People's Liberation Front 4578: 4566: 4554: 4357: 3792:Harter, Fred (3 November 2022). 3522:Reda, Getachew (23 March 2022). 1129:Ethiopian National Defense Force 1078: 970:in Addis and party officials in 960:Ethiopian National Defence Force 782:Həzbawi Wäyyanä Harənnätä Təgray 761:After the Derg's victory in the 690:It secretly approached both the 683:(Abbay), Aregawi Berhe (Berhu), 489: 404:Tigray People's Liberation Front 109: 64:guide to writing better articles 43: 4611:1975 establishments in Ethiopia 4293: 4267: 4228: 4198: 4177: 4147: 4127: 4082: 4057:Kedir, Sadik (13 August 2024). 4050: 3959: 3908: 3879: 3858: 3832: 3806: 3785: 3759: 3734: 3708: 3682: 3657: 3598: 3586:from the original on 5 May 2021 3567: 3541: 3515: 3485: 3391: 3366: 3354:from the original on 3 May 2021 3340: 3273: 3156: 3115: 3035: 3000: 2937: 2813: 2784: 2765: 2738: 2677: 2652: 2627: 2601: 2568: 2538: 2270: 2231: 2170: 2140: 2064: 2027: 1995: 1972: 1950: 1928: 1906: 1882: 1851: 1818: 1800: 1776:"Zenawism as ethnic-federalism" 1768: 1628:"Parlamentswahlen in Äthiopien" 1407:The party has its roots in the 1166: 1052:2021 Ethiopian General Election 936:ethno-linguistic federalization 3574:Lefort, René (30 April 2021). 3163:Plaut, Martin (3 March 2010). 3070:Jamestown Foundation, 24 May: 1731: 1708: 1685: 1580: 1548: 1480: 832:catastrophic famine of 1983-85 657:Ethiopian nationality question 13: 1: 4626:Political parties in Ethiopia 4354:Political parties in Ethiopia 4108:10.1080/23311886.2024.2376859 4038:(in Tigrinya). 13 August 2024 2982:. New Haven. pp. 76–177. 2481:10.1080/10246029.2024.2379902 2430:10.1080/23311886.2023.2209991 2374:10.1080/23311886.2023.2251290 1473: 1056:2020 Tigray regional election 799:, some 50 kilometers west of 719:Tägadlo Ḥarənnät Ḥəzbi Təgray 1069: 1002: 934:, constitutional democracy, 904: 830:The TPLF managed to use the 756: 673:Maḥbär Gäsgästi Bəḥer Təgray 638: 472:'Revolutionary') or 7: 3896:(in Tigrinya). 29 July 2024 3132:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_4 1421:the conquests of Menelik II 1402: 1188:threatening its existence. 1091:to comply with Knowledge's 621:Haile Selassie I University 10: 4657: 2011:(in German). 1 June 1990. 1860:"TPLF: Reform or Decline?" 1564:(in German). 1 June 1990. 1120: 1035:regional state capital of 1012:(army chief of staff) and 908: 735:Ethiopian Democratic Union 655:nor correctly resolve the 590: 585: 571:. On 2 November 2022, the 29: 4529:List of political parties 4519: 4403: 4367: 4259:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3605:@NatGeoUK (1 June 2021). 3021:10.1017/S0022278X04000114 2774:Asian and African Studies 2759:10.1080/03056248308703537 1378:Tigray regional election 1352:Tigray regional election 1327:Tigray regional election 1302:Tigray regional election 1277:Tigray regional election 714: 692:Eritrean Liberation Front 668: 635:Ethiopian nationalities. 481: 462: 415: 377: 368: 363: 351: 337: 323: 313: 288: 268: 203: 192: 184: 175: 165: 157: 147: 137: 125: 117: 108: 96: 4631:Rebel groups in Ethiopia 4616:Banned socialist parties 2264:Encyclopaedia Aethiopica 1191:During August 2024, the 1154:Pretoria Peace Agreement 1104:may contain suggestions. 1089:may need to be rewritten 884:Oromo Liberation Front's 862:Ethiopian Workers' Party 836:Relief Society of Tigray 769:'s new support from the 559:that began in 2020, the 101: 4455:Somali State Resistance 4134:Berhe, Aregawi (2008). 3222:Hammond, Jenny (1999). 3193:Tadesse, Kiflu (1998). 3093:Hammond, Jenny (1989). 2852:Berhe, Aregawi (2008). 2820:Balsvik, Randi (1985). 2791:Tadesse, Kiflu (1993). 2473:African Security Review 2078:The Wall Street Journal 1979:Berhe, Aregawi (2008). 1889:Berhe, Aregawi (2008). 1679:7 December 2020 at the 1382:Debretsion Gebremichael 1177:Debretsion Gebremichael 1064:Tigray Democratic Party 856:regime, which was busy 625:Tigray Liberation Front 610:armed revolt of 1942–43 270:Political position 223:Revolutionary socialism 218:Revolutionary democracy 142:Fetlework Gebregziabher 132:Debretsion Gebremichael 4095:Cogent Social Sciences 3042:Berhe, Kahsay (1991). 2978:Tareke, Gebru (2009). 2417:Cogent Social Sciences 2361:Cogent Social Sciences 2277:Berhe, Kahsay (2005). 1456: 1440:Linkage with terrorism 1409:1960s student movement 1250:Government/Opposition 827: 820:Melfa (Dogu'a Tembien) 809:Melfa (Dogu'a Tembien) 599:within Ethiopia after 569:terrorist organization 497:This article contains 437:group, and the former 3799:National Public Radio 2238:Kane, Thomas (2000). 1451: 1142:Tigray Defense Forces 1131:(ENDF) when the TPLF 817: 767:Mengistu Haile Mariam 765:in February 1978 and 528:(EPRDF). It fought a 318:Tigray Defense Forces 233:Left-wing nationalism 4534:Politics of Ethiopia 4121:Taylor & Francis 3499:. 7 September 2020. 3405:. 9 September 2020. 3350:. 18 November 2019. 3251:Young, John (1997). 2931:10.1093/afraf/adh024 2552:. 25 November 2020. 2331:10.1093/afraf/ady056 2154:. 25 November 2020. 2004:"Napalm statt Hirse" 1844:10.1093/afraf/adz005 1757:10.1093/afraf/adz005 1557:"Napalm statt Hirse" 1541:10.1093/afraf/adz005 1185:crisis of legitimacy 1048:Ethiopian parliament 932:multi-party politics 653:socialist revolution 645:Ethiopian Revolution 627:(TLF). Meanwhile, a 447:Ethiopian government 382:Politics of Ethiopia 314:Regional affiliation 289:National affiliation 213:Tigrayan nationalism 4161:. 7 December 2020. 3611:National Geographic 3286:2001-2009.state.gov 3077:27 May 2021 at the 2726:. 11 September 2024 2723:Africa Confidential 2522:. 4 November 2020. 2124:. 20 January 2021. 1940:washingtontimes.com 1638:(in German). 2005. 1490:. 7 November 2020. 1163:refused to enlist. 976:Halemariam Desalegn 928:demise of communism 882:(OPDO) to deny the 824:Ethiopian Civil War 741:; and in 1978, the 669:ማሕበር ገስገስቲ ብሔረ ትግራይ 575:brokered a deal in 3282:"Ethiopia (10/08)" 2615:. 28 December 2022 2493:Taylor and Francis 2443:Taylor and Francis 2387:Taylor and Francis 1173:Pretoria Agreement 1046:In June 2020, the 844:In July 1985, the 828: 715:ተጋድሎ ሓርነት ሕዝቢ ትግራይ 614:Italian occupation 431:ethnic nationalist 416:ህዝባዊ ወያነ ሓርነት ትግራይ 238:Left-wing populism 102:ህዝባዊ ወያነ ሓርነት ትግራይ 4542: 4541: 4281:. 2 November 2022 3746:www.aljazeera.com 3669:www.aljazeera.com 3641:. 23 March 2021. 3580:The Africa Report 3437:. 1 August 2020. 3378:www.aljazeera.com 3141:978-3-030-04954-6 2664:www.aljazeera.com 1942:. 17 April 2020. 1698:foreignpolicy.com 1400: 1399: 1247:No. of seats won 1119: 1118: 1093:quality standards 944:ethnic federalism 505:rendering support 471: 429:, is a left-wing 424: 400: 399: 387:Political parties 228:Ethnic federalism 92: 91: 84: 58:used on Knowledge 56:encyclopedic tone 16:(Redirected from 4648: 4583: 4582: 4581: 4571: 4570: 4559: 4558: 4557: 4550: 4362: 4361: 4347: 4340: 4333: 4324: 4323: 4317: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4258: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4240: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4202: 4196: 4195: 4189: 4181: 4175: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4151: 4145: 4144: 4142: 4131: 4125: 4124: 4110: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4054: 4048: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4025: 4016: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4006:. 13 August 2024 3994: 3985: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3975:. 13 August 2024 3963: 3957: 3956: 3955:. 9 August 2024. 3943: 3934: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3924:. 12 August 2024 3912: 3906: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3883: 3877: 3876: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3836: 3830: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3810: 3804: 3803: 3789: 3783: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3763: 3757: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3686: 3680: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3661: 3655: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3631: 3622: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3545: 3539: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3489: 3483: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3469:. 16 July 2020. 3457: 3451: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3370: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3344: 3338: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3311: 3302: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3264: 3256: 3248: 3242: 3241: 3235: 3227: 3226:. Lawrenceville. 3219: 3213: 3212: 3206: 3198: 3190: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3171:on 24 March 2010 3167:. Archived from 3160: 3154: 3153: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3106: 3098: 3090: 3081: 3068: 3062: 3061: 3055: 3047: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3004: 2998: 2997: 2991: 2983: 2975: 2964: 2963: 2957: 2949: 2941: 2935: 2934: 2925:(413): 569–592. 2914: 2905: 2904: 2897: 2891: 2887: 2885: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2867: 2860: 2849: 2840: 2839: 2833: 2825: 2817: 2811: 2810: 2804: 2796: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2769: 2763: 2762: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2719: 2712: 2703: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2681: 2675: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2656: 2650: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2631: 2625: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2605: 2599: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2572: 2566: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2542: 2536: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2510: 2504: 2503: 2496: 2464: 2447: 2446: 2432: 2408: 2391: 2390: 2376: 2352: 2343: 2342: 2325:(470): 194–206. 2310: 2297: 2296: 2290: 2282: 2274: 2268: 2267: 2259: 2244: 2243: 2235: 2229: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2203: 2194: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2174: 2168: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2144: 2138: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2112: 2103: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2068: 2062: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2051: 2040: 2031: 2025: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2006: 1999: 1993: 1992: 1987: 1976: 1970: 1969: 1954: 1948: 1947: 1932: 1926: 1925: 1920:. 5 April 2020. 1910: 1904: 1903: 1897: 1886: 1880: 1879: 1855: 1849: 1848: 1846: 1822: 1816: 1815: 1804: 1798: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1787: 1780: 1772: 1766: 1765: 1759: 1750:(472): 463–484. 1735: 1729: 1728: 1712: 1706: 1705: 1703:ethnofederalism. 1689: 1683: 1666: 1655: 1654: 1652: 1650: 1644: 1633: 1624: 1615: 1614: 1612: 1610: 1604: 1593: 1584: 1578: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1559: 1552: 1546: 1545: 1543: 1534:(472): 463–484. 1519: 1504: 1503: 1501: 1499: 1484: 1413:Marxism–Leninism 1392: 1366: 1340: 1315: 1290: 1235: 1234: 1224:Election results 1114: 1111: 1105: 1082: 1074: 1029:Prosperity Party 1025:Prosperity Party 850:Marxist–Leninist 716: 670: 647:but opposed the 530:15-year-long war 493: 492: 483: 466: 464: 419: 417: 373: 358: 346: 255:Marxism–Leninism 196: 187: 186: 161:18 February 1975 113: 94: 93: 87: 80: 76: 73: 67: 66:for suggestions. 62:See Knowledge's 47: 46: 39: 32:Woyane rebellion 21: 4656: 4655: 4651: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4646: 4645: 4591: 4590: 4589: 4579: 4577: 4565: 4555: 4553: 4545: 4543: 4538: 4524:Portal:Politics 4515: 4399: 4363: 4356: 4351: 4321: 4320: 4310: 4308: 4307:. 22 March 2023 4299: 4298: 4294: 4284: 4282: 4273: 4272: 4268: 4252: 4251: 4244: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4233: 4229: 4219: 4217: 4204: 4203: 4199: 4194:. 15 June 2014. 4187: 4183: 4182: 4178: 4168: 4166: 4153: 4152: 4148: 4140: 4132: 4128: 4087: 4083: 4073: 4071: 4055: 4051: 4041: 4039: 4027: 4026: 4019: 4009: 4007: 3996: 3995: 3988: 3978: 3976: 3965: 3964: 3960: 3945: 3944: 3937: 3927: 3925: 3914: 3913: 3909: 3899: 3897: 3885: 3884: 3880: 3863: 3859: 3849: 3847: 3838: 3837: 3833: 3823: 3821: 3811: 3807: 3790: 3786: 3776: 3774: 3764: 3760: 3750: 3748: 3740: 3739: 3735: 3725: 3723: 3713: 3709: 3699: 3697: 3688: 3687: 3683: 3673: 3671: 3663: 3662: 3658: 3648: 3646: 3633: 3632: 3625: 3615: 3613: 3603: 3599: 3589: 3587: 3572: 3568: 3558: 3556: 3555:. 20 April 2021 3547: 3546: 3542: 3532: 3530: 3520: 3516: 3506: 3504: 3491: 3490: 3486: 3476: 3474: 3459: 3458: 3454: 3444: 3442: 3427: 3426: 3422: 3412: 3410: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3382: 3380: 3372: 3371: 3367: 3357: 3355: 3346: 3345: 3341: 3331: 3329: 3312: 3305: 3295: 3293: 3278: 3274: 3258: 3257: 3249: 3245: 3229: 3228: 3220: 3216: 3200: 3199: 3191: 3184: 3174: 3172: 3161: 3157: 3142: 3120: 3116: 3100: 3099: 3091: 3084: 3079:Wayback Machine 3069: 3065: 3049: 3048: 3040: 3036: 3005: 3001: 2985: 2984: 2976: 2967: 2951: 2950: 2942: 2938: 2919:African Affairs 2915: 2908: 2898: 2889: 2888: 2879: 2878: 2871: 2869: 2865: 2858: 2850: 2843: 2827: 2826: 2824:. East Lansing. 2818: 2814: 2798: 2797: 2789: 2785: 2770: 2766: 2743: 2739: 2729: 2727: 2714: 2713: 2706: 2696: 2694: 2682: 2678: 2668: 2666: 2658: 2657: 2653: 2643: 2641: 2633: 2632: 2628: 2618: 2616: 2607: 2606: 2602: 2592: 2590: 2573: 2569: 2559: 2557: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2529: 2527: 2512: 2511: 2507: 2465: 2450: 2409: 2394: 2353: 2346: 2319:African Affairs 2311: 2300: 2284: 2283: 2275: 2271: 2261: 2260: 2247: 2236: 2232: 2222: 2220: 2205: 2204: 2197: 2187: 2185: 2184:. 23 March 2023 2176: 2175: 2171: 2161: 2159: 2146: 2145: 2141: 2131: 2129: 2121:The EastAfrican 2114: 2113: 2106: 2096: 2094: 2069: 2065: 2055: 2053: 2049: 2038: 2033: 2032: 2028: 2018: 2016: 2001: 2000: 1996: 1985: 1977: 1973: 1955: 1951: 1934: 1933: 1929: 1912: 1911: 1907: 1895: 1887: 1883: 1870:(97): 389–403. 1856: 1852: 1831:African Affairs 1823: 1819: 1806: 1805: 1801: 1791: 1789: 1785: 1778: 1774: 1773: 1769: 1744:African Affairs 1736: 1732: 1713: 1709: 1690: 1686: 1681:Wayback Machine 1670:African Affairs 1667: 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4318: 4292: 4266: 4227: 4197: 4176: 4146: 4126: 4081: 4064:Anadolu Agency 4049: 4017: 4003:Addis Standard 3986: 3972:Addis Standard 3958: 3952:Addis Standard 3935: 3921:Addis Standard 3907: 3878: 3872:Addis Standard 3857: 3831: 3805: 3784: 3758: 3733: 3707: 3696:. 25 July 2021 3681: 3656: 3623: 3597: 3566: 3540: 3528:Foreign Policy 3514: 3484: 3466:Addis Standard 3452: 3420: 3390: 3365: 3339: 3303: 3272: 3243: 3214: 3182: 3155: 3140: 3114: 3082: 3063: 3034: 2999: 2965: 2936: 2906: 2841: 2812: 2783: 2764: 2753:(26): 94–102. 2737: 2704: 2691:Addis Standard 2676: 2651: 2626: 2600: 2567: 2537: 2505: 2448: 2392: 2344: 2298: 2269: 2245: 2230: 2215:. 6 May 2021. 2195: 2169: 2139: 2104: 2063: 2026: 1994: 1971: 1949: 1927: 1905: 1881: 1850: 1817: 1799: 1767: 1730: 1707: 1684: 1656: 1616: 1579: 1547: 1505: 1478: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1441: 1438: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1394: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1379: 1372: 1371: 1368: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1353: 1346: 1345: 1342: 1337: 1335: 1333: 1328: 1321: 1320: 1317: 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