638:, they would be building the world's first deep-sea tidal energy farm off the coast of Pembrokeshire in Wales. It will provide electricity for 5,000 homes. Eight underwater turbines, each 25 metres long and 15 metres high, are to be installed on the sea bottom off St David's peninsula. Construction is due to start in the summer of 2008 and the proposed tidal energy turbines, described as "a wind farm under the sea", should be operational by 2010. However, it has gone into administration less than a year after developing and testing a 400KW turbine known as DeltaStream in 2015. Lunar Energy dissolved in 2019.
98:
703:, WA. This project is the first grid-connected two-turbine project in the US; installation is planned for the summer of 2015. The tidal turbines will use are designed to be placed directly into the seafloor at a depth of roughly 200 feet, so that there will be no effect on commercial navigation overhead. The license granted by the FERC also includes plans to protect fish, wildlife, as well as cultural and aesthetic resources, in addition to navigation. Each turbine measures 6 meters in diameter, and will generate up to 300 kW of electricity. In September 2014, the project was canceled due to cost concerns.
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631:, with planning permission given in 2013. "The Skerries project located in Anglesey, Wales, will be one of the first arrays deployed using the Siemens owned Marine Current Turbines SeaGen S tidal turbines. The marine consent for the project was recently awarded, the first tidal array to be consented in Wales. The 10MW array will be fully operational in 2015." - CEO of Siemens Energy Hydro & Ocean Unit Achim WΓΆrner. The project was shelved in 2016 after Marine Current Turbines was acquired by SIMEC Atlantis Energy.
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provide significant power at low tidal flow velocities compared with similar wind speeds. Given that power varies with the density of medium and the cube of velocity, water speeds of nearly one-tenth the speed of wind provide the same power for the same size of turbine system; however, this limits the application in practice to places where tide speed is at least 2 knots (1 m/s), even close to
567:, in a narrow channel which concentrates the tide as it flows between the Atlantic Ocean and North Sea. This area has a very strong tidal current, which can travel up to 4 m/s (8 knots) in spring tides. Tidal energy developers currently testing at the site include Alstom (formerly Tidal Generation Ltd), ANDRITZ HYDRO Hammerfest, OpenHydro, Scotrenewables Tidal Power, and Voith.
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than a gigawatt hour to consumers in
Northern Ireland. It is currently the only commercial-scale device to have been installed anywhere in the world. SeaGen is made up of two axial flow rotors, each of which drive a generator. The turbines are capable of generating electricity on both the ebb and flood tides because the rotor blades can pitch through 180Λ.
1258:) to detect and track the movement of fish both upstream and downstream of each of six turbines. The results suggested (1) very few fish using this portion of the river, (2) those fish which did use this area were not using the portion of the river which would subject them to blade strikes, and (3) no evidence of fish traveling through blade areas.
1251:). Tidal energy removal can also cause environmental concerns such as degrading farfield water quality and disrupting sediment processes. Depending on the size of the project, these effects can range from small traces of sediment build up near the tidal device to severely affecting nearshore ecosystems and processes.
751:. This works, in essence, by forcing water which would not have flowed through the turbine through the rotor disk. In these situations it is the frontal area of the duct, rather than the turbine, which is used in calculating the power coefficient and therefore the Betz limit still applies to the device as a whole.
357:. The TGU is the core of the OCGen technology and uses advanced design cross-flow (ADCF) turbines to drive a permanent magnet generator located between the turbines and mounted on the same shaft. ORPC has developed TGU designs that can be used for generating power from river, tidal, and deep water ocean currents.
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in 2002. Tidal Energy delivered their shrouded turbine in northern
Australia, where some of the fastest recorded flows (11 m/s, 21 knots) are found. Two small turbines will provide 3.5 MW. Another larger 5 meter diameter turbine, capable of 800 kW in 4 m/s of flow, was
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While initial assessments of the available energy in a channel have focus on calculations using the kinetic energy flux model, the limitations of tidal power generation are significantly more complicated. For example, the maximum physical possible energy extraction from a strait connecting two large
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In 2010, The Crown Estate awarded an agreement for lease to MeyGen
Limited, granting the option to develop a tidal stream project of up to 398MW at an offshore site between Scotland's northernmost coast and the island of Stroma. This is the largest planned tidal farm project worldwide right now, and
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The AR-1000, a 1 MW turbine developed by
Atlantis Resources Corporation, was successfully deployed at the EMEC facility during the summer of 2011. The AR series are commercial-scale, horizontal-axis turbines designed for open ocean deployment. AR turbines feature a single rotor set with fixed-pitch
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Jones, Anthony T., and Adam
Westwood. "Power from the oceans: wind energy industries are growing, and as we look for alternative power sources, the growth potential is through the roof. Two industry watchers take a look at generating energy from wind and wave action and the potential to alter." The
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is a variant of the
Darrieus design featuring a helical design that is in a large-scale, commercial pilot in South Korea, starting with a 1 MW plant that opened in May 2009 and expanding to 90MW by 2013. Neptune Renewable Energy's Proteus project employs a shrouded vertical axis turbine that can be
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Tidalstream, a UK-based company, commissioned a scaled-down Triton 3 turbine on the Thames in 2003. It can be floated to its site, installed without cranes, jack-ups, or divers, and then ballasted into an operating position. At full scale, the Triton 3 in 30β50 m deep water has a 3 MW capacity, and
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at a 50-meter depth of sea. Although still a prototype, the HS300 turbine, with a reported capacity of 300 kW was connected to the grid on
November 13, 2003. This made it the world's first tidal turbine delivering to the grid. The submerged structure weighed 120 tonnes and had gravity footings
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was installed by Marine
Current Turbines in Strangford Lough in Northern Ireland in April 2008. The turbine began to generate at full power of just over 1.2 MW in December 2008, is reported to have fed 150 kW into the grid for the first time on July 17, 2008, and has now contributed more
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are designing a commercial device in 2007β2009 with seven other companies who are expert in their fields. The consortium was awarded an β¬8 million EU grant to develop the first device, which will be deployed in 2012 at the Humber estuary and generates enough power for 1,000 homes. Pulse Tidal was
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draw energy from air currents. However, the potential for power generation by an individual tidal turbine can be greater than that of a similarly rated wind energy turbine. The higher density of water relative to air (water is about 800 times the density of air) means that a single generator can
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As with wind power, selection of location is critical for the tidal turbine. Tidal stream systems need to be located in areas with fast currents where natural flows are concentrated between obstructions, for example at the entrances to bays and rivers, around rocky points, headlands, or between
489:; assignor of one-half to Wolfgang Kmentt, also of Vienna. Their water kite turbine disclosure demonstrated a rich art in water-kite turbines. In similar technology, many others prior to 2006 advanced water-kite and paravane electric generating systems. In 2006, a tidal kite turbine called the
216:
shown in the T100 model as applied in Den Oever. Currently, 1 river model (R1) and 2 tidal models (T) are in production, with a 3rd T3 coming soon. Power production for the T1 is around 100 kW and around 200 kW for the T2. These are suitable for tidal currents as low as 0.4 m/s.
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No standard tidal stream generator has emerged as the clear winner among a large variety of designs. Several prototypes have shown promise, with many companies making bold claims, some of which are yet to be independently verified, but they have not operated commercially for extended periods to
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turbine. The kite was expected to work in flows as low 1β2.5 metres (3 ft 3 in β 8 ft 2 in) per second, while first-generation devices need over 2.5s. Each kite will have a capacity to generate between 150 and 800 kW. They can be deployed in waters 50β300 metres
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was developed by
Swedish company Minesto. They conducted its first sea trial in Strangford Lough in Northern Ireland in the summer of 2011. The test used kites with wingspan of 1.4m. In 2013 the Deep Green pilot plant began operation off Northern Ireland. The plant uses
314:. The turbines would feature a rotor section approximately 15 metres in diameter with a slightly larger gravity base. The turbines would operate in deep water well below shipping channels. Each turbine is forecast to produce energy for between 300 and 400 homes.
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is associated with blade strike and entanglement of marine organisms as high speed water increases the risk of organisms being pushed near or through these devices. As with all offshore renewable energies, there is also a concern about how the creation of
1243:. Depending on the frequency and amplitude of sound generated by the tidal energy devices, this acoustic output can have varying effects on marine mammals (particularly those who echolocate to communicate and navigate in the marine environment such as
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blades. The AR turbine is rotated as required with each tidal exchange. This is done in the slack period between tides and held in place for the optimal heading for the next tide. AR turbines are rated at 1 MW at 2.65 m/s of water flow velocity.
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to generate which is transmitted by the attachment cable to a transformer and then to the electricity grid. The turbine mouth is protected to protect marine life. The 14-meter version has a rated power of 850 kilowatts at 1.7 meters per second.
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in New York City; it was the first major tidal-power project in the United States. The strong currents pose challenges to the design: the blades of the 2006 and 2007 prototypes broke and new reinforced turbines were installed in
September 2008.
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has selected OpenHydro's turbine for a tidal energy demonstration project in the Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia, Canada and Alderney Renewable Energy Ltd for the supply of tidal turbines in the Channel Islands. OpenHydro was liquidated in 2018.
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Venturi effect devices use a shroud or duct in order to generate a pressure differential which is used to run a secondary hydraulic circuit which is used to generate power. A device, the Hydro Venturi, is to be tested in San Francisco Bay.
559:(EMEC) has supported the deployment of more wave and tidal energy devices than at any other single site in the world. EMEC provides a variety of test sites in real sea conditions. Its grid connected tidal test site is located at the
1950:
417:, was tested off the Scottish coast. The Stingray uses hydrofoils to create oscillation, which allows it to create hydraulic power. This hydraulic power is then used to power a hydraulic motor, which then turns a generator.
114:. Furthermore, at higher speeds in a flow between 2 and 3 meters per second in seawater, a tidal turbine can typically access four times as much energy per rotor swept area as a similarly rated power wind turbine.
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at 1/10 scale. The UK company developing it is called Ocean Flow Energy Ltd. The advanced hull form maintains optimum heading into the tidal stream and is designed to operate in the peak flow of the water column.
531:, offering the potential to generate 1,000-fold more energy than a stationary generator. That maneuver means the kite can operate in tidal streams that move too slowly to drive earlier tidal devices, such as the
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Garrett, C. and Cummins, P. (2005). "The power potential of tidal currents in channels." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 461, London. The Royal Society,
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European technology and innovation platform for ocean energy (ETIP OCEAN) Powering homes today, Powering nations tomorrow report 2019 makes note of record volumes being supplied through tidal stream technology.
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sections that are pushed sideways by the flow. Oscillating stream power extraction was proven with the omni- or bi-directional Wing'd Pump windmill. During 2003 a 150 kW oscillating hydroplane device, the
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the Triton 6 in 60β80 m deep water has a capacity of up to 10MW, depending on the flow. Both platforms have man-access capability both in the operating position and in the float-out maintenance position.
70:, although the term is often used in reference to machines designed to extract energy from the run of a river or tidal estuarine sites. Certain types of these machines function very much like underwater
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technology may eventually see large amounts of power generated from the ocean, especially tidal currents using the tidal stream designs but also from the major thermal current systems such as the
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recognizes six principal types of tidal energy converters. They are horizontal axis turbines, vertical axis turbines, oscillating hydrofoils, venturi devices, Archimedes screws and tidal kites.
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is also the unique commercial, multi-turbine array to have commenced construction. The first phase of the MeyGen project (Phase 1A) is operational and the subsequent phases are under way.
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255:, England, in 2003. The 11-meter-diameter turbine generator was fitted to a steel pile which was driven into the seabed. As a prototype, it was connected to a dump load, not to the grid.
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Minesto's kite has a wingspan of 8β14 metres (26β46 ft). The kite has neutral buoyancy, so doesn't sink as the tide turns from ebb to flow. Each kite is equipped with a gearless
1954:
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of 200 tonnes. Its three-blades were made in glass fibre-reinforced plastic and measured 10 metres from hub to tip. The device rotated at 7 rpm with an installed capacity of 0.3 MW.
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The world's first marine energy test facility was established in 2003 to kick start the development of the wave and tidal energy industry in the UK. Based in Orkney, Scotland, the
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1265:) to explore and establish tools and protocols for assessment of physical and biological conditions and monitor environmental changes associated with tidal energy development.
743:" is known, the equation below can be used to determine the power output of the hydrodynamic subsystem of the machine. This available power cannot exceed that imposed by the
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These are similar in concept to traditional windmills but operate under the sea. They have most of the prototypes currently under design, development, testing or operations.
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has been developed at Laval University and tested successfully near Quebec City, Canada, in 2009. A hydrodynamic efficiency of 40% has been achieved during the field tests.
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There are a number of individuals and companies developing tidal energy converters across the world. A database of tidal energy developers is kept up-to-date here:
656:. It is estimated that up to 3 GW could be extracted. This would not only supply the island's needs but also leave a considerable surplus for export, using a
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1210:. Tidal stream turbines may be arrayed in high-velocity areas where natural tidal current flows are concentrated such as the west and east coasts of Canada, the
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Atwater, J.F., Lawrence, G.A. (2008) Limitations on Tidal Power Generation in a Channel, Proceedings of the 10th World Renewable Energy Congress. (pp 947β952)
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In April 2008, the Ocean Renewable Power Company, LLC (ORPC) successfully completed testing its proprietary turbine-generator unit (TGU) prototype at ORPC's
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and Australia. Such flows occur almost anywhere where there are entrances to bays and rivers, or between land masses where water currents are concentrated.
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Using flow augmentation measures, for example a duct or shroud, the incident power available to a turbine can be increased. The most common example uses a
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One study of the Roosevelt Island Tidal Energy (RITE, Verdant Power) project in the East River (New York City), used 24 split beam hydroacoustic sensors (
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into electricity by moving through the tidal stream. An estimated 1% of 2011's global energy requirements could be provided by such devices at scale.
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and acoustic outputs may affect marine organisms. Because these devices are in the water, the acoustic output can be greater than those created with
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Relative to an open turbine in free stream, ducted turbines are capable of as much as 3 to 4 times the power of the same turbine rotor in open flow.
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205:, from 2016. It produced 3,200 MWhs of electricity in 12 months of continuous testing. It was removed in September 2018 to make way for the
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RWE npower renewables Sites > Projects in Development > Marine > Skerries > The Proposal : Anglesey Skerries Tidal Stream Array
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Tidal energy converters can have varying modes of operating and therefore varying power output. If the power coefficient of the device "
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2934:"Funding, paperwork slow ambitious plans to produce power using underwater turbines in Mississippi River | Business News | nola.com"
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Tocardo were declared bankrupt in 2019. QED Naval and HydroWing have joined forces to buy tidal turbine business Tocardo in 2020.
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A database for all data collected by marine energy research and development projects funded by the U.S. Department of Energy.
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kites with a wingspan of 8m (or 12m). Each kite has a rated power of 120 kilowatts at a tidal flow of 1.3 meters per second.
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Chen, Hao; Tang, Tianhao; Ait-Ahmed, Nadia; Benbouzid, Mohamed El Hachemi; Machmoum, Mohamed; Zaim, Mohamed El-Hadi (2018).
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announced that it is in partnership with Marine Current Turbines to build a tidal farm of SeaGen turbines off the coast of
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establish performance and rates of return on investments. Some of the many companies and turbines tested are summarised in
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A database of information on potential environmental effects of marine energy and offshore wind energy development.
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The kite is tethered by a cable to a fixed point. It "flies" through the current carrying a turbine. It moves in a
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was granted a licence in 2008 and is planning to use tidal turbines to extract power from the notoriously strong
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The SR2000, a prototype 2MW floating turbine developed by Orbital Marine Power in Scotland, was operated at the
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Tocardo, a Dutch-based company, has been running tidal turbines since 2008 on the Afsluitdijk, near Den Oever.
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A database that provides up-to-date information on marine energy deployments in the U.S. and around the world.
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424:. Having secured funding from the EU, they are developing a commercial-scale device to be commissioned 2012.
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2305:"Underwater kite-turbine may turn tides into green electricity | Damian Carrington | Environment"
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A 2 kW prototype relying on the use of two oscillating hydrofoils in a tandem configuration called
2777:"EnergyBulletin.net | NZ: Chance to turn the tide of power supply | Energy and Peak Oil News"
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2117:"BBC Look North "A tidal power project in the Humber has generated its first batch of electricity""
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The kinetic energy of a water current is converted into electricity by a turbine-generator system
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The Australian company Tidal Energy Pty Ltd undertook successful commercial trials of efficient
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in 1923 and patented in 1929, these turbines can be deployed either vertically or horizontally.
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islands or other land masses. The following potential sites are under serious consideration:
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Work is currently being conducted by the Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (
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660:(FAB Link) which is expected to go online by 2020. This agreement was terminated in 2017.
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on the power coefficient, although this can be circumvented to some degree by placing a
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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A database of information on technical design and engineering of marine energy devices.
2588:"Ways to Save Energy - How to save energy and the best ways to save energy in the home"
1999:. Mass High Tech: The Journal of New England Technology. August 1, 2008. Archived from
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to increase the flow rate through the turbine, which can be either axial or crossflow.
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of swimming species, such as sharks, tuna, and mackerel, using their highly efficient
2984:"Roosevelt Island Tidal Energy (RITE) Environmental Assessment Project | Tethys"
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2489:"LUNAR ENERGY POWER LIMITED overview - Find and update company information - GOV.UK"
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In November 2007, British company Lunar Energy announced that, in conjunction with
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243:, a 300 kW periodflow marine current propeller type turbine, was installed by
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Tidal stream generators are the cheapest and least ecologically damaging among the
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Pulse Tidal operate an oscillating hydrofoil device called Pulse generator in the
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In 2010, Tenax Energy of Australia proposed to put 450 turbines off the coast of
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592:. The reason given is: Most of these projects did not progress, but others have.
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Tidal stream generators draw energy from water currents in much the same way as
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Futurist 39.1 (2005): 37(5). GALE Expanded Academic ASAP. Web. 8 October 2009.
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Oscillating devices do not have a rotating component, instead making use of
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A network of databases providing broad access to marine energy information.
1662:"N.Y. Tests Turbines to Produce Power. City Taps Current Of the East River"
1592:"Read about the first open-sea tidal turbine generator off Lynmouth, Devon"
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planned as a tidal-powered desalination showcase near Brisbane Australia.
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2966:"Tethys | Environmental Effects of Wind and Marine Renewable Energy"
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695:(FERC) approved a pilot license for Snohomish County PUD to install two
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to increase the speed of the water flowing through the turbine tenfold.
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Ernst Souczek of Vienna, Austria, on August 6, 1947, filed for a patent
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mode propulsion. It is produced by Australian company BioPower Systems.
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1426:"Orbital Marine Power Launches O2: World's Most Powerful Tidal Turbine"
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956:{\displaystyle P=0.22\,\rho \,g\,\Delta H_{\text{max}}\,Q_{\text{max}}}
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The energy available from these kinetic systems can be expressed as:
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2365:"Underwater Kite Harvests Energy From Slow Currents - IEEE Spectrum"
1951:"South Korea starts up, to expand 1-MW Jindo Uldolmok tidal project"
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2759:"News: The latest news, sport, weather and events from WalesOnline"
1530:"Attraction, Challenge and Current Status of Marine Current Energy"
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Builder & Engineer - Pembrokeshire tidal barrage moves forward
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A prototype semi-submerged floating tethered tidal turbine called
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1027:= maximum differential water surface elevation across the channel
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Portal and Repository for Information on Marine Renewable Energy
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1711:"SIMEC Atlantis Energy | Turbines and Engineering Services"
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at Teddington on the River Thames in the London suburbs, England
78:. They were first conceived in the 1970s during the oil crisis.
2340:"Deep Green underwater kite to generate electricity (w/ Video)"
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2948:"Isle of Wight tidal energy demonstration site plans unveiled"
2389:"Tidal developers : EMEC: European Marine Energy Centre"
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2142:"Full scale demonstration prototype tidal stream generator"
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1512:"New EU tidal joint venture formed with Dutch acquisition"
1387:"Tidal devices : EMEC: European Marine Energy Centre"
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are planning to deploy ten 1MW HS1000 devices designed by
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Following the Seaflow trial, a full-size prototype called
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Bay of Fundy to get three test turbines | Cleantech.com
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Community Research and Development Information Service
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used to form an array in mainly estuarine conditions.
2797:. Energy NZ, Vol 1, No 1. Winter 2007. Archived from
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The bioSTREAM tidal power conversion system uses the
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has been tested since June 2008 in Strangford Lough,
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2652:"Admiralty Inlet Pilot Tidal Project | Tethys"
2186:"Shark biomimicry produces renewable energy system"
1687:"Power From the Restless Sea Stirs the Imagination"
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2493:find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk
1997:"Tide is slowly rising in interest in ocean power"
1797:"First Testing of Evopod at Strangford Narrows..."
1056:= maximum volumetric flow rate though the channel.
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989:= the density of the water (seawater is 1027 kg/m)
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876:= the density of the water (seawater is 1027 kg/m)
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2677:"Snohomish County PUD drops tidal-energy project"
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2471:"Administrators seek buyer for Tidal Energy Ltd"
2457:"Β£70m Anglesey tidal project is shelved - again"
1578:"Kvalsund Tidal Turbine Prototype | Tethys"
1428:(Press release). Edinburgh: Orbital Marine Power
2691:"Developments in ducted water current turbines"
2326:"The future of renewable energy | Minesto"
2096:"Stingray Tidal System Energy Device - Phase 3"
1928:. Worldchanging.com. 1999-02-22. Archived from
808:{\displaystyle P={\frac {\rho AV^{3}}{2}}C_{P}}
38:- A semi-submerged floating approach tested in
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2431:"Renewable Energy Focus - Journal - Elsevier"
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1206:, which is covered by the more general term
2206:. Hydrolienne.fsg.ulaval.ca. Archived from
2040:"Tidal Energy - the Tidal Energy Advantage"
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1615:. Verdant Power. 2012-01-23. Archived from
209:, the production model, completed in 2021.
66:from moving masses of water, in particular
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995:= gravitational acceleration (9.80665 m/s)
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214:Typical production data of tidal generator
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1837:"Tidal power project could run all homes"
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262:began running a prototype project in the
27:Type of tidal power generation technology
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2230:"Oscillating-wings Hydrokinetic Turbine"
1978:. Neptunerenewableenergy.com. 2013-02-07
1369:"Has Welsh Firm Caught The Tide? - TIME"
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3048:Marine and Hydrokinetic Data Repository
3026:Basic information about current energy.
2829:
2504:
2502:
2353:
2279:"Hydro | VerdErg Renewable Energy"
1884:
1882:
550:
14:
3056:
2832:"N.Y. Tests Turbines to Produce Power"
895:
882:= the sweep area of the turbine (in m)
706:
460:
403:
125:development of tidal stream generators
2830:Shulman, Robin (September 20, 2008).
2362:
2285:
1685:Kate Galbraith (September 22, 2008).
1020:{\displaystyle \Delta H_{\text{max}}}
325:
290:A 3D model of an Evopod tidal turbine
34:Two types of Tidal Stream Generators
3024:Marine Energy Basics: Current Energy
2909:"Tidal power from Piscataqua River?"
2499:
1879:
1660:Robin Shulman (September 20, 2008).
1230:The main environmental concern with
574:
141:
2163:. Theengineer.co.uk. Archived from
2161:"EU Grant reported by The Engineer"
1953:. Hydro World. 2009. Archived from
1815:"Ocean Flow Energy company website"
693:Federal Energy Regulatory Committee
570:
24:
2227:
1371:. January 20, 2011. Archived from
1060:
1004:
929:
901:basins is given to within 10% by:
74:and are thus often referred to as
25:
3075:
3011:
2795:"Harnessing the power of the sea"
2303:Carrington, Damian (2011-03-02).
2254:"San Francisco Bay Guardian News"
445:
137:
2608:. Analysis.newenergyupdate.com.
1755:"Β· Sea Generation Tidal Turbine"
1275:
854:= the power generated (in watts)
711:
579:
469:is an underwater kite system or
364:, Italy, started in 2001 of the
146:
118:Types of tidal stream generators
3030:Marine Energy Projects Database
2994:
2976:
2958:
2940:
2926:
2901:
2876:
2858:
2823:
2805:
2769:
2751:
2733:
2723:
2714:
2669:
2644:
2598:
2580:
2566:
2541:
2527:
2510:"Alderney Renewable Energy Ltd"
2481:
2463:
2449:
2437:
2395:
2381:
2363:Tweed, Katherine (2013-11-14).
2332:
2318:
2271:
2245:
2221:
2196:
2178:
2152:
2134:
2123:from the original on 2021-12-21
2109:
2088:
2067:
2046:
2032:
2014:
1989:
1968:
1943:
1918:
1900:
1858:
1828:
1807:
1789:
1768:
1747:
1729:
1703:
1678:
1653:
1630:
1584:
1570:
1504:
1490:
1401:"ScotRenewables SR2000 at EMEC"
848:= the turbine power coefficient
415:Stingray tidal stream generator
2779:. May 22, 2005. Archived from
2535:"Turbulent tides hit Alderney"
2446:. Retrieved February 26, 2010.
1476:
1439:
1418:
1393:
1379:
1361:
1335:
1182:in the Southern United States
1049:{\displaystyle Q_{\text{max}}}
440:oscillating wing tidal turbine
62:), is a machine that extracts
13:
1:
2159:Don Pratt (3 December 2009).
1498:"Tocardo Declares Bankruptcy"
1316:
1180:Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana
658:France-Alderney-Britain cable
642:Alderney Renewable Energy Ltd
557:European Marine Energy Centre
199:European Marine Energy Centre
182:Bottom-mounted axial turbines
132:European Marine Energy Centre
2592:www.savingenergyathome.co.uk
2512:. Are.gb.com. Archived from
1736:First connection to the grid
1650:. Retrieved August 24, 2008.
1138:The Sound of Islay, between
7:
3042:Tethys Engineering Database
2638:www.islayenergytrust.org.uk
2574:"Tides wash away OpenHydro"
2190:Mongabay Environmental News
2119:. Youtube.com. 2009-08-06.
1926:"Gorlov Turbines in Koreas"
1741:September 25, 2010, at the
1555:10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2795708
1268:
1164:Humboldt County, California
749:turbine in a shroud or duct
527:increases with the cube of
93:Similarity to wind turbines
10:
3080:
2606:"Sad news for Pulse Tidal"
2256:. Sfbg.com. Archived from
1835:Nigel Adlam (2010-01-29).
888:= the velocity of the flow
449:
2634:"Islay Energy Trust Home"
2403:"MeyGen - Tidal Projects"
1912:February 5, 2009, at the
1079:between Wales and England
588:This section needs to be
228:installation is south of
155:This section needs to be
54:, often referred to as a
2252:Seth Wolf (2004-07-27).
1218:, and numerous sites in
1192:Teddington and Ham Hydro
678:ScottishPower Renewables
536:(160β980 ft) deep.
190:A cable-tethered turbine
3064:Tidal stream generators
2884:"Google Sites: Sign-in"
1841:Northern Territory News
1283:Renewable energy portal
546:Tidal energy developers
540:Tidal stream developers
393:shrouded tidal turbines
372:Flow augmented turbines
245:Marine Current Turbines
18:Tidal stream generators
2054:"Wing'd Pump Windmill"
1256:scientific echosounder
1050:
1021:
983:
957:
870:
842:
809:
737:
397:Gold Coast, Queensland
381:
291:
191:
183:
102:
56:tidal energy converter
52:tidal stream generator
47:
1817:. Oceanflowenergy.com
1717:on September 25, 2010
1226:Environmental impacts
1051:
1022:
984:
982:{\displaystyle \rho }
958:
871:
869:{\displaystyle \rho }
843:
841:{\displaystyle C_{P}}
810:
738:
736:{\displaystyle C_{P}}
379:
289:
189:
181:
100:
33:
2872:on December 6, 2010.
2679:. 30 September 2014.
2003:on December 26, 2008
1757:. Marineturbines.com
1349:on 23 September 2010
1241:offshore wind energy
1208:marine current power
1176:in the United States
1166:in the United States
1103:in the United States
1033:
1001:
973:
908:
860:
825:
761:
720:
674:liquidated in 2014.
563:, off the island of
551:Tidal stream testing
2891:accounts.google.com
2837:The Washington Post
1868:. Tidalstream.co.uk
1546:2018IEEEA...612665C
1212:Strait of Gibraltar
1198:Modern advances in
896:Resource assessment
707:Energy calculations
691:In March 2014, the
461:Tidal kite turbines
404:Oscillating devices
2897:on March 18, 2009.
2817:2008-07-04 at the
2745:2011-09-11 at the
2477:. 24 October 2016.
2028:on March 25, 2009.
1646:2010-11-12 at the
1500:. 11 October 2019.
1472:. 23 October 2023.
1046:
1017:
979:
953:
866:
838:
805:
733:
699:tidal turbines in
467:tidal kite turbine
382:
380:A shrouded turbine
326:Crossflow turbines
292:
192:
184:
103:
48:
46:in the background.
3004:. 22 August 2022.
2307:. theguardian.com
2056:. Econologica.org
1639:Technology Review
1514:. 8 January 2020.
1160:Islands, Scotland
1111:San Francisco Bay
1043:
1014:
950:
939:
793:
664:Nova Scotia Power
609:
608:
521:figure-eight loop
362:Strait of Messina
353:tidal sites near
308:Darwin, Australia
247:off the coast of
176:
175:
16:(Redirected from
3071:
3006:
3005:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2936:. 24 April 2011.
2930:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2911:. Archived from
2905:
2899:
2898:
2893:. Archived from
2888:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2868:. Archived from
2862:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2827:
2821:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2755:
2749:
2737:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2702:
2696:. Archived from
2695:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2654:. Archived from
2648:
2642:
2641:
2630:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2551:. Archived from
2545:
2539:
2538:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2506:
2497:
2496:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2459:. 22 March 2016.
2453:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2427:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2405:. Archived from
2399:
2393:
2392:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2360:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2300:
2283:
2282:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2228:Kinsey, Thomas.
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2192:. November 2006.
2182:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2100:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2024:. Archived from
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1922:
1916:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1886:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1843:. Archived from
1832:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1751:
1745:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1713:. Archived from
1707:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1657:
1651:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1557:
1525:
1516:
1515:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1466:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1345:. Archived from
1339:
1333:
1329:
1296:Renewable energy
1285:
1280:
1279:
1116:Piscataqua River
1055:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1012:
988:
986:
985:
980:
962:
960:
959:
954:
952:
951:
948:
941:
940:
937:
875:
873:
872:
867:
847:
845:
844:
839:
837:
836:
814:
812:
811:
806:
804:
803:
794:
789:
788:
787:
771:
742:
740:
739:
734:
732:
731:
682:Hammerfest Strom
604:
601:
595:
583:
582:
575:
571:Commercial plans
332:Georges Darreius
300:Northern Ireland
272:Roosevelt Island
171:
168:
162:
150:
149:
142:
40:Strangford Lough
21:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3054:
3053:
3036:Tethys Database
3014:
3009:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2988:tethys.pnnl.gov
2982:
2981:
2977:
2970:tethys.pnnl.gov
2964:
2963:
2959:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2918:
2916:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2866:"Verdant Power"
2864:
2863:
2859:
2850:
2848:
2828:
2824:
2819:Wayback Machine
2810:
2806:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2747:Wayback Machine
2738:
2734:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2661:
2659:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2632:
2631:
2624:
2615:
2613:
2612:. 22 April 2014
2604:
2603:
2599:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2576:. 26 July 2018.
2572:
2571:
2567:
2558:
2556:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2519:
2517:
2508:
2507:
2500:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2442:
2438:
2429:
2428:
2421:
2412:
2410:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2373:
2371:
2361:
2354:
2345:
2343:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2310:
2308:
2301:
2286:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2263:
2261:
2250:
2246:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2226:
2222:
2213:
2211:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2170:
2168:
2157:
2153:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2126:
2124:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2103:tethys.pnnl.gov
2098:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2080:
2078:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2059:
2057:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2006:
2004:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1981:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1960:
1958:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1935:
1933:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1914:Wayback Machine
1905:
1901:
1888:
1887:
1880:
1871:
1869:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1850:
1848:
1833:
1829:
1820:
1818:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1781:
1779:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1760:
1758:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1743:Wayback Machine
1734:
1730:
1720:
1718:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1695:
1693:
1683:
1679:
1670:
1668:
1666:Washington Post
1658:
1654:
1648:Wayback Machine
1635:
1631:
1622:
1620:
1613:"Verdant Power"
1611:
1610:
1606:
1597:
1595:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1540:: 12665β12685.
1526:
1519:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1468:
1467:
1460:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1431:
1429:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1409:
1407:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1352:
1350:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1323:
1319:
1281:
1274:
1271:
1228:
1134:Channel Islands
1089:Kaipara Harbour
1063:
1061:Potential sites
1040:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1011:
1007:
1002:
999:
998:
974:
971:
970:
947:
943:
936:
932:
909:
906:
905:
898:
861:
858:
857:
832:
828:
826:
823:
822:
799:
795:
783:
779:
772:
770:
762:
759:
758:
727:
723:
721:
718:
717:
714:
709:
701:Admiralty Inlet
654:Channel Islands
627:in Wales, near
605:
599:
596:
593:
584:
580:
573:
561:Fall of Warness
553:
542:
491:Deep Green Kite
463:
454:
448:
406:
374:
355:Eastport, Maine
351:Western Passage
328:
312:Clarence Strait
258:In April 2007,
172:
166:
163:
160:
151:
147:
140:
120:
95:
83:four main forms
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3077:
3067:
3066:
3052:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3013:
3012:External links
3010:
3008:
3007:
2993:
2975:
2957:
2939:
2925:
2900:
2875:
2857:
2822:
2804:
2801:on 2011-07-24.
2786:
2783:on 2005-05-22.
2768:
2750:
2732:
2722:
2713:
2682:
2668:
2643:
2622:
2597:
2579:
2565:
2540:
2537:. 25 May 2017.
2526:
2498:
2480:
2462:
2448:
2436:
2419:
2394:
2380:
2352:
2331:
2317:
2284:
2270:
2244:
2220:
2195:
2177:
2151:
2133:
2108:
2087:
2066:
2045:
2031:
2013:
1988:
1967:
1942:
1917:
1907:Gorlov Turbine
1899:
1878:
1857:
1827:
1806:
1803:on 2009-05-11.
1799:Archived from
1788:
1776:"Tidal Stream"
1767:
1746:
1728:
1702:
1691:New York Times
1677:
1652:
1629:
1604:
1583:
1569:
1517:
1503:
1489:
1475:
1458:
1447:"Tocardo home"
1438:
1417:
1392:
1378:
1375:on 2011-01-20.
1360:
1334:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1270:
1267:
1227:
1224:
1220:Southeast Asia
1196:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1170:Columbia River
1167:
1161:
1150:Pentland Firth
1147:
1136:
1122:
1113:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1091:in New Zealand
1086:
1085:in New Zealand
1080:
1074:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1039:
1028:
1010:
1006:
996:
990:
978:
964:
963:
946:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
916:
913:
897:
894:
890:
889:
883:
877:
865:
855:
849:
835:
831:
816:
815:
802:
798:
792:
786:
782:
778:
775:
769:
766:
730:
726:
713:
710:
708:
705:
686:Sound of Islay
607:
606:
587:
585:
578:
572:
569:
552:
549:
541:
538:
517:
516:
504:
503:
483:
482:
473:that converts
462:
459:
452:Venturi effect
447:
446:Venturi effect
444:
422:Humber Estuary
405:
402:
373:
370:
366:Kobold turbine
360:Trials in the
339:Gorlov turbine
327:
324:
174:
173:
154:
152:
145:
139:
138:Axial turbines
136:
119:
116:
94:
91:
76:tidal turbines
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3076:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3003:
2997:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2954:. 2014-03-20.
2953:
2949:
2943:
2935:
2929:
2915:on 2012-09-27
2914:
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2744:
2741:
2736:
2726:
2717:
2703:on 2012-09-13
2699:
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2672:
2658:on 2014-05-26
2657:
2653:
2647:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2627:
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2607:
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2593:
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2583:
2575:
2569:
2555:on 2010-10-23
2554:
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2516:on 2012-04-23
2515:
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2209:
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2199:
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2166:
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2017:
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1957:on 2010-09-01
1956:
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1946:
1932:on 2013-05-11
1931:
1927:
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1915:
1911:
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1861:
1847:on 2011-12-24
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1619:on 2013-04-20
1618:
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1484:"Tocardo T-1"
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1343:"Tidal power"
1338:
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1299:
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1291:Marine energy
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764:
757:
756:
755:
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750:
746:
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712:Turbine power
704:
702:
698:
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689:
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672:
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261:
260:Verdant Power
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108:
107:wind turbines
99:
90:
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2913:the original
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2553:the original
2549:"Open Hydro"
2543:
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1363:
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1347:the original
1337:
1311:Wind turbine
1260:
1253:
1232:tidal energy
1229:
1197:
1124:The Race of
1095:Bay of Fundy
1077:River Severn
1064:
992:
965:
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885:
879:
851:
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669:
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640:
633:
629:the Skerries
614:
610:
597:
589:
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543:
518:
505:
496:carbon fiber
484:
475:tidal energy
466:
464:
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426:
419:
407:
390:
383:
359:
347:Cobscook Bay
344:
336:
330:Invented by
329:
320:
316:
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277:
257:
239:
223:
219:
211:
196:
193:
164:
156:
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89:generation.
80:
75:
59:
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1894:emec.org.uk
1721:November 8,
1534:IEEE Access
1410:26 November
1301:Tidal power
1204:Gulf Stream
1146:in Scotland
1107:Golden Gate
1083:Cook Strait
671:Pulse Tidal
646:tidal races
87:tidal power
2919:2010-11-08
2851:2008-09-20
2707:2013-04-28
2662:2014-05-07
2616:2022-09-12
2559:2010-11-08
2520:2013-04-28
2413:2020-10-07
2374:2013-12-03
2346:2013-12-03
2342:. Phys.org
2311:2013-12-03
2264:2013-04-28
2238:2024-08-11
2214:2013-04-28
2171:2013-04-28
2127:2013-04-28
2081:2013-04-28
2077:. Engb.com
2075:"Stingray"
2060:2013-04-28
2007:2008-10-11
1982:2013-04-28
1961:2010-11-08
1936:2013-04-28
1872:2013-04-28
1851:2010-06-06
1821:2013-04-28
1782:2024-08-11
1761:2013-04-28
1696:2008-10-09
1671:2008-10-09
1623:2013-04-28
1598:2013-04-28
1470:"Projects"
1452:2015-04-17
1432:2021-04-29
1353:1 November
1317:References
1306:Wave power
1188:, England
1130:The Swinge
1101:East River
1097:in Canada.
745:Betz limit
450:See also:
433:Thunniform
429:biomimicry
264:East River
230:Hammerfest
207:Orbital O2
167:March 2022
112:neap tides
2846:0740-5421
2730:2563β2572
2148:(CORDIS).
1976:"Proteus"
1154:Caithness
1005:Δ
977:ρ
930:Δ
922:ρ
864:ρ
774:ρ
697:OpenHydro
688:in 2013.
615:In 2010,
600:July 2024
515:Operation
487:US2501696
368:concept.
310:, in the
3058:Category
2952:BBC News
2815:Archived
2743:Archived
2475:BBC News
2121:Archived
1910:Archived
1739:Archived
1644:Archived
1269:See also
1245:dolphins
1216:Bosporus
1156:and the
1152:between
1126:Alderney
1073:in Wales
650:Alderney
625:Anglesey
529:velocity
471:paravane
410:aerofoil
266:between
249:Lynmouth
226:Kvalsund
2610:Reuters
1564:4110420
1542:Bibcode
1200:turbine
1132:in the
1109:in the
818:where:
684:in the
652:in the
648:around
590:updated
508:turbine
481:History
395:on the
241:Seaflow
157:updated
3002:"PMEC"
2844:
1890:"Home"
1594:. REUK
1562:
1405:Tethys
1263:NNMREC
1249:whales
1214:, the
1174:Oregon
1158:Orkney
966:where
621:npower
533:SeaGen
502:Design
386:shroud
296:Evopod
280:SeaGen
268:Queens
234:Norway
203:Orkney
64:energy
44:SeaGen
36:Evopod
2887:(PDF)
2701:(PDF)
2694:(PDF)
2233:(PDF)
2099:(PDF)
1778:. SAE
1560:S2CID
1140:Islay
525:Force
253:Devon
68:tides
42:with
2842:ISSN
2369:IEEE
1723:2010
1637:MIT
1412:2020
1355:2010
1247:and
1144:Jura
1142:and
1128:and
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636:E.ON
565:Eday
349:and
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