676:
929:
547:
27:
43:
503:
360:
289:
196:
865:
35:
668:
974:
901:
656:
321:
597:
434:
487:
960:
312:, used a coat of arms quartered between the coats of arms of Denmark (three blue lions on a golden shield), Norway (a golden lion with an axe on a red shield) and Sweden (a golden lion on blue and white wavy stripes) plus the union mark with the three golden crowns on a blue shield, which is also the case for the following union Kings in the 15th century.
379:, Gustav interpreted Christian III's use of the symbol as a sign of intent to conquer Sweden and resurrect the union. Christian countered that, since the monarchs of the union had used the three crowns, the symbol now belonged to both kingdoms and he had as much a right as the Swedish king to use it.
259:
in 1340 and regained its territory, and Norway left the union with Sweden in 1380, successive
Swedish kings continued to use the union coat of arms with the three crowns. An alternative, less well-supported theory suggests that the three crowns are the three kingdoms in the traditional title of the
394:
in 1563. At the beginning of the 17th century the conflict was settled with both countries being allowed to use the Three Crowns in their coats of arms, although in
Denmark it has a less prominent place in the shield, and is officially referred to as a heraldic reminder of the former Kalmar Union.
340:, who terminated it in 1521, used the crowns quartered with the lion as a symbol of Sweden, and this has continued to the present day. Since the 15th century, the crowns have been regarded as the "main" arms of Sweden and thus can be used independently as the lesser coat of arms of the country.
207:, "bendy wavy Argent and azure, a lion Or"). It is still part of the present greater coat of arms of Sweden which is quartered between the lion coat of arms and the three crowns. As the lion and the crowns were occasionally re-interpreted as the coat of arms of the provinces of
880:
displays the three gold crowns on a red background (gules, three ancient crowns or). Earlier it is recorded to have been three gold crowns on a blue background (azure, three crowns or). The Grant arms formed the basis of the arms of the burgh of
711:), The East Anglian flag as it is known today was proposed by George Henry Langham and adopted in 1902 by the London Society of East Anglians (established in 1896). It superimposes the three crowns in a blue shield on a
382:
In Sweden, the Three Crowns were regarded as an exclusively
Swedish symbol. This led to a long-lasting diplomatic conflict between the two countries, the so-called Three Crowns Conflict, with Sweden accusing Denmark of
407:
often named its ships after the insignia of the Danish monarch's coat of arms, and the navy consequently often had a ship named after the Three Crowns. This practice in turn lent the name to the naval fort of
146:. Apart from the fact that Finland was not regarded as a country in its own right at the time, this theory has been refuted by later research, namely, the announcement in 1982 of the discovery of a
375:
had added the three crowns to his own coat of arms. Because the three crowns had been a
Swedish symbol since the 14th century and were used by Danish monarchs only during the
944:
models in the 1960s. A symbol for the marque's top model, the crowns were placed in a row on the vehicle rear and over each other in the front. During the 1980s and 1990s,
772:, but this design sees the three crowns stacked vertically and relates back to the Royal charter of 1299. The emblem is used by the city council and the city's two
166:
and contains the symbols of all participant countries, including Sweden. This discovery suggests the symbol was introduced no later than by
Albrekt's predecessor,
1602:
916:, but, like Coutts & Co, is arranged one over two instead of two over one. The crowns here refer to the fact that in 1901, the Queen Regent of Spain,
823:
818:
the three gold crowns on blue accompanied by an open book. The origin of the three crowns is not exactly known but may refer to the arms of
248:
requested that Magnus become king of the
Scanian provinces of Denmark. Magnus redeemed the pawn from John III and was sworn in as king of
510:
Some heraldic displays outside of Sweden also incorporate triple crown designs. Some of the notable of these uses are discussed below.
203:
The first coat of arms of Sweden from the 13th century featured a golden lion on a background of wavy blue and white diagonal lines (in
675:
76:
ordered two above and one below, placed on a blue background. Similar designs are found on a number of other coats of arms or flags.
252:
the same year. Since he had also ambitions of redeeming the rest of
Denmark, the crowns marked his dignity as king of three realms.
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96:
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1395:
92:
566:
519:
1669:
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rule as its coat-of-arms a blue shield with three gold crowns as part of the design. The crowns are said to represent
142:(1338–1412), who ruled Sweden 1364–89, brought the symbol from Germany as a sign of his rule over Sweden, Finland and
1531:
1332:
1313:
1288:
1243:
1218:
1193:
1168:
1143:
1073:
473:
856:, the London-based private bankers, but in this case the design comprises one crown at the top, with two below.
403:
The name "Tre Kroner", or Three Crowns, is also used in
Denmark. During the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, the
628:
455:
387:
by using a
Swedish symbol, and Denmark accusing Sweden of monopolizing the use of a Scandinavian union symbol.
538:, a historical province that was united with Galicia, while Galicia itself was represented by the black crow.
308:
in 1397, the three crowns symbol reverted to its use as a symbol of the union of three realms. Her successor,
1017:
451:
20:
1266:
Germany's
Northern Challenge: The Holy Roman Empire and the Scandinavian Struggle for the Baltic, 1563-1576
391:
1562:
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1353:
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917:
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A shield of three golden crowns, placed two above one, on a blue background, has been used a symbol of
640:
619:. Like the Swedish model, it comprises two crowns above and one below. These represent the three great
1679:
987:
758:
119:
and as a sign on Swedish military equipment in general, and also on the uniforms and vehicles of the
395:
Denmark has used the Three Crowns in this way since 1546, a practice disputed by Sweden until 1613.
1043:(in Swedish) (New, rev. and richly ill. ed.). Stockholm: Nordisk familjeboks förl. p. 398
680:
372:
120:
236:'s severe financial problems caused most of the country to be pawned to German princes, primarily
608:
600:
444:
127:
1628:
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416:, the Danish capital. It was also the name of a number of farms, causing a new city quarter in
280:
represent a timely fifteenth-century re-interpretation of the already well-established emblem.
139:
66:
754:
180:
126:
Because of their Scandinavian origin, the Three Crowns are also lesser-known features in the
546:
228:
Magnus used the symbols frequently, probably to mark his three kingdoms; Sweden, Norway and
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811:
712:
8:
1007:
941:
913:
892:(or Clan MacArthur) uses the three gold crowns on blue (azure, three antique crowns or).
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849:
636:
616:
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555:
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329:
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104:
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The three gold crowns on blue design appears on the coat of arms of the Spanish city of
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80:
42:
26:
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112:
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A detail of a 1965 Chrysler New Yorker, showing the three crown symbol on its rear.
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502:
272:. (the two last of which he held in competition with the Danish king). The Swedes-
1444:
979:
742:
683:. The memorial, erected by the London Society of East Anglians, displays the flag
531:
288:
173:
Use of the three crowns as a heraldic symbol of Sweden has been attested, in the
155:
58:
359:
1623:
1012:
997:
838:
819:
738:
719:
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301:
261:
244:. Since Denmark's king was forced into exile in 1332, the Danish Archbishop in
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around the world, but also appears in other less formal contexts, such as the
1663:
1580:
1523:
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792:
788:
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The symbol is known to have been placed atop the central tower of the castle
328:
Since the three crowns had been used in Sweden between the unions, both King
187:(1240-1290) and later appearing on the coins of Magnus Eriksson (1316-1374).
100:
864:
1119:
Sten Carlsson, Jerker Rosén (1962). "Från rikssamling till nordisk union".
1104:
Sten Carlsson, Jerker Rosén (1962). "Från rikssamling till nordisk union".
1089:
Sten Carlsson, Jerker Rosén (1962). "Från rikssamling till nordisk union".
773:
692:
376:
333:
297:
1643:
992:
889:
780:
688:
384:
337:
237:
215:
respectively, the lion was earlier, erroneously, called the "Göta lion".
143:
34:
208:
79:
The emblem is often used as a symbol of official State authority by the
945:
877:
852:
in London with three triple crowns. Three crowns also form the logo of
845:(sable three crowns arranged in pale or, similar to the city of Hull).
723:
660:
458: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
413:
305:
88:
1038:
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1548:
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703:
dynasty which ruled it. The flag of the East Anglian king and saint,
700:
581:
577:
535:
348:
900:
433:
320:
1040:
Nordisk familjebok: konversationslexikon och realencyklopedi. Bd 23
937:
909:
734:
607:
Practically identical to the three crowns of Sweden is that of the
417:
351:, destroyed by fire in 1697, no later than the early 16th century.
212:
1388:
Trois couronnes pour un roi, La devise d'Henri III et ses mystères
1134:
Rune Lindgren (1992). "Varifrån härstammar Tre Kronor-symbolen?".
596:
1059:
1057:
800:
727:
679:
Memorial to East Anglians who died during the First World War in
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use the three gold crowns on blue design on their coats-of-arms.
585:
527:
486:
233:
151:
108:
84:
73:
70:
920:, gave the town the title of city, and was crowned three times.
745:
where the crowns are shown pierced with arrows to represent the
1612:
853:
796:
523:
495:
491:
249:
229:
204:
179:, to the late 13th century, the three crowns first ringing the
159:
147:
107:(built 1911–1923). The Three Crowns are also used as the
62:
1213:(in Danish). Copenhagen: Politikens forlag. pp. 216–217.
1054:
1458:
620:
277:
273:
1449:, parchment 209 f., in Th. de Saluces, Le Chevalier errant,
848:
The first corporate coat of arms was granted in 1439 to the
733:
The emblem of three crowns is evident in East Anglian local
304:
between Denmark, Norway and Sweden, was instituted by Queen
1118:
1103:
1088:
804:
245:
163:
1138:(in Swedish). Stockholm: Rabén & Sjögren. p. 17.
1308:(in Danish). Copenhagen: Politikens forlag. p. 217.
1283:(in Danish). Copenhagen: Politikens forlag. p. 217.
1238:(in Danish). Copenhagen: Politikens Forlag. p. 138.
1188:(in Danish). Copenhagen: Politikens forlag. p. 217.
1163:(in Danish). Copenhagen: Politikens forlag. p. 216.
1068:(in Danish). Copenhagen: Politikens Forlag. p. 138.
764:
A three crowns design is the coat of arms of the city of
513:
138:
One of several traditional explanations have suggested.
1233:
1063:
779:
In the literature, the coat of arms of the legendary
695:
was ascribed by mediaeval heralds to the Anglo-Saxon
162:
was painted for an international congress led by the
130:
where they might be referred to as the "union mark".
1108:(in Swedish). Stockholm: Bonniers. pp. 200–201.
955:
749:. They were also included in the arms of the former
506:
Historical coat of arms of Galicia (Eastern Europe)
390:This conflict played a role at the outbreak of the
363:
The royal arms of Denmark. Version used since 1972.
1335:. Website of the Danish Monarchy. 23 November 2011
707:consists of three gold crowns on a field of blue (
315:
232:. At the middle of the 14th century, neighbouring
103:and hence are called "Three Crowns", and atop the
841:(gules three ducal coronets two over one or) and
718:The three crowns appear, carved in stone, on the
573:includes the three crowns as part of the design.
420:to take the name "Trekroner" from one such farm.
1661:
885:, which was founded on the clan's land in 1765.
1494:"Ecclesiastical Heraldry of the United Kingdom"
1303:
1278:
1208:
1183:
1158:
1123:(in Swedish). Stockholm: Bonniers. p. 201.
1093:(in Swedish). Stockholm: Bonniers. p. 200.
255:Although Denmark was reconsolidated under King
1610:
1333:"Det kongelige vĂĄben [The Royal Arms]"
541:
1596:
1327:
1325:
1133:
218:
868:Coat of arms of the chief of the Clan Arthur
558:was "Manet ultima coelo" with three crowns.
423:
354:
223:
1603:
1589:
1322:
1234:Cristian Fogd Pedersen (1970). "Sverige".
1127:
1064:Cristian Fogd Pedersen (1970). "Sverige".
332:, who periodically drew Sweden out of the
1259:
1257:
1255:
635:. The design was used as the flag of the
474:Learn how and when to remove this message
199:The modern Greater Coat of Arms of Sweden
190:
46:The three crowns on Stockholm's City Hall
1563:"Burriana (Castellón) Pueblas de España"
1517:
1413:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
927:
923:
899:
863:
674:
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654:
643:until being replaced by the flag of the
595:
569:between 1784 and 1878, and the island's
545:
501:
485:
358:
319:
287:
194:
41:
33:
25:
1036:
948:used a stylised variant of the symbol.
936:A symbol with three crowns was used by
398:
1662:
1425:"About Saxmundham – The Parish Church"
1406:
1400:
1263:
1252:
824:Chancellor of the University of Oxford
514:In Central and Eastern European armory
158:, estimated to date back to 1336. The
1584:
859:
371:of Sweden found that the Danish King
97:Sweden men's national ice hockey team
895:
650:
456:adding citations to reliable sources
427:
1304:Sven Tito Achen (1972). "Sverige".
1279:Sven Tito Achen (1972). "Sverige".
1209:Sven Tito Achen (1972). "Sverige".
1184:Sven Tito Achen (1972). "Sverige".
1159:Sven Tito Achen (1972). "Sverige".
726:, and on the 15th century porch of
13:
591:
69:, and composed of three yellow or
14:
1691:
888:The coat of arms of the chief of
737:; they appear in the arms of the
722:(c.1400) in the parish church of
1455:Bibliothèque Nationale de France
1268:. Boston, MA: Brill. p. 10.
972:
958:
639:between 1171-1541 following the
550:Coat of arms of Saint Barthélemy
432:
1555:
1541:
1511:
1486:
1464:
1438:
1417:
1380:
1358:
1347:
1297:
1272:
1227:
663:parish church, Suffolk, England
615:, a region in the southwest of
561:The French Caribbean island of
443:needs additional citations for
316:Use in post-Kalmar Union Sweden
283:
99:, who wear the symbol on their
1202:
1177:
1152:
1112:
1097:
1082:
1037:Westrin, Theodor, ed. (1916).
1030:
1:
1023:
837:use the three crowns emblem;
128:royal coat of arms of Denmark
21:Three Crowns (disambiguation)
1520:Scotland's Historic Heraldry
1472:"Oxford University Archives"
1390:, Les Belles Lettres, 2011,
7:
1446:Illustration des Neuf Preux
1306:Alverdens heraldik i farver
1281:Alverdens heraldik i farver
1211:Alverdens heraldik i farver
1186:Alverdens heraldik i farver
1161:Alverdens heraldik i farver
951:
542:In French and German armory
10:
1696:
1670:National symbols of Sweden
918:Maria Christina of Austria
751:Isle of Ely County Council
641:Norman invasion of Ireland
219:Use by Scandinavian unions
133:
18:
1619:
988:Gustavus Adolphus College
759:University of East Anglia
730:church, both in Suffolk.
518:The historical region of
498:), featuring three crowns
424:Other three crown designs
392:Northern Seven Years' War
355:The Three Crowns Conflict
324:Swedish Air Force roundel
292:Seal of Erik of Pomerania
38:The lesser arms of Sweden
16:National emblem of Sweden
904:Coat of arms of Burriana
872:The coat of arms of the
681:Liverpool Street Station
412:guarding the harbour of
224:Union of Magnus Eriksson
121:Swedish Police Authority
1549:"History – Clan Arthur"
1236:Alverdens flag i farver
1066:Alverdens flag i farver
795:included three realms,
783:is also often given as
747:martyrdom of St. Edmund
659:Three crowns emblem at
1264:Lavery, Jason (2002).
1136:Gamla stan förr och nu
933:
905:
869:
709:Azure, three crowns Or
697:Kingdom of East Anglia
684:
672:
664:
604:
551:
522:, now divided between
507:
499:
364:
325:
293:
200:
191:Early Swedish heraldry
140:Albrekt of Mecklenburg
67:coat of arms of Sweden
54:
47:
39:
31:
1518:McAndrew, BA (2006).
1498:Heraldry of the World
1407:Perrin, W.G. (1922).
1366:"Galicia - Heraldica"
931:
924:In modern trade marks
903:
867:
755:Borough of Colchester
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658:
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549:
505:
489:
362:
323:
291:
198:
45:
37:
29:
1611:National symbols of
1003:University of Oxford
812:University of Oxford
576:The German towns of
452:improve this article
399:Other use in Denmark
89:Government of Sweden
19:For other uses, see
1451:Manuscrits français
1008:Three Crowns Castle
946:Broderbund Software
914:Valencian Community
741:and the borough of
691:for centuries. The
671:Flag of East Anglia
637:Lordship of Ireland
613:Province of Munster
556:Henry III of France
367:In the 1550s, King
330:Karl Knutsson Bonde
105:Stockholm City Hall
1474:. www.oua.ox.ac.uk
1453:12559, folio 125,
934:
906:
870:
860:In Scottish armory
787:with three crowns
768:, a large port in
766:Kingston upon Hull
685:
673:
665:
645:Kingdom of Ireland
605:
552:
508:
500:
365:
347:(Three Crowns) in
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294:
201:
176:Nordisk Familjebok
48:
40:
32:
1675:Culture of Sweden
1657:
1656:
1396:978-2-251-34700-4
896:In Spanish armory
835:Church of England
713:St George's cross
705:Edmund the Martyr
651:In English armory
623:of the province,
484:
483:
476:
405:Royal Danish Navy
310:Eric of Pomerania
257:Valdemar Atterdag
117:Swedish Air Force
113:military aircraft
93:Swedish embassies
65:, present in the
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1427:. Saxmundham.org
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743:Bury St Edmunds
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601:Flag of Munster
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59:national emblem
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1522:. Woodbridge:
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170:(1316–74).
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791:. Indeed,
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296:When the
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274:Goths
270:Wends
266:Goths
1624:Flag
1571:2013
1528:ISBN
1505:2015
1480:2013
1392:ISBN
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