569:
490:
assistance of his grandfather, King
Malcolm, while Brusi had only the forces he could raise from his share of the islands, making any conflict a very unequal one. Brusi went to Norway to have King Olaf judge the dispute, and Thorfinn joined him there. Brusi surrendered the earldom to Olaf, who granted a third to each brother, and kept a third for himself. Thorfinn attempted to use his relationship with the King of Scots as a means to avoid acknowledging Olaf as his overlord in Orkney and Shetland, but Olaf threatened to appoint another to rule Thorfinn's share. Following Thorkel Fosterer's advice, Thorfinn agreed to Olaf's settlement. After Thorfinn left Norway, Olaf gave Brusi the disputed third to rule on his behalf, but kept Brusi's son
445:. He became his foster-father, hence his by-name, "Thorkel Fosterer". After Sumarlidi's death the disposition of his third share in Orkney and Shetland became a matter of dispute when Thorfinn claimed it as his. While Brusi was willing to grant it to him, Einar, who was "ruthless and grasping, a hard and successful fighting man" and somewhat like Thorfinn in temperament was not. Einar and Thorfinn each began raising an army to settle matters by force, but Earl Brusi made peace between them by raising his own men to come between them and then persuading Einar to give Thorfinn what he asked for. It was also agreed that on the death of either Brusi or Einar, the surviving brother would inherit the other's share.
426:
1144:
357:
3165:
880:
1066:
478:
703:
461:. He was well received there, for Olaf bore his own grudge against Einar for the killing of his comrade Eyvind Aurochs-Horn some years earlier. Olaf invited Thorfinn to Norway, and he too was welcomed to Olaf's court. Thorfinn and Thorkel returned to Orkney to find Einar raising an army against them. Brusi again made peace between them, and it was agreed that Einar and Thorkel would entertain one another to a feast.
1198:
656:
505:. After this Orkney was raided by Norwegians and Danes and Brusi agreed to give the King's third to Thorfinn in return for his seeing to the defence of the islands. This agreement lasted until Brusi's death, some time between 1030 and 1035. After that, Thorfinn was sole ruler of the Orkney earldom as a vassal of the King of Norway and as Earl of Caithness responsible to the King of Scots.
1163:
power of King Olaf." Although the saga writer paints a vivid and plausible picture of the scene, this "merely tell us that the thirteenth-century saga writer knew his Orkney traditions and the recurring factors which did indeed come to the fore on occasions during the thirteenth century when the kings and earls fought or negotiated from their related positions of strength".
1159:
of hostages; and their general aim of attempting to turn the Orkney earls into royal officials bound to them by oaths of homage, and returning tribute to them on a regular basis." King Olaf was a "skilled practitioner" of divide and rule and the competing claims of Brusi and
Thorfinn enabled him to take full advantage.
598:, who granted him Brusi's share of the islands and the third which Olaf Haraldsson had claimed after Einar's death. Thorfinn agreed to this division, but presented the transfer of the third claimed by the Norwegian king as a gift to Rognvald in return for aid in Thorfinn's wars in the Hebrides and the Irish Sea.
1158:
The role of the
Norwegian crown is another recurring aspect of the saga. Crawford (1987) observes several sub-themes: "submission and of overlordship; the problem of dual allegiance and the threat of the earls looking to the kings of Scots as an alternative source of support; the Norwegian kings' use
1014:
Muir (2005) points out that a literal translation of "Karl
Hundisson" is "peasant son-of-a-dog", an insult that would have been obvious to Norse-speakers hearing the saga and that "we can assume this wasn't his real name". The implication is that there is no purpose in seeking phonetic parallels with
917:
that Einar, Brusi and
Thorfinn were joint earls for a period. Muir (2005) states that Einar died in October 1020 but if Thorfinn was five years old in 1014 this would have made him only eleven by then. A rather earlier birthdate for Thorfinn is thus implied, with a coming of age c. 1016 at about the
670:
Thorfinn found hosting Kalf and his men a burden, and in time asked
Rognvald to return the third of the earldom "which had once belonged to Einar Wry-Mouth". Rognvald refused, saying that it was for King Magnus to settle matters. Thorfinn began raising an army, and Rognvald's islanders were unwilling
468:
in a sour mood. On the last day of the feast
Thorkel was supposed to travel with Einar for the reciprocal event, however his spies reported to him that ambushes had been prepared against him along his route. Thorkel therefore delayed his departure, leaving Einar to wait for his arrival by the fire in
1223:
is a point made by W. F. Skene, who noted that the historical sources which mention
Thorfinn do not refer to MacBeth, and vice versa. Pursuing this idea, Dunnett wrote the novel on the premise that MacBeth and Thorfinn were the same person (Thorfinn is his birth name and Macbeth his baptismal name).
1166:
Although
Thorfinn is clearly stated to be fighting in and around Fife Thomson (2008) suggests that his presence so far south may have been as an ally of his grandfather rather than at the head of an invading army. He adds that King Cnut was in Scotland c. 1031 receiving the submission of Malcolm II,
1102:
It is also clear that there is a moral element to the tale, with Brusi cast as the peacemaker who is father to the noble Rögnvald and who stands in contrast to his greedy half-brother. Notwithstanding these roles, Thorfinn's
Christianity is emphasised in the saga materials. The Norse in the Northern
938:
Related to this are the actions of his widow. Historians offering a later date for Thorfinn's death have proposed that Malcolm Canmore married a postulated daughter of Thorfinn named Ingibiorg rather than his widow. If a date in the 1050s is presumed, then Malcolm could well have married Ingibigiorg
1412:
ArnĂłr's poetry is quoted verbatim in the saga, interspersed with various embellishments in the narrative. ArnĂłr was in Orkney at or about the time of this conflict and it is he who describes Thorfinn's foe as "Karl" and "lord of the Scots". It is the saga writer who adds the patronymic "Hundasson".
798:
in 1066. Thorfinn was buried at the Christ Church he himself had built. He is known to history as "Thorfinn the Mighty", and at his height of power, he controlled all of Orkney and Shetland, the Hebrides, Caithness and Sutherland, and his influence extended over much of the north of Scotland. The
421:
is less than explicit about how these shares were divided up geographically. Sumarlidi died in his bed not long after his father, most likely no later than 1018 and Einar took his share, ruling two-thirds of the earldom with the remaining third held by Brusi. Einar soon became unpopular, demanding
376:
on 23 April 1014. Before setting out for Ireland, he had sent Thorfinn, then aged five, to be fostered by his maternal grandfather, the King of Scots. When the news of Sigurd's death came, Thorfinn's older half-brothers divided Orkney and Shetland between them. King MĂĄel Coluim set Thorfinn up as
1162:
Thorfinn's journey in 1020 is the first occasion on which an earl of Orkney is known to have visited the royal court in Norway. The Icelandic annals have little to say about Orkney but under the year 1021 it is recorded that "Earl Thorfinn and earl Brusi, Sigurd's sons, gave the Orkneys into the
489:
The death of Einar did not end the dispute over Sumarlidi's third of the islands. Brusi considered that it belonged to him, as he and Einar had agreed when Thorfinn received a third of the islands. Thorfinn thought that the islands should be divided equally. However, Thorfinn could count on the
678:
King Magnus offered to fit out another expedition for Rognvald, but he decided to take just one ship and a picked crew. He sailed to Shetland in winter and, learning that Thorfinn was staying on a farm on the Orkney Mainland with only a few men, he set out at once to attack him. Rognvald's men
1443:
The two dioceses were fierce rivals for the right to consecrate a Bishop of Orkney. It is presumed Henry of Lund was appointed by York whilst Thorulf was Hamburg-Bremen's man. Adam of Bremen recorded that the former embezzled Cnut and delighted in the "pestiferous practice of drunkenness and
1127:(also known as "the Fat") who was appointed sometime prior to 1035. He may have been more of a missionary bishop than a permanent resident in the islands, indeed there is no record of his ever having visited Orkney. The bishopric appears to have been under the authority of the Archbishops of
1116:. As there were only seven traditional Scottish earldoms in total, the sagas claim that he held this many seems to suggest that he was King of Scots. However, this may reflect either a royal pretension of Thorfinn's, or given that his conquests were in the north and west rather than in the
1048:
It is therefore entirely possible that Thorfinn's campaign was not fought against the Scottish crown as such but that rather the Scots may have been his allies in a struggle they both had against the power of Moray. According to local tradition, a series of stone mounds on a hillside near
1171:. Thomson therefore speculates that Thorfinn's visit to Fife may have involved an attempt by Cnut to avoid a threat to his position from Orkney and that this issue was one of the factors involved in the feud between Thorfinn and earl Rögnvald, who supported Cnut's rival Magnus Olafsson.
858:
The saga states that Thorfinn's grandfather was "King Malcolm of Scotland" and it is often assumed that this was Malcolm II. However, both the Irish annals for this period and the Norse sagas have a tendency to refer to a "king of Scots" when discussing a regional chief or
961:
who was later king. There is some circumstantial evidence that Ingibiorg may have backed Malcolm's claim to the kingship which adds further weight to a slightly earlier death date for Thorfinn, although the evidence for her marriage to Malcolm is not entirely convincing.
726:
Thorfinn had two sons, both by his wife Ingibiorg, and unlike a number of his predecessors he appears to have married only once. Furthermore, unlike his brothers, Thorfinn had been raised as a Christian. Among the signs of the changes in Orkney society was Thorfinn's
1035:
he whole narrative is consistent with the idea that the struggle of Thorfinn and Karl is a continuation of that which had been waged since the ninth century by the Orkney earls, notably Sigurd Rognvald's son, Ljot, and Sigurd the Stout, against the princes or
1028:, brother of MĂĄel Coluim mac MĂĄil Brigti and Mormaer of Moray, in 1032. He too is thus a candidate for Thorfinn's Scots foe—and the manner of his death by fire bears comparison with ArnĂłr's poetic description of the aftermath of the battle at Torfness.
687:, Thorfinn and his men turned the tables, taking Rognvald by surprise, just as he had surprised Thorfinn. Rognvald escaped the house Thorfinn had surrounded, but was tracked down, given away by the barking of his lap dog, and killed by Thorkel Fosterer.
1107:
even before his time. Informal pagan practice was likely conducted throughout his earldom, but the weight of archaeological evidence suggests that Christian burial was widespread in Orkney even during the reign of Sigurd Hlodvirsson, Thorfinn's father.
714:
Even with Rognvald dead, Thorfinn was not entirely secure. The saga recounts an attempt to make peace with Magnus Olafsson, who had sworn vengeance for the death of his men in Thorfinn's attack on Rognvald. Magnus was at war with the Danish king
402:
He was unusually tall and strong, an ugly-looking man with a black head of hair, sharp features, a big nose and bushy eyebrows, a forceful man, greedy for fame and fortune. He did well in battle, for he was both a good tactician and full of
448:
Thorfinn appointed Thorkel Fosterer as his tax-gatherer in the islands, but Einar had not forgotten their earlier dispute and Thorkel again left the islands in fear of his life, returning to Thorfinn's base in Caithness (probably at
1094:
c.1115, and that the saga writer regularly emphasises the doom of "kin-slaying". In this case the Sigurdsson brothers do not assassinate one another, but rather Thorkel Fosterer becomes an intermediary, killing both Einar
1085:
The joint rulership of earls was a recurring theme in the period up to 1214 and was "inherently unstable and usually ended in violence". Thomson (2008) identifies these family feuds as being the main theme of the
1010:
suggest Hundi only lived "a short while" and was unlikely to have had a son himself. Anderson (1990) suggested that this is "a fabulous story" and concluded that "o solution to the riddle seems to be justified".
1111:
Furthermore, Brusi has a relatively minor role to play compared to Thorfinn "the Mighty", whose conquests included expansion well into north mainland Scotland and whose rule may have marked the zenith of
329:, which were first compiled in Iceland in the early 13th century. Much of the information the latter contains is "hard to corroborate" although it is a "generally credible" narrative in this context.
679:
surprised Thorfinn, and set the farm ablaze. The saga says that Thorfinn had to break down a wall and escape, carrying his wife in his arms, flying south to Caithness for safety. Rognvald ruled in
1403:
for the year 1029 refer to "Malcolm, king of Scotland, the son of Maelbrigte, son of Ruadri" who died in that year, which is clearly a description of the Mormaer of Moray rather than Malcolm II.
652:
to invite Magnus back to Norway, Rognvald had been on the brink of attacking Kalf until Einar explained the reason for their visit and that Kalf had repented for his part in overthrowing Olaf.
918:
time of Sumarlidi's death. Similarly, Thorfinn is often stated as dying c. 1064, although Woolf (2007) states that "there is no reason why a date in the late 1050s is not just as credible."
1349:
Echmarcach mac Ragnaill may have "ruled Dublin and the Isles intermittently until 1061" although there appears to be no specific evidence of his presence in or around the Scottish islands.
924:
states that Thorfinn "took the earldom when he was five winters old, and he ruled for more than sixty winters" although this implies a very late death date of 1074. One version of the
1015:
known Scots personages. Thomson points out that both "Karl" and Hundi" are names used in other contexts without disparaging intentions although the combination is otherwise unknown.
671:
to fight Thorfinn, so Rognvald sailed to Norway where King Magnus supplied him with ships and men. He returned to the islands, facing Thorfinn and Kalf Arnesson in a sea battle which
422:
heavy taxes and frequent military service from the farmers, and gaining little booty on his raids. He was, the saga says, "a great bully", whereas Brusi was "well liked by everyone".
953:, daughter's son and daughter's grandson respectively, and both had good reason to be hostile to MacBeth and his Moray kinsmen. Malcolm Canmore became king of Scots c. 1058 and the
1307:
Crawford (1987) states that there was a possible "collapse of the earls' control in the west" following the Battle of Clontarf although Thomson (2008) suggests Sigurd's son Einar
1002:. Woolf (2007) proposes that Hundason, rather that being some hitherto unknown Scots king, was the son of Thorfinn's brother Hundi. However, Thomson (2008) notes that both the
613:
and driven out in 1038. This instability in Dublin can only have helped Thorfinn and Rognvald, who raided far and wide and established their rule over various lands around the
640:
and he had been instrumental in the death of King Olaf. He later left Norway to escape King Magnus Olafsson. Rognvald, with Kalf's brothers, had shared Magnus's exile in
529:. Then Karl's nephew Mutatan or Muddan, appointed to rule Caithness for him, was killed in Caithness by Thorkel Fosterer. Finally, a great battle at "Torfness" (probably
1229:
1103:
Isles would have been strongly influenced by the neighbouring Christian countries and it is likely that marriages to individuals from such polities would have required
1057:, marks the site of a battle between Thorfinn and 'Malcolm'. The location may have been close to the northern boundary of the medieval lordship of Moray at the time.
842:
we can see parallels with later events that have been included as embellishments to the life of Thorfinn. The saga writer would have had access to ArnĂłr jarlaskĂĄld's
1332:, that Einar's was originally the east Mainland and the south isles and that Sumarlidi's was the west Mainland. However, it is also possible that Brusi's share was
3568:
3483:
1236:
portrayed Thorfinn as a half-brother of Macbeth, with a common mother. It also seeks to tie together the pilgrimages made to Rome by both, as one and the same.
3478:
694:
offers this assessment of Rognvald: "Everyone agrees that of all the Earls of Orkney he was the most popular and gifted, and his death was mourned by many".
1375:
Thomson (2008) writes: "The story of the killing of Rognvald is saga-fiction, and it contains some stock-episodes which are repeated elsewhere in the saga".
675:
commemorated in verse. The battle went Rognvald's way to begin with, but in the end he was defeated and forced again to seek refuge with King Magnus.
1123:
Although the saga suggests that the first Bishop of Orkney was installed towards the end of Thorfinn's time as earl, the first recorded bishop was
337:
Thorfinn was the youngest of the five known sons of Earl Sigurd Hlodvirsson, but the only son of Sigurd's marriage to an unknown daughter of King
2984:
469:
his great hall. Thorkel arrived by stealth, walked into the hall with one of his men and they killed Einar. Thorkel then escaped to Norway.
3205:
913:, reliably dated to 1014. "When Thorfinn came of age he asked Earl Einar for a third of the islands" and it is clear from the text of the
970:
The identity of Karl Hundason, unknown to Scots and Irish sources, has long been a matter of dispute. His existence rests solely on the
1311:
may have inherited his father's territories in the Hebrides. There is no specific evidence that Einar ever claimed to be a ruler of the
3214:
2227:
890:
3417:
1031:
Whoever Karl son of Hundi may have been, it appears that the saga is reporting a local conflict with a Scots ruler of Moray or Ross:
731:
to Rome, which took place after his meeting with King Harald, probably beginning in 1048. The saga says that he travelled through
521:
began when the latter became "King of Scots" and claimed Caithness, his forces successfully moving north and basing themselves in
537:) ended with Karl either being killed or forced to flee. Thorfinn, the saga says, then marched south through Scotland as far as
3510:
1336:, which formed part of the earldom throughout the Norse period. This possibility is supported by a later reference to his son
2865:
2816:
2684:
391:
but these holdings appear to have escaped the control of the earls of Orkney at the time of his death or shortly thereafter.
349:
and Sumarlidi survived to adulthood, while another brother called Hundi died young in Norway, a hostage at the court of King
3432:
1328:
It is possible that Brusi's share, described as the "northernmost part of the isles", was those islands lying north of the
850:
and Woolf (2007) speculates that aspects of Thorfinn's story may have been included to legitimise the latter's adventures.
568:
254:
wrote that Thorfinn was the most powerful of all the jarls of Orkney and that he ruled substantial territories beyond the
3583:
3075:
2977:
2915:
846:
and whatever oral history was available in the early 13th century. There are also a number of parallels with the life of
794:
dates Thorfinn's death no more precisely than placing it "towards the end" of Harald Sigurdsson's reign, who died at the
17:
1167:
MacBeth and a third king called "Iehmarc" and that the location of the meeting is stated as being in Fife in a verse by
2796:
3105:
2886:
2755:
2738:
2721:
2670:
2653:
2632:
2606:
2590:
215:
for about a third of the time that he held the title and jointly with one or more of his brothers or with his nephew
903:
The chronology of Thorfinn's life is problematic, the dating of his assumption of the earldom being an example. The
3198:
3381:
2784:
3447:
814:
states that following Thorfinn's decease "many of the dominions that the earl had laid under himself were lost".
3593:
3588:
3500:
2970:
2773:
799:
saga also makes a grander and more unlikely claim â that he controlled a total of seven earldoms in Scotland.
632:
which survives may well be only a part of a much longer saga now lost. Their enmity arose with the arrival of
425:
3356:
2502:
1018:
Thomson (2008) notes that the war with Hundasson seem to have taken place between 1029 and 1035 and that the
736:
3422:
3558:
3087:
2954:
1466:
was expelled as king of Norway in 1035 and succeeded by Magnus Olafsson who was aided by Rögnvald Brusason.
1340:
as "Lord of the Shetlanders" and Thompson (2008) is in "no doubt " that Shetland was in Brusi's possession.
803:
628:
In time, Thorfinn and Rognvald fell out. The vivid account of the war between Thorfinn and Rognvald in the
279:
151:
89:
317:, which were written down long after the time of the events in his life they record. The main sources are
3191:
3515:
945:(2002) argued that Malcolm came to marry Thorfinn's widow because he spent some or all of the period of
525:. In the war which followed, Thorfinn defeated Karl in a sea-battle off Deerness at the east end of the
3386:
1143:
992:(1902) suggested that Karl (or Kali) Hundason should be identified with "Malcolm MacKenneth", a son of
1025:
946:
942:
795:
3530:
3488:
1168:
3573:
949:'s reign in Orkney or Caithness at Thorfinn's court. Thorfinn and Malcolm were both descendants of
834:
that led to the founding of the Orkney earldom was the mid-13th century Norwegian contest with the
779:
767:
3123:
1174:
Finally, Thorfinn's death may have created a power vacuum and been a cause of the invasion of the
3361:
3041:
3035:
1132:
993:
807:
562:
3520:
2844:
2269:
Crawford (1987) p.67, fig. 21, & p. 74; Donaldson (1990) pp. 57â58; Duncan (2002) pp. 41â43.
864:
3321:
981:
950:
672:
338:
208:
172:
258:. A sizeable part of the latter saga's account concerns his wars with a "King of Scots" named
3505:
3452:
1113:
895:
637:
497:
This arrangement lasted while Olaf was king but in 1030 he was overthrown by the Danish king
319:
301:
has also been interpreted in various ways. His life has been the subject of various works of
220:
141:
3311:
930:
has his rule lasting 52 years, providing the more commonly quoted year of death as c. 1065.
3578:
3563:
3442:
3437:
3351:
3218:
3057:
3045:
3005:
2934:
2905:
2780:
1431:
989:
985:
580:
558:
502:
386:
3081:
1337:
278:. On his death in the latter half of the 11th century he was followed as earl by his sons
216:
64:
8:
3473:
3396:
3331:
3306:
3232:
1399:
1186:
1074:
763:
740:
3525:
2690:
Duffy, SeĂĄn (1992). "Irishmen and Islesmen in the Kingdom of Dublin and Man 1052â1171".
2223:
1298:, reliably dated to 1014 but see main text for a discussion of the chronological issues.
867:
a Pictish Mormaer of Moray or alternatively that, as elsewhere in Icelandic literature,
289:
of Thorfinn's life and in identifying his relationships to the southern polities of the
3371:
3366:
3290:
3280:
3093:
3011:
2701:
2560:
1427:
1295:
1128:
1050:
910:
830:. Just as the backdrop to the supposed great expedition to the west undertaken by King
602:
572:
373:
302:
298:
204:
3345:
2766:
Orkney in the Sagas: The Story of the Earldom of Orkney as told in the Icelandic Sagas
2582:
1316:
3495:
3412:
3285:
3263:
3241:
3183:
3135:
3129:
3111:
2882:
2861:
2840:
2812:
2769:
2751:
2745:
2734:
2717:
2680:
2666:
2649:
2628:
2620:
2602:
2586:
1091:
1078:
847:
759:
720:
663:
645:
591:
491:
482:
458:
438:
2692:
2415:
998:
417:
Joint earldoms were a frequent feature of the Norse earldom of Orkney, although the
3316:
3147:
3141:
3069:
3063:
3051:
2930:
2926:
2897:
2658:
2595:
1423:
1329:
1240:
1201:
1148:
1117:
1070:
1020:
926:
775:
755:
716:
526:
356:
346:
342:
294:
245:
161:
79:
60:
56:
3247:
823:
723:, was more friendly towards Thorfinn, and made peace, accepting Thorfinn's gifts.
3391:
3337:
3274:
3164:
3117:
3099:
1216:
1040:
of Moray, Sutherland, Ross, and Argyll, and that, in fine, Malcolm and Karl were
831:
732:
610:
595:
584:
576:
350:
325:
290:
250:
3468:
3153:
2994:
2941:
2733:
Edinburgh. Birlinn. 2008 reprint â originally published by Thomas D. Morrison.
2726:
1463:
1385:
1263:
1251:
1152:
835:
744:
649:
498:
450:
255:
200:
42:
683:
over the winter, believing Thorfinn dead, but in the spring, while staying on
565:
as "King of Mann" from 1052 to 1061 may have encroached on his territories).
385:
with Scots advisors to rule for him. Earl Sigurd had also been a ruler of the
3552:
3376:
2821:
1233:
1124:
684:
659:
633:
534:
518:
259:
224:
433:- a Viking age ecclesiastical ruin here is associated with Thorkel Fosterer.
2601:, tr. Lee M. Hollander (1992) Reprinted University of Texas Press, Austin.
905:
885:
262:
whose identity is uncertain. In his later years he went on a pilgrimage to
240:
212:
1294:
states that Thorfinn was 5 years old when his father Sigurd was killed at
1065:
996:. Another candidate is MacBeth whose father may be called "jarl Hundi" in
909:
states that Thorfinn was 5 years old when his father Sigurd was killed at
879:
719:, and died before he could take any action. Magnus's uncle and successor,
3023:
530:
365:
314:
275:
2962:
2705:
1388:'s report of a "legate" from Orkney probably refers to Thorfinn himself.
1315:. He died c. 1025 and a late twelfth century Norwegian text claims that
1462:
If this was part of Cnut's intention his fears were justified. His son
728:
641:
382:
286:
2677:
Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ăvarr to A.D. 1014
871:
was simply used as a generic name, in this case for Scottish royalty.
3269:
2731:
The History of the Western Highlands and Isles of Scotland 1493â1625.
1422:
There were only two Earls of Orkney named Sigurd. Taylor idenitifies
1363:
1175:
1054:
958:
614:
477:
442:
378:
192:
702:
3427:
1333:
1259:
1208:
839:
680:
636:
and his followers in Orkney. Kalf was the uncle of Thorfinn's wife
550:
465:
430:
361:
271:
207:
and the only one resulting from Sigurd's marriage to a daughter of
128:
561:, in whole or in part until his death (although the assumption of
2831:
Watt, D.E.R. (Autumn 1994) "Bishops in the Isles before 1203" in
1255:
1104:
860:
549:
At some point around 1034 Thorfinn is said to have conquered the
464:
In October 1020 Einar attended Thorkel's hall at Hlaupandanes in
232:
3237:
2714:
The Kingship of the Scots 842â1292: Succession and Independence.
2627:, volume 1. Reprinted with corrections. Paul Watkins, Stamford.
1197:
1099:
and, at a later date, Rögnvald Brusasson on behalf of Thorfinn.
766:. The original seat of the bishops of Orkney was Thorfinn's new
648:
and the saga says that when Kalf and Einar Belly-Shaker came to
437:
The farmers of the isles opposition to Einar's rule were led by
1592:
c. 96. Other versions are given in Anderson (1990) pp. 507â511.
1501:
Muir (2005) Preface: Genealogical table of the Earls of Orkney.
1077:, who may have met with Earl Thorfinn and who appointed Bishop
771:
739:
on the journey. It is thought that he also met with Archbishop
710:. The site is a possible location for Thorfinn's "Christ Kirk".
707:
655:
606:
522:
454:
267:
590:
Thorfinn ruled alone in Orkney until the return of his nephew
494:
in Norway as a hostage. These events have been dated to 1021.
1247:
754:
suggests that, as a result of Thorfinn's request, the first
2849:
Williams, Ann; Smyth, Alfred P.; & Kirby, D. P. (1991)
1262:
and neighbouring isles. It is identical to its sister ship
622:
609:
had come to Echmarcach mac Ragnaill, who was challenged by
538:
441:
and, in danger of his life, he fled to Thorfinn's court in
263:
228:
2793:
Taylor, A.B. (1937) "Karl Hundason: King of Scots" in the
863:. Woolf (2007) suggests that the reference may then be to
806:
and his widow Ingibiorg the "Earls' Mother" later married
2388:
Taylor (1937) p. 338; see also Crawford (1987) pp. 71â74.
2224:"ĂlĂĄfs saga helga—Heimskringla; Iceland, 1258-1264"
2159:
2157:
2024:
2022:
2020:
1761:
1759:
368:
and various mainland territories in the late 11th century
1453:
It is likely that "Iehmarc" was Echmarcach mac Ragnaill.
984:(1862) proposed that Hundason should be identified with
594:
in about 1037. Rognvald had received the favour of King
883:
One of two surviving pages of an early version of the
313:
The sources for Thorfinn's life are almost exclusively
3213:
2154:
2017:
1756:
1624:
1622:
782:
where Thorfinn had his residence in his later years.
625:, and to have raided in England, with mixed success.
3176:
Dates are approximate. Joint earldoms were frequent.
2585:
and Edwards, Paul Geoffrey (1981) Penguin Classics.
2563:. Undiscovered Scotland. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
2505:
Firth's Celtic Scotland. Retrieved 9 September 2009.
2331:
Williams, Smyth & Kirby (1991) pp. 106–107
1120:, that they are references to local chieftainships.
2826:
Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanae Medii Aevi Ad Annum 1638
2579:
Orkneyinga Saga: The History of the Earls of Orkney
1619:
1060:
617:. They are said to have won a major victory beside
341:(MĂĄel Coluim mac CinĂĄeda). His elder half-brothers
889:known as the "Kringla leaf", which is kept in the
2103:Crawford (1987) pp. 81â82; Watt (1994) p. 109â110
762:, he may have been the same person as "Roolwer",
63:to 1020, with Brusi to 1031, alone to 1036, with
3550:
285:There are numerous problems associated with the
3569:11th-century rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles
2881:by G W S Barrow. Edinburgh University press â
2648:(1987) Leicester University Press, Leicester.
2639:Early Sources of Scottish History A.D 500â1286
2625:Early Sources of Scottish History A.D 500â1286
2517:
2515:
2513:
2511:
1521:
1519:
3199:
2978:
2663:A Northern Commonwealth: Scotland and Norway.
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1135:at different times during this early period.
974:, and more particularly on those elements of
2599:Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway
2489:
2487:
2468:
2466:
2426:
2424:
2348:
2346:
2256:
2254:
1636:
1634:
2851:Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain
2508:
1612:
1610:
1516:
1497:
1495:
621:, perhaps Loch Vatten on the west coast of
544:
457:with Thorfinn's support, to meet with King
293:(the precursor to modern Scotland) and the
203:. He was the youngest of five sons of Jarl
3206:
3192:
2985:
2971:
2228:National and University Library of Iceland
2067:
1856:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1538:
1536:
1534:
891:National and University Library of Iceland
2992:
2860:. Edinburgh. Edinburgh University Press.
2743:
2484:
2463:
2421:
2343:
2251:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1768:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1631:
957:records that he and Ingibiorg had a son,
666:'s death at the hands of Thorkel Fosterer
517:says that a dispute between Thorfinn and
508:
2641:, volume 2. Oliver and Boyd. Edinburgh.
1643:
1607:
1509:
1507:
1492:
1485:
1483:
1196:
1151:whalebone plaque found on the island of
1142:
1138:
1064:
965:
878:
758:was appointed at about this time. Named
701:
654:
567:
476:
424:
355:
2716:Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
2144:
2142:
1896:
1894:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1563:
1554:
1531:
1319:ruled the Western Isles from 1016â1030.
541:, burning and plundering as he passed.
412:
360:The locations of Orkney, Shetland, the
14:
3551:
2418:. Canmore. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
1831:
1777:
1728:
822:There is clearly some doubt about the
605:had died c. 1036, and the kingship in
398:provides this description of Thorfinn:
3187:
2966:
2828:. Edinburgh. Scottish Record Society.
2779:
2679:. Edinburgh. Dunedin Academic Press.
1504:
1480:
2613:
2242:
2139:
1912:
1903:
1891:
1711:
1178:region nominally led by King Harald
802:He was followed as earl by his sons
248:, and the anonymous compiler of the
219:for the remainder. Thorfinn married
785:
24:
3163:
2872:
2797:Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
2570:
1665:c. 96; Anderson (1990) pp. 542â543
1192:
1114:Scandinavian influence in Scotland
1090:, culminating in the martyrdom of
817:
266:and he was instrumental in making
25:
3605:
3096:"the Jerusalem-farer" (1098â1103)
2554:
2545:
2533:
2524:
2496:
2184:Crawford (1987) pp. 52–53.
1876:PĂĄlsson and Edwards (1981) p. 54
1456:
1447:
1444:gluttony" that led to his death.
1437:
1061:Christianity, morality and power
553:and he is likely to have been a
3032:Erlend Torf-Einarsson (910-954)
3029:Arnkel Torf-Einarsson (910â954)
2858:From Pictland to Alba, 789â1070
2824:and Murray, A. L. (eds) (2003)
2475:
2454:
2445:
2433:
2409:
2400:
2391:
2382:
2373:
2364:
2361:Anderson (1990) p. 576, note 7
2355:
2340:Woolf (2007) pp. 309–310.
2334:
2325:
2312:
2299:
2290:
2281:
2272:
2263:
2233:
2217:
2208:
2196:
2187:
2178:
2169:
2127:
2118:
2106:
2097:
2085:
2055:
2046:
2034:
2005:
1993:
1990:Anderson (1990) p. 585, note 2.
1984:
1972:
1963:
1951:
1942:
1930:
1921:
1879:
1870:
1840:
1815:
1803:
1791:
1744:
1702:
1686:
1677:
1668:
1652:
1595:
1579:
1416:
1406:
1391:
1378:
1369:
1352:
1343:
1322:
1301:
1044:of one of these four provinces.
978:which are preserved within it.
644:under the protection of Prince
583:: 19th century illustration by
2807:Thomson, William P. L. (2008)
2747:Scotland:The Story of a Nation
2481:Watt and Murray (2003) p. 247.
1948:Anderson (1990) p. 585, note 2
1545:
1424:Sigurd "the Stout" Hlodvirsson
1358:Crawford (1987) suggests that
1284:
372:Earl Sigurd was killed at the
55:1016 to c. 1065. Jointly with
13:
1:
3020:Hallad Rognvaldsson (893â895)
1272:
1118:lowland heartland of Scotland
874:
826:of many of the claims in the
697:
472:
453:). Thorkel then travelled to
407:
332:
184:
120:
68:
52:
3088:Paul and Erlend Thorfinnsson
2955:Paul and Erlend Thorfinnsson
2689:
2665:Saltire Society, Edinburgh.
1473:
1024:record the violent death of
933:
152:Paul and Erlend Thorfinnsson
90:Paul and Erlend Thorfinnsson
7:
2786:The Highlanders of Scotland
2230:. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
865:MĂĄel Coluim mac MĂĄil Brigti
662:, the supposed location of
27:11th-century Earl of Orkney
10:
3610:
3584:Orkneyinga saga characters
3038:"Skull-Splitter" (910â963)
2768:. The Orcadian. Kirkwall.
2744:Magnusson, Magnus (2000).
2637:Anderson, Alan Orr (1922)
2551:Donaldson (1990) pp. 56â57
1250:vehicle ferry operated by
853:
596:Magnus "the Good" Olafsson
308:
173:MĂĄel Coluim II of Scotland
3539:
3461:
3405:
3299:
3256:
3225:
3174:
3161:
3144:"the Younger" (1191â1198)
3024:Torf-Einarr Rognvaldarson
3001:
2951:
2939:
2923:
2912:
2903:
2894:
2809:The New History of Orkney
2521:Crawford (1987) pp. 76-77
2082:Crawford (1987) pp. 80â81
1674:Thompson (2008) pp. 70-73
1434:'s brother, not his son.
1254:on the northern route to
796:battle of Stamford Bridge
533:on the south side of the
481:A coin from the reign of
297:. His diplomacy with the
167:
157:
147:
137:
127:
116:
108:
95:
85:
75:
48:
41:
34:
3357:Diarmait mac MaĂl na mBĂł
3078:"the Mighty" (1025â1064)
3017:Guthorm Sigurdsson (893)
3008:"the Wise" (9th century)
2789:, Stirling: Eneas MacKay
2472:Thomson (2008) pp. 81-82
2352:Thomson (2008) pp. 75-77
2124:Thomson (2008) pp. 85â87
1708:Thomson (2008) pp. 86-87
1277:
1227:In his historical novel
545:Joint rule with Rognvald
485:of Norway dated 1023â28.
3362:Echmarcach mac Ragnaill
3072:"Wry-mouth" (1014â1026)
3036:Thorfinn Torf-Einarsson
2503:"The Diocese of Orkney"
2278:Duncan (2002) pp. 38â42
1551:Magnusson (2000) p. 733
1384:Crawford suggests that
563:Echmarcach mac Ragnaill
244:of Icelandic historian
199:), was an 11th-century
103:- "Thorfinn the Mighty"
67:1036 to 1046, alone to
3531:Dubhghall mac RuaidhrĂ
3489:RuaidhrĂ mac Raghnaill
3168:
3054:"the Stout" (990â1014)
2811:. Edinburgh. Birlinn.
2712:Duncan, A.A.M. (2002)
2675:Downham, Clare (2007)
2646:Scandinavian Scotland.
2530:Crawford (1987) pp. 78
1765:Anderson (1990) p. 554
1212:
1155:
1082:
1046:
939:as the saga suggests.
900:
893:. The text is part of
711:
667:
587:
509:War with Karl Hundason
486:
434:
405:
369:
323:and the more detailed
209:Malcolm II of Scotland
3594:11th-century mormaers
3589:Mormaers of Caithness
3484:Somairle mac Dubgaill
3453:Aonghus mac Somhairle
3448:Rǫgnvaldr GuðrÞðarson
3167:
3132:"the Old" (1138â1206)
3124:Rögnvald Kali Kolsson
3042:Arnfinn, Havard, Ljot
3014:"the Mighty" (to 892)
2397:Crawford (1987) p. 54
1969:Crawford (1987) p. 74
1927:Downham (2007) p. 198
1918:Downham (2007) p. 171
1867:Crawford (1987) p. 72
1774:Thompson (2008) p. 74
1741:Muir (2005) pp. 44-46
1683:Muir (2005) pp. 44-45
1640:Thompson (2008) p. 73
1628:Crawford (1987) p. 71
1200:
1146:
1139:Relations with Norway
1068:
1033:
966:Who was Karl Hundason
882:
705:
658:
571:
480:
428:
400:
359:
221:Ingibiorg Finnsdottir
187:1065), also known as
142:Ingibiorg Finnsdottir
133:Norse Earls of Orkney
3501:GuðrÞðr Rǫgnvaldsson
3479:Dubgall mac Dubgaill
3443:Ragnall mac Somairle
3438:Dubgall mac Somairle
3352:Murchad mac Diarmata
3219:Kingdom of the Isles
3058:Sumarlidi Sigurdsson
3046:Hlodvir Thorfinnsson
3006:Ragnvald Eysteinsson
2935:Sumarlidi Sigurdsson
2906:Mormaer of Caithness
2460:Thomson (2008) p. 64
2430:Thomson (2008) p. 58
2406:Thomson (2008) p. 80
2379:Thomson (2008) p. 79
2296:Thomson (2008) p. 76
2260:Anderson (1922) p. 3
2239:Duncan (2002) p. 42.
2214:Thomson (2008) p. 77
2175:Anderson (1922) p. 2
2052:Thomson (2008) p. 84
1432:Rognvald Eysteinsson
581:Battle of Stiklestad
559:Kingdom of the Isles
503:Battle of Stiklestad
413:With Einar and Brusi
211:. He ruled alone as
3559:11th-century births
3516:Haraldr GuðrÞðarson
3474:Donnchadh of Argyll
3397:SigurĂ°r JĂłrsalafari
3382:Lǫgmaðr GuðrÞðarson
3367:Gofraid mac Sitriuc
3332:Lagmann mac Gofraid
3327:Thorfinn the Mighty
3307:Ragnall mac Gofraid
3076:Thorfinn Sigurdsson
2856:Woolf, Alex (2007)
2853:. Psychology Press.
2795:Proceedings of the
2644:Crawford, Barbara,
2287:Woolf (2007) p. 269
2248:Woolf (2007) p. 267
1909:Duffy (1992) p. 100
1900:Woolf (2007) p. 245
1849:, c. 19 pp. 49-50;
1649:Woolf (2007) p. 246
1616:Gregory (1881) p. 5
1576:Woolf (2007) p. 309
1560:Woolf (2007) p. 242
1542:Woolf (2007) p. 243
1430:("the Mighty") was
1400:Annals of Tigernach
1075:Adalbert of Hamburg
764:Bishop of the Isles
706:St. Magnus Church,
274:part of mainstream
189:Thorfinn the Mighty
181:Thorfinn Sigurdsson
171:Olith, daughter of
36:Thorfinn Sigurdsson
18:Thorfinn Sigurdsson
3511:RÇ«gnvaldr ĂlĂĄfsson
3433:RÇ«gnvaldr ĂlĂĄfsson
3372:Fingal mac Gofraid
3312:AmlaĂb mac Sitriuc
3291:Gofraid mac Arailt
3169:
3052:Sigurd Hlodvirsson
3012:Sigurd Eysteinsson
2879:Kingship and Unity
2750:. Harper Collins.
2621:Anderson, Alan Orr
2493:Thomson 2008 p. 85
2451:Woolf (2007) p 311
2193:Woolf 2007, p. 244
1812:, cc. 98–99.
1213:
1156:
1083:
901:
774:, (or perhaps the
712:
668:
603:Sigtrygg Silkbeard
588:
487:
435:
374:Battle of Clontarf
370:
303:historical fiction
205:Sigurd Hlodvirsson
162:Sigurd Hlodvirsson
80:Sigurd Hlodvirsson
3546:
3545:
3469:ĂlĂĄfr GuĂ°rÞðarson
3418:ĂlĂĄfr GuĂ°rÞðarson
3413:Domnall mac Taidc
3286:Maccus mac Arailt
3264:Olaf Guthfrithson
3181:
3180:
3136:Erlend Haraldsson
3130:Harald Maddadsson
3112:Harald Haakonsson
3106:Magnus Erlendsson
3082:Rögnvald Brusason
2961:
2960:
2952:Succeeded by
2913:Succeeded by
2866:978-0-7486-1234-5
2817:978-1-84158-696-0
2804:pp. 334â340.
2781:Skene, William F.
2764:Muir, Tom (2005)
2685:978-1-903765-89-0
2659:Donaldson, Gordon
2614:Secondary sources
2596:Sturluson, Snorri
2370:Muir (2005) p. 47
2309:pp. 477–479
2305:Robertson (1862)
1837:Muir (2005) p. 48
1788:Muir (2005) p. 46
1513:Muir (2005) p. 53
1489:Muir (2005) p. 45
1187:Magnus Haraldsson
1169:Sigvatr ĂĂłrĂ°arson
1079:Thorulf of Orkney
1069:Modern statue in
848:Harald Maddadsson
810:, King of Scots.
737:Emperor Henry III
664:Rognvald Brusason
646:Yaroslav the Wise
592:Rognvald Brusason
439:Thorkel Amundason
217:Rögnvald Brusason
197:Ăorfinnr inn riki
178:
177:
101:Ăorfinnr inn riki
65:Rögnvald Brusason
16:(Redirected from
3601:
3526:EĂłghan of Argyll
3506:Haraldr ĂlĂĄfsson
3423:GuĂ°rÞðr ĂlĂĄfsson
3317:Sigurd the Stout
3208:
3201:
3194:
3185:
3184:
3148:David Haraldsson
3142:Harald Eiriksson
3094:Sigurd Magnusson
3070:Einar Sigurdsson
3064:Brusi Sigurdsson
2987:
2980:
2973:
2964:
2963:
2931:Brusi Sigurdsson
2927:Einar Sigurdsson
2924:Preceded by
2898:Sigurd the Stout
2895:Preceded by
2892:
2891:
2833:The Innes Review
2790:
2761:
2709:
2583:PĂĄlsson, Hermann
2581:. Translated by
2564:
2558:
2552:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2506:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2482:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2461:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2428:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2389:
2386:
2380:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2341:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2323:
2316:
2310:
2303:
2297:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2261:
2258:
2249:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2231:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2191:
2185:
2182:
2176:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2152:
2146:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2080:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1854:
1844:
1838:
1835:
1829:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1775:
1772:
1766:
1763:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1726:
1720:
1709:
1706:
1700:
1690:
1684:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1666:
1656:
1650:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1629:
1626:
1617:
1614:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1561:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1529:
1523:
1514:
1511:
1502:
1499:
1490:
1487:
1467:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1420:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1395:
1389:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1367:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1341:
1326:
1320:
1305:
1299:
1288:
1230:MacBeth the King
1184:
1149:Scar boat burial
1071:Bremen Cathedral
1021:Annals of Ulster
927:Icelandic Annals
896:ĂlĂĄfs saga helga
786:Death and legacy
776:Brough of Birsay
756:Bishop of Orkney
717:Sweyn Estridsson
295:Kingdom of Moray
246:Snorri Sturluson
186:
122:
104:
70:
61:Einar Sigurdsson
57:Brusi Sigurdsson
54:
32:
31:
21:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3574:Earls of Orkney
3549:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3535:
3521:MagnĂșs ĂlĂĄfsson
3457:
3401:
3392:MagnĂșs berfĆttr
3346:Ămar mac Arailt
3338:Haakon Ericsson
3295:
3275:Ketill Flatnose
3252:
3221:
3212:
3182:
3177:
3170:
3159:
3118:Paul Haakonsson
3100:Haakon Paulsson
2997:
2995:earls of Orkney
2991:
2957:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2919:
2909:
2901:
2875:
2873:Further reading
2870:
2758:
2727:Gregory, Donald
2616:
2611:
2573:
2571:Primary sources
2568:
2567:
2561:"Westray Ferry"
2559:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2540:Orkneyinga saga
2538:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2509:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2440:Orkneyinga Saga
2438:
2434:
2429:
2422:
2416:Blar nam Feinne
2414:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2317:
2313:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2203:Orkneyinga Saga
2201:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2164:Orkneyinga Saga
2162:
2155:
2149:Orkneyinga Saga
2147:
2140:
2134:Orkneyinga Saga
2132:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2113:Orkneyinga Saga
2111:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2092:Orkneyinga Saga
2090:
2086:
2081:
2068:
2062:Orkneyinga Saga
2060:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2041:Orkneyinga Saga
2039:
2035:
2029:Orkneyinga Saga
2027:
2018:
2012:Orkneyinga Saga
2010:
2006:
2000:Orkneyinga Saga
1998:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1979:Orkneyinga Saga
1977:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1958:Orkneyinga Saga
1956:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1937:Orkneyinga Saga
1935:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1892:
1886:Orkneyinga Saga
1884:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1857:
1851:St. Olaf's Saga
1847:Orkneyinga Saga
1845:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1826:St. Olaf's Saga
1822:Orkneyinga Saga
1820:
1816:
1808:
1804:
1798:Orkneyinga Saga
1796:
1792:
1787:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1757:
1751:Orkneyinga Saga
1749:
1745:
1740:
1729:
1723:Orkneyinga Saga
1721:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1693:Orkneyinga Saga
1691:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1663:St. Olaf's Saga
1659:Orkneyinga Saga
1657:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1632:
1627:
1620:
1615:
1608:
1602:Orkneyinga Saga
1600:
1596:
1590:St. Olaf's Saga
1586:Orkneyinga Saga
1584:
1580:
1575:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1532:
1524:
1517:
1512:
1505:
1500:
1493:
1488:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1438:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1407:
1396:
1392:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1362:might refer to
1357:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1330:Orkney mainland
1327:
1323:
1317:HĂ„kon Eiriksson
1306:
1302:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1217:Dorothy Dunnett
1195:
1193:In fiction etc.
1189:dated to 1058.
1182:
1141:
1088:Orkneyinga saga
1063:
1004:Orkneyinga saga
972:Orkneyinga saga
968:
955:Orkneyinga Saga
936:
915:Orkneyinga saga
877:
856:
832:Harald Fairhair
828:Orkneyinga saga
820:
818:Interpretations
808:Malcolm Canmore
804:Paul and Erlend
792:Orkneyinga saga
788:
752:Orkneyinga saga
735:, meeting with
721:Harald Hardrada
700:
692:Orkneyinga Saga
673:ArnĂłr the skald
630:Orkneyinga Saga
611:Imar mac Arailt
585:Halfdan Egedius
575:with the young
547:
527:Orkney Mainland
515:Orkneyinga Saga
511:
483:Olaf Haraldsson
475:
459:Olaf Haraldsson
419:Orkneyinga saga
415:
410:
396:Orkneyinga Saga
351:Olaf Trygvasson
335:
326:Orkneyinga Saga
311:
299:Norwegian court
291:Kingdom of Alba
280:Paul and Erlend
251:Orkneyinga Saga
99:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3607:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3377:Gofraid CrobĂĄn
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3342:
3341:
3335:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3272:
3267:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3235:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3211:
3210:
3203:
3196:
3188:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3154:Jon Haraldsson
3151:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3127:
3121:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3097:
3091:
3085:
3079:
3073:
3067:
3061:
3055:
3049:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3009:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2990:
2989:
2982:
2975:
2967:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2950:
2942:Earl of Orkney
2938:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2914:
2911:
2902:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2854:
2847:
2829:
2819:
2805:
2791:
2777:
2762:
2756:
2741:
2724:
2710:
2700:(43): 93â133.
2687:
2673:
2656:
2642:
2635:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2593:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2553:
2544:
2532:
2523:
2507:
2495:
2483:
2474:
2462:
2453:
2444:
2432:
2420:
2408:
2399:
2390:
2381:
2372:
2363:
2354:
2342:
2333:
2324:
2311:
2298:
2289:
2280:
2271:
2262:
2250:
2241:
2232:
2216:
2207:
2195:
2186:
2177:
2168:
2153:
2138:
2126:
2117:
2105:
2096:
2084:
2066:
2054:
2045:
2033:
2016:
2004:
1992:
1983:
1971:
1962:
1950:
1941:
1929:
1920:
1911:
1902:
1890:
1878:
1869:
1855:
1839:
1830:
1828:, cc. 100â102.
1814:
1810:St Olaf's Saga
1802:
1790:
1776:
1767:
1755:
1743:
1727:
1725:c. 12-13 p. 38
1710:
1701:
1697:St Olaf's Saga
1685:
1676:
1667:
1651:
1642:
1630:
1618:
1606:
1594:
1578:
1562:
1553:
1544:
1530:
1526:St Olaf's Saga
1515:
1503:
1491:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1464:Svein Knutsson
1455:
1446:
1436:
1428:earlier Sigurd
1415:
1405:
1390:
1386:Adam of Bremen
1377:
1368:
1351:
1342:
1321:
1300:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1252:Orkney Ferries
1221:King Hereafter
1219:'s 1982 novel
1194:
1191:
1140:
1137:
1133:Hamburg-Bremen
1073:of Archbishop
1062:
1059:
1008:St Olaf's saga
967:
964:
935:
932:
922:St Olaf's saga
876:
873:
855:
852:
836:Kings of Scots
819:
816:
812:St Olaf's saga
787:
784:
745:Hamburg-Bremen
699:
696:
546:
543:
510:
507:
499:Cnut the Great
474:
471:
429:The Brough of
414:
411:
409:
406:
334:
331:
320:St Olaf's saga
310:
307:
256:Northern Isles
223:, daughter of
201:Jarl of Orkney
176:
175:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
131:
125:
124:
118:
114:
113:
110:
106:
105:
97:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
50:
46:
45:
43:Earl of Orkney
39:
38:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3606:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3541:^ Speculative
3538:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3281:AmlaĂb CuarĂĄn
3279:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3249:
3248:AmlaĂb Conung
3246:
3243:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3204:
3202:
3197:
3195:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3173:
3166:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2988:
2983:
2981:
2976:
2974:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2956:
2944:
2943:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2917:
2910:1014âc. 1064
2908:
2907:
2899:
2893:
2888:
2887:0-7486-0104-X
2884:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2757:9780871137982
2753:
2749:
2748:
2742:
2740:
2739:1-904607-57-8
2736:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2722:0-7486-1626-8
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2694:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2672:
2671:0-85411-044-5
2668:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2654:0-7185-1282-0
2651:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2634:
2633:1-871615-03-8
2630:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2608:
2607:0-292-73061-6
2604:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2591:0-14-044383-5
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2562:
2557:
2548:
2541:
2536:
2527:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2504:
2499:
2490:
2488:
2478:
2469:
2467:
2457:
2448:
2441:
2436:
2427:
2425:
2417:
2412:
2403:
2394:
2385:
2376:
2367:
2358:
2349:
2347:
2337:
2328:
2321:
2318:Skene (1902)
2315:
2308:
2302:
2293:
2284:
2275:
2266:
2257:
2255:
2245:
2236:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2211:
2204:
2199:
2190:
2181:
2172:
2165:
2160:
2158:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2135:
2130:
2121:
2114:
2109:
2100:
2093:
2088:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2063:
2058:
2049:
2042:
2037:
2030:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2013:
2008:
2001:
1996:
1987:
1980:
1975:
1966:
1959:
1954:
1945:
1938:
1933:
1924:
1915:
1906:
1897:
1895:
1887:
1882:
1873:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1834:
1827:
1824:, cc. 17â19;
1823:
1818:
1811:
1806:
1799:
1794:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1771:
1762:
1760:
1752:
1747:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1724:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1705:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1680:
1671:
1664:
1661:c. 20 p. 50;
1660:
1655:
1646:
1637:
1635:
1625:
1623:
1613:
1611:
1603:
1598:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1557:
1548:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1510:
1508:
1498:
1496:
1486:
1484:
1479:
1465:
1459:
1450:
1440:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1409:
1402:
1401:
1394:
1387:
1381:
1372:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1346:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1304:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1283:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1243:Earl Thorfinn
1237:
1235:
1234:Nigel Tranter
1232:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1215:The basis of
1210:
1206:
1205:
1204:Earl Thorfinn
1199:
1190:
1188:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1125:Henry of Lund
1121:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1100:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1001:
1000:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
977:
976:ĂĂłrfinnsdrĂĄpa
973:
963:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
931:
929:
928:
923:
919:
916:
912:
908:
907:
898:
897:
892:
888:
887:
881:
872:
870:
866:
862:
851:
849:
845:
844:ĂĂłrfinnsdrĂĄpa
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
815:
813:
809:
805:
800:
797:
793:
783:
781:
780:Earl's palace
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
748:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
724:
722:
718:
709:
704:
695:
693:
688:
686:
685:Papa Stronsay
682:
676:
674:
665:
661:
660:Papa Stronsay
657:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
634:Kalf Arnesson
631:
626:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
599:
597:
593:
586:
582:
578:
574:
573:Kalf Arnesson
570:
566:
564:
560:
557:ruler of the
556:
552:
542:
540:
536:
535:Dornoch Firth
532:
528:
524:
520:
519:Karl Hundason
516:
506:
504:
500:
495:
493:
484:
479:
470:
467:
462:
460:
456:
452:
446:
444:
440:
432:
427:
423:
420:
404:
399:
397:
392:
390:
389:
384:
380:
375:
367:
363:
358:
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
330:
328:
327:
322:
321:
316:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
260:Karl Hundason
257:
253:
252:
247:
243:
242:
236:
234:
230:
226:
225:Finn Arnesson
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
182:
174:
170:
166:
163:
160:
156:
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136:
132:
130:
126:
119:
115:
111:
107:
102:
98:
94:
91:
88:
84:
81:
78:
74:
66:
62:
58:
51:
47:
44:
40:
33:
30:
19:
3496:Ăspakr-HĂĄkon
3462:13th century
3406:12th century
3326:
3300:11th century
3257:10th century
2946:1020âc. 1064
2940:
2904:
2878:
2857:
2850:
2836:
2832:
2825:
2822:Watt, D.E.R.
2808:
2801:
2794:
2785:
2765:
2746:
2730:
2713:
2697:
2691:
2676:
2662:
2645:
2638:
2624:
2598:
2578:
2556:
2547:
2539:
2535:
2526:
2498:
2477:
2456:
2447:
2439:
2435:
2411:
2402:
2393:
2384:
2375:
2366:
2357:
2336:
2327:
2319:
2314:
2306:
2301:
2292:
2283:
2274:
2265:
2244:
2235:
2219:
2210:
2202:
2198:
2189:
2180:
2171:
2163:
2148:
2133:
2129:
2120:
2112:
2108:
2099:
2091:
2087:
2061:
2057:
2048:
2040:
2036:
2028:
2011:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1986:
1978:
1974:
1965:
1957:
1953:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1923:
1914:
1905:
1885:
1881:
1872:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1770:
1750:
1746:
1722:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1679:
1670:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1645:
1601:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1556:
1547:
1525:
1458:
1449:
1439:
1418:
1408:
1398:
1393:
1380:
1371:
1359:
1354:
1345:
1324:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1292:Heimskringla
1291:
1286:
1265:
1242:
1238:
1228:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1203:
1185:s young son
1179:
1173:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1122:
1110:
1101:
1096:
1087:
1084:
1047:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1026:Gillacomgain
1019:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1003:
997:
980:
975:
971:
969:
954:
941:
937:
925:
921:
920:
914:
906:Heimskringla
904:
902:
894:
886:Heimskringla
884:
868:
857:
843:
827:
821:
811:
801:
791:
789:
778:), near the
768:Christchurch
751:
749:
725:
713:
691:
689:
677:
669:
629:
627:
618:
600:
589:
554:
548:
514:
512:
496:
488:
463:
447:
436:
418:
416:
401:
395:
393:
387:
371:
336:
324:
318:
312:
284:
249:
241:Heimskringla
239:
237:
196:
188:
180:
179:
129:Noble family
100:
29:
3579:Norse-Gaels
3564:1064 deaths
3226:9th century
3156:(1206â1231)
3150:(1206â1214)
3138:(1151â1154)
3126:(1136â1158)
3120:(1123â1136)
3114:(1123â1130)
3108:(1106â1116)
3102:(1104â1123)
3090:(1064â1098)
3084:(1036â1046)
3066:(1014â1031)
3060:(1014â1016)
2542:c. 20 p. 55
2136:, cc. 32â33
1266:Earl Sigurd
999:NjĂĄl's saga
994:Kenneth III
824:historicity
531:Tarbat Ness
315:Norse sagas
276:Christendom
96:Native name
76:Predecessor
3553:Categories
2774:0954886232
2043:, c. 25â29
1753:cc. 14â15.
1397:The Irish
1360:VatzfjorĂ°r
1273:References
1053:, west of
951:Malcolm II
875:Chronology
729:pilgrimage
698:Pilgrimage
642:Kievan Rus
619:VatzfjorĂ°r
473:With Brusi
408:Joint rule
383:Sutherland
339:Malcolm II
333:Background
287:chronology
49:Title held
3387:Ingimundr
3270:Gebeachan
3048:(963â988)
3026:(895â910)
2845:0020-157X
2115:cc. 31â32
2094:cc. 30â31
1695:, c. 13;
1604:cc. 12â13
1474:Citations
1364:Waterford
1309:rangmunnr
1176:Irish Sea
1097:rangmunnr
1092:St Magnus
1055:Inverness
982:Robertson
934:Ingibiorg
838:over the
638:Ingibiorg
615:Irish Sea
451:Duncansby
443:Caithness
379:Caithness
377:ruler of
193:Old Norse
183:(1009? â
86:Successor
3428:Somerled
2916:Madadhan
2783:(1902),
2706:30007421
2166:, c. 33.
2064:, c. 29.
1853:, c. 102
1699:, c. 97.
1426:but the
1338:Rögnvald
1334:Shetland
1313:SuĂ°reyar
1296:Clontarf
1260:Stronsay
1209:Kirkwall
1180:harĂ°raĂ°i
1051:Kirkhill
1042:mormaers
1038:mormaers
986:Duncan I
911:Clontarf
869:MelkĂłlmr
840:Hebrides
741:Adalbert
681:Kirkwall
555:de facto
551:Hebrides
492:Rognvald
466:Deerness
431:Deerness
403:courage.
388:SuĂ°reyar
362:Hebrides
272:Shetland
3233:Gofraid
3217:of the
2839:No. 2.
2729:(1881)
2661:(1990)
2623:(1990)
1939:, c. 22
1588:c. 12;
1256:Westray
1211:harbour
1131:and of
1105:baptism
947:MacBeth
861:mormaer
854:Descent
760:Thorulf
579:at the
501:at the
309:Sources
233:Halland
3215:Rulers
2993:Norse
2885:
2864:
2843:
2815:
2772:
2754:
2737:
2720:
2704:
2683:
2669:
2652:
2631:
2605:
2589:
2577:Anon.
2442:c. 29.
2014:c. 21.
1153:Sanday
959:Duncan
943:Duncan
772:Birsay
733:Saxony
708:Birsay
650:Ladoga
607:Dublin
577:Magnus
523:Thurso
455:Norway
268:Orkney
168:Mother
158:Father
138:Spouse
3322:Gilli
2702:JSTOR
2205:c. 13
2151:c. 32
2031:c. 26
2002:c. 25
1981:c. 23
1960:c. 22
1888:c. 20
1800:c. 16
1528:c. 99
1278:Notes
1248:Ro-Ro
1246:is a
1183:'
990:Skene
601:King
347:Brusi
343:Einar
148:Issue
112:1009?
3242:Ivar
3238:Ămar
3044:and
2883:ISBN
2862:ISBN
2841:ISSN
2813:ISBN
2802:LXXI
2770:ISBN
2752:ISBN
2735:ISBN
2718:ISBN
2693:Ăriu
2681:ISBN
2667:ISBN
2650:ISBN
2629:ISBN
2603:ISBN
2587:ISBN
2322:c. 5
1290:The
1269:.
1239:The
1147:The
1129:York
1006:and
790:The
750:The
690:The
623:Skye
539:Fife
513:The
394:The
381:and
366:Mann
270:and
264:Rome
238:The
229:Jarl
213:jarl
123:1065
117:Died
109:Born
71:1065
59:and
2837:XLV
1264:MV
1241:MV
1207:in
1202:MV
770:at
743:of
231:of
3555::
2835:.
2800:.
2698:43
2696:.
2510:^
2486:^
2465:^
2423:^
2345:^
2307:II
2253:^
2226:.
2156:^
2141:^
2069:^
2019:^
1893:^
1858:^
1779:^
1758:^
1730:^
1713:^
1633:^
1621:^
1609:^
1565:^
1533:^
1518:^
1506:^
1494:^
1482:^
1258:,
988:.
747:.
364:,
353:.
345:,
305:.
282:.
235:.
227:,
195::
185:c.
121:c.
69:c.
53:c.
3348:^
3340:^
3334:^
3277:^
3266:^
3244:)
3240:(
3207:e
3200:t
3193:v
2986:e
2979:t
2972:v
2918:?
2900:?
2776:.
2760:.
2708:.
2320:1
1366:.
1081:.
899:.
191:(
20:)
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