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owners for redeeming land taken by the government for unpaid taxes. He appeared before a magistrate on
September 7, 1874 and bond was posted. He was indicted in November 1874 and tried beginning May 6, 1875. The jury failed to reach a verdict. He was able to get the retrial moved from Vicksburg to Jackson with a new trial date in July 1876.
42:
376:
A few months after he began work in
Charleston, the AMA became aware of a previous affair that the married Thomas Cardozo had with a female student of his in New York. Also, the AMA was dissatisfied with his accounting of his expenditures back then and suspected that some of the expenditures went to
499:
After the first trial, the ongoing political attacks by conservative whites against
Republican office holders turned into violence. On July 4, 1875 in Vicksburg, a white mob attacked a meeting where Cardozo was to speak, followed by street violence where several blacks were killed or injured. City
400:
In the spring of 1869, the
Cardozos moved to Elizabeth City, where Thomas and his wife taught for about four months until the program ended. They went back to the North to try to find support for their educational work in North Carolina. Cardozo brought with him a letter of commendation from North
369:(AMA). He obtained building space and books. He supervised teachers, hired new teachers, and ran the AMA house for teachers who came down from the north. All this was in the context of disputes between the various aid agencies there. Cardozo was the first AMA school principal in Charleston at the
495:
In August 1874, conservative whites took over the
Vicksburg city government and Cardozo was charged with crimes while he was circuit court clerk in 1872. First he was charged with receiving money for falsified witness certificates and then additionally charged with embezzling money paid by land
341:
in
Scotland. At the Newburgh Collegiate Institute, a private boys school, Thomas took academic courses and trained to be a teacher. Before he could graduate, the Civil War broke out and he began teaching in 1861. He married Laura J. Williams, a teacher and accomplished musician who was from a
381:
to discuss this with him in
Charleston. Francis reported back that Thomas had the affair through "weakness", had “not been deliberately wicked”, and didn't misappropriate any AMA funds. Thomas asked for forgiveness. In response, the AMA replaced Thomas with Francis around September 1865.
325:
to be concerned about being enslaved. When Isaac
Cardozo died during this worsening time, Thomas's family lost their protector. Thomas was 17 at the time and became an apprentice in a company that manufactured rice-threshing machines, working with his eldest brother Henry.
456:
Since the large majority of voters in
Mississippi were black with too few educated enough to provide political leadership, public office for Cardozo was a good possibility after satisfying the six-month residency requirement in July 1871. He joined the
424:, where he and his wife immediately began teaching. Several years later he served as State Superintendent of Education from 1874 to 1876. Cardozo proposed uniform textbooks for Mississippi schools during his tenure.
1484:
Journal of the Senate of the State of
Mississippi: Sitting as a Court of Impeachment, in the Trials of Adelbert Ames, Governor, Alexander K. Davis, Lieutenant Governor, Thomas W. Cardozo, Superintendent of Public
370:
1802:
458:
1742:
MacGregor criticized Civis's comments from the Jul 2, 1874 issue, asked if Civis was T. W. Cardoza , and said he should respond to various accusations from the press. Civis didn't write any more for the
306:
In Charleston, Thomas was among the "free-Negro elite" and went to private schools for free black children, mainly taught by free black teachers. He was also taught by his father Isaac and his uncle
576:
Although some authors refer to Thomas Cardozo's mother as Lydia Williams, official records for 1855 and 1857 indicate that her name was Lydia Weston. Her deceased former owner was Plowden Weston.
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where he and his wife taught at the Negro Industrial School for a short time. When the school lost its funding in 1866, he and his family moved to Syracuse, New York. There, with the help of
1777:
552:
433:"Whenever I sit to sketch the various members of the Legislature it kindles within me a warm feeling for the many good qualities and earnest friendship of all of them."
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507:. White Democrats had regained control of the Mississippi state legislature by a program of violence and intimidation against Republican black voters, known as the
1463:
A Resolution Congratulating the Family of Superintendent Thomas W. Cardozo, on the Dedication of a Middle School Named in His Honor by the Jackson Public Schools
1807:
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and took office on January 1, 1872. He wrote accounts of his experiences in Mississippi, including descriptions of his fellow Republican politicians, for the
1787:
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rejection of a letter critical of Civis that "...attacks, without assigning sufficient reasons, a gentleman whose letters have received wide commendation."
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and other state officials. After Cardozo gained the support of a branch of the Freedmen's Union Commission, he obtained a thousand dollars from the
1797:
275:
family and was a weigher in the U.S. Customs House of Charleston for 24 years, until his death in 1855. Thomas's mother was Lydia Weston, a freed
154:
866:
843:
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In Charleston, in the challenging turmoil of the weeks following the end of the Civil War, he supervised the educational activities of the
1782:
650:, "Yearning for wealth and status, Cardozo capitalized on party weaknesses and eventually brought opprobrium on himself and his party."
523:. Cardozo was granted permission to resign with the charges against him dismissed, and submitted his resignation on March 22, 1876.
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535:. There he worked for the postal service until his death from disease in 1881. He was forty-two. Thomas Cardozo Middle School in
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It's unclear whether there were other siblings. For example, one source said there was also a sister Lydia and a brother Jacob.
531:
Leaving the politics, an upcoming trial in Jackson in July 1876, and the dangerous situation in Mississippi, Cardozo moved to
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and Secretary of State James Hill. Although he was the first African-American to hold the post, Cardozo did not challenge the
1659:
449:
about the place for blacks in the evolving political situation of reconstruction. As a republican, Cardozo ran for Sheriff of
358:, Cardozo began teaching in New York. A few years later in April 1865 at the end of the war, Thomas and his family moved from
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where he continued his education. In June 1858, his mother, sisters, and brother Henry left Charleston on the steamship
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17:
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In November 1873, Cardozo was elected State Superintendent of Education in Mississippi, along with the election of
1336:
Biennial Reports of the Departments and Benevolent Institutions, of the State Of Mississippi for the Years 1896–97
1233:
1162:
Biennial Reports of the Departments and Benevolent Institutions, of the State Of Mississippi for the Years 1896–97
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The will of her deceased former owner, Plowden Weston, effectively freed her in 1826, but didn't legally free her.
417:
in Elizabeth City to train high school graduates to be teachers. It opened in the fall of 1870 with 123 students.
231:(December 19, 1838 – April 13, 1881) was an American educator, journalist, writer, and public official during the
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445:
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Carter criticized Civis's comments from the Oct 30, 1873 issue. Civis responded in the Dec 11, 1873 issue.
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Thomas stayed in Charleston and became a grocer for a few months until his store burnt down. He moved to
659:
The disease was listed as albumenia in 1881 Massachusetts records, which corresponds to the modern term
1462:
901:
1850 Census, Charleston, South Carolina, St. Michael and St. Philip, Line Number 15 Dwelling Number 167
462:
314:
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126:
346:. Thomas and Laura became parents with a son, Alvin, born in 1863, and another son, Francis, in 1865.
875:
453:, and lost on August 4, 1870. Five months later he moved to Vicksburg, Mississippi, in January 1871.
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694:
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for New York; by 1860 they had settled in Cleveland, Ohio. His brother Francis was in school at the
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255:. He was the first African American to hold the position of State Superintendent of Education in
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began February 11, 1876. The most incriminating charge was that he embezzled money from
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The occupying Army began to withdraw from the South in 1875 in the last years of the
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1480:"Impeachment Trial of Thomas W. Cardozo, State Superintendent of Public Education"
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W.E.B. Du Bois (1935). "XI. The Black Proletariat in Mississippi and Louisiana".
647:
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officials helped Cardozo, the main target of the attacks, escape from the city.
1232:
Ballou, Leonard B. (1966). "Chapter 1: Cardozo — Schoolmaster and Politician".
868:
A Brief Moment in the Sun: Francis Cardozo and Reconstruction in South Carolina
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1860 Census, Cleveland Ohio, Ward 4, Dwelling Number 1028, Family Number 1039
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620:, Cardozo advocated for a school desegregation clause to be in the federal
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United States officials impeached by state or territorial governments
1712:
Dufoy discussed some of Civis's comments from the Dec 26, 1872 issue.
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Mississippi Legislature 2009 Regular Session, House Resolution 14 — "
402:
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Pasquotank Pedagogoues and Politicians: Early Educational Struggles
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of mixed ancestry who was a seamstress. He had two older brothers,
1694:
Fluornoy criticized Civis's comments from the Sep 14, 1871 issue.
41:
298:
1703:
Student criticized Civis's comments from the Apr 4, 1872 issue.
1241:. Elizabeth City, North Carolina: Elizabeth City State College.
290:
329:
In 1857, two years after his father's death, Thomas moved to
832:"Cardozo Family — A family whose descendants shaped history"
553:
List of African-American officeholders during Reconstruction
397:, in a program of the New York Freedmen's Union Commission.
362:, New York, to his home town of Charleston, South Carolina.
1431:. The Civil War and Reconstruction Governors of Mississippi
1778:
African-American politicians during the Reconstruction Era
1010:. Vol. 4, no. 37. September 18, 1873. p. 3.
751:
Historical Dictionary of the Civil War and Reconstruction
695:"Thomas W. Cardozo: Fallible Black Reconstruction Leader"
443:
In New York, Cardozo had written in 1868 and 1869 in the
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racial segregation that existed in Mississippi schools.
420:
In January 1871, Thomas Cardozo and his family moved to
1749:
Thomas W. Cardozo: Fallible Black Reconstruction Leader
1109:"Thomas W. Cardozo Unsung Schoolmaster and Politician"
515:
charges against Superintendent Cardozo and the Senate
471:
under the pseudonym "Civis". He was a delegate to the
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996:
928:"Jews and Slavery: Isaac Cardozo and Lydia Weston"
806:"Jews and Slavery: Isaac Cardozo and Lydia Weston"
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1088:
1025:The Charleston Daily Courier, 28 Jun 1858, Page 4
543:, is named for him and opened in September 2010.
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310:, who was an economist and newspaper publisher.
54:Mississippi Superintendent of Public Instruction
1507:– by Thomas Cardozo under the pseudonym Civis,
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1808:Mississippi State Superintendent of Education
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1209:. Vol. IV, no. 13. Washington, D.C.
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405:that was endorsed by North Carolina Governor
267:Thomas Whitmarsh Cardozo was born in 1838 in
1751:See p. 198: main text and footnote 62.)
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1788:Politicians from Charleston, South Carolina
1318:Black Reconstruction in America (1860-1880)
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1012:(Image 3) Column 1. Reprinted from Jackson
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377:the young woman. The AMA asked his brother
1203:"Personnel of the Mississippi Legislature"
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235:in the United States. He adopted the name
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1046:, p. 188, main text and footnote 15.
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637:for State Senate impeachment proceedings.
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748:Richter, William L. (December 1, 2011).
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1798:19th-century African-American educators
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779:"Cardozo Middle School — About Cardozo"
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1422:Resignation letters can be viewed at:
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558:Eslanda "Essie" Cardozo Goode Robeson
473:1873 National Civil Rights Convention
461:, was elected circuit court clerk of
427:
245:and wrote as a correspondent for the
926:Waldfogel, Sabrah (August 1, 2014).
681:
634:
604:
823:
804:Waldfogel, Sabra (August 1, 2014).
354:Shortly after the beginning of the
24:
1646:– by others about Cardozo/Civis —
1640:– by Cardozo under his own name —
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393:, he raised funds for teaching in
25:
1819:
1783:American people of Jewish descent
1668:Robert C. MacGregor, Jul 16, 1874
846:from the original on June 6, 2020
616:Using the pseudonym Civis in the
451:Pasquotank County, North Carolina
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665:Reference desk, February 8, 2021
27:American politician and educator
1793:19th-century American educators
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1116:Elizabeth City State University
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702:The Journal of Southern History
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367:American Missionary Association
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541:Jackson Public School District
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446:National Anti-Slavery Standard
395:Elizabeth City, North Carolina
13:
1:
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646:According to his biographer,
607:for some of Civis's writings.
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1648:R. W. Fluornoy, Oct 12, 1871
1008:New National Era and Citizen
7:
1425:"Cardozo, Thomas Whitmarsh"
1107:Ballou, Leonard B. (1987).
546:
10:
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1664:H. C. Carter, Nov 20, 1873
1338:(Report). 1898. p. 95
1164:(Report). 1898. p. 95
990:, p. 186, footnote 10
738:, p. 204, footnote 89
511:. The legislators brought
315:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
269:Charleston, South Carolina
127:Charleston, South Carolina
876:University College London
836:Mapping Jewish Charleston
830:Fick, Sarah; et al.
764:– via Google Books.
693:Brock, Euline W. (1981).
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229:Thomas Whitmarsh Cardozo
1201:Civis (April 3, 1873).
1184:"Cardozo Middle School"
892:, pp. 61–62, 66–67
401:Carolina U. S. Senator
1188:Jackson Public Schools
865:Kinghan, Neil (2019).
783:Jackson Public Schools
482:, Lieutenant Governor
480:Governor Adelbert Ames
441:
422:Vicksburg, Mississippi
413:for construction of a
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295:
1672:– a reprint from the
840:College of Charleston
533:Newton, Massachusetts
438:Civis, March 24, 1873
431:
342:mixed-race family in
339:University of Glasgow
302:Isaac Cardozo, father
301:
293:
285:Francis Lewis Cardozo
180:Francis Lewis Cardozo
144:Newton, Massachusetts
1652:Student, May 2, 1872
1465:." January 16, 2009.
1320:. Meridian. p.
1004:"Hon. T. W. Cardozo"
537:Jackson, Mississippi
475:in Washington, D.C.
407:William Woods Holden
323:free people of color
294:Lydia Weston, mother
281:Henry Weston Cardozo
173:Henry Weston Cardozo
1656:Dufoy, Jan 16, 1873
932:Jewish Book Council
810:Jewish Book Council
754:. Scarecrow Press.
521:Tougaloo University
387:Baltimore, Maryland
350:Career in education
187:Benjamin N. Cardozo
99:Thomas S. Gathright
1722:New National Era's
1374:, pp. 198–201
1267:, pp. 191–192
1190:. August 17, 2016.
1097:, pp. 189–190
505:Reconstruction era
484:Alexander K. Davis
428:Career in politics
356:American Civil War
319:secession movement
304:
296:
253:Frederick Douglass
233:Reconstruction Era
191:(distant relative)
1674:Mississippi Pilot
1014:Mississippi Pilot
622:Civil-Rights Bill
517:impeachment trial
411:Freedmen's Bureau
391:Samuel Joseph May
226:
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192:
184:
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164:Laura J. Williams
124:December 19, 1838
18:Thomas W. Cardozo
16:(Redirected from
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1745:New National Era
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1676:about Cardozo —
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1499:Writings in the
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1678:Sep 18, 1873
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1500:
1489:. Retrieved
1487:: 1–59. 1876
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1433:. Retrieved
1428:
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1360:July 2, 1874
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1255:, p. 10
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1166:. Retrieved
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976:Kinghan 2019
935:. Retrieved
911:Kinghan 2019
906:
897:
890:Kinghan 2019
885:
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242:nom de plume
240:
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139:(1881-04-13)
94:Succeeded by
61:
1773:1881 deaths
1768:1838 births
1660:May 8, 1873
1642:Aug 3, 1871
1253:Ballou 1966
661:albuminuria
527:Later years
513:impeachment
257:Mississippi
82:Preceded by
1762:Categories
1485:Education.
1450:Brock 1981
1411:Brock 1981
1396:Brock 1981
1384:Brock 1981
1372:Brock 1981
1304:Brock 1981
1292:Brock 1981
1280:Brock 1981
1265:Brock 1981
1220:Brock 1981
1149:Brock 1981
1132:Brock 1981
1095:Brock 1981
1068:Brock 1981
1044:Brock 1981
988:Brock 1981
961:Brock 1981
736:Brock 1981
675:References
263:Early life
212:journalist
203:politician
197:Profession
155:Republican
120:1838-12-19
1429:cwrgm.org
880:pp. 65–67
539:, of the
403:John Pool
335:Nashville
183:(brother)
176:(brother)
169:Relatives
66:1874–1876
62:In office
1342:June 13,
1168:June 13,
844:Archived
789:June 10,
726:(p. 186)
547:See also
489:de facto
436:—
360:Flushing
344:Brooklyn
331:New York
317:and the
206:educator
71:Governor
1491:June 9,
1435:May 28,
874:(PhD).
722:2207949
321:caused
1630:Feb 19
1628:1874:
1624:Dec 11
1620:Oct 30
1616:Oct 23
1612:Sep 11
1608:Aug 21
1600:Jun 19
1596:May 29
1592:Apr 17
1584:Mar 13
1580:Feb 20
1578:1873:
1574:Dec 26
1570:Nov 21
1566:Oct 17
1562:Sep 26
1558:Aug 29
1546:May 16
1542:Apr 25
1530:Jan 18
1528:1872:
1524:Dec 21
1520:Nov 23
1516:Oct 26
1512:Sep 14
1510:1871:
937:6 June
850:6 June
815:Jan 4,
758:
720:
663:. See
209:grocer
161:Spouse
146:, U.S.
129:, U.S.
1634:Jul 2
1604:Jul 3
1588:Apr 3
1554:Aug 8
1550:Jun 6
1538:Apr 4
1534:Feb 8
1322:444–5
1239:(PDF)
1112:(PDF)
872:(PDF)
718:JSTOR
698:(PDF)
564:Notes
277:slave
239:as a
237:Civis
1493:2020
1437:2024
1344:2020
1243:p. 7
1170:2020
939:2020
852:2020
817:2021
791:2020
756:ISBN
633:See
603:See
313:The
283:and
134:Died
114:Born
1614:,
1514:,
710:doi
1764::
1666:;
1662:;
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712::
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122:)
118:(
20:)
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