Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle

5384: 746: 2505: 333: 1292: 1811: 926: 409:'s ministry, before he retired from government. He was most effective as a deputy to a leader of greater ability, such as Walpole, his brother, or Pitt. Few politicians in British history matched his skills and industry in using patronage to maintain power over long stretches of time. His genius appeared as the chief party manager for the Whigs from 1715 to 1761. He used his energy and his money to select candidates, distribute patronage and win elections. He was especially influential in the counties of Sussex, Nottinghamshire, Yorkshire and Lincolnshire. His greatest triumph came in the 515: 825: 5379: 5057: 435: 1918: 738:, Britain had been an ally of France, a strong reversal in policy, as France had previously been considered the premier enemy of Britain. The reasons for the alliance were complex, and many had doubted the détente could last long, but when Newcastle became Secretary of State, they had been allies for nearly a decade. By 1719, they had become part of a wider Quadruple Alliance, which was by far the most powerful force in European politics, as had been demonstrated during the 71: 4975: 764:. The two brothers got on well but were prone to have intractable disputes. One constant source of tension between them was Newcastle's poor handling of the family fortune, which was being constantly depleted through his out-of-control spending. Pelham was also considered by many to be the abler of the two brothers, but it was the Duke who was initially more successful in politics. In spite of their differences, they remained firm political allies. 1020: 3389: 631: 1554: 1214:, which had seen states continually shifting alliances, had been unstable and led to repeated wars. He wanted instead to use vigorous diplomacy to create a lasting peace that would be built around a strong and stable British alliance with Austria. Like many Whigs he saw maintaining the European balance of power, as essential. He described the process as "restoring the Old System", but it was popularly known as the 1225:, who despised his European policy because of their belief that the previous war had shown that North America was increasingly the most important theatre of war. They mocked Newcastle for his perceived lack of vision and ignored the complex nature of European politics and Britain's relationship with Hanover and the fact that as early as 1740 Newcastle had been aware of the expanding power of the 1710: 1442: 1847:, no friend of him, sketched his character thus: "A borrowed importance and real insignificance gave him the perpetual air of a solicitor.... He had no pride, though infinite self-love. He loved business immoderately; yet was only always doing it, never did it. When left to himself, he always plunged into difficulties, and then shuddered for the consequences." 712:, a move largely engineered by Townshend. He had been for some time considered the third most important man in the government, behind Walpole and Townshend, which was confirmed by his new position. Newcastle had for several years been growing increasingly interested in foreign affairs and had been educating himself on the subtle details of diplomacy and the 565:. In his new position, he was in charge of suppressing Jacobitism in the counties under his control. In Middlesex, he arrested and questioned 800 people and drew up a Voluntary Defence Association to defend the county. In 1715, he became involved in a riot that ended with two men being killed, and Newcastle fleeing along rooftops. The succession of 1574:

concentrate British forces in North America, West Africa and Asia, where the French were most vulnerable. However, they shared some views, were both ardent Whigs and had even once tried to create a political alliance. Newcastle had previously tried to have Pitt appointed Secretary of War in 1745, but George II vetoed the appointment.

804:. From then on, Newcastle served as the senior Secretary of State and largely controlled British foreign policy himself. Newcastle was saddened by the demise of his relative and former patron although their partnership had become increasingly strained and the new situation offered enormous possibilities to him personally. 586:

ministers and officials from the Whigs. Following their victory, the Whigs split with one group forming the government for George I, and the other dissident Whigs became the effective opposition in Parliament. After a period of political manoeuvring, he was for a while associated with a Whig faction led by

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In April and May 1754, Newcastle oversaw a general election, largely adopting the electoral strategy drawn up by his brother and winning a large majority. His own personal ability to have MPs elected on his slate reached new heights. He now felt emboldened enough to try to push through some financial

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in Panama. That led to an outbreak of patriotic fervour, and further increased the pressure on Walpole and Newcastle for their perceived unwilling prosecution of the war. Newcastle tried to combat that by cultivating a reputation as the leading "patriot" of the cabinet. He took on additional military

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in Norfolk. The three men would hold private meetings, draw up wide-ranging policies on foreign and domestic issues and then present them to parliament for their seal of approval, which their vast majority allowed them to do. Slowly, however, Newcastle and his brother were moving out of the shadow of

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of the Household and was given the responsibility of overseeing theatres. Plays were often extremely political, and Newcastle was tasked with suppressing any plays or playwrights that he believed to be too critical of the Hanoverian succession or the Whig government. Newcastle clashed repeatedly with

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The Duke was industrious and energetic, and to his credit, the statesman who almost monopolised the patronage of office for half a century twice refused a pension and finally left office £300,000 poorer than he entered it because of his heavy spending on political campaigns, his lavish lifestyle and

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Despite their undeniably competent prosecution of the war, the new king did not trust either man with the future of Britain and cast them both into opposition. It marked arguably the last occasion upon which a British monarch was able to remove a prime minister purely out of personal animosity: that

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Ultimately British policies were formed from a mixture of these two views. Newcastle insisted on British involvement on the continent to tie down French troops and to authorise a number of expeditions against French colonies. As they were successful, the expeditions began to grow in number and size.

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by engineering his resignation and the dismissal of Lord Sandwich, whom Newcastle had now begun to consider a dangerously ambitious rival. The ease with which he did so demonstrated his total control of British politics, as Bedford led a strong faction. He had, however, made a significant enemy, who

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On the Continent, the British continued the war effort, but they were now under pressure from the Dutch Republic to make peace with the French. The Dutch feared that the French would soon launch a devastating onslaught and overrun their country. Newcastle considered that any peace that would be made

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by a Spanish privateer, and in punishment for his alleged breach of the strict laws forbidding foreign commerce with Spanish colonies, he had an ear cut off. The incident shocked Britain not so much because of its brutality but because many saw it as an outrage that Spain should have the temerity to

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Together, Newcastle and Walpole managed to drive a wedge between Spain and Austria, making an ally of the latter and directing their future efforts against Spain. Subsequently, however, it turned out that Britain's long-term major rival was neither but France, which had been considered a close ally.

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succeeded to the throne. The new king had previously had exceptionally bad relations with Walpole and Newcastle and, during one altercation between them, George's poor English had made Newcastle think that he had challenged him to a duel. Their relationship had not improved in recent years, and many

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Generally, praise for Britain's victory in the Seven Years' War has gone to Pitt rather than Newcastle, who officially headed the government. Traditionally, accounts of the war have portrayed Pitt as a visionary who won the war by reversing Newcastle's previous unwise policy of focusing on European

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On paper, it was an implausible alliance. Pitt had been a strident critic of Newcastle for years, and they had separate, conflicting visions of strategy. Newcastle saw Britain's best chance of victory in directing resources to the war on the continent, but Pitt wanted a wholesale shift in policy to

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was crumbling, and its South American possessions were ripe for the picking. A vociferous group in Parliament demanded war with Spain. Walpole was adamantly opposed to such a policy and became a target for unprecedented attacks. Newcastle too came under intense pressure but initially considered the

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and indeed tried to prevent it from breaking out. Newcastle attempted to throw both the French and Austrians off-guard by being cagey about Britain's response if war broke out, but that did not stop the conflict. Once the war had started, George II tried to push for Britain to honour its commitment

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Walpole gladly welcomed the young Newcastle into his coterie because Walpole believed that he could easily control Newcastle and because it would strengthen Walpole's hand against the rival Whig factions. Newcastle joined with Walpole because Newcastle, correctly, believed that Walpole was going to

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One of Newcastle's greatest personal achievements was his use of diplomacy to keep Spain out of the war until 1762, when it was too late to alter the balance of power significantly. In 1759, he and Pitt organised Britain's defences against a planned French invasion, which failed because of British

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Newcastle had retained his previous belief that Britain needed to create as broad a coalition as possible and that Europe, rather than the Americas, would be decisive. He thus attempted to persuade a number of different states to join the anti-French alliance. He was largely unsuccessful since the

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when he had been able to get as many as 20 MPs elected to seats that he controlled through his family's wealth and political patronage. He survived in the office during the turmoil in the Whigs between 1717 and 1721, and his switch of allegiance to Walpole secured his influence thereafter. Walpole

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Quarterly of six, 1st and 6th grandquarterly Azure three Pelicans vulning themselves Proper and Ermine two Piles in point Sable; 2nd, Gules two Demi-belts Argent with Buckles Or erect (the augmenting buckles recognising the capture of King John of France (Jean II le Bon) by Sir John Pelham); 3rd,

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Newcastle was widely caricatured, often being portrayed as a muddle-headed buffoon who struggled to understand the business of government. He was one of the most ridiculed politicians of the 18th century. A common and widely circulated example of his cluelessness is his reported response to being

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that carried enormous prestige but little real power, only to see the scheme fail because of Austrian indifference. There were a number of warning signs that all was not well with the alliance, but Newcastle ignored most of them since he was convinced that neither Austria or Britain had any other

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Historical opinion has generally been divided, with some historians drawing the conclusion that he was unfit for his office, but others regard him as a shrewd political operator who subtly navigated the complex European State System of the 18th century. He is both praised and criticised as being

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He remained in active opposition but accepted he would not hold office again. He continued to wield enormous patronage and influence, but his health swiftly gave way after a stroke in December 1767, which left him lame and impaired in speech and memory. In his final few months, he had counselled

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could not gain enough support in Parliament. It is often incorrectly stated that Pitt was prime minister during the war, but Newcastle actually held the office. Their relationship grew into a fruitful partnership and provided a determined leadership that some felt had been lacking for some time.

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Newcastle awoke to the threat posed by the Jacobites much faster than George II and many of his colleagues, who dismissed the rebellion as a farce. Newcastle organised a response, and by late 1745, he had rallied all of the southern militias and regular forces. The Jacobites withdrew to northern

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Initially, Britain's involvement was limited to financial subsidies and diplomacy in support of Austria, but by 1742, it was apparent that a more substantial commitment would be needed if the alliance were not to end in defeat. In the same year, 16,000 British troops were sent to the continent.

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in power in the Netherlands. Orange wanted to continue the war with the French but soon had to apply to the British for a massive loan. Newcastle, now aware of how close the Dutch were to collapsing altogether, reluctantly turned towards seeking a peaceful accommodation with France. He berated

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and replace her with their own claimant. Austria's longstanding alliance with Britain required the latter to declare war. It was also considered by many that a French victory would leave the French too strong in Europe. However, Britain soon found itself dragged into this wider war despite the

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The victory of the Hanoverians over the Jacobites marked the beginning of the Whig Ascendancy which lasted for much of the 18th century. Because the Tory opposition had been tainted, in the eyes of George I, by their support of the Jacobite pretenders, he did not trust them and drew all of his

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otorious for his fussiness and fretfulness, his petty jealousies, his reluctance to accept responsibility for his actions, and his inability to pursue any political objective to his own satisfaction or to the nation's profit ... Many modern historians have depicted him as the epitome of

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proved to be a total disaster for the British, who lost thousands of men before being forced to withdraw. Although Newcastle had issued the orders and overseen the organisation of the expedition, much of the blame for the disaster fell on the shoulders of the ailing prime minister, Walpole.

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Newcastle had hoped to prevent the outbreak of a major war in Europe by encircling France with hostile powers. He believed that would both deter them from attacking their neighbours and from sending reinforcements to North America. He thought that the only way war could happen now was if

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By 1735, Newcastle had largely assumed control of colonial affairs, further increasing the amount of patronage he controlled. A devout Anglican, he was also given control over ecclesiastical matters, especially the appointment of bishops and lucrative positions in the Church of England.

1734:. Along with Pitt, he felt the terms of peace were overly generous to France and Spain because of the position of strength held by the British. Many territories captured during the war were handed back, but the French presence had been effectively destroyed permanently in Canada and 1197:

Newcastle was immediately attacked by his opponents for giving up Louisbourg, but many of them failed to realise just how weak the British position on the Continent had become. Austria was also deeply unhappy as they felt the British had abandoned them and had not tried enough for

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In 1740, shortly after the declaration of war with Spain, a separate war had broken out simultaneously in Europe into which the War of Jenkins' Ear soon became submerged. In a dispute over the throne of Austria, both France and Prussia had invaded Austria and planned to remove

3751: 742:, a largely-naval war in the Mediterranean by which the powers had defeated a Spanish attempt to reclaim lost territory in Italy. The alliance was unpopular, however, with many in Parliament and in the country, which continued to consider France to be Britain's natural enemy. 1339:, who had barely even been considered a candidate by most. Newcastle was largely instrumental in appointing men considered slightly weaker so that he could dominate them. Both Pitt and Fox bore a grudge over the perceived slight and stepped up their attacks on the ministry. 461:, in 1710. Pelham's uncle died in 1711, and his father the next year, both leaving their large estates to their nephew and son. When he came of age in 1714, Lord Pelham was one of the greatest landowners in the kingdom, enjoying enormous patronage in the county of 1099:, and a French invasion of southern England. In the panic, a number of false rumours circulated around London, including news that Newcastle had fled to the Continent for fear that all was lost. He was forced to show himself to a crowd that had gathered outside 789:, leading many to speculate, without substantive evidence, that they were having an affair. By November 1727, Walpole and Newcastle's positions were both safe once more, boosted by an election victory that saw them gain 430 seats to the opposition's 128 in the 1851:

perhaps the greatest machine politics operator of the 18th century, who commanded immense voting strength in parliament. He could often organise majorities in the House of Commons for seemingly perplexing, unpopular and absurd policies of the government.

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Dutch, Danes and Portuguese remained neutral, and Sweden and Russia joined the French and Austrians in attacking Prussia. He authorised large sums to be paid as subsidies to the Prussians, who were fighting countries whose land forces dwarfed their own.

489:, known later as the 'old pretender'. This issue dominated British politics during the last few years of Queen Anne's reign, leading up to her death in 1714, and had a profound impact on the future career of the young Duke of Newcastle. He joined the 918:

demands for Britain to declare war with Spain a dangerous step, and in spite of his increasingly bellicose statements, he still considered the idea of an Anglo-Spanish alliance as late as 1739. He tried to negotiate a solution to the crisis with the

465:. One stipulation of his uncle's will was that his nephew add Holles to his name, which he faithfully did, thereafter styling himself as Thomas Pelham-Holles. A long-standing legal dispute over the estate with his Aunt was finally settled in 1714. 1057:, a royal favourite, but by 1743, Newcastle and his brother were firmly in control of British policy until 1756. Newcastle now set about drawing up a fresh scheme to enhance British power on the continent, including an attempt to persuade the 875:, who had become Lord Chancellor. During the latter half of the decade, his job was increasingly dominated by managing relations with Spain, which included trade disputes and objections to the controversial founding of the American colony of 1142:

as the British representative at the talks, as his views were very close to his own. Sandwich's principal instructions were to delay the talks until a significant British victory allowed them to negotiate from a position of strength. The

1351:. His decision to do so may partly have been to deflect criticism that he was not sufficiently qualified on financial matters to control the Treasury. At the same time, he was still largely directing foreign policy, his main emphasis. 1463:

Austria had been growing increasingly tense because of a longstanding belief that the British would abandon it at a crucial moment. Newcastle's worst fears were confirmed in 1756, when Austria concluded an alliance with France; the

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All had taken place without war being formally declared. With the decline in the American situation, Newcastle was forced to abandon his plans for financial reform, as the money would instead need to be spent on military forces.

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Instead, Walpole made himself extremely useful to George II, who soon became convinced of his competence and retained him in his post. The thawing of relations was helped by the friendship between Newcastle and George's daughter

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to drive the French out. Pitt was alarmed that both prospects would lead Britain into war with Austria or Genoa. Instead, to placate Newcastle and George II, Pitt agreed to send a British contingent to fight in Germany in 1758.

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himself for his "ignorance, obstinacy and credulity" and half expected his misjudgment in putting so much faith in the Dutch to result in his dismissal, but both the king and the rest of the cabinet retained their faith in him.

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and strongly supported aid to the Austrians. He had long thought that the only way Britain could defeat France was in alliance with Austria, a view sharply at odds with many other leading politicians such as Walpole and Pitt.

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During his time in the office, Newcastle and his wife had become famous for throwing lavish parties that were attended by much of London society including many of his political opponents. He was also prodigiously fond of

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politics, like his father and uncle, but whereas they had been moderate in their views, he grew increasingly more partisan and militant in his views. Britain was very divided between Whigs who favoured the succession of

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dominate British politics for a generation. In 1721, Walpole began to serve as Britain's first prime minister and would hold that position for the next 21 years. He was related to Walpole's leading ally,

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to prove that he was still there. Nonetheless, his position was threatened since if the Jacobites were triumphant his estates would likely have been confiscated and he would have been forced into exile.

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serious potential allies to turn to. Referring to the election, Newcastle believed that if his scheme failed, "France and Prussia will dictate to all the world". He managed to broker a compromise at a

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privilege would in future be ceded entirely to Parliament. As Bute was a Tory, this marked the end of the Whig monopoly on government which had been continual since the Hanoverian Succession in 1714.

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to be returned. Nonetheless, Newcastle was happy with the terms that had been gained, and observers on the continent were full of praise on how he had overturned such a disadvantageous situation.

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triggering the major European war that Newcastle had feared and failed to prevent. What had begun as a limited war in the Ohio Country between Britain and France now took on global proportions.

1369:, which offered enormous potential for a new wealthy colony to be founded. Both nations sent military forces to occupy the territory. While the British set up the first initial post, they were 691:, one of his Sussex properties, expressly for that purpose. During his time as Lord Chamberlain he oversaw a major overhaul of public buildings, many of which had fallen into very poor repair. 835:

In general, Newcastle shared Walpole's abhorrence of war and wished to prevent Britain from getting dragged into major wars on the continent. Notably, Britain did not become embroiled in the

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to assist Austria, but he was blocked by Walpole, who insisted that Britain should not join the war. Newcastle broadly supported the same position as the king, but he accepted the decision.

922:, which agreed a sum of compensation to be paid to British merchants, but British public opinion had shifted, and Walpole felt that there was no option but to declare war in December 1739. 1476:

unilaterally attacked Austria, but the clear disparity in numbers would make him a "madman" to do so. Newcastle hoped he had managed to avert war in Europe, but in 1756, Frederick invaded

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On his death in 1768, the title Baron Pelham of Stanmer, together with the bulk of the Pelham estates in Sussex and the Duke's private papers, were left to Thomas, who was later created

1404:, who held enormous political sway at the time. Braddock was a favourite, but Newcastle had his doubts about both Braddock and the plans. Newcastle had temporarily made an alliance with 7041: 831:, who reigned from 1727 to 1760. Despite their initial violent hatred of each other, he and Newcastle grew to have a very productive relationship, which lasted for over three decades. 1745:, which he considered one of his finest achievements. Newcastle had been in government for almost 45 continuous years and initially enjoyed the new freedom that opposition gave him. 4134: 1859:

records correspondence between Pitt and his military administrators and none between them and Newcastle. Others have defended Newcastle by contrasting his 'continental policy' with

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Walpole and being more assertive. Newcastle was particularly annoyed both by what he saw as the abandonment of Austria and by the suggestion that Walpole no longer trusted him.

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After Henry's death, Newcastle was prime minister for six years in two separate periods. While his first premiership was not particularly notable, Newcastle precipitated the

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in 1754. Many wealthy Americans agitated for military action, but the preparations of the individual colonies for conflict were poor. There was more pressure in London from

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needed to be defended, to which Newcastle allegedly replied, "Annapolis! Oh yes, Annapolis must be defended, to be sure. Annapolis must be defended—where is Annapolis?".

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of troops and ships, which caused Newcastle to worry that they were ill-defended. His fears increased when the British received intelligence of French plans to launch an

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He held the post for seven years and performed well enough to be considered for further promotion. Despite his youth, he had demonstrated his strength in several

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did not progress well initially because the participants were not yet fully committed to peace. The Allies continued to do badly by suffering severe defeats at

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Biography of Thomas Pelham-Holles, Duke of Newcastle, with links to online catalogues, from Manuscripts and Special Collections at The University of Nottingham

1977: 1499: 3404: 1415:. Attacked by a mixed force of French and American Natives in the wilderness, more than half were killed, including Braddock. The remainder retreated back to 6831: 6816: 6811: 1926: 1194:

and a full French withdrawal from the Low Countries. The issue of free trade for which Britain had gone to war with Spain in 1739 was not mentioned at all.

6886: 6876: 6866: 6861: 6796: 6746: 6716: 6701: 5325: 4469: 4441: 3475: 3357: 1758: 1477: 933:. The two men formed a formidable political partnership following the fall of Walpole, and together dominated British politics until Henry's death in 1754. 796:

In 1729, a rift broke out in the government over the direction of Britain's foreign policy. Townshend was convinced that Britain's principal enemy was now

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was kept on-side by mobilising his control of MPs. However, Pitt and Newcastle would discuss strategy along with a small number of other figures such as

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as he much preferred foreign affairs, but he was persuaded there was no other serious candidate and accepted the seals of office from the king in March.

978:. The result reduced Walpole's former dominance of the House to an unworkable majority. Within months, he had been forced out of office and succeeded by 3323:

Biography of Thomas Pelham-Holles, 4th Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne (1st Duke of 3rd creation) and 1st Duke of Newcastle under Lyne (or Line) (1693-1768)

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The Holles and Clare estates, meanwhile, together with his Newcastle dukedom, were inherited by Lord Lincoln from whom the Duke had become estranged.

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Ermine on a Fess Gules three open Crowns Or; 4th, Azure fretty Or; 5th, Azure two Bars Argent on a Canton Sable a Wolf's Head erased of the Second.

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and was received with a rapturous reception wherever he went. When the talks got underway, they went far more smoothly, and in October 1748, the

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would be extremely disadvantageous to Britain, and he tried to keep the anti-French coalition strong through constant diplomacy and offers of

6906: 4367: 1400:, would be appointed to oversee that to take over from the fractious efforts of the colonial assemblies. The architect of the scheme was the 7463: 6971: 6916: 5689: 4636: 4165: 4014: 450: 1210:

Following the peace, Newcastle began to put into practice a policy that he had been developing for a very long time. He believed that the

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becoming prime minister in 1743. Together, the two brothers and their supporters known as the 'Old Whigs' made a coalition with the '

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Minister of War. One of his most notable suggestions during the period was the recruitment of large numbers of troops drawn from the

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by the king, but he turned it down. He lasted for a few months before the government collapsed, which was replaced by that of the

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On Henry Pelham's death on 6 March 1754, Newcastle succeeded him as prime minister. He had initially hoped to stay in his role as

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harm a British subject simply for trading, which many held to be a legitimate occupation despite the legal prohibition in force.

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and had effectively replaced Townshend as the third man of the government. The three men continued what had become dubbed as the

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to secure the election of Joseph. His triumph at the Congress was soon undermined by his failure to secure Austrian backing.

725: 590:, but from 1720, Newcastle began to identify strongly with the government Whigs, who had quickly come to be dominated by Sir 522:. They would be political partners for the next 20 years, and Newcastle would remain a loyalist until Walpole's fall in 1742. 7196: 6418: 6398: 6183: 5927: 5915: 5837: 5819: 5783: 5777: 5771: 5643: 5618: 5537: 5531: 5523: 5383: 5291: 5272: 5191: 5183: 5160: 5025: 4608: 4587: 4476: 4363: 4144: 4127: 3789: 2158: 1460:

While Newcastle had been paying attention to the American campaign, more pressing events in Europe demanded his attention.

1393: 745: 17: 1956:), was made a Master Mason by the Grand Master, Lord Lovell, at an Occasional Lodge. In 1739, at the creation of London's 1483:

Newcastle was widely blamed for Britain's poor start to the Seven Years' War, and in November 1756 he was replaced by the

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Newcastle remained extremely attentive to the Austrian Alliance. He spent several years trying to secure the election of

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In 1738, Jenkins appeared in Parliament to testify about his treatment. Other merchants sent petitions, and the powerful

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which he inherited from his uncle in 1711, and used as his primary London residence, often throwing lavish parties there.

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in 1733. The longstanding peace policy was now beginning to look extremely fragile. He also acted as a mediator in the

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was planned against the French in America. A force of British regulars would be sent to seize Ohio, while another of

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In 1741, the main British campaign against Spain was a combined amphibious attack on the South American city of

7448: 7351: 6258: 5981: 5891: 5801: 5715: 5705: 5548: 5359: 5208: 5005: 4664: 4622: 2277: 2041: 1419:, leaving the French in full control of the interior. The Nova Scotia scheme had been more successful, but the 1324: 1148: 1028: 1014: 357: 56: 2504: 1637:

In 1758, Pitt began despatching expeditions around the world to seize French colonies. In 1758, they captured

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Pitt largely took over control of directing them, and Newcastle agreed with the measures and made sure that

871:

Newcastle's growing independence from Walpole was helped by the support of his brother and his best friend,

379:, his official life extended throughout the Whig supremacy of the 18th century. He is commonly known as the 6323: 6218: 4990: 3978: 3917: 3852: 2067: 1864: 1838: 1405: 1332: 1159: 938: 880: 836: 527: 478: 3710:'The Fac Totum in Ecclesiastic Affairs'? The Duke of Newcastle and the Crown's Ecclesiastical Patronage." 2873:'The Fac Totum in Ecclesiastic Affairs'? The Duke of Newcastle and the Crown's Ecclesiastical Patronage." 1516:

Between November 1756 and June 1757, the Duke of Devonshire replaced Newcastle as prime minister although

663:. The Duke ordered Handel in May 1719 to go to the Continent to contract singers for as long as possible. 549:

and Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, two titles previously held by his late uncle John Holles. He also became

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The rivalry between Britain and France in North America had been growing for some time. Both coveted the

1171: 1167: 1128: 1070: 486: 364: 60: 3734: 3470:"Holles, Thomas Pelham-, duke of Newcastle upon Tyne and first duke of Newcastle under Lyme (1693–1768)" 961:, the victor of Porto Bello, who was given a force of 31,000 soldiers and sailors to take the city. The 390:, he served under him for more than 20 years until 1742. He held power with his brother, prime minister 6458: 6453: 6293: 6098: 5991: 5728: 5450: 5351: 5092: 4281: 3726: 1969: 1718: 1689:", under which Britain gained reputation abroad, gradually fell owing to the affection of the new king 1066: 828: 777: 117: 1561:" after Britain enjoyed victories on several continents as well as at sea. In November a French fleet 1061:

into the anti-French alliance and mediating the dispute between Austria and Prussia, which led to the

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in North America. He planned to intensify this the next year by despatching large expeditions to the

1491:(historically called "Minorca" by the British) in 1756. Instead, the commander of the British fleet, 1291: 566: 531: 474: 1602:

Newcastle had been deeply concerned by Britain's poor start to the war, particularly by the loss of

541:

His services were too great to be neglected by the new Hanoverian king, and in 1714, he was created

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Newcastle continued in office after Walpole's fall and became more powerful on his younger brother

688: 570: 458: 321: 7433: 6568: 6493: 6313: 6042: 5579: 5233: 4727: 4713: 4699: 4685: 4232: 1810: 1787: 1686: 1632: 1408:, whom he also disliked. Fox was a strong supporter of the campaign and forced Newcastle's hand. 1082: 897:

The growing tension between Britain and Spain came to a head in 1731 during an incident known as

235: 3427:

Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766

1178:. During the summer of 1748, Newcastle made his first ever trip outside Britain when he visited 7483: 7403: 7171: 7156: 7066: 6498: 5976: 4332: 4048: 3613:

The Bells of Victory: The Pitt-Newcastle Ministry and Conduct of the Seven Years' War 1757-1762

1731: 1674: 1566: 892: 656: 405:, and his weak diplomacy cost him his premiership. After his second term, he served briefly in 6538: 6609: 6203: 6002: 1999: 1465: 1412: 1360: 1300: 1092: 1037: 958: 925: 713: 247: 1495:, was shot after a court-martial, which many considered a smokescreen to protect Newcastle. 7393: 7388: 7151: 6298: 6158: 1968:

With the prospect that the dukedom of Newcastle upon Tyne would become extinct once again,

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For his long services, he was created Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, with remainder to the

346:

Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne and 1st Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyme

8: 7096: 7031: 6986: 6976: 5654: 4818: 1815: 1795: 1473: 1436: 1411:

A few months after arriving in America, Braddock's force was engulfed by disaster at the

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had overseen a brief end to the rift between the Whig factions after the collapse of the

562: 402: 5333: 1610:. To try to boost Britain's position in the Mediterranean, he pushed for an invasion of 6488: 6303: 6228: 6077: 4769: 4266: 4250: 3656: 3649:

The Great Man: Sir Robert Walpole: Scoundrel, Genius and Britain's First Prime Minister

3598: 3561: 3540: 1995: 1957: 1953: 1906: 1886: 1317: 1296: 1241: 1175: 1152: 1109: 824: 817:, soon convinced them that they had been wrong. This misjudgment was later used by the 652: 454: 372: 5378: 5056: 3446: 6473: 6333: 6238: 6168: 6047: 4895: 4860: 4839: 4825: 4692: 4678: 4197: 4172: 3584: 3577: 3547: 3453: 1615: 1245: 1211: 1144: 1062: 910: 848: 731: 672: 667: 546: 31: 901:, when a British merchant captain was captured for illegal trading off the coast of 7206: 7191: 7161: 7141: 7131: 7121: 7016: 7001: 6761: 6563: 6318: 6288: 6223: 6123: 6108: 5629: 5283: 4853: 4804: 4790: 4545: 4434: 3779: 3480: 3362: 1917: 1730:

The Duke went into opposition and lost his two Lord-Lieutenancies for opposing the

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In 1752 he made a rare trip abroad by accompanying George II on his annual trip to

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to castigate the ministry for their lack of preparation against the French threat.

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and a constant thorn in Newcastle's side. Many were surprised when the two formed

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More about Thomas Pelham-Holles, Duke of Newcastle on the Downing Street website

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The Insatiable Earl: A Life of John Montagu, Fourth Earl of Sandwich, 1718–1792

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University of Nottingham website, Manuscripts and Special Collections section,

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Charles Gravier: Comte de Vergennes: French Diplomacy in the Age of Revolution

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Donald G. Barnes, "The Duke of Newcastle, Ecclesiastical Minister, 1724-54."

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To oversee the peace settlement, Newcastle switched across to the position of

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Newcastle enjoyed a close but at times strained relationship with his brother

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Barnes, Donald G. "The Duke of Newcastle, Ecclesiastical Minister, 1724–54."

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who felt the time was ripe for British America to expand into the interior.

30:"The Duke of Newcastle" redirects here. For other holders of the title, see 7166: 7146: 7126: 7116: 6589: 6553: 6528: 6518: 6143: 6061: 6037: 5604: 5252: 5241: 4958: 4916: 4874: 4846: 4399: 3872: 3690:

Three Victories and a Defeat: The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire

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reforms. He proposed measures to reduce the amount of interest paid to the

990: 930: 844: 761: 655:, a leading playwright. In 1719, he was one of the three main investors in 494: 391: 180: 1976:

in 1756, with a special remainder for inheritance through his nephew, the

7181: 6508: 6268: 6208: 6173: 4951: 4930: 4615: 4601: 1650: 1389: 1385: 1046: 684: 3413:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 471. 1937:. The Duchess suffered from poor health and the couple had no children. 986:, his son, continued to attack Newcastle's behaviour for years to come. 70: 6513: 6188: 6103: 4909: 4902: 3641: 3438: 2891: 1860: 1646: 1423:, which followed in its wake, created serious headaches for Newcastle. 1269: 1187: 813:

The increasingly-confrontational actions of the French Chief Minister,

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Nulle, Stebelton H. "The Duke of Newcastle and the Election of 1727."

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Browning, Reed. "Holles, Thomas Pelham, duke of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne".

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In 1745, the Jacobite Rising broke out in Scotland and soon spread to

449:, by his second wife, the former Lady Grace Holles, younger sister of 7341: 6067: 5951: 4944: 4776: 1885:

as a bungling fool, ignorant of all geography, who is convinced that

1492: 1019: 554: 43: 957:, which had experienced considerable delays. Command was awarded to 602:, strengthening his bond with the leader of the new administration. 416:

Outside the electoral realm, his reputation has suffered. Historian

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Sykes, Norman. "The Duke of Newcastle as Ecclesiastical Minister."

1138:

in 1746. Newcastle was instrumental in securing the appointment of

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Thomas Pelham was born in London on 21 July 1693 the eldest son of

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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

2902:

Norman Sykes, "The Duke of Newcastle as Ecclesiastical Minister."

1073:

in 1742, this strengthened the British position in North America.

942:

responsibilities and, for the first two years of war, served as a

646:

In 1717, at 23, Newcastle first attained high political office as

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was secured in late 1715 by the defeat of a Jacobite army at the

534:, even organising so-called 'Newcastle mobs' to fight with rival 369: 4362: 1158:

In 1747, Newcastle was involved in organising a coup to put the

398:

continuously for 30 years and dominated British foreign policy.

1642: 1619: 1191: 950:, whose growing manpower had previously gone largely untapped. 605:

On 2 April 1717, he increased his Whig connections by marrying

462: 218: 6639: 1998:. Pelham and his brother were buried at All Saints' Church in 760:

Newcastle had been joined in government by his young brother,

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Dickinson, Harry T. (2003). David Loads (ed.). "Newcastle".

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Coat of arms of Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle

1709: 1441: 530:

death and had much influence in making the Londoners accept

4324: 1867:, which led to Britain's eventual defeat in this conflict. 1786:. He died in November 1768, aged 75, at his London home in 1468:

suddenly threw the whole balance of power in Europe askew.

1268:. During the visit, Newcastle made an attempt to cultivate 902: 425:

unredeemed mediocrity and as a veritable buffoon in office.

3672:

Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain 1649–1815

1134:

Talks for a peace settlement were convened in the city of

497:, both leading centres of Whig thinking and organisation. 1569:. Much of the credit went to Pitt, rather than Newcastle. 3757:

Ancestors of Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle

2600:

Harry T. Dickinson, "Newcastle" in David Loads, editor,

2017:

Ancestors of Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle

1889:

is not an island. Newcastle was played in the 1948 film

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anticipated the imminent replacement of the government.

613:, a national hero following his victories in the recent 368:(21 July 1693 – 17 November 1768) was an 1960:, he acted as one of the charity's founding governors. 2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2546: 27:

Prime Minister of Great Britain (1754–1756; 1757–1762)

3479:(online May 2011 ed.). Oxford University Press. 1921:

Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne

3733:(2nd ed. Revised By C. H. Stuart; Oxford UP, 1962). 1899:. He also features in the British television series 1618:, to use as a naval base or for a British attack on 1520:

is widely credited as the main influence on policy.

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Newcastle's position had briefly been threatened by

974:

In the wake of the Cartagena disaster, Britain held

2543: 1487:. Some had even called for his execution after the 1069:, which was successful. Along with the defeat of a 886: 883:, helping to bring the conflict to an end in 1738. 5704: 3576: 3539: 3468: 3445: 3257:. Oxford University Press. 2004. pp. 728–729. 3255:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Volume 27 1717:. He was exceptionally proud of the house and its 1221:He came under continuous attack from Pitt and the 1174:although he had wanted Sandwich to succeed him as 3579:1759: The Year Britain Became Master of the World 1327:. To great surprise, he rejected the favourites, 1008: 7444:Freemasons of the Premier Grand Lodge of England 7414:Secretaries of state for the Southern Department 7409:Secretaries of state for the Northern Department 7380: 3405:Newcastle, Dukes of s.v. 2. Thomas Pelham Holles 1987:, with inheritance to his cousin and male heir, 1863:'s failure to gather European allies during the 1545:In July 1757, he again became prime minister as 1186:was formally concluded. Britain would give back 772:The administration faced a crisis in 1727, when 3720:Lord North: The Prime Minister who lost America 3522:The Kit-Cat Club: Friends who Imagined a Nation 1814:The Duke of Newcastle wearing the Robes of the 1091:. Newcastle feared an attack from the north by 704:In 1724, Newcastle was chosen by Walpole to be 6577: 3834:Secretary of State for the Northern Department 3807:Secretary of State for the Southern Department 1713:Newcastle spent much of his last few years at 1606:and the French occupation of key ports in the 1502:, who had married his niece Catherine Pelham. 706:Secretary of State for the Southern Department 7504:Politicians from the London Borough of Camden 7489:People educated at Westminster School, London 7479:Members of the Privy Council of Great Britain 6625: 5690: 5319: 5006: 4348: 1323:Newcastle's first task was to select someone 3361:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2661: 1027:and advocated aid to the country during the 526:Newcastle vigorously sustained the Whigs at 451:John Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne 3627: 2240:Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle 2042:Sir Thomas Pelham, 2nd Baronet, of Laughton 1115: 937:The British opened the war with a victory, 847:had now attained the lucrative position of 7514:Whig prime ministers of the United Kingdom 7419:Chancellors of the University of Cambridge 6641:Chancellors of the University of Cambridge 6632: 6618: 5697: 5683: 5326: 5312: 5013: 4999: 4355: 4341: 3661:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3603:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3566:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2503: 1741:He spent much of his time at his house at 1325:to represent the government in the Commons 69: 3506: 3337: 2068:Sir John Pelham, 3rd Baronet, of Laughton 1790:. After his death, Claremont was sold to 1523: 1512:William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire 504: 485:who supported the return of the Jacobite 457:and was admitted as a fellow commoner at 162:16 March 1754 – 11 November 1756 7297:HRH The Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh 3717: 3466: 3443: 3424: 3399: 2622: 2562: 2528:Loyaulté n'a honte (No shame in loyalty) 1916: 1809: 1708: 1653:and Canada. To do so, Pitt stripped the 1552: 1440: 1290: 1280: 1261:would later try to undermine Newcastle. 1190:to France in exchange for the return of 1095:, who had already gathered 5,000 men in 1067:colonial raid against Louisbourg in 1745 1018: 924: 913:mobilised popular opinion. To many, the 823: 744: 629: 518:From 1720 Newcastle allied himself with 513: 501:in London became his premier residence. 433: 4325:Thomas Pelham-Holles navigational boxes 3528: 3476:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3358:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3289: 3287: 1935:John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough 1614:, which was then controlled by neutral 14: 7381: 3678: 3669: 3646: 3618: 3574: 2371: 2257: 2253: 2243: 2138: 2031: 2027: 1905:, which covers the early years of the 1065:in 1745. He also approved plans for a 719: 394:, until 1754. He had then served as a 6613: 5678: 5307: 4994: 4364:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom 4336: 4323: 4145:The Earl of Winchilsea and Nottingham 3687: 3630:The History of the Foundling Hospital 3537: 3519: 2444: 2434: 2430: 2418: 2415: 2405: 2389: 2379: 2375: 2359: 2356: 2346: 2333: 2323: 2319: 2307: 2301: 2291: 2275: 2265: 2261: 2237: 2227: 2211: 2201: 2197: 2185: 2182: 2172: 2156: 2146: 2142: 2126: 2120: 2110: 2097: 2087: 2083: 2071: 2065: 2055: 2039: 2035: 1536:Great Britain in the Seven Years' War 1170:. He secured Sandwich's promotion to 1108:Scotland where they were defeated at 694: 5996:The Constitutions of the Free-Masons 3354: 3284: 2159:Robert Sydney, 2nd Earl of Leicester 1023:Newcastle was a strong supporter of 286: 7464:Lord-lieutenants of Nottinghamshire 6139:Sir Thomas Prendergast, 2nd Baronet 3615:(Cambridge University Press, 2002). 1577: 1205: 620: 106:29 June 1757 – 26 May 1762 24: 7399:Alumni of Clare College, Cambridge 6028:Worshipful Society of Apothecaries 5714:Active 1717–1813, united with the 4108:Lord Lieutenant of Nottinghamshire 4022:Lord Lieutenant of Nottinghamshire 3628:Nichols, R.H.; Wray, F.A. (1935). 1870: 1802:his neglect of the family budget. 1430: 1388:provincials would take control of 1076: 969: 767: 636:Henry Clinton, 7th Earl of Lincoln 25: 7525: 7499:People from Laughton, East Sussex 3740: 2304:Gilbert Holles, 3rd Earl of Clare 1371:driven out by a French expedition 1295:Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland, by 1275: 726:Anglo-French Alliance (1716–1731) 580: 573:and the subsequent flight of the 7509:Prime ministers of Great Britain 6018:Society of Antiquaries of London 5826:Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne 5382: 5377: 5055: 4974: 4973: 4118:The Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne 3509:Readers Guide to British History 3387: 2602:Readers Guide to British History 1721:on which he had spent a fortune. 1311: 1122:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) 887:Jenkins' Ear and Spanish America 617:who was considered a Whig icon. 468:He increasingly identified with 331: 6424:Sir Arthur Acheson, 5th Baronet 4015:The Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne 3899:Prime Minister of Great Britain 3880:Prime Minister of Great Britain 3542:Newcastle: A Duke without Money 3418: 3328: 3314: 3305: 3296: 3275: 3270:Newcastle: A Duke without Money 3262: 3247: 3238: 3229: 3220: 3211: 3202: 3193: 3184: 3175: 3166: 3157: 3148: 3139: 3130: 3121: 3112: 3103: 3094: 3085: 3076: 3067: 3054: 3045: 3036: 3023: 3014: 3005: 2992: 2983: 2974: 2961: 2952: 2943: 2934: 2921: 2912: 2896: 2880: 2863: 2854: 2845: 2836: 2827: 2818: 2809: 2800: 2791: 2782: 2773: 2764: 2751: 2742: 2733: 2724: 2715: 2706: 2697: 2688: 2679: 2670: 2123:Thomas Pelham, 1st Baron Pelham 1948:in Norfolk, the Duke, with the 1748: 1256:He managed to outmanoeuvre the 807: 776:died unexpectedly, and his son 677:prime minister of Great Britain 509: 447:Thomas Pelham, 1st Baron Pelham 377:Prime Minister of Great Britain 304:Thomas Pelham, 1st Baron Pelham 282: 94:Prime Minister of Great Britain 7362:The Lord Sainsbury of Turville 6429:Sir Robert Lawley, 4th Baronet 5982:Antient Grand Lodge of England 5716:Ancient Grand Lodge of England 5706:Premier Grand Lodge of England 5549:Master-General of the Ordnance 5360:Leader of the House of Commons 5209:Master-General of the Ordnance 4101:The Duke of Kingston-upon-Hull 4032:The Duke of Kingston-upon-Hull 3531:George III: A Personal History 2652: 2643: 2634: 2616: 2607: 2594: 2581: 2568: 2278:John Holles, 2nd Earl of Clare 1875:He was portrayed in the novel 1704: 1041:reluctance of its government. 1029:War of the Austrian Succession 1015:War of the Austrian Succession 1009:War of the Austrian Succession 749:Newcastle in 1735 when he was 699: 13: 1: 7459:Lord-lieutenants of Middlesex 7454:Leaders of the House of Lords 7429:Dukes of Newcastle-under-Lyne 5987:United Grand Lodge of England 5720:United Grand Lodge of England 5462:Lord President of the Council 5116:Lord President of the Council 3998:Custos Rotulorum of Middlesex 3529:Hibbert, Christopher (1999). 1983:In 1762, he was also created 1963: 1823: 1794:who had made his name in the 1772: 1725: 1695:John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute 1304: 740:War of the Quadruple Alliance 429: 80: 7439:Fellows of the Royal Society 7424:Dukes of Newcastle-upon-Tyne 7177:Thomas Ruthall (or Rowthall) 6324:Sir Robert Rich, 4th Baronet 6033:Spalding Gentlemen's Society 4198:Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne 3979:Lord Lieutenant of Middlesex 3918:Leader of the House of Lords 3853:Leader of the House of Lords 3731:The Whig Supremacy 1714-1760 3500:UK public library membership 3375:UK public library membership 2589:The Whig Supremacy 1714–1760 2576:The Whig Supremacy 1714-1760 1974:Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne 1925:On 2 April 1717, he married 1865:American War of Independence 1680: 1505: 881:War of the Polish Succession 837:War of the Polish Succession 625: 7: 7337:The Earl Baldwin of Bewdley 6083:Unlawful Societies Act 1799 6023:Royal College of Physicians 5751:John Theophilus Desaguliers 5524:First Lord of the Admiralty 5356:Chancellor of the Exchequer 5184:First Lord of the Admiralty 5173:The Lord Hervey of Ickworth 4173:Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne 3619:Murphy, Orville T. (1982). 2628:A Cambridge Alumni Database 2624:"Pelham, Thomas (PLHN709T)" 2008: 1071:Spanish Invasion of Georgia 609:, the granddaughter of the 10: 7530: 7469:Lord-lieutenants of Sussex 7307:The Duke of Northumberland 7202:The Duke of Northumberland 7122:Thomas Rotherham (or Scot) 6454:Frederick, Prince of Wales 5718:(1751–1813) to create the 5375: 5352:First Lord of the Treasury 5053: 3989:The Earl of Northumberland 3632:. Oxford University Press. 2630:. University of Cambridge. 2578:(2nd ed. 1962) pp 352–353. 2365: 2255: 2132: 2029: 1630: 1626: 1563:planning to invade England 1557:1759 became known as the " 1533: 1527: 1509: 1434: 1358: 1354: 1284: 1119: 1080: 1012: 890: 723: 659:'s new opera company, the 29: 7357:HRH The Duke of Edinburgh 6647: 6449:Walter Calverley-Blackett 6091: 5967: 5727: 5712: 5653: 5628: 5603: 5578: 5547: 5522: 5485: 5460: 5435: 5410: 5391: 5350: 5282: 5251: 5232: 5207: 5182: 5139: 5114: 5083: 5064: 5036: 4968: 4500: 4375: 4330: 4308: 4295: 4287: 4280: 4264: 4256: 4249: 4239: 4230: 4214: 4204: 4195: 4190: 4170: 4158: 4151: 4141: 4132: 4124: 4114: 4105: 4097: 4087: 4081:Lord Lieutenant of Sussex 4078: 4070: 4055: 4046: 4038: 4028: 4019: 4006: 3995: 3985: 3976: 3966: 3961: 3951: 3942: 3934: 3924: 3915: 3905: 3896: 3888: 3877: 3869: 3859: 3850: 3840: 3831: 3823: 3813: 3804: 3796: 3786: 3777: 3769: 3764: 3698:English Historical Review 3638:Journal of Modern History 3452:. Yale University Press. 3435:Pacific Historical Review 3334:Nichols and Wray, p. 345. 3259:Article by Reed Browning. 2904:English Historical Review 2888:Pacific Historical Review 2515:A Peacock in pride Proper 2432: 2424: 2399: 2377: 2373: 2340: 2321: 2313: 2285: 2263: 2259: 2221: 2199: 2191: 2166: 2144: 2140: 2104: 2085: 2077: 2049: 2033: 1912: 1805: 1540: 1184:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 339: 327: 315: 296: 264: 254: 242: 225: 205: 200: 196: 186: 174: 166: 155: 143: 131: 110: 99: 92: 88: 68: 41: 6652:Richard of Wetheringsett 6008:Freemasons' Hall, London 5756:George Payne (1720–1721) 5445:The Earl of Macclesfield 5261:The Earl of Chesterfield 4449:Chatham (Pitt the Elder) 4267:Baron Pelham of Laughton 4153:Peerage of Great Britain 3827:The Earl of Chesterfield 3718:Whiteley, Peter (1996). 2667:Browning. ODNB online Ed 2536: 1454:an electoral partnership 1287:First Newcastle ministry 1236:son, the future Emperor 1116:Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle 1045:Newcastle was a staunch 855:by meeting regularly at 607:Lady Henrietta Godolphin 459:Clare College, Cambridge 375:statesman who served as 322:Clare College, Cambridge 271:Lady Henrietta Godolphin 7494:People from Camden Town 7232:The Earl of Northampton 6842:Anthony of Grantchester 6569:Nathan Mayer Rothschild 6494:Robert Boyle-Walsingham 5952:George, Prince of Wales 5580:Paymaster of the Forces 5557:The Duke of Marlborough 5538:The Viscount Torrington 5234:Paymaster of the Forces 5192:The Viscount Torrington 4693:Disraeli (Beaconsfield) 4233:Baron Pelham of Stanmer 4135:Senior Privy Counsellor 4074:The Earl of Abergavenny 3938:The Duke of Marlborough 3844:The Earl of Holdernesse 3688:Simms, Brendan (2008). 3679:Rodger, N.A.M. (1993). 3670:Rodger, N.A.M. (2006). 3647:Pearce, Edward (2008). 3520:Field, Ophelia (2008). 3467:Browning, Reed (2004). 3444:Browning, Reed (1975). 3425:Anderson, Fred (2000). 3410:Encyclopædia Britannica 2492: 2392:Hon. William Pierrepont 2334:13. Hon. Elizabeth Vere 1985:Baron Pelham of Stanmer 1944:, Sir Robert Walpole's 1687:broad bottom government 1633:Annus Mirabilis of 1759 1530:Pitt–Newcastle ministry 1524:Second term: 1757-1762 1083:Jacobite rising of 1745 859:, Sir Robert Walpole's 736:last major European war 687:and often went down to 246:All Saints Churchyard, 7322:The Duke of Devonshire 7317:The Duke of Devonshire 7312:HRH The Prince Consort 7267:The Duke of Buckingham 7262:The Duke of Manchester 7252:The Earl of Manchester 7242:The Duke of Buckingham 6827:Thomas de Grantchester 6499:Sir Robert de Cornwall 5977:History of Freemasonry 5663:The Earl of Scarbrough 5594:The Earl of Wilmington 5507:The Duke of Devonshire 5495:The Viscount Townshend 5401:The Viscount Townshend 5343:The Viscount Townshend 5267:The Duke of Devonshire 5155:The Duke of Devonshire 5149:The Earl of Wilmington 5130:The Earl of Wilmington 4064:The Earl of Ashburnham 4049:Vice-Admiral of Sussex 3970:The Duke of Buckingham 3955:William Pitt the Elder 3892:The Duke of Devonshire 3863:The Duke of Devonshire 3722:. The Hambledon Press. 3700:57.225 (1942): 59–84. 3575:McLynn, Frank (2005). 3538:Kelch, Ray A. (1974). 3485:10.1093/ref:odnb/21801 3367:10.1093/ref:odnb/21801 2906:57.225 (1942): 59–84. 1927:Lady Harriet Godolphin 1922: 1829: 1722: 1570: 1457: 1448:was the leader of the 1308: 1281:First term: 1754-1756 1032: 934: 832: 757: 734:, which had ended the 661:Royal Academy of Music 657:George Frideric Handel 643: 523: 505:Early political career 442: 427: 192:The Duke of Devonshire 138:The Duke of Devonshire 7449:Knights of the Garter 7287:The Duke of Newcastle 7277:The Duke of Albemarle 7227:The Earl of Salisbury 6043:English Enlightenment 5638:The Duke of Newcastle 5426:The Duke of Newcastle 5167:The Earl of Godolphin 5161:The Viscount Lonsdale 5046:The Duke of Newcastle 4282:Baronetage of England 3714:24#3 (1992): 409–433. 3448:The Duke of Newcastle 3437:3.2 (1934): 164–191. 2890:3.2 (1934): 164–191. 2877:24#3 (1992): 409–433. 2445:15. Elizabeth Harries 2000:Laughton, East Sussex 1933:and granddaughter of 1931:2nd Earl of Godolphin 1920: 1892:Bonnie Prince Charlie 1813: 1757:in the government of 1712: 1556: 1528:Further information: 1466:Diplomatic Revolution 1444: 1413:Battle of Monongahela 1361:French and Indian War 1301:Jean Baptiste van Loo 1294: 1285:Further information: 1093:Bonnie Prince Charlie 1038:Empress Maria Theresa 1022: 959:Admiral Edward Vernon 939:capturing Porto Bello 928: 827: 748: 714:European State System 634:Newcastle (left) and 633: 517: 437: 422: 248:Laughton, East Sussex 48:The Duke of Newcastle 7282:The Duke of Somerset 7272:The Duke of Monmouth 6857:Richard de Wetherset 6792:Robert de Mildenhall 6752:Stephen Haslingfield 6742:Stephen Haslingfield 6732:Thomas de Sheringham 6662:Reginald Gerninghall 6484:Marquess of Hastings 6249:Lord James Cavendish 6199:Earl of Macclesfield 6119:Earl of Chesterfield 5904:Marquis of Carnarvon 5856:Marquis of Carnarvon 5532:The Earl of Berkeley 5470:The Duke of Kingston 4208:Henry Pelham-Clinton 4091:The Earl of Egremont 3928:The Earl of Egremont 3611:Middleton, Richard. 3062:The Instatiable Earl 3031:The Instatiable Earl 2969:Command of the Ocean 2929:Command of the Ocean 2759:Command of the Ocean 2357:3. Lady Grace Holles 1788:Lincoln's Inn Fields 1608:Austrian Netherlands 843:Newcastle's brother 563:Knight of the Garter 420:says that he became 236:Lincoln's Inn Fields 18:Thomas Pelham-Holles 7332:The Earl of Balfour 7302:The Marquess Camden 7292:The Duke of Grafton 7247:The Earl of Holland 7237:The Earl of Suffolk 7032:Richard Billingford 6987:Richard Billingford 6977:Richard Billingford 6832:William de Lymbergh 6817:Thomas de Northwood 6812:Thomas de Northwood 6539:Meyer Löw Schomberg 6409:Marquess of Lothian 6394:Duke of Marlborough 6379:Duke of Queensberry 5655:Master of the Horse 5644:The Duke of Grafton 5588:The Lord Cornwallis 5292:The Duke of Grafton 5223:The Duke of Montagu 5074:The Lord Harrington 4164:Title last held by 4042:The Lord Ashburnham 3817:The Duke of Bedford 3790:The Duke of Grafton 2499: 2416:7. Grace Pierrepont 2183:5. Lady Lucy Sydney 1978:9th Earl of Lincoln 1816:Order of the Garter 1753:In 1765, he became 1669:naval victories at 1659:invasion of Britain 1645:in West Africa and 1500:9th Earl of Lincoln 1474:Frederick the Great 1337:Sir Thomas Robinson 1251:Congress of Hanover 1129:financial subsidies 920:Convention of Pardo 893:War of Jenkins' Ear 720:The French Alliance 611:Duke of Marlborough 553:of the counties of 6997:John de Rickingale 6887:Adam de Lakenheath 6877:Thomas de Stewkley 6867:Michael de Causton 6862:Michael de Haynton 6797:Henry de Herwarden 6747:Stephen de Segrace 6717:Ralph de Leicester 6702:Andrew de Gisleham 6489:James Moore Smythe 6419:Earl of Winchilsea 6369:Earl of Burlington 6349:Viscount Townshend 6304:John Baptist Grano 6259:William Richardson 6229:Richard Manningham 6078:Foundling Hospital 6053:Walpole ministries 6003:Freemasons' Tavern 5946:Duke of Cumberland 5940:Duke of Manchester 5619:The Duke of Dorset 5613:The Duke of Argyll 5569:The Duke of Argyll 5420:The Earl Granville 5412:Southern Secretary 5393:Northern Secretary 5368:Sir Robert Walpole 5339:Sir Robert Walpole 5273:The Duke of Dorset 5217:The Duke of Argyll 5105:The Lord Hardwicke 5066:Northern Secretary 5038:Southern Secretary 5029:Sir Robert Walpole 4756:Campbell-Bannerman 4251:Peerage of England 4128:The Duke of Dorset 4060:Title next held by 4011:Title last held by 3773:The Duke of Bolton 3765:Political offices 3640:9.1 (1937): 1–22. 3429:. Faber and Faber. 3154:Browning pp.207–08 3136:Browning pp.198–99 3082:Browning pp.154–55 3073:Browning pp.152–53 2497: 2214:Lady Dorothy Percy 1996:Earl of Chichester 1958:Foundling Hospital 1954:Holy Roman Emperor 1929:, daughter of the 1923: 1907:Bow Street Runners 1830: 1763:Southern Secretary 1723: 1571: 1485:Duke of Devonshire 1478:Saxony and Bohemia 1458: 1402:Duke of Cumberland 1394:commander in chief 1318:Northern Secretary 1309: 1297:John Giles Eccardt 1242:King of the Romans 1176:Southern Secretary 1168:Northern Secretary 1033: 976:a general election 935: 833: 758: 751:Southern Secretary 695:Secretary of State 653:Sir Richard Steele 644: 524: 455:Westminster School 443: 396:Secretary of State 7376: 7375: 7370: 7369: 7327:The Lord Rayleigh 7222:The Earl of Essex 7217:The Lord Burghley 6992:Stephen le Scrope 6897:William de Gotham 6872:William de Gotham 6807:Robert de Claydon 6782:Robert de Winwick 6777:Robert de Winwick 6757:Richard de Ashton 6727:John de Bradenham 6707:Thomas Sheringham 6697:Roger de Fulbourn 6677:Richard de Gedney 6672:William de Ludham 6607: 6606: 6603: 6602: 6595:Duke of Newcastle 6534:Hipólito da Costa 6474:Thomas Dunckerley 6414:Earl of Balcarres 6384:Earl of Deloraine 6334:Francis Columbine 6239:Richard Rawlinson 6169:Richard Cantillon 6048:Order of the Bath 5790:Earl of Inchiquin 5672: 5671: 5501:The Lord Carleton 5301: 5300: 5198:Sir Charles Wager 4988: 4987: 4318: 4317: 4309:Succeeded by 4240:Succeeded by 4205:Succeeded by 4142:Succeeded by 4115:Succeeded by 4088:Succeeded by 4029:Succeeded by 3986:Succeeded by 3952:Succeeded by 3925:Succeeded by 3906:Succeeded by 3860:Succeeded by 3841:Succeeded by 3814:Succeeded by 3800:The Lord Carteret 3787:Succeeded by 3706:Taylor, Stephen. 3683:. Harper Collins. 3623:. New York Press. 3524:. Harper Collins. 3498:(Subscription or 3373:(Subscription or 3244:Browning p.322–23 2980:Browning pp.94–97 2918:Browning pp.78–82 2860:Browning pp.73–76 2851:Browning pp.67–68 2842:Browning pp.66–67 2815:Browning pp.49–50 2748:Browning pp.14–15 2712:Browning pp.12–13 2694:Browning pp.23–25 2685:Browning pp.10–11 2534: 2533: 2489: 2488: 2485: 2484: 2098:9. Mary Wilbraham 1972:also created the 1719:extensive gardens 1246:Holy Roman Empire 1244:, a title of the 1227:American colonies 1212:stately quadrille 1145:Congress of Breda 1063:Treaty of Dresden 948:American colonies 911:South Sea Company 849:Paymaster General 732:Treaty of Utrecht 673:South Sea Company 668:general elections 600:Charles Townshend 571:Battle of Preston 547:Marquess of Clare 475:George of Hanover 381:Duke of Newcastle 343: 342: 308:Lady Grace Holles 32:Duke of Newcastle 16:(Redirected from 7521: 7474:Lords Privy Seal 7207:Stephen Gardiner 7192:Stephen Gardiner 7162:Thomas Rotherham 7142:Thomas Rotherham 7132:Thomas Rotherham 7112:William Wilflete 7102:William Wilflete 7077:William Wilflete 7027:William Lascells 7017:Marmaduke Lumley 7002:Thomas of Cobham 6937:Thomas Hetherset 6922:John de Bromyard 6822:John de Crakhall 6772:Thomas de Foxton 6767:Richard de Badew 6762:Roger Northburgh 6737:Stephen Hepworth 6712:Stephen Hepworth 6682:Richard Dryfield 6667:Stephen Hepworth 6634: 6627: 6620: 6611: 6610: 6575: 6574: 6564:Moses Montefiore 6434:Alexander Brodie 6389:Earl of Portmore 6364:Duke of Kingston 6344:Earl of Pembroke 6319:Adolphus Oughton 6289:George Shelvocke 6274:Duke of Ancaster 6254:Earl of Hopetoun 6244:Charles Stanhope 6224:Ephraim Chambers 6219:Alexander Stuart 6124:Charles Delafaye 6109:William Stukeley 5992:James Anderson's 5928:Duke of Beaufort 5832:Earl of Crawford 5820:Viscount Montagu 5778:Duke of Richmond 5772:Earl of Dalkeith 5699: 5692: 5685: 5676: 5675: 5630:Lord Chamberlain 5563:The Earl Cadogan 5386: 5381: 5328: 5321: 5314: 5305: 5304: 5284:Lord Chamberlain 5059: 5015: 5008: 5001: 4992: 4991: 4981: 4977: 4976: 4961: 4954: 4947: 4940: 4933: 4926: 4919: 4912: 4905: 4898: 4891: 4884: 4877: 4870: 4863: 4856: 4849: 4842: 4835: 4828: 4821: 4814: 4807: 4800: 4793: 4786: 4779: 4772: 4765: 4758: 4751: 4744: 4737: 4730: 4723: 4716: 4709: 4702: 4695: 4688: 4681: 4674: 4667: 4660: 4653: 4646: 4639: 4632: 4625: 4618: 4611: 4604: 4597: 4590: 4583: 4576: 4569: 4562: 4555: 4548: 4541: 4534: 4527: 4525:Pitt the Younger 4520: 4513: 4511:Pitt the Younger 4493: 4491:Pitt the Younger 4486: 4479: 4472: 4465: 4458: 4451: 4444: 4437: 4430: 4423: 4416: 4409: 4402: 4395: 4388: 4386:Walpole (Orford) 4357: 4350: 4343: 4334: 4333: 4321: 4320: 4288:Preceded by 4257:Preceded by 4125:Preceded by 4098:Preceded by 4071:Preceded by 4039:Preceded by 3967:Preceded by 3962:Honorary titles 3935:Preceded by 3909:The Earl of Bute 3889:Preceded by 3870:Preceded by 3824:Preceded by 3797:Preceded by 3780:Lord Chamberlain 3770:Preceded by 3762: 3761: 3723: 3709: 3693: 3692:. Penguin Books. 3684: 3675: 3674:. Penguin Books. 3666: 3660: 3652: 3633: 3624: 3608: 3602: 3594: 3582: 3571: 3565: 3557: 3545: 3534: 3533:. Penguin Books. 3525: 3516: 3503: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3472: 3463: 3451: 3430: 3414: 3393: 3391: 3390: 3378: 3370: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3332: 3326: 3318: 3312: 3309: 3303: 3300: 3294: 3291: 3282: 3279: 3273: 3266: 3260: 3258: 3251: 3245: 3242: 3236: 3233: 3227: 3224: 3218: 3215: 3209: 3206: 3200: 3197: 3191: 3188: 3182: 3179: 3173: 3170: 3164: 3161: 3155: 3152: 3146: 3143: 3137: 3134: 3128: 3125: 3119: 3116: 3110: 3107: 3101: 3098: 3092: 3089: 3083: 3080: 3074: 3071: 3065: 3058: 3052: 3049: 3043: 3040: 3034: 3027: 3021: 3018: 3012: 3009: 3003: 2996: 2990: 2987: 2981: 2978: 2972: 2965: 2959: 2956: 2950: 2949:Simms pp.247–252 2947: 2941: 2938: 2932: 2925: 2919: 2916: 2910: 2900: 2894: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2869:Stephen Taylor, 2867: 2861: 2858: 2852: 2849: 2843: 2840: 2834: 2831: 2825: 2822: 2816: 2813: 2807: 2804: 2798: 2797:Browning p.62–63 2795: 2789: 2786: 2780: 2777: 2771: 2768: 2762: 2755: 2749: 2746: 2740: 2737: 2731: 2730:Field pp.350–352 2728: 2722: 2719: 2713: 2710: 2704: 2701: 2695: 2692: 2686: 2683: 2677: 2674: 2668: 2665: 2659: 2656: 2650: 2647: 2641: 2638: 2632: 2631: 2620: 2614: 2611: 2605: 2604:(2003) 2:951–952 2598: 2592: 2591:(1962) pp 28–29. 2585: 2579: 2574:Basil Williams, 2572: 2566: 2560: 2507: 2500: 2496: 2023: 2022: 2014: 2013: 1950:Duke of Lorraine 1828: 1825: 1796:Seven Years' War 1578:Seven Years' War 1565:was defeated at 1437:Seven Years' War 1382:major expedition 1306: 1216:Newcastle System 1206:Newcastle System 1160:Prince of Orange 1089:northern England 853:Norfolk Congress 791:House of Commons 755:Walpole ministry 648:Lord Chamberlain 621:Lord Chamberlain 453:. He studied at 403:Seven Years' War 367: 362: 355: 335: 290: 288: 284: 232: 229:17 November 1768 215: 213: 201:Personal details 189: 177: 160: 150:The Earl of Bute 146: 134: 104: 82: 73: 63: 39: 38: 21: 7529: 7528: 7524: 7523: 7522: 7520: 7519: 7518: 7379: 7378: 7377: 7372: 7371: 7366: 7352:The Lord Adrian 7347:The Lord Tedder 7187:Thomas Cromwell 7172:George Fitzhugh 7157:George Fitzhugh 7092:Robert Woodlark 7087:Richard Scroope 7082:Robert Woodlark 7047:Nicholas Kenton 7037:Richard Cawdray 7012:William Wymbell 7007:Robert Fitzhugh 6982:Richard Dereham 6967:William Colvile 6962:John de Neketon 6957:William Colvile 6952:Richard Dereham 6947:William Colvile 6927:John of Neketon 6892:John de Donwich 6882:John de Donwich 6847:William Tynkell 6837:Richard Harling 6802:Richard Harling 6787:John de Langley 6722:Henry de Boyton 6687:John de Asgarby 6643: 6638: 6608: 6599: 6578:Prime ministers 6573: 6549:Sampson Eardley 6544:Joseph Salvador 6479:William Preston 6444:Charles Labelye 6439:William Hogarth 6399:Baron Baltimore 6359:Earl Waldegrave 6329:Viscount Cobham 6284:Edmund Prideaux 6194:James Thornhill 6164:Earl Cornwallis 6134:William Billers 6129:Baron Carpenter 6087: 5969: 5963: 5898:Baron Carysfort 5868:Earl of Kintore 5850:Earl of Darnley 5844:Earl of Loudoun 5808:Duke of Norfolk 5766:Duke of Wharton 5760:Duke of Montagu 5730: 5723: 5708: 5703: 5673: 5668: 5649: 5624: 5599: 5574: 5543: 5518: 5513:The Lord Trevor 5487:Lord Privy Seal 5481: 5476:The Lord Trevor 5456: 5437:Lord Chancellor 5431: 5406: 5387: 5373: 5358: 5354: 5346: 5332: 5302: 5297: 5278: 5247: 5228: 5203: 5178: 5141:Lord Privy Seal 5135: 5124:The Lord Trevor 5110: 5099:The Lord Talbot 5085:Lord Chancellor 5079: 5060: 5051: 5032: 5019: 4989: 4984: 4972: 4964: 4957: 4950: 4943: 4936: 4929: 4922: 4915: 4908: 4901: 4894: 4887: 4880: 4873: 4866: 4859: 4852: 4845: 4838: 4831: 4824: 4817: 4810: 4803: 4796: 4789: 4782: 4775: 4768: 4761: 4754: 4747: 4740: 4733: 4726: 4719: 4712: 4705: 4698: 4691: 4684: 4677: 4670: 4663: 4656: 4649: 4642: 4635: 4628: 4621: 4614: 4607: 4600: 4593: 4586: 4579: 4572: 4565: 4558: 4551: 4544: 4537: 4530: 4523: 4516: 4509: 4496: 4489: 4482: 4475: 4468: 4461: 4454: 4447: 4440: 4433: 4426: 4419: 4412: 4405: 4398: 4391: 4384: 4371: 4361: 4326: 4314: 4304: 4300: 4293: 4270: 4262: 4245: 4236: 4220: 4210: 4201: 4180: 4176: 4168: 4162: 4147: 4138: 4130: 4120: 4111: 4103: 4093: 4084: 4076: 4061: 4052: 4044: 4034: 4025: 4012: 4001: 3991: 3982: 3974: 3971: 3957: 3948: 3945:Lord Privy Seal 3940: 3930: 3921: 3911: 3902: 3894: 3883: 3875: 3865: 3856: 3846: 3837: 3829: 3819: 3810: 3802: 3792: 3783: 3775: 3743: 3727:Williams, Basil 3707: 3654: 3653: 3596: 3595: 3591: 3559: 3558: 3554: 3497: 3489: 3487: 3460: 3421: 3403:, ed. (1911). " 3388: 3386: 3372: 3351: 3350: 3342: 3338: 3333: 3329: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3285: 3280: 3276: 3267: 3263: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3239: 3234: 3230: 3225: 3221: 3216: 3212: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3194: 3189: 3185: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3158: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3131: 3126: 3122: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3104: 3099: 3095: 3091:Simms pp.351–52 3090: 3086: 3081: 3077: 3072: 3068: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3046: 3041: 3037: 3028: 3024: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3006: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2984: 2979: 2975: 2966: 2962: 2957: 2953: 2948: 2944: 2939: 2935: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2913: 2901: 2897: 2885: 2881: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2837: 2833:Simms pp.216–17 2832: 2828: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2810: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2792: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2765: 2756: 2752: 2747: 2743: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2725: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2707: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2680: 2676:Browning p.9–10 2675: 2671: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2653: 2649:Browning p.6–10 2648: 2644: 2640:Browning pp.2–3 2639: 2635: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2608: 2599: 2595: 2586: 2582: 2573: 2569: 2561: 2544: 2539: 2495: 2490: 2011: 1966: 1915: 1897:G. H. Mulcaster 1883:Tobias Smollett 1878:Humphry Clinker 1873: 1871:Popular culture 1857:Francis Parkman 1826: 1808: 1784:British America 1775: 1767:Duke of Grafton 1759:Lord Rockingham 1755:Lord Privy Seal 1751: 1728: 1707: 1683: 1635: 1629: 1580: 1559:Annus mirabilis 1543: 1538: 1532: 1526: 1514: 1508: 1489:loss of Menorca 1439: 1433: 1431:Loss of Menorca 1421:Great Expulsion 1398:Edward Braddock 1363: 1357: 1345:Bank of England 1314: 1289: 1283: 1278: 1258:Duke of Bedford 1234:Maria Theresa's 1208: 1124: 1118: 1101:Newcastle House 1085: 1079: 1077:Jacobite Rising 1017: 1011: 980:Lord Wilmington 972: 970:Fall of Walpole 895: 889: 815:Cardinal Fleury 810: 802:Lord Harrington 770: 768:Domestic crisis 728: 722: 702: 697: 640:Godfrey Kneller 628: 623: 583: 551:Lord-Lieutenant 538:in the street. 512: 507: 499:Newcastle House 439:Newcastle House 432: 418:Harry Dickinson 407:Lord Rockingham 360: 353: 349: 311: 292: 280: 276: 273: 255:Political party 234: 230: 217: 211: 209: 187: 175: 161: 156: 144: 132: 127: 105: 100: 84: 64: 51: 49: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7527: 7517: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7434:Earls of Clare 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7374: 7373: 7368: 7367: 7365: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7257:Oliver St John 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7197:Edward Seymour 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7072:Lawrence Booth 7069: 7064: 7062:Nicholas Close 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6912:John Cavendish 6909: 6904: 6902:Richard Scrope 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6657:Hugh de Hotton 6654: 6648: 6645: 6644: 6637: 6636: 6629: 6622: 6614: 6605: 6604: 6601: 6600: 6598: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6585:Robert Walpole 6581: 6579: 6572: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6404:Duke of Atholl 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6339:Hugh Warburton 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6314:Jacques Leblon 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6264:William Becket 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6234:Frank Nicholls 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6154:John Arbuthnot 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6099:James Anderson 6095: 6093: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5973: 5971: 5965: 5964: 5962: 5961: 5958:Duke of Sussex 5955: 5949: 5943: 5937: 5931: 5925: 5919: 5913: 5907: 5901: 5895: 5889: 5886:Lord Cranstoun 5883: 5877: 5874:Earl of Morton 5871: 5865: 5859: 5853: 5847: 5841: 5835: 5829: 5823: 5817: 5811: 5805: 5802:Baron Kingston 5799: 5796:Baron Colerane 5793: 5787: 5781: 5775: 5769: 5763: 5757: 5754: 5748: 5742: 5735: 5733: 5725: 5724: 5722:(1813–present) 5713: 5710: 5709: 5702: 5701: 5694: 5687: 5679: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5666: 5659: 5657: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5647: 5641: 5634: 5632: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5622: 5616: 5609: 5607: 5601: 5600: 5598: 5597: 5591: 5584: 5582: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5572: 5566: 5560: 5553: 5551: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5541: 5535: 5528: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5516: 5510: 5504: 5498: 5491: 5489: 5483: 5482: 5480: 5479: 5473: 5466: 5464: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5454: 5448: 5441: 5439: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5429: 5423: 5416: 5414: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5404: 5397: 5395: 5389: 5388: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5371: 5364: 5362: 5348: 5347: 5331: 5330: 5323: 5316: 5308: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5295: 5288: 5286: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5276: 5270: 5264: 5257: 5255: 5249: 5248: 5246: 5245: 5238: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5226: 5220: 5213: 5211: 5205: 5204: 5202: 5201: 5195: 5188: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5176: 5170: 5164: 5158: 5152: 5145: 5143: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5133: 5127: 5120: 5118: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5108: 5102: 5096: 5089: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5077: 5070: 5068: 5062: 5061: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5049: 5042: 5040: 5034: 5033: 5026:Prime Minister 5018: 5017: 5010: 5003: 4995: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4982: 4969: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4962: 4955: 4948: 4941: 4934: 4927: 4920: 4913: 4906: 4899: 4892: 4885: 4878: 4871: 4864: 4857: 4850: 4843: 4836: 4829: 4822: 4815: 4808: 4801: 4794: 4787: 4780: 4773: 4766: 4759: 4752: 4745: 4738: 4731: 4724: 4717: 4710: 4703: 4696: 4689: 4682: 4675: 4668: 4661: 4654: 4647: 4640: 4633: 4626: 4619: 4612: 4605: 4598: 4591: 4584: 4577: 4570: 4563: 4556: 4549: 4542: 4535: 4532:Lord Grenville 4528: 4521: 4514: 4506: 4504: 4502:United Kingdom 4498: 4497: 4495: 4494: 4487: 4480: 4473: 4466: 4459: 4452: 4445: 4438: 4431: 4424: 4417: 4410: 4403: 4396: 4389: 4381: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4360: 4359: 4352: 4345: 4337: 4331: 4328: 4327: 4316: 4315: 4310: 4307: 4302:(of Laughton) 4294: 4289: 4285: 4284: 4278: 4277: 4272: 4263: 4258: 4254: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4241: 4238: 4228: 4227: 4222: 4212: 4211: 4206: 4203: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4182: 4169: 4163: 4156: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4143: 4140: 4131: 4126: 4122: 4121: 4116: 4113: 4104: 4099: 4095: 4094: 4089: 4086: 4077: 4072: 4068: 4067: 4059: 4054: 4045: 4040: 4036: 4035: 4030: 4027: 4018: 4010: 4004: 4003: 3993: 3992: 3987: 3984: 3975: 3968: 3964: 3963: 3959: 3958: 3953: 3950: 3941: 3936: 3932: 3931: 3926: 3923: 3913: 3912: 3907: 3904: 3895: 3890: 3886: 3885: 3876: 3871: 3867: 3866: 3861: 3858: 3848: 3847: 3842: 3839: 3830: 3825: 3821: 3820: 3815: 3812: 3803: 3798: 3794: 3793: 3788: 3785: 3776: 3771: 3767: 3766: 3760: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3742: 3741:External links 3739: 3738: 3737: 3724: 3715: 3704: 3694: 3685: 3676: 3667: 3644: 3634: 3625: 3616: 3609: 3589: 3572: 3552: 3535: 3526: 3517: 3504: 3464: 3458: 3441: 3431: 3420: 3417: 3416: 3415: 3401:Chisholm, Hugh 3384: 3349: 3348: 3336: 3327: 3313: 3304: 3302:McLynn p.96–97 3295: 3283: 3274: 3268:Ray A. Kelch, 3261: 3246: 3237: 3235:Browning p.322 3228: 3219: 3217:Browning p.133 3210: 3201: 3192: 3190:Anderson p.129 3183: 3181:Simms p.672–73 3174: 3172:Simms p.167–68 3165: 3163:Anderson p.105 3156: 3147: 3145:Browning p.204 3138: 3129: 3127:Browning p.194 3120: 3111: 3102: 3093: 3084: 3075: 3066: 3053: 3051:Browning p.150 3044: 3042:Browning p.149 3035: 3022: 3020:Browning p.132 3013: 3011:Browning p.102 3004: 2991: 2982: 2973: 2960: 2951: 2942: 2933: 2920: 2911: 2895: 2879: 2862: 2853: 2844: 2835: 2826: 2817: 2808: 2799: 2790: 2781: 2772: 2763: 2750: 2741: 2732: 2723: 2714: 2705: 2696: 2687: 2678: 2669: 2660: 2651: 2642: 2633: 2615: 2606: 2593: 2580: 2567: 2541: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2531: 2530: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2508: 2494: 2491: 2487: 2486: 2483: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2439: 2436: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2419: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2410: 2407: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2394: 2388: 2385: 2384: 2381: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2351: 2348: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2328: 2325: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2308: 2306: 2300: 2297: 2296: 2293: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2280: 2274: 2271: 2270: 2267: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2248: 2245: 2244: 2242: 2236: 2233: 2232: 2229: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2216: 2210: 2207: 2206: 2203: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2192: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2177: 2174: 2173: 2171: 2168: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2161: 2155: 2152: 2151: 2148: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2127: 2125: 2119: 2116: 2115: 2112: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2092: 2089: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2070: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2057: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2044: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2019: 2018: 2012: 2010: 2007: 1970:King George II 1965: 1962: 1914: 1911: 1872: 1869: 1845:Horace Walpole 1807: 1804: 1774: 1771: 1750: 1747: 1727: 1724: 1706: 1703: 1682: 1679: 1631:Main article: 1628: 1625: 1579: 1576: 1542: 1539: 1525: 1522: 1510:Main article: 1507: 1504: 1435:Main article: 1432: 1429: 1359:Main article: 1356: 1353: 1313: 1310: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1276:Prime minister 1274: 1207: 1204: 1149:Bergen op Zoom 1120:Main article: 1117: 1114: 1081:Main article: 1078: 1075: 1059:Dutch Republic 1013:Main article: 1010: 1007: 984:Horace Walpole 971: 968: 915:Spanish Empire 891:Main article: 888: 885: 809: 806: 769: 766: 724:Main article: 721: 718: 701: 698: 696: 693: 638:as painted by 627: 624: 622: 619: 592:Robert Walpole 588:James Stanhope 582: 581:Walpole's ally 579: 545:, and in 1715 520:Robert Walpole 511: 508: 506: 503: 431: 428: 388:Robert Walpole 341: 340: 337: 336: 329: 325: 324: 319: 313: 312: 310: 309: 306: 300: 298: 294: 293: 278: 274: 269: 268: 266: 262: 261: 256: 252: 251: 244: 240: 239: 233:(aged 75) 227: 223: 222: 207: 203: 202: 198: 197: 194: 193: 190: 184: 183: 178: 172: 171: 168: 164: 163: 153: 152: 147: 141: 140: 135: 129: 128: 126: 125: 120: 114: 112: 108: 107: 97: 96: 90: 89: 86: 85: 74: 66: 65: 50: 47: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7526: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7484:Pelham family 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7404:Barons Pelham 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7386: 7384: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7212:Reginald Pole 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7107:John Harrison 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7067:William Percy 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7057:Robert Ascogh 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7022:John Holeroke 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6942:John de Burgh 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6932:John de Burgh 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6852:Thomas Sutton 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6649: 6646: 6642: 6635: 6630: 6628: 6623: 6621: 6616: 6615: 6612: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6582: 6580: 6576: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6559:Meyer Solomon 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6524:Johan Zoffany 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6504:Batty Langley 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6464:Edward Gibbon 6462: 6460: 6459:Thomas Wright 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6374:Earl of Essex 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6354:Martin Bladen 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6294:John Woodward 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6279:Charles Hayes 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6214:James Douglas 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6179:William Rutty 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6149:Martin Folkes 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6114:William Jones 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6090: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6073:Hellfire Club 6071: 6069: 6066: 6063: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6013:Royal Society 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5966: 5959: 5956: 5953: 5950: 5947: 5944: 5941: 5938: 5935: 5932: 5929: 5926: 5923: 5922:Baron Blayney 5920: 5917: 5914: 5911: 5910:Lord Aberdour 5908: 5905: 5902: 5899: 5896: 5893: 5890: 5887: 5884: 5881: 5878: 5875: 5872: 5869: 5866: 5863: 5862:Baron Raymond 5860: 5857: 5854: 5851: 5848: 5845: 5842: 5839: 5838:Lord Weymouth 5836: 5833: 5830: 5827: 5824: 5821: 5818: 5815: 5812: 5809: 5806: 5803: 5800: 5797: 5794: 5791: 5788: 5785: 5782: 5779: 5776: 5773: 5770: 5767: 5764: 5761: 5758: 5755: 5752: 5749: 5746: 5743: 5740: 5739:Anthony Sayer 5737: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5726: 5721: 5717: 5711: 5707: 5700: 5695: 5693: 5688: 5686: 5681: 5680: 5677: 5664: 5661: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5652: 5645: 5642: 5639: 5636: 5635: 5633: 5631: 5627: 5620: 5617: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5602: 5595: 5592: 5589: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5577: 5570: 5567: 5564: 5561: 5558: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5546: 5539: 5536: 5533: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5521: 5514: 5511: 5508: 5505: 5502: 5499: 5496: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5484: 5477: 5474: 5471: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5463: 5459: 5452: 5451:The Lord King 5449: 5446: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5434: 5427: 5424: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5409: 5402: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5394: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5369: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5329: 5324: 5322: 5317: 5315: 5310: 5309: 5306: 5293: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5281: 5274: 5271: 5268: 5265: 5262: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5250: 5243: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5231: 5224: 5221: 5218: 5215: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5206: 5199: 5196: 5193: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5181: 5174: 5171: 5168: 5165: 5162: 5159: 5156: 5153: 5150: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5138: 5131: 5128: 5125: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5113: 5106: 5103: 5100: 5097: 5094: 5093:The Lord King 5091: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5082: 5075: 5072: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5063: 5058: 5047: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5035: 5030: 5027: 5023: 5016: 5011: 5009: 5004: 5002: 4997: 4996: 4993: 4980: 4971: 4970: 4967: 4960: 4956: 4953: 4949: 4946: 4942: 4939: 4935: 4932: 4928: 4925: 4921: 4918: 4914: 4911: 4907: 4904: 4900: 4897: 4893: 4890: 4886: 4883: 4879: 4876: 4872: 4869: 4865: 4862: 4858: 4855: 4851: 4848: 4844: 4841: 4837: 4834: 4830: 4827: 4823: 4820: 4816: 4813: 4809: 4806: 4802: 4799: 4795: 4792: 4788: 4785: 4781: 4778: 4774: 4771: 4767: 4764: 4760: 4757: 4753: 4750: 4746: 4743: 4739: 4736: 4732: 4729: 4725: 4722: 4718: 4715: 4711: 4708: 4704: 4701: 4697: 4694: 4690: 4687: 4683: 4680: 4676: 4673: 4669: 4666: 4662: 4659: 4655: 4652: 4648: 4645: 4641: 4638: 4634: 4631: 4627: 4624: 4620: 4617: 4613: 4610: 4606: 4603: 4599: 4596: 4592: 4589: 4585: 4582: 4578: 4575: 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3187: 3178: 3169: 3160: 3151: 3142: 3133: 3124: 3118:Whiteley p.13 3115: 3106: 3097: 3088: 3079: 3070: 3063: 3057: 3048: 3039: 3032: 3026: 3017: 3008: 3001: 3000:Lord Sandwich 2998:N.A.M Rodger 2995: 2986: 2977: 2970: 2964: 2958:Browning p.95 2955: 2946: 2937: 2930: 2924: 2915: 2909: 2905: 2899: 2893: 2889: 2883: 2876: 2866: 2857: 2848: 2839: 2830: 2821: 2812: 2806:Browning p.53 2803: 2794: 2785: 2779:Browning p.51 2776: 2767: 2760: 2754: 2745: 2736: 2727: 2721:Browning p.14 2718: 2709: 2703:Browning p.25 2700: 2691: 2682: 2673: 2664: 2658:Browning p.10 2655: 2646: 2637: 2629: 2625: 2619: 2610: 2603: 2597: 2590: 2584: 2577: 2571: 2564: 2563:Chisholm 1911 2559: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2542: 2527: 2524: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2510: 2509: 2506: 2502: 2501: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2448: 2442: 2441: 2438: 2437: 2428: 2427: 2422: 2421: 2413: 2412: 2409: 2408: 2403: 2402: 2397: 2396: 2393: 2387: 2386: 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1812: 1803: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1780:Coercive Acts 1770: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1746: 1744: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1732:peace of 1763 1720: 1716: 1711: 1702: 1698: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1666: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1655:British Isles 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1634: 1624: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1575: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1555: 1551: 1548: 1537: 1531: 1521: 1519: 1513: 1503: 1501: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1469: 1467: 1461: 1455: 1451: 1450:Patriot Whigs 1447: 1443: 1438: 1428: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1378: 1376: 1375:Patriot Whigs 1372: 1368: 1362: 1352: 1350: 1349:National Debt 1346: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1321: 1319: 1302: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1273: 1271: 1267: 1262: 1259: 1254: 1252: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1230: 1228: 1224: 1223:Patriot Whigs 1219: 1217: 1213: 1203: 1201: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1172:the Admiralty 1169: 1164: 1161: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1140:Lord Sandwich 1137: 1132: 1130: 1123: 1113: 1111: 1105: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1084: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1051: 1048: 1042: 1039: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1006: 1004: 1003:Lord Sandwich 1000: 996: 992: 987: 985: 981: 977: 967: 964: 960: 956: 951: 949: 945: 940: 932: 927: 923: 921: 916: 912: 907: 904: 900: 894: 884: 882: 878: 874: 869: 865: 862: 861:country house 858: 857:Houghton Hall 854: 850: 846: 841: 838: 830: 826: 822: 820: 819:Patriot Whigs 816: 805: 803: 799: 794: 792: 788: 782: 779: 775: 765: 763: 756: 752: 747: 743: 741: 737: 733: 727: 717: 715: 711: 710:Lord Carteret 707: 692: 690: 686: 680: 678: 674: 669: 664: 662: 658: 654: 649: 641: 637: 632: 618: 616: 612: 608: 603: 601: 595: 593: 589: 578: 576: 575:Old Pretender 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 543:Earl of Clare 539: 537: 533: 532:King George I 529: 521: 516: 502: 500: 496: 492: 491:Hannover Club 488: 484: 481:'s death and 480: 476: 471: 466: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 440: 436: 426: 421: 419: 414: 412: 411:1754 election 408: 404: 399: 397: 393: 389: 386:A protégé of 384: 382: 378: 374: 371: 366: 359: 352: 347: 338: 334: 330: 326: 323: 320: 318: 314: 307: 305: 302: 301: 299: 295: 272: 267: 263: 260: 257: 253: 249: 245: 243:Resting place 241: 237: 228: 224: 220: 208: 204: 199: 195: 191: 185: 182: 179: 173: 169: 165: 159: 154: 151: 148: 142: 139: 136: 130: 124: 121: 119: 116: 115: 113: 109: 103: 98: 95: 91: 87: 78: 77:William Hoare 72: 67: 62: 58: 54: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 7286: 7147:Thomas Cosyn 7137:John Boynton 7127:Edward Story 7117:Edward Story 7052:John Langton 7042:John Langton 6594: 6590:Henry Pelham 6554:Moses Mendez 6529:John Coustos 6519:Joseph Banks 6469:Baron Hervey 6184:James Vernon 6144:Brook Taylor 6062:Kit-Cat Club 6038:Newtonianism 5994: 5916:Earl Ferrers 5814:Baron Lovell 5784:Lord Paisley 5745:George Payne 5637: 5605:Lord Steward 5425: 5253:Lord Steward 5242:Henry Pelham 5045: 4861:Douglas-Home 4770:Lloyd George 4435:G. Grenville 4420: 4406: 4303: 4296: 4274: 4265: 4231: 4224: 4215: 4196: 4192:New creation 4191: 4184: 4178:3rd creation 4177: 4171: 4160:New creation 4159: 4133: 4106: 4079: 4062: 4056: 4047: 4020: 4013: 4007: 3996: 3977: 3972:and Normanby 3943: 3916: 3897: 3878: 3873:Henry Pelham 3851: 3832: 3805: 3778: 3730: 3719: 3711: 3697: 3689: 3680: 3671: 3648: 3637: 3629: 3620: 3612: 3578: 3541: 3530: 3521: 3512: 3508: 3488:. Retrieved 3474: 3447: 3434: 3426: 3419:Bibliography 3408: 3380: 3356: 3343: 3339: 3330: 3322: 3316: 3307: 3298: 3281:Whitely p.26 3277: 3269: 3264: 3254: 3249: 3240: 3231: 3226:Hibbert p.27 3222: 3213: 3204: 3195: 3186: 3177: 3168: 3159: 3150: 3141: 3132: 3123: 3114: 3105: 3096: 3087: 3078: 3069: 3061: 3056: 3047: 3038: 3030: 3025: 3016: 3007: 2999: 2994: 2985: 2976: 2968: 2963: 2954: 2945: 2936: 2928: 2923: 2914: 2903: 2898: 2887: 2882: 2874: 2865: 2856: 2847: 2838: 2829: 2820: 2811: 2802: 2793: 2784: 2775: 2766: 2758: 2753: 2744: 2739:Browning p.5 2735: 2726: 2717: 2708: 2699: 2690: 2681: 2672: 2663: 2654: 2645: 2636: 2627: 2618: 2613:Browning p.1 2609: 2601: 2596: 2588: 2583: 2575: 2570: 2239: 2004: 1993: 1984: 1982: 1973: 1967: 1940:In 1731, at 1939: 1924: 1902:City of Vice 1900: 1890: 1876: 1874: 1853: 1849: 1843: 1831: 1800: 1792:Robert Clive 1778:against the 1776: 1752: 1749:Final return 1740: 1729: 1699: 1684: 1667: 1663: 1636: 1601: 1581: 1572: 1544: 1515: 1497: 1482: 1470: 1462: 1459: 1446:William Pitt 1425: 1417:Philadelphia 1410: 1379: 1367:Ohio Country 1364: 1341: 1335:, and chose 1329:William Pitt 1322: 1315: 1263: 1255: 1231: 1220: 1209: 1196: 1165: 1157: 1133: 1125: 1106: 1086: 1052: 1043: 1034: 999:William Pitt 991:Henry Pelham 988: 973: 952: 943: 936: 931:Henry Pelham 908: 899:Jenkins' Ear 896: 870: 866: 845:Henry Pelham 842: 834: 811: 808:Peace policy 795: 783: 771: 762:Henry Pelham 759: 729: 708:in place of 703: 681: 665: 645: 615:European war 604: 596: 584: 540: 528:Queen Anne's 525: 510:Royal favour 495:Kit Kat Club 487:James Stuart 467: 444: 423: 415: 400: 392:Henry Pelham 385: 380: 345: 344: 231:(1768-11-17) 216:21 July 1693 188:Succeeded by 181:Henry Pelham 157: 145:Succeeded by 101: 75:Portrait by 36: 7394:1768 deaths 7389:1693 births 7182:John Fisher 7167:Richard Fox 7152:John Blythe 6907:Eudo Zouche 6509:Thomas Arne 6269:John Anstis 6209:James Jurin 6204:John Browne 6174:John Machin 6159:Charles Cox 5954:(1792–1813) 5948:(1782–1790) 5942:(1777–1782) 5936:(1772–1777) 5934:Baron Petre 5930:(1767–1772) 5924:(1764–1767) 5918:(1762–1764) 5912:(1757–1762) 5906:(1754–1757) 5900:(1752–1753) 5894:(1747–1752) 5892:Baron Byron 5888:(1744–1747) 5882:(1742–1744) 5876:(1741–1742) 5870:(1740–1741) 5864:(1739–1740) 5858:(1738–1739) 5852:(1737–1738) 5846:(1736–1737) 5840:(1735–1736) 5834:(1734–1735) 5828:(1733–1734) 5822:(1732–1733) 5816:(1731–1732) 5810:(1730–1731) 5804:(1728–1730) 5798:(1727–1728) 5792:(1726–1727) 5786:(1724–1725) 5774:(1723–1724) 5762:(1721–1723) 5753:(1719–1720) 5747:(1718–1719) 5741:(1717–1718) 5665:(1727–1730) 5646:(1724–1730) 5640:(1721–1724) 5621:(1725–1730) 5615:(1721–1725) 5596:(1722–1730) 5590:(1721–1722) 5571:(1725–1730) 5565:(1722–1725) 5559:(1721–1722) 5540:(1727–1730) 5534:(1721–1727) 5509:(1725–1730) 5503:(1721–1725) 5478:(1726–1730) 5472:(1721–1726) 5453:(1725–1730) 5447:(1721–1725) 5428:(1724–1730) 5422:(1721–1724) 5403:(1721–1730) 5370:(1721–1730) 5345:(1721–1730) 5294:(1730–1742) 5275:(1737–1742) 5269:(1733–1737) 5263:(1730–1733) 5244:(1730–1742) 5225:(1740–1742) 5219:(1730–1740) 5200:(1733–1742) 5194:(1730–1733) 5175:(1740–1742) 5169:(1735–1740) 5163:(1733–1735) 5157:(1731–1733) 5151:(1730–1731) 5132:(1730–1742) 5107:(1737–1742) 5101:(1733–1737) 5095:(1730–1733) 5076:(1730–1742) 5048:(1730–1742) 5031:(1730–1742) 4819:Chamberlain 4166:John Holles 3583:. Pimlico. 3379:; cited as 3311:McLynn p.97 3208:McLynn p.95 3199:Simms p.675 3109:Murphy p.41 3100:Browning p. 2989:Simms p.302 2940:Simms p.248 2824:Simms p.219 2788:Simms p.126 2770:Simms p.138 1952:(later the 1887:Cape Breton 1827: 1750 1705:Later years 1651:West Indies 1390:Nova Scotia 1386:New England 1380:In 1755, a 1312:Appointment 1047:Austrophile 700:Appointment 689:Bishopstone 685:fox hunting 176:Preceded by 133:Preceded by 7383:Categories 7097:John Booth 6972:Guy Zouche 6917:Guy Zouche 6692:John Hooke 6514:John Soane 6309:Baron King 6189:John Senex 6104:John Byrom 5880:Baron Ward 4658:Palmerston 4644:Palmerston 4595:Wellington 4574:Wellington 4470:Rockingham 4442:Rockingham 4414:Devonshire 4393:Wilmington 4306:1712–1768 4271:1712–1768 4237:1762–1768 4221:1714–1768 4202:1756–1768 4181:1715–1768 4139:1765–1768 4112:1765–1768 4085:1761–1763 4053:1715–1768 4026:1714–1763 4002:1714–1762 3983:1714–1763 3949:1765–1766 3922:1757–1762 3903:1757–1762 3884:1754–1756 3857:1748–1756 3838:1748–1754 3811:1724–1748 3784:1717–1724 3651:. Pimlico. 3546:. London. 3502:required.) 3490:7 February 3377:required.) 2587:Williams, 2518:Escutcheon 1964:Succession 1861:Lord North 1773:Retirement 1726:Opposition 1691:George III 1647:Louisbourg 1585:Parliament 1534:See also: 1270:Lord North 1188:Louisbourg 730:Since the 642:, c. 1721. 559:Nottingham 479:Queen Anne 430:Early life 317:Alma mater 212:1693-07-21 123:George III 7342:Jan Smuts 6299:John Ward 6068:Gormogons 4889:Callaghan 4854:Macmillan 4840:Churchill 4826:Churchill 4805:MacDonald 4791:MacDonald 4742:Salisbury 4728:Gladstone 4721:Salisbury 4714:Gladstone 4707:Salisbury 4700:Gladstone 4686:Gladstone 4609:Melbourne 4588:Melbourne 4553:Liverpool 4518:Addington 4477:Shelburne 4421:Newcastle 4407:Newcastle 3657:cite book 3599:cite book 3562:cite book 3381:ThPelODNB 3344:ThPelODNB 2971:pp.236–37 1855:affairs; 1839:Annapolis 1743:Claremont 1715:Claremont 1681:Dismissal 1589:Hardwicke 1506:Interlude 1493:John Byng 1406:Henry Fox 1333:Henry Fox 1238:Joseph II 1112:in 1746. 995:New Whigs 955:Cartagena 873:Hardwicke 829:George II 778:George II 626:In office 555:Middlesex 536:Jacobites 328:Signature 250:, England 238:, England 221:, England 170:George II 158:In office 118:George II 102:In office 44:His Grace 6058:Whiggism 5970:articles 4979:Category 4896:Thatcher 4735:Rosebery 4679:Disraeli 4637:Aberdeen 4567:Goderich 4546:Perceval 4539:Portland 4484:Portland 4275:Extinct 4225:Extinct 4185:Extinct 3702:in JSTOR 3642:in JSTOR 3515:: 951–2. 3439:in JSTOR 3064:pp.58–59 3033:pp.41–42 2927:Rodger. 2908:in JSTOR 2892:in JSTOR 2009:Ancestry 1835:Ligonier 1833:told by 1736:in India 1675:Quiberon 1597:Ligonier 1567:Quiberon 1456:in 1757. 1392:. A new 1299:, after 1153:Lauffeld 1110:Culloden 1055:Carteret 944:de facto 774:George I 567:George I 493:and the 111:Monarchs 6092:Members 5968:Related 5731:Masters 5335:Cabinet 5022:Cabinet 4959:Starmer 4938:Johnson 4924:Cameron 4812:Baldwin 4798:Baldwin 4784:Baldwin 4763:Asquith 4749:Balfour 4665:Russell 4623:Russell 4560:Canning 4456:Grafton 4298:Baronet 3398:: 3060:Rodger 3029:Rodger 2967:Rodger 2931:. p.235 2757:Rodger 1639:Senegal 1627:Success 1612:Corsica 1604:Menorca 1355:America 1347:on the 1266:Hanover 1200:Silesia 1180:Hanover 1025:Austria 877:Georgia 798:Austria 753:in the 370:English 297:Parents 291: 279: 275: 167:Monarch 5999:(1723) 5960:(1813) 5780:(1724) 5768:(1723) 5515:(1730) 5497:(1721) 5126:(1730) 4882:Wilson 4868:Wilson 4833:Attlee 4400:Pelham 4057:Vacant 4008:Vacant 3735:online 3712:Albion 3587: 3550: 3496: 3456: 3392: 3371: 3272:(1974) 2875:Albion 1913:Family 1806:Legacy 1685:This " 1643:Gambia 1620:Ostend 1541:Return 1192:Madras 787:Amelia 561:and a 483:Tories 477:after 463:Sussex 285: 265:Spouse 219:London 5729:Grand 4952:Sunak 4945:Truss 4917:Brown 4910:Blair 4903:Major 4875:Heath 4672:Derby 4651:Derby 4630:Derby 4463:North 2761:p.227 2537:Notes 2525:Motto 2512:Crest 1837:that 1818:, by 1671:Lagos 1616:Genoa 1593:Anson 1240:, as 1136:Breda 1097:Derby 963:siege 363: 361:, 356: 354:, 289:) 281:( 277: 59: 55: 5341:and 5337:of 4847:Eden 4616:Peel 4602:Peel 4581:Grey 4428:Bute 4368:list 3663:link 3605:link 3585:ISBN 3568:link 3548:ISBN 3492:2013 3454:ISBN 3002:p.18 2493:Arms 2390:14. 2276:12. 2212:11. 2157:10. 1693:for 1673:and 1641:and 1595:and 1547:Pitt 1518:Pitt 1331:and 1307:1740 1151:and 1001:and 903:Cuba 557:and 470:Whig 373:Whig 287:1717 259:Whig 226:Died 206:Born 83:1750 5024:of 4931:May 4777:Law 3481:doi 3407:". 3363:doi 2302:6. 2238:1. 2121:2. 2066:4. 2040:8. 1895:by 1881:by 1782:on 1599:. 365:FRS 61:FRS 7385:: 3729:. 3659:}} 3655:{{ 3601:}} 3597:{{ 3564:}} 3560:{{ 3511:. 3473:. 3286:^ 2626:. 2545:^ 2002:. 1991:. 1980:. 1909:. 1824:c. 1822:, 1798:. 1769:. 1738:. 1677:. 1591:, 1396:, 1305:c. 1303:, 1229:. 1218:. 1131:. 1005:. 793:. 679:. 594:. 577:. 413:. 383:. 358:PC 351:KG 348:, 283:m. 81:c. 79:, 57:PC 53:KG 6633:e 6626:t 6619:v 6064:) 6060:( 5698:e 5691:t 5684:v 5327:e 5320:t 5313:v 5014:e 5007:t 5000:v 4370:) 4366:( 4356:e 4349:t 4342:v 3708:" 3665:) 3607:) 3593:. 3570:) 3556:. 3513:2 3494:. 3483:: 3462:. 3383:. 3369:. 3365:: 3346:. 2871:" 2565:. 214:) 210:( 34:. 20:)

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Knowledge

Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle

Index