Theories of humor - Knowledge

1057:. Elements of context are in play as reception factors prior to the encounter with comedic information. This information will require a level of cognitive process to interpret, and contain a degree of incongruity (based on predictive likelihood). That degree may be high, or go as low as to be negligible. The information will be seen simultaneously through several aspects of awareness (the comedy's internal reality, its external role as humor, its effect on its context, effect on other receivers, etc.). Any element from any of these sections may trigger enhancers / inhibitors (feelings of superiority, relief, aggression, identification, shock, etc.) which will affect the receiver's ultimate response. The various interactions of the model allow for a wide range of comedy; for example, a joke need not rely on high levels of incongruity if it triggers feelings of superiority, aggression, relief, or identification. Also, high incongruity humor may trigger a visceral response, while well-constructed word-play with low incongruity might trigger a more appreciative response. Also included in the book: evolutionary theories that account for visceral and social laughter, and the phenomenon of comedic entropy. 813:

identified with a humorous effect on psychological grounds: it exactly corresponds to incongruity-resolution theory. However, an essentially new ingredient, the role of timing, is added to the well-known role of ambiguity. In biological systems, a sense of humor inevitably develops in the course of evolution, because its biological function consists of quickening the transmission of the processed information into consciousness and in a more effective use of brain resources. A realization of this algorithm in neural networks justifies naturally Spencer's hypothesis on the mechanism of laughter: deletion of a false version corresponds to zeroing of some part of the neural network and excessive energy of neurons is thrown out to the motor cortex, arousing muscular contractions.

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same result arises in a number of paradigmatic cases: factual reality can be seen to conflict with and disprove social reality, which Marteinson calls Deculturation; alternatively, social reality can appear to contradict other elements of social reality, which he calls "Relativisation". Laughter, according to Marteinson, serves to reset and re-boot the faculty of social perception, which has been rendered non-functional by the comic situation: it anesthetizes the mind with its euphoria, and permits the forgetting of the comic stimulus, as well as the well-known function of communicating the humorous reaction to other members of society.

2926:, if you will, the problem of the prosaic metaphor (which of course has nothing in common with the poetic metaphor) that is introduced into literature by the rogue, clown and fool, and for which there is not even an adequate term ('parody,' 'joke,' 'humor,' 'irony,' 'grotesque,' 'whimsy,' etc., are but narrowly restrictive labels for the heterogeneity and subtlety of the idea). Indeed, what matters here is the allegoricized being of the whole man, up to and including his world view, something that in no way coincides with his playing the role of actor (although there is a point of intersection). 925:

mistaken reasoning. This is somewhat consistent with the sexual selection theory, because, as stated above, humor would be a reliable indicator of an important survival trait: the ability to detect mistaken reasoning. However, the three researchers argue that humor is fundamentally important because it is the very mechanism that allows the human brain to excel at practical problem solving. Thus, according to them, humor did have survival value even for early humans, because it enhanced the neural circuitry needed to survive.

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More recently and broadly, it is argued that even in humor that is always directly accompanied by feelings of superiority, those feelings are in fact always distinct from the humor itself and they are never identical with it (Morreall 1983, Levinson 2006, Marra 2019). There is a wide consensus among theorists of humor that the feeling of superiority is extraneous to humor, and this discrepancy contributes to the dominance of the incongruity theory.

792:, each variant shifted by a single Knowledge Resource. Each one of the KRs, ordered hierarchically above and starting with the Script Opposition, has the ability to "determine the parameters below themselves, and are determined by those above themselves. 'Determination' is to be intended as limiting or reducing the options available for the instantiation of the parameter; for example, the choice of the SO 5363: 356:

things happen to bad people. Thus, for good characters, good fortune is hoped, or tragedy is feared—while characters who are disliked are the complete opposite. If what the audience hopes for is achieved, then they may feel a sense of enjoyment or, in this case, humor. Similarly, audiences may find a comedian's jokes more humorous if they like the person delivering jokes.

476:, but is much broader. After Hutcheson thus initiated the incongruity theory, later thinkers developed it. Now a dominant version states that humor is perceived in the realization of incongruity between a concept involved in a certain situation and the real objects thought to be in some relation to the concept. In that explanation, which is from philosopher 571:. Though Morreall himself endorses a cognitive shift theory, in this particular dialogue he indicated examples of simultaneous contrast, while Latta emphasized the mental shift. Humor frequently contains an unexpected, often sudden, shift in perspective, which the incongruity theory assimilates. This has been defended by Latta (1998) and 619:. According to Benign violation, people often laugh when being tickled or play fighting because laughter signifies the situation is somehow threatening but safe. As humans evolved, the conditions that elicit humor likely expanded from physical threats to other violations, including violations of personal 778:(NS) addresses the narrative format of the joke, as either a simple narrative, a dialogue, or a riddle. It attempts to classify the different genres and subgenres of verbal humor. In a subsequent study Attardo expands the NS to include oral and printed humorous narratives of any length, not just jokes. 961:

and a sense of seriousness to distinguish what is supposed to be taken literally or not. An even more keen sense is needed when humor is used to make a serious point. Psychologists have studied how humor is intended to be taken as having seriousness, as when court jesters used humor to convey serious

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contends that, from an evolutionary perspective, humour would have had no survival value to early humans living in the savannas of Africa. He proposes that human characteristics like humor evolved by sexual selection. He argues that humour emerged as an indicator of other traits that were of survival

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As to the ordering of the Knowledge Resources, there has been much discussion. Willibald Ruch, a distinguished German psychologist, and humor researcher, wanted to test empirically the ordering of the Knowledge Resources, with only partial success. Nevertheless, both the listed Knowledge Resources in

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There is also more than one way a violation can seem benign. McGraw and Warren tested three contexts in the domain of moral violations. A violation can seem benign if one norm suggests something is wrong, but another salient norm suggests it is acceptable. A violation can also seem benign when one is

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One of the advantages of this theory (GTVH) over Raskin's script-based semantic theory (SSTH) is that through the inclusion of the Narrative Strategy (NS) any and all humorous texts can be categorized. Whereas Raskin's SSTH only deals with jokes, the GTVH considers all humorous text from spontaneous

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in "Semantic Mechanisms of Humor", published 1985. While being a variant on the more general concepts of the Incongruity theory of humor (see above), it is the first theory to identify its approach as exclusively linguistic. As such it concerns itself only with verbal humor: written and spoken words

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However, It is not in every instance of disparagement that humans experience mirth and laughter. In some cases, the comment or act of disparagement can be too much of a tragedy for such a reaction. Aristotle mentioned the emotions that come with instances of death, serious harm, or tragedy overpower

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but rigidity. All the examples taken by Bergson (such as a man falling in the street, one person's imitation of another, the automatic application of conventions and rules, absent-mindedness, repetitive gestures of a speaker, the resemblance between two faces) are comic situations because they give

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in the article "Script theory revis(it)ed: joke similarity and joke representation model". It integrated Raskin's ideas of Script Opposition (SO), developed in his Script-based Semantic Theory of Humor , into the GTVH as one of six levels of independent Knowledge Resources (KRs). These KRs could be

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Furthermore, it is essential to note that one must have a slight connection to the norm that is being violated but, at the same time, cannot be too attached or committed. If a person is too attached, then there will be no humor. The violation will then not be considered benign. On the contrary, the

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observes that even the structure of a narrative joke, on Kant's view, requires the joke teller to "take in" or outdo the joke receiver, even if only momentarily. Because such joking is recognized as joking and it is carried out in a playful way, it does not imply that the joker feels or thinks they

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In his 2020 book The linguistics of humor: An introduction Attardo calls for a pivot toward transdisciplinary research in humor studies, noting the potential that complex systems theory has in regard to this. Applications of this theory include Tschacher and Haken's (2023) study of incongruity and

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The theory treats on equal footing the humorous effect created by the linguistic means (verbal humor), as well as created visually (caricature, clown performance) or by tickling. The theory explains the natural differences in susceptibility of people to humor, the absence of humorous effect from a

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In order to fulfill the second condition of a joke, Raskin introduces different categories of script opposition. A partial list includes: actual (non-actual), normal (abnormal), possible (impossible), good (bad), life (death), obscene (non-obscene), money (no money), high (low) stature. A complete

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The benign violation theory helps explain why some jokes or situations are funny to some people but not to others. It emphasizes the importance of context and individual differences in humor appreciation. A violation that one person finds amusing might be offensive or upsetting to another, and the

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The main criticisms scholars make of the superiority theory, are the following. Philosophers, beginning with James Beattie in response to Thomas Hobbes, have objected that there are many types of humor that do not, in themselves, have anything to do with feelings of superiority (Beattie, 1778/79).

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both normative immaterial percepts, such as social identity, and neological factual percepts, but also that the individual subject normally blends the two together in perception in order to live by the assumption they are equally real. The comic results from the perception that they are not. This

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The ontic-epistemic theory of humor proposed by P. Marteinson (2006) asserts that laughter is a reaction to a cognitive impasse, a momentary epistemological difficulty, in which the subject perceives that Social Being itself suddenly appears no longer to be real in any factual or normative sense.

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Freud made distinctions between tendentious and non-tendentious humor. Tendentious humor is that of a victim, someone whose shortcomings are used for humor. Non-tendentious humor is victimless. Although Freud determined tendentious elements pushed individuals to potential laugh attacks, innocuous

730:. However, for all jokes, in order to generate the humor a connection between the two scripts contained in a given joke must be established. "...one cannot simply juxtapose two incongruous things and call it a joke, but rather one must find a clever way of making them make pseudo-sense together". 812:

The computer model of humor was suggested by Suslov in 1992. Investigation of the general scheme of information processing shows the possibility of a specific malfunction, conditioned by the need that a false version should be quickly deleted from consciousness. This specific malfunction can be

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and Cantor's disposition theory, which states that in media and entertainment, audiences make moral judgments, and the attitude (disposition) towards a person can affect the audience's experience of humor. Audiences enjoy the attempts of humor more when good things happen to good people and bad

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On the other hand, Shurcliff (1968) argued that humor is a mechanism to relieve tension. When in anticipation of a negative experience, one may begin to feel some heightened arousal. According to Shurcliff, the heightened arousal is then reduced through mirth or laughter. Comparably, an English

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about which of these three theories of humor is most viable. Some proponents of each theory originally claimed that theirs, and theirs alone, explained all cases of humor. However, they now acknowledge that although each theory generally covers its area of focus, many instances of humor can be

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In 2011, three researchers, Hurley, Dennett and Adams, published a book that reviews previous theories of humor and many specific jokes. They propose the theory that humor evolved because it strengthens the ability of the brain to find mistakes in active belief structures, that is, to detect

1141:, complex systems theory "aims to account for how the interacting parts of a complex system give rise to the system's collective behaviour and how such a system simultaneously interacts with its environment", with "change central to theory and method" (Larsen-Freeman & Cameron, 2008). 1065:

This model defines laughter as an acoustic signal to make individuals aware of an unnoticed fall-back to former behaviour patterns. To some extent it unifies superiority and incongruity theory. Ticklishness is also considered to have a defined relation to humor via the development of human

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For example, McGraw and Warren find that most consumers were disgusted when they read about a church raffling off a Hummer SUV to recruit new members, but many were simultaneously amused. Consistent with BVT, people who attended church were less likely to be amused than people who did not.

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he suggested humor to be a way in which one releases pent-up negative emotions that may have been caused by trauma or tragedy we have experienced. Many philosophers and researchers took the idea of humor being a release of tension and have evolved relief theory or comic relief over time.

1092:, to have a better knowledge of society. One of the theories of the essay is that laughter, as a collective activity, has a social and moral role, in forcing people to eliminate their vices. It is a factor of uniformity of behaviours, as it condemns ludicrous and eccentric behaviours. 836:

of humor describes an audience's inability to identify precisely what is funny and why they find a joke humorous. The formal approach is attributed to Zillmann & Bryant (1980) in their article, "Misattribution Theory of Tendentious Humor." However, they derived ideas based on

472:(1725) was the first modern thinker to account for humor by the term "incongruity," which became a major concept in the evolution of this field. In this early version, incongruity was mostly a singular clash between two opposing ideas. It can be compared to Aristotle's notion of 1088:, tries to determine the laws of the comic and to understand the fundamental causes of comic situations. His method consists in determining the causes of comic instead of analyzing its effects. He also deals with laughter in relation to human life, collective imagination and 668:

The linguistic scripts (a.k.a. frames) referenced in the title include, for any given word, a "large chunk of semantic information surrounding the word and evoked by it a cognitive structure internalized by the native speaker". These scripts extend much further than the

193:. The general idea is that a person laughs about the misfortunes of others because they assert their superiority based on the shortcomings of others. We feel superior to the person who is the target of the joke. Plato described it as being both a pleasure and pain in the 445:

theory, suggests that humor and laughter rely on incongruity, which denotes anything contrary to expectation according to some norm. The type of humor most often described by this theory is that of a play on words. Zillmann (200) says that linguistic humor "requires the

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In this essay, Bergson also asserts that there is a central cause that all comic situations are derived from: that of mechanism applied to life. The fundamental source of comic is the presence of inflexibility and rigidness in life. For Bergson, the essence of life is

556:. Bergson emphasizes that humor involves an inappropriate relationship between habitual or mechanical behaviors and human intelligence. In Bergson's many types of combinations of the mechanical and the living, there is much similarity with the incongruity theory. 817:

trite joke, the role of intonation in telling jokes, nervous laughter, etc. According to this theory, humor has a purely biological origin, while its social functions arose later. This conclusion corresponds to the known fact that monkeys (as pointed out by

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Bergson closes by noting that most comic situations are not laughable because they are part of collective habits. He defines laughter as an intellectual activity that requires an immediate approach to a comic situation, detached from any form of

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These guidelines examine how amusement is expected when an extremely liked individual disparages an extremely disliked individual. On the other hand, one may experience less amusement when a disliked individual disparages the desired individual.

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and Caleb Warren. Their ideas build on the work of Linguist Tom Veatch, who proposed that humor emerges when one's sense of how the world "ought to be" is threatened or violated. BVT claims that humor occurs when three conditions are satisfied:

500:." In turn, incongruity has been described as being resolved (i.e., by putting the objects in question into the real relation), and the incongruity theory is often called the incongruity-resolution theory (as well as incongruous juxtaposition). 533:

Schopenhauer argued that humor results from the sudden recognition of an incongruity between the representation of an object and its actual nature. He also proposes the more unexpected incongruity, the more violent one's laughter will be.

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Humor is complex, and different theories attempt to explain its various aspects. The disposition theory adds a psychological perspective by suggesting that individual differences play a crucial role in determining what people find funny.

437:). The physical presence of beer in the glass's lower part, exactly where the inscription is: 'HALF EMPTY', sets a collision between two frames of reference. This incongruity results in a humorous effect at the moment of its realization. 1149:. Demjén (2018) also applied complex systems theory to conversational humor to better describe how jokes, puns, and memes originate in a discourse community using complexity based models of understanding language and language use. 941:: overt expression of ideas and feelings (especially those that are unpleasant to focus on or too terrible to talk about) that gives pleasure to others. Humor, which explores the absurdity inherent in any event, enables someone to 868:

Zillmann and Bryant (1980) conducted a study to test Freud's ideology and combine or separate non-tendentious and tendentious humor. The results confirmed their expectations. Amusement was high when 'good comedy' was presented. As

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being the varieties) that the shift results from "structure mapping" to create novel meanings. Arthur Koestler argues that humor results when two different frames of reference are set up and a collision is engineered between them.

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who wrote only fifty years after Hutcheson. Although not widely read today, historically, Beattie's presentation of the theory has, consequently, been very influential. He made the theory more universal, and instead of incongruity

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explained by more than one theory. Similarly, one view holds that theories have a combinative effect; Jeroen Vandaele claims that incongruity and superiority theories describe complementary mechanisms that together create humor.

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in "What Are You Laughing At? A Comprehensive Guide to the Comedic Event", published in 2012. The model integrates all the general branches of comedy into a unified framework. This framework consists of four main sections:

405:. Making jokes about someone who is superior to us is considered "punching up," while making jokes about someone who is inferior to us is considered "punching down". Due to these power imbalances, punching up is seen as 2352:

An ambiguity-based theory of the linguistic verbal joke in English. A Thesis submitted to the faculty of Adam Mickiewicz University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy April

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one-liners to funny stories and literature. This theory can also, by identifying how many of the Knowledge Resources are identical for any two humorous pieces, begin to define the degree of similarity between the two.

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However, when good things happen to people who deserve it, very little amusement is experienced by the audience. Thus, it is more beneficial to mirth in situations of misfortune rather than instances of fortune.

458:." For example, "What is black and white and red all over?" "A newspaper!" The part before the punchline can evoke puzzlement due to the cognitive dissonance of not anticipating the punchline. Subsequently, the 890:

When this occurs material reality, which is always factually true, is the only percept remaining in the mind at such a moment of comic perception. This theory posits, as in Bergson, that human beings accept as

136:, laughter is an "economical phenomenon" whose function is to release "psychic energy" that had been wrongly mobilized by incorrect or false expectations. The latter point of view was supported also by 949:

is a form of displacement (level 3). Wit refers to the serious or distressing in a humorous way, rather than disarming it; the thoughts remain distressing, but they are "skirted round" by witticism.

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elements were still essential. Hostility alone cannot be enjoyed because society deems it wrong. In society, one cannot laugh when told a story of tragedy. The only way it is accepted is if they are

760:(LM) refers to the mechanism which connects the different scripts in the joke. These can range from a simple verbal technique like a pun to more complex LMs such as faulty logic or false analogies. 841:. Initially, Freud proposed that audiences do not understand what they find amusing. Freud suggested the tendentious elements paired with the jokes evoke people to experience laughter. It is the 673:

of a word; they contain the speaker's complete knowledge of the concept as it exists in his world. Thus native speakers will have similar but not identical scripts for words they have in common.

256:, on the other hand, or crude humor, should be avoided altogether. One of the most important contributions of Aristotle to the future development of the theory of humor is the opposition of 530:

and physical aspects). It also evokes the superiority theory. He thought that teasing was acceptable as long as it occurred in the right setting and did not harm the person being teased.

754:(SO) references the script opposition included in Raskin's SSTH. This includes, among others, themes such as real (unreal), actual (non-actual), normal (abnormal), possible (impossible). 2906:

Bakhtin, Mikhail Mikhailovich (2020) . "Forms of Time and of the Chronotope in the Novel: VI. The Functions of the Rogue, Clown and Fool in the Novel". In Holquist, Michael (ed.).

772:(TA) identifies the actor(s) who become the "butt" of the joke. This labeling serves to develop and solidify stereotypes of ethnic groups, professions, etc. This is an optional KR. 293:

in which laughter is not passion; however, laughter is how the body manifests a particular emphasis. Hobbes proposed there are several which typically evoke this feeling of glory:

784:(LA) "...contains all the information necessary for the verbalization of a text. It is responsible for the exact wording ...and for the placement of the functional elements." 87:, for example. Laughter and joy, according to relief theory, result from this release of excess nervous energy. According to relief theory, humor is used mainly to overcome 2201:

For a discussion of this theory of humor as well as other connections between humor theory and monster theory in the Early Medieval England, see Rafał Borysławski (2020).

710:; the switch from one to the other is triggered by our understanding of the "whispered" reply of the "young and pretty wife". This reply only makes sense in the script of 683:(ii) The two scripts with which the text is compatible are opposite . The two scripts with which the text is compatible are said to overlap fully or in part on this text." 2118: 643:

violation will not be a moral norm if a person is not slightly attached. Thus, both of these must simultaneously be categorized as benign violations to emerge as humor.

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are focused on the resistance and rigidity of the body. Bergson believes that a person is laughable when he or she gives the impression of being a thing or a machine.

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that amuses them. However, this incongruity alone does not entirely explain the mechanics of laughter. There also appears to be a component of hostility from both the

575:(2004). Boyd views the shift from seriousness to play. Nearly anything can be the object of this perspective twist; it is, however, in the areas of human creativity ( 484:. Hence, he was referring to the type of joke cited above. It is primarily due to Schopenhauer's fame that his expression on this topic is granted such prominence. 747:

used to model individual verbal jokes as well as analyze the degree of similarity or difference between them. The Knowledge Resources proposed in this theory are:

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or a slip-up. Therefore, whether through jokes, situations, or physical characteristics, while humor's laughter-inducing quality primarily stems from incongruity,

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release in our response to humor. Eddie Tafoya uses the idea of a physical urge tied to a psychological need for release when describing relief theory in his book

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at his (home) office. Raskin expands further on his analysis with more jokes, examining in each how the scripts both overlap and oppose each other in the text.

409:, where punching down is seen as the opposite. Note that punching up in this context is different to punching up a script (such as in improvements made by a 317:

is not usually recognized as a superiority theorist, there are elements of superiority theory in his account. Kant thinks that there is a place for harmless

2202: 507:, who claimed that the comic is "the sudden transformation of a strained expectation into nothing." Kant explained laughter at humor as a response to an " 125:

Scholar, Lucas (1958), wrote that audiences respond better based on the "strain-rest-strain-rest" idea in which a tragic event may happen with moments of

3066:"<em>Complex Systems and Applied Linguistics</em> by Diane Larsen-Freeman and Lynne Cameron. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008, 287 pp" 197:. One may experience these mixed emotions during the malicious person's happiness at the victim's misfortune. For Aristotle, we laugh at inferior or 2696: 881:

of the individuals. Zillman and Bryant proved Freud's finding to be accurate. Innocuous cues only amused to double in response to the misfortune.

698:"Is the doctor at home?" the patient asked in his bronchial whisper. "No," the doctor's young and pretty wife whispered in reply. "Come right in." 639:

Churchgoers are more committed to the belief that churches are sacred and, consequently are less likely to consider the church's behavior benign.

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and hostility that create such a reaction. Thus, the theory explains how individuals misattribute their responses and believe they laugh at the

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the GTVH and their relationship to each other has proven to be fertile ground in the further investigation of what exactly makes humor funny.

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or "disappears into nothing." Our response to humor consists of a "play with thoughts." According to Kant, humor must involve the element of

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Relief theory suggests humor is a mechanism for pent-up emotions or tension through emotional relief. In this theory, laughter serves as a

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argued that relief theory was to be used as a dramatic tool. John Dryden (1668) believed mirth and tragedy would make for the best plots.

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Suls, Jerry (1976). "Misattribution and Humor Appreciation: A Comment on "Enhancement of Humor Appreciation by Transferred Excitation"".

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theory. These theories are used as building blocks for the rest of the theories. Among current humor researchers, there has yet to be a

4160: 821:) and even rats (as found recently) possess laughter like qualities when playing, drawing conclusions to some potential form of humor. 691:, causes the audience to abruptly shift its understanding from the primary (or more obvious) script to the secondary, opposing script. 559:

There has been some debate attempting to clarify the roles of juxtaposition and shifting in humor, hence, the discussion in the series

4438: 2910:. Slavic Series, NO. 1. Translated by Emerson, Caryl; Holquist, Michael. Austin, Texas, USA: University of Texas Press. p. 166. 3221:"Complexity theory and conversational humour: Tracing the birth and decline of a running joke in an online cancer support community" 1770:

Julin, G. (2021) What’s the punch line?: Punching up and down in the comic thunderdome. In J.M. Henrigillis & S. Gimbel (Eds.),

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A practical realization of this algorithm needs extensive databases, whose creation in the automatic regime was suggested recently.

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The more intense the positive affective disposition toward the disparaging agent or entity, the greater the magnitude of mirth.

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The more intense the negative affective disposition toward the disparaging agent or entity, the smaller the magnitude of mirth.

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The more intense the positive affective disposition toward the disparaging agent or entity, the smaller the magnitude of mirth.

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The more intense the negative affective disposition toward the disparaged agent or entity, the greater the magnitude of mirth.

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which attempt to explain what it is, what social functions it serves, and what would be considered humorous. Although various

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resolution using visual puns or verbal jokes, in which they connected the results of their research with dynamics seen in

2205:. In: Derrin, D., Burrows, H. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Humour, History, and Methodology. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. 904: 3644: 3280: 2957: 1527: 538:

shared almost the same view but saw the concept as an "appearance" and believed that laughter negates that appearance.

209:. He explained that jokes are funny because they catch the listener off guard, introducing a surprising and unexpected 4701: 4726: 1963: 1931: 1876: 1716: 1615: 1590: 1502: 999: 2119:"A brief introduction to the benign violation theory of humor – guest post by Dr Peter McGraw | Psychology of Humor" 310:

According to Hobbes, laughter evoked by these circumstances always has connections with the feeling of superiority.

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Rod Martin, Thomas Ford (2018) The Psychology of Humor: An Integrative Approach (2nd Edition) ISBN 9780128135099.

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Yarwood, D. L. (2001). "When Congress makes a joke: Congressional humor as serious and purposeful communication".

5406: 5288: 3310: 465: 244:, but it must be used in a way that served the argument. The speaker should avoid inappropriate jokes that could 17: 4896: 160:

and acceptance. This results in every normal person being continually steeped in psychic tension, mostly due to

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Hofstadter, D.; Gabora, L.; Raskin, V.; Attardo, S. (1989). "Synopsis of the Workshop on Humor and Cognition".

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Attardo, S.; Raskin, V. (1991). "Script theory revis(it)ed: joke similarity and joke representation model".

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It’s funny cause it’s true: The ligthearted philosophers’ society’s introduction to philosophy through humor

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Accordingly, such a version of this theory is not original to Schopenhauer, so much as to the Scottish poet

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at feeling superior to them. Aristotle observed that many jokes relied on a combination of incongruity and

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Tony Veale, who takes a more formalised computational approach than Koestler, has written on the role of

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While Kant is an incongruity theorist, his account also has elements of release theory (emphasizing the

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The other 5 KRs had been previously identified in Attardo's five-level joke representation model. See

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itself might puzzle the hearer until they see the resolution of incongruity, when humor is perceived.

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will reduce the options available to the generation in the TA (in North America to Poles, etc.)"

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To produce the humor of a verbal joke, Raskin posits, the following two conditions must be met:

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as individuals, guided by bodily appetites and aggressive urges, while the other side yearns for

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Meyer, J. C. (2000). "Humor as a Double-Edged Sword: Four Functions of Humor in Communication".

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inhibitions and reveal suppressed desires. It is believed that this is why we laugh while being

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list of possible script oppositions for jokes is finite and culturally dependent. For example,

631:(e.g., strange behaviors, risqué jokes), and even moral norms (e.g., disrespectful behaviors). 2065: 1196:

Buijzen, M.; Valkenburg, P. M. (2004). "Developing a Typology of Humor in Audiovisual Media".

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Tafoya explains "…that each human being is caught in a tug-of-war: part of us strains to live

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may be found, in contemporary academic literature, three theories of humor appear repeatedly:

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Warren, Caleb; McGraw, A. Peter (2 February 2015). "Benign Violation Theory". Rochester, NY.

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psychologically distant from the violation or is only weakly committed to the violated norm.

611:

From an evolutionary perspective, humorous violations likely originated as apparent physical

553: 552:." He proposed that comedy/humor lies in the portrayal of situations experiencing mechanical 2826:

Veale, T.; Feyaerts, K.; Brône, G. (2006). "The cognitive mechanisms of adversarial humor".

1733: 240:

as long as it was not excessive. Aristotle believed that humor could be used effectively in

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Veale, Tony (2003): "Metaphor and Metonymy: The Cognitive Trump-Cards of Linguistic Humor"

2710:

Dukore, B. F. (2010). "Seriousness Redeemed by Frivolity: Ayckbourn's Intimate Exchanges".

1555: 1355:

Berlyne, D. E. (1972). "Humour and its kin", in J. H. Goldstein & P. E. McGhee (Eds.),

942: 934: 520: 488: 80: 63: 55: 2528:. II. Realization in Neural Networks. Biofizika SSSR 37, 325 (1992) {\bf 37}, 249 (1992). 8: 5379: 5334: 5324: 5283: 5231: 5216: 5145: 5125: 5107: 4939: 4906: 4767: 4754: 4561: 4358: 4269: 4224: 4130: 4016: 3829: 3677: 1807: 1205: 1007: 995: 477: 430: 104: 4091: 3169: 3007: 647:

perception of benignity plays a crucial role in determining the overall humor response.

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Zillmann, Dolf; Bryant, Jennings (1980). "Misattribution theory of tendentious humor".

2563: 2472: 2333: 2171: 2005: 1749: 1651: 1338: 1303: 1259: 1217: 670: 516: 88: 43: 2498:

Tarez Samra Graban (2008). "Rhetoric, composition, and humor studies", pg. 425 ff. In

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The Monsters That Laugh Back: Humour as a Rhetorical Apophasis in Medieval Monstrology

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Vandaele, J. (2002). "Humor Mechanisms in Film Comedy: Incongruity and Superiority".

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for the hostility in humor. The elements of innocuous (innocent) features make such

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Both the test structure and the results are described in Krikman (2006), pp. 38-39.

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and lack of fulfillment. This tension can be relieved, albeit temporarily, through

51: 1920:

The Basic Humor Process: A Cognitive-Shift Theory and the Case against Incongruity

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in humor may cross a line after which it is taken seriously, though not intended.

766:(SI) can include objects, activities, instruments, props needed to tell the story. 5025: 4994: 4959: 4924: 4802: 4653: 4551: 4509: 4420: 4408: 4393: 4368: 4343: 4113: 3981: 3976: 3893: 3878: 3551: 3435: 3237: 3220: 2210: 1251: 1013: 789: 624: 455: 402: 161: 133: 4165: 2329: 1885: 1520:

The Legacy of the Wisecrack: Stand-up Comedy as the Great American Literary Form

326: 4934: 4929: 4797: 4762: 4694: 4668: 4504: 4353: 4292: 4205: 4048: 3944: 3687: 3367: 3291:

https://www.elsevier.com/books/the-psychology-of-humor/martin/978-0-12-812143-6

2884: 2607: 1299: 1213: 1158: 818: 512: 277:(1651), which have very similar views. Hobbes describes laughter as the sudden 267:

In the 17th century, Thomas Hobbes described superiority theory in two pieces,

118: 4375: 4150: 2468: 2379: 2270: 2253: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1334: 5395: 4989: 4901: 4831: 4573: 4363: 4297: 4254: 4123: 3748: 3534: 3516: 3246: 3187: 3138: 3091: 2814: 2159: 1947: 1757: 1146: 1085: 1081: 987: 983: 874: 854: 838: 739: 661: 564: 541: 527: 504: 442: 425: 410: 352: 314: 278: 264:, which has been a major theme in the study of humor until the 20th century. 185: 141: 137: 3119: 3107:"The Linguistics of Humor: An Introduction, Oxford: Oxford University Press" 3106: 2551: 1634:

Heyd, David (1982). "The Place of Laughter in Hobbes's Theory of Emotions".

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the impression that life is subject to rigidity, automatism and mechanism.

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information. Conversely, when humor is not intended to be taken seriously,

727: 714:, but makes no sense in the script of a bronchial patient going to see the 593: 2750: 2723: 2671:

Hurley, Matthew M., Dennet, Daniel C., and Adams, Reginald B. Jr. (2011).

2538:

Panksepp, J. (2005). "Beyond a Joke: From Animal Laughter to Human Joy?".

2001: 1457: 1436:

Shurcliff, Arthur (1968). "Judged humor, arousal, and the relief theory".

1084:, renowned for his philosophical studies on materiality, memory, life and 849:

elements; in reality, the hostility has individuals rolling on the floor.

680:"(i) The text is compatible, fully or in part, with two different scripts 5015: 4954: 4826: 4806: 4711: 4648: 4608: 4588: 4514: 4484: 4145: 4081: 3773: 3758: 3634: 3624: 3573: 3539: 3478: 1122: 1118: 1021: 628: 447: 348: 114: 83:

is reduced Humor may thus facilitate ease of the tension caused by one's

76: 3129: 3082: 3065: 2871:

Veale, T. (2004). "Incongruity in humor: Root cause or epiphenomenon?".

2450:"Toward an empirical verification of the General Theory of Verbal Humor" 150:

The Legacy of the Wisecrack: Stand-up Comedy as the Great Literary Form.

4861: 4689: 4638: 4628: 4499: 4403: 4348: 4155: 4135: 4001: 3768: 3682: 3511: 3458: 3422: 3326: 2785: 1979: 1955: 1655: 1494: 1121:. Bergson finds a situation to be laughable when the attention and the 1025: 870: 688: 572: 459: 322: 306:

The conception of some absurdity is abstracted from individual persons.

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A budding area of interest within humor studies is the application of

4876: 4871: 4731: 4658: 4593: 4464: 4398: 4210: 4200: 4195: 4170: 3966: 3526: 3488: 2351: 1449: 1393:(Summer 2023 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 862: 846: 508: 451: 226: 206: 181: 99: 4101: 2940:

What Are You Laughing At? A Comprehensive Guide to the Comedic Event

2777: 1845: 1774:(pp. 143–155). Gettysburg College Open Educational Resources. 1647: 4706: 4613: 4578: 4536: 4524: 4312: 4106: 4006: 3949: 3753: 3707: 3591: 1105: 1017: 979: 975: 858: 660:

The script-based semantic theory of humor (SSTH) was introduced by

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Emerson, J. P. (1969). "Negotiating the Serious Import of Humor".

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Katrina E. Triezenberg (2008). "Humor in Literature", pg. 537. In

1060: 1016:'s humor theory is one that is based on "poetic metaphor", or the 523:

and builds up tension, which is a pleasurable relief or laughter.

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used in narrative or riddle jokes concluding with a punch line.

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Superiority and disposition theories also play into the idea of

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Something threatens one's sense of how the world "ought to be."

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The benign violation theory (BVT) was developed by researchers

434: 406: 257: 253: 198: 31: 511:." We first expect the world. Still, that expectation is then 347:

Feelings of superiority in humor are examined more closely in

4414: 4076: 3362: 3295: 2365: 2030: 2028: 1897: 958: 842: 249: 177: 38:, its exact cause is a topic of heavy debate. There are many 35: 2105:

Joking Aside;; The Theory, Analysis, and Aesthetics of Humor

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For this example, the two scripts contained in the joke are

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narrative. The sense of glory comes from the recognition of

1982:(2004). "Laughter and Literature: A Play Theory of Humor". 1811:

Redeeming Laughter: The Comic Dimension of Human Experience

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in humour, using inspiration from Koestler as well as from

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Humor is evoked when a trigger at the end of the joke, the

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The general theory of verbal humor (GTVH) was proposed by

252:

to be an acceptable and effective tool if used sparingly.

4259: 2502:, ed. Victor Raskin. Mouton de Gruyter: Berlin, New York. 2306:, ed. Victor Raskin. Mouton de Gruyter: Berlin, New York. 1473:

Tragedy: Serious drama in relation to Aristotle's poetics

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with jokework. Freud argued that innocent jokework was a

580: 496:, emphasized its partial appropriateness by the idea of " 202: 95:, due to a buildup of tension as the tickler "strikes." 3152:

Tschacher, Wolfgang; Haken, Hermann (13 February 2023).

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attempted to perfect incongruity by reducing it to the "

303:

The perception of infirmities and defects in one's past.

2801:

Theories of Humour and the Place of Humour in Education

2515:. I. General Algorithm. Biofizika SSSR 37, 318 (1992) . 1732:

Zillmann, Dolf; Stocking, S. Holly (1 September 1976).

1522:. Boca Raton, Florida: Brown Walker Press. p. 73. 952: 2922:

Finally, there is real difficulty with the problem of

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Inside Jokes: Using Humor to Reverse-Engineer the Mind

503:

A famous version of the incongruity theory is that of

2396:, pp. 223 – 226. Mouton de Gruyter: Berlin, New York. 2192:(302 pp.). Dordrecht – Boston – Lancaster: D. Reidel. 236:

Nevertheless, Aristotle regarded humor as a positive

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Humor and Laughter Theory, Research and Applications

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A person sees both interpretations at the same time.

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The perception of infirmities and defects in others.

281:

one feels that one is better than the target of the

2182: 1834:

J.Beattie, Essays (William Creech, Edinburg, 1776).

969: 441:Incongruity theory, otherwise known as incongruous 333: 297:

Success in one's actions beyond one's expectations.

113:In the eighteenth century, English drama theorists 2825: 1843: 1610:. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter, Inc. pp. 20–21. 1413:Dramatic theory and criticism: Greeks to Grotowski 919: 884: 98:Relief theory dates back to the Greek Philosopher 2447: 2407:Humorous Texts: A Semantic and Pragmatic Analysis 1795:Media Entertainment: The Psychology of Its Appeal 1788: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1709:Media Entertainment: The Psychology of Its Appeal 1702: 1700: 1698: 1583:Laughter, Humor, and Comedy in Ancient Philosophy 1195: 733: 5393: 2582:How to Realize "a Sense of Humour" in Computers? 2309: 1792: 1731: 1706: 1585:. USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 36–41. 2107:. University Press of Colorado. pp. 57–80. 2022:Koestler, Arthur (1964): "The Act of Creation". 1580: 1484: 1482: 1380: 1378: 1061:Unnoticed fall-back to former behavior patterns 1036:The O'Shannon model of humor was introduced by 176:The superiority theory of humor traces back to 3265:Kant's Humorous Writings: An Illustrated Guide 3151: 3009:Laughter: An Essay on the Meaning of the Comic 2620: 1865:Kant's Humorous Writings: An Illustrated Guide 1777: 1695: 1548:Mulder, M.P.; Nijholt, Anton (November 2002). 1491:Kant's Humorous Writings: An Illustrated Guide 1191: 1189: 1187: 1185: 1183: 1181: 1179: 1077:Laughter: An Essay on the Meaning of the Comic 694:As an example Raskin uses the following joke: 3311: 2952:Dramlitsch, T., 2018: "The Origin of Humor", 2937: 2315: 2098: 2096: 1898:"Humor | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy" 1547: 1389:, in Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.), 928: 726:does not use the same scripts to be found in 2695:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2596:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2254:"Contemporary Linguistic Theories of Humour" 2138: 2059: 1844:Laurie, Timothy; Hickey-Moody, Anna (2017), 1629: 1627: 1479: 1438:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1375: 1276:. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. 1235: 1233: 1231: 788:To illustrate their theory, the authors use 480:, he meant by a "concept," in most cases, a 221:. What makes something funny often involves 2296: 2247: 2245: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1286:Veatch, T. C. (1998). "A theory of humor". 1176: 1031: 937:'s (1977) categorization, humor is level 4 351:theory. Disposition theory is explained in 3318: 3304: 2448:Ruch, W.; Attardo, S.; Raskin, V. (1993). 2093: 1581:Destrée, Pierre; Trivigno, Franco (2019). 807: 615:, like those present in play fighting and 587: 3273:Ha!: The Science of When We Laugh and Why 3236: 3195: 3177: 3128: 3118: 3081: 2839: 2661:2001, The Mating Mind, by Geoffrey Miller 2623:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2269: 1624: 1435: 1228: 1128: 2537: 2258:Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore 2251: 2242: 2139:McGraw, A. Peter; Warren, Caleb (2010). 1793:Zillmann, Dolf; Vorderer, Peter (2000). 1707:Zillmann, Dolf; Vorderer, Peter (2000). 1536: 1384: 1320: 827: 424: 3154:"A Complexity Science Account of Humor" 3104: 2905: 2763: 2736: 2386: 1946: 1676: 1605: 1391:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 873:, participants laughed at instances of 604:The threatening situation seems benign. 14: 5394: 3218: 2709: 2526:"Computer Model of "a Sense of Humour" 2492: 2355:". Poznan, Poland, unpublished thesis. 1862: 1517: 1488: 1410: 1372:. New York: Columbia University Press. 1285: 403:punching up or punching down in comedy 5057: 3799: 3337: 3299: 3270: 3063: 3012:, Chapter I (II) – online version on 2908:The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays 2870: 2513:Computer Model of "a Sense of Humour" 2409:. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter 2293:Raskin (1985), see Table of Contents. 2102: 1917: 1470: 1239: 656:Script-based semantic theory of humor 420: 342: 289:. Hobbes also mentions the theory of 171: 2757: 2593: 1978: 1633: 1137:. Also referred to as complexity or 953:Sense of humor, sense of seriousness 34:is a phenomenon experienced by most 2703: 1551:Humor in Human-Computer Interaction 1250:(3). Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: 916:value, such as human intelligence. 905:Sexual selection in human evolution 898: 454:, a process that can be likened to 24: 3257: 2798: 1750:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1976.tb01919.x 1260:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2000.tb00194.x 25: 5418: 3064:Ellis, Brian (30 December 2008). 1711:. Mahwah, N.J. : Routledge. 790:7 examples of the light bulb joke 650: 5375: 5374: 5361: 1415:. Holt, Rinehart & Winston. 1359:(pp. 43–60). New York: Academic. 986:'s theory of structure-mapping, 970:Metaphor, metonymy, and allegory 334:Criticisms of Superiority Theory 70: 3212: 3145: 3098: 3057: 3044: 3031: 3018: 3000: 2980: 2962: 2946: 2931: 2899: 2864: 2819: 2807: 2792: 2730: 2664: 2655: 2633: 2614: 2587: 2574: 2531: 2518: 2505: 2483: 2441: 2430: 2421: 2412: 2399: 2358: 2344: 2287: 2278: 2233: 2224: 2215: 2195: 2132: 2111: 2053: 2016: 1972: 1940: 1911: 1856: 1837: 1828: 1816: 1801: 1764: 1725: 1670: 1636:Journal of the History of Ideas 1599: 1574: 1562: 1511: 1464: 1429: 920:Detection of mistaken reasoning 885:Ontic-epistemic theory of humor 3325: 3219:Demjén, Zsófia (August 2018). 1404: 1362: 1349: 1314: 1279: 1266: 1135:complex dynamic systems theory 734:General theory of verbal humor 13: 1: 5058: 3070:Issues in Applied Linguistics 2284:Raskin (1985), pp. 113 – 114. 1169: 536:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel 377:Disposition Toward the Victor 233:is also intertwined with it. 225:features, such as a physical 4847:Ordinary language philosophy 3338: 3238:10.1016/j.pragma.2018.06.001 2394:Linguistic Theories of Humor 2211:10.1007/978-3-030-56646-3_12 2190:Semantic Mechanisms of Humor 1677:Chapman, Anthony J. (1976). 1608:Linguistic Theories of Humor 627:(e.g., puns, malapropisms), 623:(e.g., slapstick, teasing), 248:the audience. He considered 201:individuals because we feel 27:Conjectures explaining humor 7: 4897:Contemporary utilitarianism 4812:Internalism and externalism 3267:. London: Bloomsbury, 2020. 3105:Attardo, Salvatore (2020). 2642:On the Problem of the Comic 2330:10.1515/humr.1991.4.3-4.293 1681:. London; New York: Wiley. 1606:Attardo, Salvatore (1994). 1411:Dukore, Bernard F. (1974). 1204:(2). Oxfordshire, England: 1152: 394:laughter and instead evoke 10: 5423: 4161:Svatantrika and Prasangika 3800: 2885:10.1515/humr.2004.17.4.419 2608:10.1037/0022-3514.34.5.960 2405:Salvatore Attardo (2001). 2392:Salvatore Attardo (1994). 2040:leeds-faculty.colorado.edu 1992:(1). Baltimore, Maryland: 1846:"Masculinity and Ridicule" 1300:10.1515/humr.1998.11.2.161 1214:10.1207/s1532785xmep0602_2 1069: 929:Humor as defense mechanism 902: 5355: 5307: 5207: 5169: 5116: 5083: 5074: 5070: 5053: 5003: 4915: 4753: 4744: 4677: 4460: 4451: 4429: 4384: 4326: 4278: 4232: 4223: 4186: 4057: 3922: 3869: 3860: 3810: 3806: 3795: 3734: 3706: 3663: 3615: 3572: 3525: 3497: 3449: 3421: 3383:Philosophy of mathematics 3373:Philosophy of information 3348: 3344: 3333: 2469:10.1515/humr.1993.6.2.123 2380:10.1515/humr.1989.2.4.407 2271:10.7592/FEJF2006.33.kriku 2036:"Benign Violation Theory" 1985:Philosophy and Literature 1952:Taking Laughter Seriously 1918:Latta, Robert L. (1999). 1554:. Enschede, Netherlands: 1335:10.1215/03335372-23-2-221 957:One must have a sense of 910:Evolutionary psychologist 364:Disposition Toward Victim 2968:Henri Bergson, Le Rire, 2500:Primer of Humor Research 2427:Attardo (1994), pg. 227. 2418:Attardo (1994), pg. 223. 2304:Primer of Humor Research 2160:10.1177/0956797610376073 1994:Johns Hopkins University 1738:Journal of Communication 1357:The Psychology of Humour 1032:O'Shannon model of humor 519:. It creates a sense of 4852:Postanalytic philosophy 4793:Experimental philosophy 3120:10.14198/elua2021.35.20 2938:O'Shannon, Dan (2012). 2645:, Legas Press, Ottawa, 2552:10.1126/science.1112066 2239:Raskin (1985), pg. 100. 2103:Oring, Elliott (2016). 1863:Clewis, Robert (2020). 1489:Clewis, Robert (2020). 1385:Morreall, John (2023), 808:Computer model of humor 588:Benign violation theory 330:are actually superior. 5407:Psychological theories 4985:Social constructionism 3997:Hellenistic philosophy 3413:Theoretical philosophy 3388:Philosophy of religion 3378:Philosophy of language 2924:prosaic allegorization 2850:10.1515/HUMOR.2006.016 2230:Raskin (1985), pg. 99. 2221:Raskin (1985), pg. 46. 2188:Victor Raskin (1985). 2081:Cite journal requires 1518:Tafoya, Eddie (2009). 1475:. New York: MacMillan. 1368:Schaeffer, N. (1981). 1272:Berger, A. A. (1993). 1129:Complex systems theory 724:Soviet political humor 438: 46:theories of humor and 5368:Philosophy portal 4887:Scientific skepticism 4867:Reformed epistemology 3393:Philosophy of science 3271:Weems, Scott (2014). 3225:Journal of Pragmatics 2751:10.1515/humr.2001.010 2724:10.1353/mdr.2010.0026 2639:P. Marteinson (2006) 2252:Krikmann, A. (2006). 2148:Psychological Science 2002:10.1353/phl.2004.0002 1387:"Philosophy of Humor" 1080:, French philosopher 865:socially acceptable. 834:misattribution theory 828:Misattribution theory 429:A beer glass made by 428: 4788:Critical rationalism 4495:Edo neo-Confucianism 4339:Acintya bheda abheda 4318:Renaissance humanism 4029:School of the Sextii 3403:Practical philosophy 3398:Political philosophy 2350:Robert Lew (1996). " 1556:University of Twente 1471:Lucas, F.L. (1958). 1243:Communication Theory 1206:Taylor & Francis 1055:enhancers/inhibitors 1051:aspects of awareness 943:call a spade a spade 935:George Eman Vaillant 521:cognitive dissonance 470:Thoughts on Laughter 144:also emphasized the 81:psychological stress 4359:Nimbarka Sampradaya 4270:Korean Confucianism 4017:Academic Skepticism 3170:2023Entrp..25..341T 3083:10.5070/l4162005101 2141:"Benign Violations" 1922:. Berlin, Germany: 1867:. London, England: 1808:Peter Ludwig Berger 1493:. London, England: 1370:The Art of Laughter 1274:An Anatomy of Humor 1008:conceptual blending 996:conceptual metaphor 478:Arthur Schopenhauer 431:Camden Town Brewery 79:mechanism by which 4980:Post-structuralism 4882:Scientific realism 4837:Quinean naturalism 4817:Logical positivism 4773:Analytical Marxism 3992:Peripatetic school 3904:Chinese naturalism 3431:Aesthetic response 3358:Applied philosophy 1571:, 1449a, p. 34-35. 776:Narrative strategy 671:lexical definition 439: 421:Incongruity theory 343:Disposition theory 172:Superiority theory 5389: 5388: 5351: 5350: 5347: 5346: 5343: 5342: 5049: 5048: 5045: 5044: 5041: 5040: 4768:Analytic feminism 4740: 4739: 4702:Kierkegaardianism 4664:Transcendentalism 4624:Neo-scholasticism 4470:Classical Realism 4447: 4446: 4219: 4218: 4034:Neopythagoreanism 3791: 3790: 3787: 3786: 3408:Social philosophy 3179:10.3390/e25020341 3028:, Chapter I (III) 3014:Project Gutenberg 2917:978-0-292-71534-9 2815:(Afflatus.uce.ie) 2799:Turner, Michele. 2682:978-0-262-01582-0 2675:. The MIT Press. 2651:978-1-894508-91-9 2437:de:Willibald Ruch 1954:. New York City: 1924:Walter de Gruyter 1100:, elasticity and 1004:Gilles Fauconnier 939:defense mechanism 795: 758:Logical mechanism 752:Script opposition 744:Salvatore Attardo 717: 713: 709: 705: 466:Francis Hutcheson 40:theories of humor 16:(Redirected from 5414: 5378: 5377: 5366: 5365: 5364: 5081: 5080: 5072: 5071: 5055: 5054: 4945:Frankfurt School 4892:Transactionalism 4842:Normative ethics 4822:Legal positivism 4798:Falsificationism 4783:Consequentialism 4778:Communitarianism 4751: 4750: 4619:New Confucianism 4458: 4457: 4265:Neo-Confucianism 4230: 4229: 4039:Second Sophistic 4024:Middle Platonism 3867: 3866: 3808: 3807: 3797: 3796: 3640:Epiphenomenalism 3507:Consequentialism 3441:Institutionalism 3346: 3345: 3335: 3334: 3320: 3313: 3306: 3297: 3296: 3286: 3263:Clewis, Robert. 3251: 3250: 3240: 3216: 3210: 3209: 3199: 3181: 3149: 3143: 3142: 3132: 3122: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3085: 3061: 3055: 3048: 3042: 3035: 3029: 3022: 3016: 3006:Bergson, Henri. 3004: 2998: 2997: 2986:Bergson, Henri. 2984: 2978: 2977: 2966: 2960: 2950: 2944: 2943: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2903: 2897: 2896: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2843: 2823: 2817: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2796: 2790: 2789: 2761: 2755: 2754: 2734: 2728: 2727: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2694: 2686: 2668: 2662: 2659: 2653: 2637: 2631: 2630: 2618: 2612: 2611: 2591: 2585: 2578: 2572: 2571: 2535: 2529: 2522: 2516: 2509: 2503: 2496: 2490: 2487: 2481: 2480: 2454: 2445: 2439: 2434: 2428: 2425: 2419: 2416: 2410: 2403: 2397: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2362: 2356: 2348: 2342: 2341: 2324:(3–4): 293–347. 2313: 2307: 2300: 2294: 2291: 2285: 2282: 2276: 2275: 2273: 2249: 2240: 2237: 2231: 2228: 2222: 2219: 2213: 2199: 2193: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2154:(8): 1141–1149. 2145: 2136: 2130: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2115: 2109: 2108: 2100: 2091: 2090: 2084: 2079: 2077: 2069: 2057: 2051: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2032: 2023: 2020: 2014: 2013: 1976: 1970: 1969: 1944: 1938: 1937: 1915: 1909: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1894: 1883: 1882: 1860: 1854: 1853: 1850:Gender: Laughter 1841: 1835: 1832: 1826: 1820: 1814: 1805: 1799: 1798: 1790: 1775: 1768: 1762: 1761: 1729: 1723: 1722: 1704: 1693: 1692: 1674: 1668: 1667: 1631: 1622: 1621: 1603: 1597: 1596: 1578: 1572: 1566: 1560: 1559: 1545: 1534: 1533: 1515: 1509: 1508: 1486: 1477: 1476: 1468: 1462: 1461: 1450:10.1037/h0025493 1433: 1427: 1426: 1408: 1402: 1401: 1400: 1398: 1382: 1373: 1366: 1360: 1353: 1347: 1346: 1318: 1312: 1311: 1283: 1277: 1270: 1264: 1263: 1237: 1226: 1225: 1198:Media Psychology 1193: 899:Sexual selection 793: 715: 711: 707: 703: 625:linguistic norms 21: 5422: 5421: 5417: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5412: 5411: 5392: 5391: 5390: 5385: 5362: 5360: 5339: 5303: 5203: 5165: 5112: 5066: 5065: 5037: 5026:Russian cosmism 4999: 4995:Western Marxism 4960:New Historicism 4925:Critical theory 4911: 4907:Wittgensteinian 4803:Foundationalism 4736: 4673: 4654:Social contract 4510:Foundationalism 4443: 4425: 4409:Illuminationism 4394:Aristotelianism 4380: 4369:Vishishtadvaita 4322: 4274: 4215: 4182: 4053: 3982:Megarian school 3977:Eretrian school 3918: 3879:Agriculturalism 3856: 3802: 3783: 3730: 3702: 3659: 3611: 3568: 3552:Incompatibilism 3521: 3493: 3445: 3417: 3340: 3329: 3324: 3283: 3275:. Basic Books. 3260: 3258:Further reading 3255: 3254: 3217: 3213: 3150: 3146: 3103: 3099: 3062: 3058: 3054:, Chapter I (I) 3049: 3045: 3041:, Chapter I (V) 3036: 3032: 3023: 3019: 3005: 3001: 2995: 2985: 2981: 2975: 2967: 2963: 2951: 2947: 2936: 2932: 2918: 2904: 2900: 2869: 2865: 2841:10.1.1.146.5649 2824: 2820: 2812: 2808: 2797: 2793: 2778:10.2307/2786261 2762: 2758: 2735: 2731: 2708: 2704: 2688: 2687: 2683: 2669: 2665: 2660: 2656: 2638: 2634: 2619: 2615: 2592: 2588: 2579: 2575: 2546:(5718): 62–63. 2536: 2532: 2523: 2519: 2510: 2506: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2484: 2452: 2446: 2442: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2422: 2417: 2413: 2404: 2400: 2391: 2387: 2363: 2359: 2349: 2345: 2314: 2310: 2301: 2297: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2279: 2250: 2243: 2238: 2234: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2216: 2200: 2196: 2187: 2183: 2143: 2137: 2133: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2116: 2112: 2101: 2094: 2082: 2080: 2071: 2070: 2058: 2054: 2044: 2042: 2034: 2033: 2026: 2021: 2017: 1977: 1973: 1966: 1945: 1941: 1934: 1916: 1912: 1902: 1900: 1896: 1895: 1886: 1879: 1861: 1857: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1829: 1821: 1817: 1806: 1802: 1791: 1778: 1769: 1765: 1734:"Putdown Humor" 1730: 1726: 1719: 1705: 1696: 1689: 1675: 1671: 1648:10.2307/2709204 1632: 1625: 1618: 1604: 1600: 1593: 1579: 1575: 1567: 1563: 1546: 1537: 1530: 1516: 1512: 1505: 1487: 1480: 1469: 1465: 1434: 1430: 1423: 1409: 1405: 1396: 1394: 1383: 1376: 1367: 1363: 1354: 1350: 1319: 1315: 1284: 1280: 1271: 1267: 1252:Wiley-Blackwell 1238: 1229: 1194: 1177: 1172: 1155: 1131: 1072: 1063: 1034: 1014:Mikhail Bakhtin 972: 955: 931: 922: 913:Geoffrey Miller 907: 901: 887: 830: 810: 736: 658: 653: 590: 456:problem-solving 423: 345: 336: 321:. In addition, 186:Thomas Hobbes's 174: 134:Herbert Spencer 73: 28: 23: 22: 18:Theory of humor 15: 12: 11: 5: 5420: 5410: 5409: 5404: 5402:Humor research 5387: 5386: 5384: 5383: 5371: 5356: 5353: 5352: 5349: 5348: 5345: 5344: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5311: 5309: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5235: 5234: 5224: 5219: 5213: 5211: 5205: 5204: 5202: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5175: 5173: 5171:Middle Eastern 5167: 5166: 5164: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5122: 5120: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5089: 5087: 5078: 5068: 5067: 5064: 5063: 5059: 5051: 5050: 5047: 5046: 5043: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5035: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5007: 5005: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4935:Existentialism 4932: 4930:Deconstruction 4927: 4921: 4919: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4763:Applied ethics 4759: 4757: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4734: 4729: 4727:Nietzscheanism 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4698: 4697: 4687: 4681: 4679: 4675: 4674: 4672: 4671: 4669:Utilitarianism 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4570: 4569: 4567:Transcendental 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4534: 4533: 4532: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4505:Existentialism 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4461: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4441: 4435: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4423: 4418: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4390: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4379: 4378: 4373: 4372: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4330: 4328: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4293:Augustinianism 4290: 4284: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4236: 4234: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4213: 4208: 4206:Zoroastrianism 4203: 4198: 4192: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4180: 4179: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4128: 4127: 4126: 4121: 4111: 4110: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4063: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4051: 4049:Church Fathers 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4020: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3963: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3931: 3929: 3920: 3919: 3917: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3875: 3873: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3854: 3853: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3822: 3816: 3814: 3804: 3803: 3793: 3792: 3789: 3788: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3740: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3729: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3712: 3710: 3704: 3703: 3701: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3669: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3658: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3621: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3610: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3578: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3567: 3566: 3564:Libertarianism 3561: 3560: 3559: 3549: 3548: 3547: 3537: 3531: 3529: 3523: 3522: 3520: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3503: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3455: 3453: 3447: 3446: 3444: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3427: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3416: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3368:Metaphilosophy 3365: 3360: 3354: 3352: 3342: 3341: 3331: 3330: 3323: 3322: 3315: 3308: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3287: 3282:978-0465031702 3281: 3268: 3259: 3256: 3253: 3252: 3211: 3144: 3097: 3056: 3043: 3030: 3017: 2999: 2994:on Wikisource 2979: 2974:on Wikisource 2961: 2958:978-1720264637 2945: 2930: 2916: 2898: 2879:(4): 419–428. 2863: 2834:(3): 305–339. 2818: 2806: 2791: 2772:(2): 169–181. 2756: 2745:(4): 359–394. 2729: 2718:(4): 447–470. 2702: 2681: 2663: 2654: 2632: 2613: 2602:(5): 960–965. 2586: 2573: 2530: 2517: 2504: 2491: 2482: 2463:(2): 123–136. 2440: 2429: 2420: 2411: 2398: 2385: 2374:(4): 417–440. 2357: 2343: 2308: 2295: 2286: 2277: 2241: 2232: 2223: 2214: 2194: 2181: 2131: 2110: 2092: 2083:|journal= 2052: 2024: 2015: 1971: 1964: 1939: 1932: 1910: 1884: 1877: 1855: 1836: 1827: 1815: 1800: 1776: 1763: 1744:(3): 154–163. 1724: 1717: 1694: 1687: 1669: 1642:(2): 285–295. 1623: 1616: 1598: 1591: 1573: 1561: 1535: 1529:978-1599424958 1528: 1510: 1503: 1478: 1463: 1444:(4): 360–363. 1428: 1421: 1403: 1374: 1361: 1348: 1329:(2): 221–249. 1313: 1294:(2): 161–215. 1278: 1265: 1227: 1174: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1166: 1161: 1159:Humor research 1154: 1151: 1130: 1127: 1071: 1068: 1062: 1059: 1033: 1030: 971: 968: 954: 951: 930: 927: 921: 918: 900: 897: 886: 883: 829: 826: 819:Charles Darwin 809: 806: 786: 785: 779: 773: 767: 761: 755: 735: 732: 700: 699: 685: 684: 681: 657: 654: 652: 651:Other theories 649: 609: 608: 605: 602: 589: 586: 561:Humor Research 422: 419: 387: 386: 383: 374: 373: 370: 344: 341: 335: 332: 308: 307: 304: 301: 298: 173: 170: 119:Samuel Johnson 72: 69: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5419: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5399: 5397: 5382: 5381: 5372: 5370: 5369: 5358: 5357: 5354: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5308:Miscellaneous 5306: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5233: 5230: 5229: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5206: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5168: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5115: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5061: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5034: 5033: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5004:Miscellaneous 5002: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4990:Structuralism 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4975:Postmodernism 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4965:Phenomenology 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4914: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4902:Vienna Circle 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4832:Moral realism 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4743: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4696: 4693: 4692: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4676: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4634:Phenomenology 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4574:Individualism 4572: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4539: 4538: 4535: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4462: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4450: 4440: 4439:Judeo-Islamic 4437: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4428: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4416: 4415:ʿIlm al-Kalām 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4383: 4377: 4374: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4364:Shuddhadvaita 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4336: 4335: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4325: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4298:Scholasticism 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4277: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4222: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4185: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4133: 4132: 4129: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4116: 4115: 4112: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4069: 4068: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4056: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3999: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3937: 3936: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3921: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3859: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3827: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3798: 3794: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3749:Conceptualism 3747: 3745: 3742: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3733: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3705: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3678:Particularism 3676: 3674: 3671: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3662: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3645:Functionalism 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3630:Eliminativism 3628: 3626: 3623: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3614: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3571: 3565: 3562: 3558: 3555: 3554: 3553: 3550: 3546: 3543: 3542: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3535:Compatibilism 3533: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3524: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3496: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3474:Particularism 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3448: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3420: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3321: 3316: 3314: 3309: 3307: 3302: 3301: 3298: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3278: 3274: 3269: 3266: 3262: 3261: 3248: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3215: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3148: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3101: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3060: 3053: 3047: 3040: 3034: 3027: 3021: 3015: 3011: 3010: 3003: 2993: 2989: 2983: 2973: 2972: 2965: 2959: 2955: 2949: 2941: 2934: 2927: 2925: 2919: 2913: 2909: 2902: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2867: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2842: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2822: 2816: 2810: 2802: 2795: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2760: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2733: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2706: 2698: 2692: 2684: 2678: 2674: 2667: 2658: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2643: 2636: 2628: 2624: 2617: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2590: 2583: 2577: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2534: 2527: 2521: 2514: 2508: 2501: 2495: 2486: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2451: 2444: 2438: 2433: 2424: 2415: 2408: 2402: 2395: 2389: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2361: 2354: 2347: 2339: 2335: 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1514: 1506: 1504:9781350112797 1500: 1496: 1492: 1485: 1483: 1474: 1467: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1432: 1424: 1418: 1414: 1407: 1392: 1388: 1381: 1379: 1371: 1365: 1358: 1352: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1323:Poetics Today 1317: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1282: 1275: 1269: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1244: 1236: 1234: 1232: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1192: 1190: 1188: 1186: 1184: 1182: 1180: 1175: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1156: 1150: 1148: 1147:psychotherapy 1142: 1140: 1136: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1110: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1086:consciousness 1083: 1082:Henri Bergson 1079: 1078: 1067: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1039: 1038:Dan O'Shannon 1029: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1009: 1006:'s theory of 1005: 1001: 997: 994:'s theory of 993: 989: 988:George Lakoff 985: 984:Dedre Gentner 981: 977: 967: 965: 960: 950: 948: 944: 940: 936: 933:According to 926: 917: 914: 911: 906: 896: 893: 882: 880: 876: 875:victimization 872: 866: 864: 860: 856: 850: 848: 844: 840: 839:Sigmund Freud 835: 825: 822: 820: 814: 805: 801: 797: 791: 783: 780: 777: 774: 771: 768: 765: 762: 759: 756: 753: 750: 749: 748: 745: 741: 740:Victor Raskin 731: 729: 725: 719: 697: 696: 695: 692: 690: 682: 679: 678: 677: 674: 672: 666: 663: 662:Victor Raskin 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 606: 603: 600: 599: 598: 595: 585: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 565:John Morreall 562: 557: 555: 551: 547: 543: 542:Henri Bergson 539: 537: 531: 529: 528:physiological 524: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 505:Immanuel Kant 501: 499: 495: 490: 489:James Beattie 485: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 461: 457: 453: 449: 444: 443:juxtaposition 436: 432: 427: 418: 414: 412: 411:script doctor 408: 404: 399: 397: 391: 384: 381: 380: 379: 378: 371: 368: 367: 366: 365: 361: 357: 354: 350: 340: 331: 328: 324: 320: 316: 311: 305: 302: 299: 296: 295: 294: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 275: 270: 265: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 234: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 191: 187: 183: 179: 169: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 146:physiological 143: 142:Immanuel Kant 139: 138:Sigmund Freud 135: 132:According to 130: 128: 122: 120: 116: 111: 108: 106: 101: 96: 94: 90: 89:sociocultural 86: 82: 78: 71:Relief theory 68: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 5373: 5359: 5030: 5021:Postcritique 5011:Kyoto School 4970:Posthumanism 4950:Hermeneutics 4805: / 4746:Contemporary 4722:Newtonianism 4685:Cartesianism 4644:Reductionism 4480:Conservatism 4475:Collectivism 4413: 4141:Sarvāstivadā 4119:Anekantavada 4044:Neoplatonism 4012:Epicureanism 3945:Pythagoreans 3884:Confucianism 3850:Contemporary 3840:Early modern 3744:Anti-realism 3698:Universalism 3655:Subjectivism 3451:Epistemology 3272: 3264: 3228: 3224: 3214: 3161: 3157: 3147: 3130:10045/114499 3110: 3100: 3073: 3069: 3059: 3051: 3046: 3038: 3033: 3025: 3020: 3008: 3002: 2987: 2982: 2971:Avant-Propos 2970: 2964: 2948: 2939: 2933: 2923: 2921: 2907: 2901: 2876: 2872: 2866: 2831: 2827: 2821: 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Retrieved 2113: 2104: 2074:cite journal 2055: 2043:. Retrieved 2039: 2018: 1989: 1983: 1974: 1951: 1942: 1919: 1913: 1901:. Retrieved 1864: 1858: 1849: 1839: 1830: 1822: 1818: 1810: 1803: 1797:. Routledge. 1794: 1771: 1766: 1741: 1737: 1727: 1708: 1678: 1672: 1639: 1635: 1607: 1601: 1582: 1576: 1568: 1564: 1550: 1519: 1513: 1490: 1472: 1466: 1441: 1437: 1431: 1412: 1406: 1395:, retrieved 1390: 1369: 1364: 1356: 1351: 1326: 1322: 1316: 1291: 1287: 1281: 1273: 1268: 1247: 1241: 1201: 1197: 1164:Humor styles 1143: 1139:chaos theory 1132: 1111: 1094: 1075: 1073: 1066:bipedalism. 1064: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1035: 1012: 992:Mark Johnson 973: 956: 932: 923: 908: 891: 888: 867: 851: 831: 823: 815: 811: 802: 798: 787: 781: 775: 769: 763: 757: 751: 737: 728:Jewish humor 720: 701: 693: 686: 675: 667: 659: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629:social norms 610: 594:Peter McGraw 591: 569:Robert Latta 560: 558: 540: 532: 525: 513:disappointed 502: 493: 486: 481: 469: 464: 440: 415: 400: 392: 388: 376: 375: 363: 362: 358: 346: 337: 327:Noël Carroll 312: 309: 272: 269:Human Nature 268: 266: 235: 189: 175: 149: 131: 123: 112: 103: 97: 74: 58:theory, and 39: 29: 5016:Objectivism 4955:Neo-Marxism 4917:Continental 4827:Meta-ethics 4807:Coherentism 4712:Hegelianism 4649:Rationalism 4609:Natural law 4589:Materialism 4515:Historicism 4485:Determinism 4376:Navya-Nyāya 4151:Sautrāntika 4146:Pudgalavada 4082:Vaisheshika 3935:Presocratic 3835:Renaissance 3774:Physicalism 3759:Materialism 3665:Normativity 3650:Objectivism 3635:Emergentism 3625:Behaviorism 3574:Metaphysics 3540:Determinism 3479:Rationalism 3113:(35): 349. 2996:(in French) 2976:(in French) 1980:Boyd, Brian 1903:15 December 1813:(1997) p.22 1397:20 November 1254:: 310–331. 1208:: 147–167. 1123:imagination 1119:sensibility 1102:flexibility 1047:information 1022:protagonist 1000:Mark Turner 855:embellished 452:ambiguities 448:deciphering 349:disposition 323:philosopher 271:(1650) and 115:John Dryden 77:homeostatic 60:incongruity 56:superiority 5396:Categories 5315:Amerindian 5222:Australian 5161:Vietnamese 5141:Indonesian 4690:Kantianism 4639:Positivism 4629:Pragmatism 4604:Naturalism 4584:Liberalism 4562:Subjective 4500:Empiricism 4404:Avicennism 4349:Bhedabheda 4233:East Asian 4156:Madhyamaka 4136:Abhidharma 4002:Pyrrhonism 3769:Nominalism 3764:Naturalism 3693:Skepticism 3683:Relativism 3673:Absolutism 3602:Naturalism 3512:Deontology 3484:Skepticism 3469:Naturalism 3459:Empiricism 3423:Aesthetics 3327:Philosophy 3231:: 93–104. 3164:(2): 341. 2766:Sociometry 1956:SUNY Press 1869:Bloomsbury 1688:0471146129 1495:Bloomsbury 1422:0030911524 1170:References 1026:logosphere 903:See also: 794:DUMB/SMART 689:punch line 573:Brian Boyd 550:mechanical 498:assemblage 254:Buffoonery 238:phenomenon 231:aggression 223:ridiculous 158:conformity 127:relaxation 5194:Pakistani 5156:Taiwanese 5103:Ethiopian 5076:By region 5062:By region 4877:Scientism 4872:Systemics 4732:Spinozism 4659:Socialism 4594:Modernism 4557:Objective 4465:Anarchism 4399:Averroism 4288:Christian 4240:Neotaoism 4211:Zurvanism 4201:Mithraism 4196:Mazdakism 3967:Cyrenaics 3894:Logicians 3527:Free will 3489:Solipsism 3436:Formalism 3247:0378-2166 3188:1099-4300 3139:2171-6692 3092:2379-4542 3050:Bergson, 3037:Bergson, 3024:Bergson, 2992:"Préface" 2893:145339075 2836:CiteSeerX 2803:(Thesis). 2691:cite book 2338:144593170 2264:: 27–58. 2010:144552197 1758:0021-9916 1308:143643347 964:bad taste 871:predicted 764:Situation 509:absurdity 460:punchline 325:of humor 274:Leviathan 227:deformity 207:hostility 190:Leviathan 182:Aristotle 100:Aristotle 64:consensus 44:classical 30:Although 5380:Category 5335:Yugoslav 5325:Romanian 5232:Scottish 5217:American 5146:Japanese 5126:Buddhist 5108:Africana 5098:Egyptian 4940:Feminist 4862:Rawlsian 4857:Quietism 4755:Analytic 4707:Krausism 4614:Nihilism 4579:Kokugaku 4542:Absolute 4537:Idealism 4525:Humanism 4313:Occamism 4280:European 4225:Medieval 4171:Yogacara 4131:Buddhist 4124:Syādvāda 4007:Stoicism 3972:Cynicism 3960:Sophists 3955:Atomists 3950:Eleatics 3889:Legalism 3830:Medieval 3754:Idealism 3708:Ontology 3688:Nihilism 3592:Idealism 3350:Branches 3339:Branches 3206:36832707 3052:Laughter 3039:Laughter 3026:Laughter 2568:36021257 2560:15802592 2477:18490185 2168:20587696 2124:16 March 2045:15 March 1996:: 1–22. 1950:(1983). 1664:11611003 1343:14068723 1222:96438940 1153:See also 1106:ugliness 1098:movement 1018:allegory 980:metonymy 976:metaphor 945:, while 863:wordplay 859:disguise 847:innocent 782:Language 617:tickling 563:between 554:rigidity 517:surprise 474:ugliness 353:Zillmann 283:humorous 246:alienate 242:rhetoric 219:audience 217:and the 215:comedian 54:theory, 48:laughter 5330:Russian 5299:Spanish 5294:Slovene 5284:Maltese 5279:Italian 5259:Finland 5227:British 5209:Western 5199:Turkish 5184:Islamic 5179:Iranian 5131:Chinese 5118:Eastern 5085:African 5032:more... 4717:Marxism 4547:British 4490:Dualism 4386:Islamic 4344:Advaita 4334:Vedanta 4308:Scotism 4303:Thomism 4245:Tiantai 4188:Persian 4176:Tibetan 4166:Śūnyatā 4107:Cārvāka 4097:Ājīvika 4092:Mīmāṃsā 4072:Samkhya 3987:Academy 3940:Ionians 3914:Yangism 3871:Chinese 3862:Ancient 3825:Western 3820:Ancient 3779:Realism 3736:Reality 3726:Process 3607:Realism 3587:Dualism 3582:Atomism 3464:Fideism 3197:9955919 3166:Bibcode 3158:Entropy 2988:Le Rire 2858:1821223 2786:2786261 2540:Science 2176:1968587 2066:2559414 1823:Poetics 1656:2709204 1569:Poetics 1458:5645597 1115:emotion 1070:Bergson 1043:context 1020:of the 621:dignity 613:threats 577:science 548:" and " 407:ethical 319:teasing 291:passion 262:tragedy 260:versus 105:Poetics 93:tickled 5289:Polish 5269:German 5264:French 5249:Danish 5239:Canada 5189:Jewish 5151:Korean 5136:Indian 4678:People 4599:Monism 4552:German 4520:Holism 4453:Modern 4431:Jewish 4354:Dvaita 4327:Indian 4250:Huayan 4102:Ajñana 4059:Indian 3924:Greco- 3909:Taoism 3899:Mohism 3845:Modern 3812:By era 3801:By era 3716:Action 3597:Monism 3517:Virtue 3499:Ethics 3279: 3245: 3204: 3194: 3186: 3137: 3090: 2956: 2914: 2891: 2856: 2838: 2784: 2679: 2649: 2566: 2558: 2475: 2336: 2174: 2166: 2064: 2008: 1962: 1930: 1875: 1756: 1715: 1685: 1662: 1654: 1614: 1589: 1526: 1501: 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