2047:. The presence of these special steady-state points at certain values of a parameter (e.g. mass) is represented by a point and once the parameter passes a certain value, a qualitative change occurs, called a bifurcation, in which the nature of the space changes, with profound consequences for the protein concentrations: the cell cycle has phases (partially corresponding to G1 and G2) in which mass, via a stable point, controls cyclin levels, and phases (S and M phases) in which the concentrations change independently, but once the phase has changed at a bifurcation event (
1966:. It is possibly a good example of a mathematical model as it deals with simple calculus but gives valid results. Two research groups have produced several models of the cell cycle simulating several organisms. They have recently produced a generic eukaryotic cell cycle model that can represent a particular eukaryote depending on the values of the parameters, demonstrating that the idiosyncrasies of the individual cell cycles are due to different protein concentrations and affinities, while the underlying mechanisms are conserved (Csikasz-Nagy et al., 2006).
203:
1923:, and its applications were developed in mathematical biology and especially in mathematical medicine. In a more general sense, MST is the theory of molecular categories defined as categories of molecular sets and their chemical transformations represented as set-theoretical mappings of molecular sets. The theory has also contributed to biostatistics and the formulation of clinical biochemistry problems in mathematical formulations of pathological, biochemical changes of interest to Physiology, Clinical Biochemistry and Medicine.
2013:
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of published authors contributing to this field. Many of the included examples are characterised by highly complex, nonlinear, and supercomplex mechanisms, as it is being increasingly recognised that the result of such interactions may only be understood through a combination of mathematical, logical, physical/chemical, molecular and computational models.
2051:), the system cannot go back to the previous levels since at the current mass the vector field is profoundly different and the mass cannot be reversed back through the bifurcation event, making a checkpoint irreversible. In particular the S and M checkpoints are regulated by means of special bifurcations called a
1902:
A model of a biological system is converted into a system of equations, although the word 'model' is often used synonymously with the system of corresponding equations. The solution of the equations, by either analytical or numerical means, describes how the biological system behaves either over time
1354:
Several areas of specialized research in mathematical and theoretical biology as well as external links to related projects in various universities are concisely presented in the following subsections, including also a large number of appropriate validating references from a list of several thousands
1018:
2001:
for ultrasensitive transcription factors, afterwards the parameters of the equations (rate constants, enzyme efficiency coefficients and
Michaelis constants) must be fitted to match observations; when they cannot be fitted the kinetic equation is revised and when that is not possible the wiring
1363:
Abstract relational biology (ARB) is concerned with the study of general, relational models of complex biological systems, usually abstracting out specific morphological, or anatomical, structures. Some of the simplest models in ARB are the
Metabolic-Replication, or (M,R)--systems introduced by
2192:"There is a subtle difference between mathematical biologists and theoretical biologists. Mathematical biologists tend to be employed in mathematical departments and to be a bit more interested in math inspired by biology than in the biological problems themselves, and vice versa."
1935:
For example, abstract relational biology (ARB) is concerned with the study of general, relational models of complex biological systems, usually abstracting out specific morphological, or anatomical, structures. Some of the simplest models in ARB are the
Metabolic-Replication, or
1068:
to stress the biological side. Theoretical biology focuses more on the development of theoretical principles for biology while mathematical biology focuses on the use of mathematical tools to study biological systems, even though the two terms are sometimes interchanged.
1907:. There are many different types of equations and the type of behavior that can occur is dependent on both the model and the equations used. The model often makes assumptions about the system. The equations may also make assumptions about the nature of what may occur.
1931:
Theoretical approaches to biological organization aim to understand the interdependence between the parts of organisms. They emphasize the circularities that these interdependences lead to. Theoretical biologists developed several concepts to formalize this idea.
1648:. Phylogenetics is an area that deals with the reconstruction and analysis of phylogenetic (evolutionary) trees and networks based on inherited characteristics Traditional population genetic models deal with alleles and genotypes, and are frequently
1988:
To obtain these equations an iterative series of steps must be done: first the several models and observations are combined to form a consensus diagram and the appropriate kinetic laws are chosen to write the differential equations, such as
1721:
A fixed mapping between an initial state and a final state. Starting from an initial condition and moving forward in time, a deterministic process always generates the same trajectory, and no two trajectories cross in state space.
2514:
Baianu IC, Brown R, Georgescu G, Glazebrook JF (2006). "Complex Non-linear
Biodynamics in Categories, Higher Dimensional Algebra and ĹukasiewiczâMoisil Topos: Transformations of Neuronal, Genetic and Neoplastic Networks".
2019:
In analysis, the properties of the equations are used to investigate the behavior of the system depending on the values of the parameters and variables. A system of differential equations can be represented as a
2036:, which repels (forcing the concentrations to change away from a certain value), and a limit cycle, a closed trajectory towards which several trajectories spiral towards (making the concentrations oscillate).
1088:
research. Describing systems in a quantitative manner means their behavior can be better simulated, and hence properties can be predicted that might not be evident to the experimenter. This requires precise
2024:, where each vector described the change (in concentration of two or more protein) determining where and how fast the trajectory (simulation) is heading. Vector fields can have several special points: a
2952:
1419:
An elaboration of systems biology to understand the more complex life processes was developed since 1970 in connection with molecular set theory, relational biology and algebraic biology.
2977:
1919:
of biomolecular reactions in terms of sets of molecules and their chemical transformations represented by set-theoretical mappings between molecular sets. It was introduced by
1655:
Many population genetics models assume that population sizes are constant. Variable population sizes, often in the absence of genetic variation, are treated by the field of
1710:, described as the application of mathematics in biophysics, often involving specific physical/mathematical models of biosystems and their components or compartments.
1589:
Evolutionary biology has been the subject of extensive mathematical theorizing. The traditional approach in this area, which includes complications from genetics, is
2956:
1804: â continuous time with no memory of past events, discrete state space, waiting times between events discretely occur and are exponentially distributed.
1233:
2005:
To fit the parameters, the differential equations must be studied. This can be done either by simulation or by analysis. In a simulation, given a starting
2002:
diagram is modified. The parameters are fitted and validated using observations of both wild type and mutants, such as protein half-life and cell size.
1694:, selection acts directly on inherited phenotypes, without genetic complications. This approach has been mathematically refined to produce the field of
1427:
A monograph on this topic summarizes an extensive amount of published research in this area up to 1986, including subsections in the following areas:
3778:
2009:(list of the values of the variables), the progression of the system is calculated by solving the equations at each time-frame in small increments.
2196:
1793: â continuous time with memory of past events, discrete state space, waiting times of events (or transitions between states) discretely occur.
1280:
3306:
Wolkenhauer O, Ullah M, Kolch W, Cho KH (September 2004). "Modeling and simulation of intracellular dynamics: choosing an appropriate framework".
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2581:"Complex Systems Analysis of Arrested Neural Cell Differentiation during Development and Analogous Cell Cycling Models in Carcinogenesis"
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13th
International Conference on Computational Intelligence Methods for Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Stirling, UK, 1â3 Sep 2016
3412:"Inference in a Partial Differential Equations Model of Pulmonary Arterial and Venous Blood Circulation using Statistical Emulation"
1752:
2749:
1640:, via his work on quantitative genetics. Another important branch of population genetics that led to the extensive development of
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experimentation due to ethical considerations, risk, unreliability and other complications involved in human and animal research
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1100:, theoretical biology employs several fields of mathematics, and has contributed to the development of new techniques.
1981:(whereas a model describing a statistical distribution of protein concentrations in a population of cells is called a
1671:
are another famous example. Population dynamics overlap with another active area of research in mathematical biology:
1571:(also known as theoretical neuroscience or mathematical neuroscience) is the theoretical study of the nervous system.
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1159:: Malthus argued that growth would be exponential (he uses the word "geometric") while resources (the environment's
1827:
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1998:
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to investigate the principles that govern the structure, development and behavior of the systems, as opposed to
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1970:
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have been proposed and analyzed, and provide important results that may be applied to health policy decisions.
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2028:, called a sink, that attracts in all directions (forcing the concentrations to be at a certain value), an
1883:
216:
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1056:
which deals with the conduction of experiments to test scientific theories. The field is sometimes called
5689:
3367:
Fussenegger M, Bailey JE, Varner J (July 2000). "A mathematical model of caspase function in apoptosis".
3250:
2109:
2089:
2056:
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59:
31:
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2266:"Modeling mammary organogenesis from biological first principles: Cells and their physical constraints"
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1994:
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2552:"Ĺukasiewicz-Topos Models of Neural Networks, Cell Genome and Interactome Nonlinear Dynamic Models"
1782:
1683:
1129:' 1789 essay on the growth of the human population was based on the concept of exponential growth.
900:
3173:
Oprisan SA, Oprisan A (2006). "A Computational Model of
Oncogenesis using the Systemic Approach".
2899:
Research Report
Communicated to the Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana
1364:
Robert Rosen in 1957â1958 as abstract, relational models of cellular and organismal organization.
5226:
4360:
3726:
3118:"Impact of tumor-parenchyma biomechanics on liver metastatic progression: a multi-model approach"
1834: â continuous time, continuous state space, events occur continuously according to a random
1664:
1226:
5793:
2325:"Mathematical biology modules based on modern molecular biology and modern discrete mathematics"
1025:
in spirals consisting of 21 (blue) and 13 (aqua). Such arrangements have been noticed since the
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1312:
Interest in the field has grown rapidly from the 1960s onwards. Some reasons for this include:
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176:
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54:
4022:
The
Theoretical Biologist's Toolbox. Quantitative Methods for Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
3484:
3116:
Wang Y, Brodin E, Nishii K, Frieboes HB, Mumenthaler SM, Sparks JL, Macklin P (January 2021).
1777:
A random mapping between an initial state and a final state, making the state of the system a
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2272:. From the Century of the Genome to the Century of the Organism: New Theoretical Approaches.
2223:. From the Century of the Genome to the Century of the Organism: New Theoretical Approaches.
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100:
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1962:
is very complex and has been the subject of intense study, since its misregulation leads to
1391:
Algebraic biology (also known as symbolic systems biology) applies the algebraic methods of
6164:
5974:
5924:
5606:
5418:
5368:
5179:
5149:
5020:
4980:
4942:
4590:
4228:
4167:"Complex Systems and Their Use in Medicine: Concepts, Methods and Bio-Medical Applications"
4124:
4075:
3229:
3129:
2681:
2457:
Making Sense of Life: Explaining
Biological Development with Models, Metaphors and Machines
2388:
2134:
2006:
1978:
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1637:
1392:
1144:
1053:
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146:
105:
74:
3960:
Nonlinear
Dynamics and Chaos: Applications to Physics, Biology, Chemistry, and Engineering
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2213:
2039:
A better representation, which handles the large number of variables and parameters, is a
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8:
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Kuznetsov AV, Avramenko AA (April 2009). "A macroscopic model of traffic jams in axons".
2139:
2124:
2114:
2040:
1920:
1816:
1675:, the study of infectious disease affecting populations. Various models of the spread of
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1045:
943:
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285:
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1609:, and changes in the frequencies of existing alleles and genotypes at a small number of
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2705:
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2349:
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2300:
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2241:
2044:
2029:
2025:
1982:
1872:
1808:
1765:
1758:
1687:
1663:
formulated the first principle of population dynamics, which later became known as the
1620:
effects at a large number of gene loci are considered, together with the assumption of
1179:
1175:
1090:
1073:
890:
836:
816:
801:
628:
623:
292:
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206:
110:
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2634:"Ten equations that changed biology: mathematics in problem-solving biology curricula"
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4166:
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3798:
Life Itself: A Comprehensive Inquiry Into the Nature, Origin, and Fabrication of Life
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2354:
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2232:
2165:"What is mathematical biology | Centre for Mathematical Biology | University of Bath"
2099:
1944:
in 1957â1958 as abstract, relational models of cellular and organismal organization.
1916:
1904:
1641:
1495:
1471:
1447:
1443:
1428:
1372:
1195:
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in 1879, in an account notable for being the first use of a mathematical argument in
938:
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701:
558:
391:
329:
202:
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4103:
3396:
1383:'s Work-Constraints cycles, and more recently the notion of closure of constraints.
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5348:
5035:
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4170:
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3066:"Computer models and automata theory in biology and medicine | KLI Theory Lab"
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1974:
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to show how powerful the effect of natural selection would be, unless one includes
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2012:
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1659:. Work in this area dates back to the 19th century, and even as far as 1798 when
1506:
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1320:
revolution, which are difficult to understand without the use of analytical tools
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128:
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applied mathematics to describe the effect of smallpox on the human population.
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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2838:"Computer Simulations and the Question of Computability of Biological Systems"
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1977:) of the protein inside a single typical cell; this type of model is called a
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5879:
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5216:
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4721:
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3825:
3708:
3538:
2953:"bibliography for category theory/algebraic topology applications in physics"
2759:. Computer Algebra in Biology. Tokyo: Universal Academy Press. Archived from
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2119:
2079:
1990:
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Mathematical biology aims at the mathematical representation and modeling of
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663:
553:
528:
523:
81:
4087:
3319:
2797:
1713:
The following is a list of mathematical descriptions and their assumptions.
1462:, abstract categories in relational biology, metabolic-replication systems,
6169:
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6114:
6109:
6099:
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6074:
6054:
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3159:
2701:
2420:
2401:
2372:
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2340:
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2250:
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2021:
1915:
Molecular set theory (MST) is a mathematical formulation of the wide-sense
1475:
1324:
811:
791:
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608:
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Mathematical Theories of Populations: Demographics, Genetics and Epidemics
3829:
1706:
The earlier stages of mathematical biology were dominated by mathematical
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1848:
1735: â continuous time, continuous state space, no spatial derivatives.
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119:
45:
3421:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 10477. pp. 184â198.
1113:
Mathematics has been used in biology as early as the 13th century, when
1029:
and can be used to make mathematical models of a wide variety of plants.
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1959:
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771:
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643:
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513:
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124:
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1748: â continuous time, continuous state space, spatial derivatives.
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The term "theoretical biology" was first used as a monograph title by
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May RM (February 2004). "Uses and abuses of mathematics in biology".
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have traditionally been the dominant fields of mathematical biology.
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2978:"bibliography for mathematical biophysics and mathematical medicine"
1215:
30:"Biological theory" redirects here. For the scientific journal, see
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Hurlbert SH (1990). "Spatial Distribution of the Montane Unicorn".
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2923:. University of Amiens, France, October 7â9th, 2005. pp. 1â5.
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to describe a growing population of rabbits. In the 18th century,
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2750:"Symbolic calculation in the life sciences: trends and prospects"
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This area has received a boost due to the growing importance of
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MontĂŠvil M, Speroni L, Sonnenschein C, Soto AM (October 2016).
2263:
1963:
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Modelling electrical properties of muscle interactions, as in
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4826:
4814:
4552:
4500:
2868:
2816:"Computer Models and Automata Theory in Biology and Medicine"
2728:"Computer Models and Automata Theory in Biology and Medicine"
2727:
1593:. Most population geneticists consider the appearance of new
1547:
419:
259:
2825:. Vol. 7. New York: Pergamon Press. pp. 1513â1577.
2823:
Mathematical Modeling : Mathematical Models in Medicine
2734:. Vol. 7. New York: Pergamon Press. pp. 1513â1577.
2435:
Life's Other Secret: The New Mathematics of the Living World
1327:
to help understand complex, non-linear mechanisms in biology
1316:
The rapid growth of data-rich information sets, due to the
4874:
4859:
4799:
4475:
4364:
4320:
3707:(2017). "Chapter 34: Turing's theory of morphogenesis". In
2855:
Computer Models and Automata Theory in Biology and Medicine
1610:
1408:
339:
4220:
2873:
SIAM and Society of Mathematical Biology, National Meeting
1139:
described the evolutionary benefits of what is now called
4653:
4001:
The Evolution of Complexity by Means of Natural Selection
3410:
Noè U, Chen WW, Filippone M, Hill N, Husmeier D (2017).
3305:
3115:
2377:"Mimicry: an interface between psychology and evolution"
4537:
3507:
3483:. United States: Oxford University Press Inc. pp.
3366:
2322:
4210:
1517:
Modelling the movement of interacting cell populations
1422:
2921:
Charles Ehresmann's Centennial Conference Proceedings
2869:"Natural Transformations Models in Molecular Biology"
1174: in 1920. One founding text is considered to be
4164:
3748:
3746:
3409:
2335:(3). The American Society for Cell Biology: 227â40.
3981:"Biologist Salary | Payscale". Payscale.Com, 2021,
2667:"Biological organisation as closure of constraints"
2323:Robeva R, Davies R, Hodge T, Enyedi A (Fall 2010).
1395:to the study of biological problems, especially in
1240:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3998:
3957:
3918:Modelling Biological Populations in Space and Time
3915:
3508:Churchland PS, Koch C, Sejnowski TJ (March 1994).
3270:
3743:
3516:. Vol. 3. World Scientific. pp. 25â34.
3045:"Dual Tessellation â from Wolfram MathWorld"
2507:
1636:made fundamental advances in statistics, such as
1431:in biology and medicine, arterial system models,
1323:Recent development of mathematical tools such as
6263:
4216:The Collection of Biostatistics Research Archive
3875:
3698:
2721:
2719:
1947:
1888:Spatial distribution modeling using plot samples
1523:Mathematical modelling of intracellular dynamics
3855:Budapest University of Technology and Economics
3851:"The Molecular Network Dynamics Research Group"
2578:
1863:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
1811:for numerical simulation methods, specifically
1773:Stochastic processes (random dynamical systems)
1520:Mathematical modelling of scar tissue formation
3251:"Jonathan Sherratt's Research: Scar Formation"
3172:
2664:
2483:"Mathematical Biology is Good for Mathematics"
1729: â discrete time, continuous state space.
1486:, relational biology and organismic theories.
1358:
1133:formulated the logistic growth model in 1836.
5778:
4236:
3615:"The mechanochemical theory of morphogenesis"
3590:"Leah Edelstein-Keshet: Research Interests f"
3514:Biology And Computation: A Physicist's Choice
3453:. Integrativebiology.ox.ac.uk. Archived from
3209:"MCRTN â About tumour modelling project"
2892:"Quantum Interactomics and Cancer Mechanisms"
2716:
2070:Biological applications of bifurcation theory
1761: â discrete time, discrete state space.
1563:
998:
224:
4157:Notices of the American Mathematical Society
4058:Notices of the American Mathematical Society
4047:
3894:
3451:"Integrative Biology â Heart Modelling"
2270:Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology
2221:Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology
2105:Mathematical modelling of infectious disease
3474:
3068:. Theorylab.org. 2009-05-26. Archived from
3016:
2980:. PlanetPhysics. 2009-01-24. Archived from
1717:Deterministic processes (dynamical systems)
5785:
5771:
4243:
4229:
3899:(Reprinted ed.). Philadelphia: SIAM.
3479:Fundamentals of Computational Neuroscience
1701:
1414:
1334:power, which facilitates calculations and
1005:
991:
231:
217:
6251:Timeline of biology and organic chemistry
4050:"Getting Started in Mathematical Biology"
4005:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
3149:
2937:) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2592:
2498:
2410:
2400:
2365:
2348:
2299:
2281:
2240:
2211:
1926:
1869:Travelling waves in a wound-healing assay
1740:Numerical ordinary differential equations
1300:Learn how and when to remove this message
3955:
3663:
3230:"Jonathan Sherratt's Research Interests"
2776:
2011:
1753:Numerical partial differential equations
1526:Mathematical modelling of the cell cycle
1016:
5792:
4165:Kroc J, Balihar K, Matejovic M (2019).
3936:
3913:
2744:
1910:
1897:
1759:Logical deterministic cellular automata
1574:
1478:models and complete self-reproduction,
1367:Other approaches include the notion of
14:
6264:
4149:"Why Is Mathematical Biology So Hard?"
4110:
4019:
3996:
3536:
2911:
2889:
2813:
2725:
2631:
2549:
2453:
2371:
1973:these models show the change in time (
1669:LotkaâVolterra predator-prey equations
1466:applications in biology and medicine,
1249:"Mathematical and theoretical biology"
6246:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
5766:
4224:
3795:
3512:. In Gutfreund H, Toulouse G (eds.).
3510:"What Is Computational Neuroscience?"
3089:
6272:Mathematical and theoretical biology
5737:
4211:The Society for Mathematical Biology
4143:
3939:Introduction to Mathematical Biology
2914:"Category Theory and Living Systems"
2579:Baianu I, Prisecaru V (April 2012).
2480:
2130:Spring school on theoretical biology
1842:
1386:
1349:
1238:adding citations to reliable sources
1209:
1064:to stress the mathematical side, or
1044:which employs theoretical analysis,
1034:Mathematical and theoretical biology
5747:
4065:
3779:"Abstract Relational Biology (ARB)"
3308:IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience
3047:. Mathworld.wolfram.com. 2010-03-03
2835:
1997:for enzyme substrate reactions and
1858:The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis
1529:Mathematical modelling of apoptosis
1490:Modeling cell and molecular biology
1423:Computer models and automata theory
1182:, and other early pioneers include
24:
4664:Evolutionary developmental biology
4040:
3468:
2612:"Research in Mathematical Biology"
1163:) could only grow arithmetically.
1021:Yellow chamomile head showing the
25:
6283:
4689:Post-transcriptional modification
4204:
4137:10.1038/scientificamerican0388-80
4113:"How the leopard gets its spots?"
4048:Hoppensteadt F (September 1995).
3094:. Maths.gla.ac.uk. Archived from
3017:Preston K, Duff MJ (1985-02-28).
2665:MontĂŠvil M, Mossio M (May 2015).
2212:Longo G, Soto AM (October 2016).
1847:One classic work in this area is
1828:stochastic differential equations
1096:Because of the complexity of the
5746:
5736:
5727:
5726:
5714:
5065:
3642:. Maths.ox.ac.uk. Archived from
3617:. Maths.ox.ac.uk. Archived from
3567:. Maths.ox.ac.uk. Archived from
2755:. In Anai H, Horimoto K (eds.).
2292:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2016.08.004
2233:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2016.06.005
1214:
1205:
1151:'s discussion of the effects of
1108:
1076:, using techniques and tools of
972:
971:
958:
258:
201:
3843:
3814:
3789:
3771:
3756:. PlanetPhysics. Archived from
3692:
3657:
3632:
3607:
3582:
3557:
3530:
3501:
3443:
3403:
3360:
3342:
3299:
3264:
3243:
3222:
3201:
3166:
3109:
3083:
3058:
3037:
3010:
2995:
2970:
2955:. PlanetPhysics. Archived from
2945:
2905:
2883:
2861:
2847:
2829:
2807:
2780:Cancer Modelling and Simulation
2770:
2738:
2732:Mathematical Models in Medicine
2658:
2625:
2572:
2543:
1971:ordinary differential equations
1789:Non-Markovian processes â
1733:Ordinary differential equations
1534:Modelling physiological systems
1502:Mechanics of biological tissues
1225:needs additional citations for
4024:. Cambridge University Press.
3878:Mathematical Models in Biology
3640:"Biological pattern formation"
2879:. Bethesda, MD: 230â232. 1983.
2674:Journal of Theoretical Biology
2474:
2447:
2427:
2316:
2257:
2205:
2194:Careers in theoretical biology
2186:
2157:
2095:Journal of Theoretical Biology
1993:for stoichiometric reactions,
1746:Partial differential equations
13:
1:
3868:
3800:. Columbia University Press.
3565:"Travelling waves in a wound"
1948:Model example: the cell cycle
1546:Multi-scale modelling of the
3427:10.1007/978-3-319-67834-4_15
2460:. Harvard University Press.
2329:CBE: Life Sciences Education
1884:Biological pattern formation
1877:A mechanochemical theory of
7:
4250:
4175:10.13140/RG.2.2.29919.30887
3983:Biologist Salary | PayScale
3876:Edelstein-Keshet L (2004).
3543:. Oxford University Press.
2110:Metabolic network modelling
2062:
2057:infinite period bifurcation
1999:GoldbeterâKoshland kinetics
1861:, published in 1952 in the
1791:generalized master equation
1505:Theoretical enzymology and
1359:Abstract relational biology
1170:in 1901, and soon after by
1080:. It can be useful in both
1048:and abstractions of living
32:Biological Theory (journal)
10:
6288:
3142:10.1038/s41598-020-78780-7
2786:. Chapman Hall/CRC Press.
2694:10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.02.029
2647:(1): 11â36. Archived from
2214:"Why do we need theories?"
1951:
1813:dynamic Monte Carlo method
1569:Computational neuroscience
1564:Computational neuroscience
1341:An increasing interest in
1103:
141:Relationship with sciences
29:
6233:
5800:
5708:
5677:
5239:
5209:
5175:Polymerase chain reaction
5135:Green fluorescent protein
5085:
5074:
5063:
4971:
4903:
4835:
4775:
4712:Earliest known life forms
4697:
4644:
4561:
4468:
4308:
4299:
4258:
3285:10.1016/j.mbs.2009.01.005
3187:10.1007/s10516-005-4943-x
2529:10.1007/s10516-005-3973-8
1995:Michaelis-Menten kinetics
1727:Difference equations/Maps
1673:mathematical epidemiology
1626:quasi-linkage equilibrium
911:List of unsolved problems
3895:Hoppensteadt F (1993) .
3754:"molecular set category"
3273:Mathematical Biosciences
3020:Modern Cellular Automata
2933:: CS1 maint: location (
2919:. In Ehresmann A (ed.).
2594:10.1038/npre.2012.7101.1
2481:Reed M (November 2015).
2437:, New York: John Wiley,
2151:
2090:Ewens's sampling formula
1969:By means of a system of
1940:--systems introduced by
1783:probability distribution
1684:evolutionary game theory
1601:, the appearance of new
1514:modelling and simulation
1435:models, biochemical and
1131:Pierre François Verhulst
906:List of research methods
5227:species discovery curve
4355:Response to environment
4088:10.1126/science.1094442
3727:Oxford University Press
3475:Trappenberg TP (2002).
3320:10.1109/TNB.2004.833694
2032:, either a source or a
1702:Mathematical biophysics
1665:Malthusian growth model
1415:Complex systems biology
1338:not previously possible
379:Response to environment
5860:Biological engineering
5700:Plant morphology terms
5304:Biological engineering
4986:Biological interaction
4190:Cite journal requires
3985:. Accessed 3 May 2021.
3796:Rosen R (2005-07-13).
3092:"rwo_research_details"
3090:Ogden R (2004-07-02).
2814:Witten M, ed. (1986).
2757:Algebraic Biology 2005
2632:Jungck JR (May 1997).
2402:10.1073/pnas.171326298
2341:10.1187/cbe.10-03-0019
2016:
1927:Organizational biology
1832:FokkerâPlanck equation
1030:
896:List of biology awards
504:Biological engineering
5945:Developmental biology
5920:Computational biology
5900:Cellular microbiology
5389:Developmental biology
5364:Computational biology
5344:Cellular microbiology
4684:Mendelian inheritance
4596:Energy transformation
3002:"Cellular Automata".
2730:. In Witten M (ed.).
2049:Cell cycle checkpoint
2015:
1979:deterministic process
1781:with a corresponding
1686:, developed first by
1630:quantitative genetics
1200:Conrad Hal Waddington
1020:
589:Developmental biology
564:Computational biology
544:Cellular microbiology
6165:Reproductive biology
6050:Mathematical biology
5975:Evolutionary biology
5925:Conservation biology
5607:Reproductive biology
5493:Mathematical biology
5419:Evolutionary biology
5369:Conservation biology
5180:Two-hybrid screening
5150:Protein purification
4981:Biogeochemical cycle
4943:Internal environment
4591:Cellular respiration
3956:Strogatz SH (2001).
3719:, Sprevak M (eds.).
3369:Nature Biotechnology
2433:Ian Stewart (1998),
2135:Statistical genetics
1911:Molecular set theory
1898:Mathematical methods
1638:analysis of variance
1584:evolutionary biology
1575:Evolutionary biology
1454:, cancer modelling,
1442:, quantum automata,
1405:molecular structures
1393:symbolic computation
1234:improve this article
1145:evolutionary ecology
1074:biological processes
1058:mathematical biology
1054:experimental biology
929:Agricultural science
807:Reproductive biology
693:Mathematical biology
619:Evolutionary biology
569:Conservation biology
106:Discrete mathematics
5950:Ecological genetics
5794:Branches of biology
5394:Ecological genetics
5105:Gel electrophoresis
5095:Genetic engineering
5048:Population dynamics
4958:Reproductive system
4129:1988SciAm.258c..80M
4117:Scientific American
4080:2004Sci...303..790M
3990:Theoretical biology
3937:Rubinow SI (1975).
3211:. Calvino.polito.it
3134:2021NatSR..11.1710W
2777:Preziosi L (2003).
2686:2015JThBi.372..179M
2393:2001PNAS...98.8928M
2140:Theoretical ecology
2125:Population genetics
2115:Molecular modelling
2041:bifurcation diagram
1921:Anthony Bartholomay
1817:Gillespie algorithm
1657:population dynamics
1622:linkage equilibrium
1591:population genetics
1091:mathematical models
1078:applied mathematics
1066:theoretical biology
1046:mathematical models
934:Biomedical sciences
594:Ecological genetics
246:Part of a series on
40:Part of a series on
18:Theoretical biology
6241:History of biology
6175:Structural biology
6160:Relational biology
5985:Generative biology
5980:Freshwater biology
5721:Biology portal
5617:Structural biology
5602:Relational biology
5429:Generative biology
5424:Freshwater biology
5222:mark and recapture
5170:Restriction enzyme
4963:Respiratory system
4918:Circulatory system
4845:Epidermis (botany)
4111:Murray JD (1988).
3997:Bonner JT (1988).
3914:Renshaw E (1991).
3822:"The JJ Tyson Lab"
3122:Scientific Reports
3004:Los Alamos Science
2912:Kainen PC (2005).
2890:Baianu IC (2004).
2803:on March 10, 2012.
2726:Baianu IC (1987).
2550:Baianu IC (2004).
2487:Notices of the AMS
2454:Keller EF (2002).
2199:2019-09-14 at the
2045:bifurcation theory
2017:
1983:stochastic process
1873:Swarming behaviour
1809:Monte Carlo method
1766:Cellular automaton
1688:John Maynard Smith
1176:On Growth and Form
1031:
965:Biology portal
817:Structural biology
802:Relational biology
629:Generative biology
624:Freshwater biology
207:Mathematics Portal
6259:
6258:
6180:Synthetic biology
6060:Molecular biology
5915:Cognitive biology
5760:
5759:
5622:Synthetic biology
5502:Molecular biology
5359:Cognitive biology
5235:
5234:
5061:
5060:
4752:Natural selection
4533:Organic compounds
4430:Scientific method
4420:Emergent property
4361:Hierarchy of life
4331:Energy processing
4020:Mangel M (2006).
3550:978-0-19-850942-4
3540:SAC Phylogenetics
3537:Semple C (2003).
3494:978-0-19-851582-1
3356:on July 28, 2007.
2614:. Maths.gla.ac.uk
2585:Nature Precedings
2493:(10): 1172â1176.
2100:Logistic function
1917:chemical kinetics
1843:Spatial modelling
1696:adaptive dynamics
1642:coalescent theory
1558:monodomain models
1496:molecular biology
1472:cellular automata
1448:molecular biology
1444:quantum computers
1429:computer modeling
1387:Algebraic biology
1350:Areas of research
1310:
1309:
1302:
1284:
1196:Nicolas Rashevsky
1188:Hans Leo Przibram
1172:Jakob von UexkĂźll
1161:carrying capacity
1153:population growth
1141:MĂźllerian mimicry
1040:, is a branch of
1023:Fibonacci numbers
1015:
1014:
939:Health technology
822:Synthetic biology
702:Molecular biology
559:Cognitive biology
354:Energy processing
241:
240:
196:
195:
27:Branch of biology
16:(Redirected from
6279:
5905:Chemical biology
5787:
5780:
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5764:
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5750:
5749:
5740:
5739:
5730:
5729:
5723:
5719:
5718:
5695:Ecological terms
5349:Chemical biology
5210:Field techniques
5083:
5082:
5069:
4928:Digestive system
4923:Endocrine system
4496:Chemical element
4455:Biology journals
4351:Self-replication
4306:
4305:
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4238:
4231:
4222:
4221:
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4188:
4186:
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3841:
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3828:. Archived from
3818:
3812:
3811:
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3787:
3786:
3781:. Archived from
3775:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3750:
3741:
3740:
3722:The Turing Guide
3696:
3690:
3689:
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3651:
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3629:
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3534:
3528:
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2767:
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2735:
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2714:
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2576:
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2567:
2566:
2557:. Archived from
2556:
2547:
2541:
2540:
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2505:
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2500:10.1090/noti1288
2478:
2472:
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2244:
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2190:
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2183:
2181:
2180:
2171:. Archived from
2161:
2085:Entropy and life
2053:Hopf bifurcation
1975:dynamical system
1460:genetic networks
1305:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1285:
1283:
1242:
1218:
1210:
1155:that influenced
1123:Daniel Bernoulli
1119:Fibonacci series
1117:used the famous
1007:
1000:
993:
980:
975:
974:
967:
963:
962:
901:List of journals
549:Chemical biology
262:
243:
242:
233:
226:
219:
205:
69:
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6287:
6286:
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6277:
6276:
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6229:
6190:Systems biology
6155:Quantum biology
5796:
5791:
5761:
5756:
5713:
5712:
5704:
5690:Botanical terms
5673:
5672:
5671:
5632:Systems biology
5597:Quantum biology
5231:
5205:
5087:
5077:
5070:
5057:
4967:
4948:Muscular system
4905:
4899:
4890:Vascular tissue
4837:
4831:
4771:
4732:History of life
4693:
4674:Gene regulation
4669:Gene expression
4640:
4557:
4464:
4295:
4254:
4249:
4207:
4202:
4191:
4189:
4180:
4179:
4151:
4074:(5659): 790â3.
4052:
4043:
4041:Further reading
4038:
4032:
4013:
3978:
3972:
3949:
3930:
3907:
3888:
3871:
3866:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3835:
3833:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3808:
3794:
3790:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3763:
3761:
3752:
3751:
3744:
3737:
3697:
3693:
3678:10.2307/3545216
3662:
3658:
3649:
3647:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3624:
3622:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3599:
3597:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3574:
3572:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3551:
3535:
3531:
3524:
3506:
3502:
3495:
3473:
3469:
3460:
3458:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3437:
3414:
3408:
3404:
3365:
3361:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3304:
3300:
3269:
3265:
3256:
3254:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3235:
3233:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3214:
3212:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3171:
3167:
3114:
3110:
3101:
3099:
3088:
3084:
3075:
3073:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3050:
3048:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3031:
3015:
3011:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2987:
2985:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2962:
2960:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2926:
2925:
2916:
2910:
2906:
2894:
2888:
2884:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2840:
2836:Lin HC (2004).
2834:
2830:
2818:
2812:
2808:
2800:
2794:
2783:
2775:
2771:
2763:
2752:
2743:
2739:
2724:
2717:
2669:
2663:
2659:
2651:
2636:
2630:
2626:
2617:
2615:
2610:
2609:
2602:
2577:
2573:
2564:
2562:
2554:
2548:
2544:
2523:(1â2): 65â122.
2512:
2508:
2479:
2475:
2468:
2452:
2448:
2432:
2428:
2387:(16): 8928â30.
2370:
2366:
2321:
2317:
2262:
2258:
2216:
2210:
2206:
2201:Wayback Machine
2191:
2187:
2178:
2176:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2065:
1958:The eukaryotic
1956:
1950:
1929:
1913:
1900:
1892:Turing patterns
1845:
1802:master equation
1779:random variable
1775:
1719:
1704:
1692:George R. Price
1577:
1566:
1507:enzyme kinetics
1480:chaotic systems
1468:automata theory
1464:category theory
1425:
1417:
1389:
1361:
1352:
1330:An increase in
1306:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1243:
1241:
1231:
1219:
1208:
1180:D'Arcy Thompson
1168:Johannes Reinke
1111:
1106:
1011:
970:
957:
956:
949:
948:
924:
916:
915:
882:
874:
873:
872:
871:
832:Systems biology
797:Quantum biology
442:
434:
433:
398:
383:
345:
334:
310:
302:
267:
265:Science of life
237:
192:
191:
142:
134:
133:
129:Decision theory
77:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6285:
6275:
6274:
6257:
6256:
6254:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6237:
6235:
6231:
6230:
6228:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6045:Marine biology
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5855:Bioinformatics
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5801:
5798:
5797:
5790:
5789:
5782:
5775:
5767:
5758:
5757:
5755:
5754:
5744:
5734:
5724:
5709:
5706:
5705:
5703:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5681:
5679:
5675:
5674:
5670:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5491:
5489:Marine biology
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5299:Bioinformatics
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5245:
5244:
5243:
5241:
5237:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5213:
5211:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5203:
5196:
5189:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5130:DNA microarray
5127:
5125:DNA sequencing
5122:
5117:
5115:Centrifugation
5112:
5110:Chromatography
5107:
5102:
5100:Transformation
5097:
5091:
5089:
5080:
5072:
5071:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5039:
5038:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5011:Climate change
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4977:
4975:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4953:Nervous system
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4909:
4907:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4885:Vascular plant
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4841:
4839:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4829:
4824:
4823:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4792:
4787:
4781:
4779:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4742:Microevolution
4739:
4737:Macroevolution
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4703:
4701:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4650:
4648:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4633:
4631:Photosynthesis
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4586:Cell signaling
4583:
4578:
4573:
4567:
4565:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4514:
4513:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4472:
4470:
4469:Chemical basis
4466:
4465:
4463:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4435:Taxonomic rank
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4415:Reductionistic
4412:
4358:
4323:
4318:
4312:
4310:
4303:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4276:
4271:
4262:Introduction (
4259:
4256:
4255:
4248:
4247:
4240:
4233:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4206:
4205:External links
4203:
4201:
4200:
4192:|journal=
4162:
4147:(March 2004).
4141:
4108:
4063:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4030:
4017:
4011:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3986:
3977:
3976:
3970:
3953:
3947:
3941:. John Wiley.
3934:
3928:
3911:
3905:
3892:
3886:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3861:on 2012-02-10.
3842:
3813:
3806:
3788:
3785:on 2016-01-07.
3770:
3742:
3736:978-0198747826
3735:
3691:
3672:(3): 257â271.
3656:
3631:
3606:
3581:
3556:
3549:
3529:
3522:
3500:
3493:
3467:
3442:
3435:
3402:
3359:
3341:
3298:
3263:
3242:
3221:
3200:
3165:
3108:
3082:
3057:
3036:
3029:
3009:
2994:
2969:
2944:
2904:
2882:
2860:
2846:
2828:
2806:
2792:
2769:
2766:on 2006-06-16.
2737:
2715:
2657:
2654:on 2009-03-26.
2624:
2600:
2571:
2542:
2506:
2473:
2467:978-0674012509
2466:
2446:
2443:978-0471158455
2426:
2364:
2315:
2256:
2204:
2185:
2169:www.bath.ac.uk
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2145:Turing pattern
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2030:unstable point
1954:Cellular model
1952:Main article:
1949:
1946:
1928:
1925:
1912:
1909:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1886:
1881:
1875:
1870:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1836:Wiener process
1824:Markov process
1820:
1798:Markov process
1794:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1756:
1743:
1730:
1718:
1715:
1703:
1700:
1661:Thomas Malthus
1628:, one derives
1576:
1573:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1550:
1544:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1424:
1421:
1416:
1413:
1403:, analysis of
1388:
1385:
1360:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1339:
1328:
1321:
1308:
1307:
1222:
1220:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1157:Charles Darwin
1127:Thomas Malthus
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1098:living systems
1062:biomathematics
1038:biomathematics
1013:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1002:
995:
987:
984:
983:
982:
981:
968:
951:
950:
947:
946:
941:
936:
931:
925:
922:
921:
918:
917:
914:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
883:
880:
879:
876:
875:
870:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
691:
689:Marine biology
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
499:Bioinformatics
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
445:
444:
443:
440:
439:
436:
435:
432:
431:
409:
404:
397:
396:
382:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
344:
343:
338:Properties of
333:
332:
327:
322:
317:
311:
309:Key components
308:
307:
304:
303:
301:
300:
289:
288:
283:
278:
272:
269:
268:
263:
255:
254:
248:
247:
239:
238:
236:
235:
228:
221:
213:
210:
209:
198:
197:
194:
193:
190:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
143:
140:
139:
136:
135:
132:
131:
122:
117:
108:
103:
94:
89:
84:
78:
73:
72:
65:
64:
63:
62:
57:
49:
48:
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6284:
6273:
6270:
6269:
6267:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6238:
6236:
6232:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6125:Phylogenetics
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6020:Human biology
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5910:Chronobiology
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5885:Biotechnology
5883:
5881:
5880:Biostatistics
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5802:
5799:
5795:
5788:
5783:
5781:
5776:
5774:
5769:
5768:
5765:
5753:
5745:
5743:
5735:
5733:
5725:
5722:
5717:
5711:
5710:
5707:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5676:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5567:Phylogenetics
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5464:Human biology
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5354:Chronobiology
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5329:Biotechnology
5327:
5325:
5324:Biostatistics
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5217:Belt transect
5215:
5214:
5212:
5208:
5202:
5201:
5197:
5195:
5194:
5190:
5188:
5187:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5165:Southern blot
5163:
5161:
5160:Northern blot
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5073:
5068:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4974:
4970:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4938:Immune system
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4902:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4855:Ground tissue
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4834:
4828:
4825:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4774:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4757:Phylogenetics
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4722:Genetic drift
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4700:
4696:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4560:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4528:Nucleic acids
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4491:Chemical bond
4489:
4487:
4486:Carbohydrates
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4467:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4359:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4298:
4292:
4289:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4260:
4257:
4253:
4246:
4241:
4239:
4234:
4232:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4197:
4184:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4163:
4159:
4158:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4064:
4060:
4059:
4051:
4046:
4045:
4033:
4031:0-521-53748-7
4027:
4023:
4018:
4014:
4012:0-691-08493-9
4008:
4003:
4002:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3979:
3973:
3971:0-7382-0453-6
3967:
3962:
3961:
3954:
3950:
3948:0-471-74446-8
3944:
3940:
3935:
3931:
3929:0-521-44855-7
3925:
3920:
3919:
3912:
3908:
3906:0-89871-017-0
3902:
3898:
3893:
3889:
3887:0-07-554950-6
3883:
3879:
3874:
3873:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3846:
3832:on 2007-07-28
3831:
3827:
3826:Virginia Tech
3823:
3817:
3809:
3807:9780231075657
3803:
3799:
3792:
3784:
3780:
3774:
3760:on 2016-01-07
3759:
3755:
3749:
3747:
3738:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3695:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3660:
3646:on 2004-11-12
3645:
3641:
3635:
3621:on 2008-06-06
3620:
3616:
3610:
3596:on 2007-06-12
3595:
3591:
3585:
3571:on 2008-06-06
3570:
3566:
3560:
3552:
3546:
3542:
3541:
3533:
3525:
3523:9789814504140
3519:
3515:
3511:
3504:
3496:
3490:
3486:
3481:
3480:
3471:
3457:on 2009-01-13
3456:
3452:
3446:
3438:
3436:9783319678337
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3381:10.1038/77589
3378:
3375:(2): 768â74.
3374:
3370:
3363:
3355:
3351:
3345:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3302:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3279:(2): 142â52.
3278:
3274:
3267:
3253:. Ma.hw.ac.uk
3252:
3246:
3232:. Ma.hw.ac.uk
3231:
3225:
3210:
3204:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3169:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3098:on 2009-02-02
3097:
3093:
3086:
3072:on 2011-07-28
3071:
3067:
3061:
3046:
3040:
3032:
3030:9780306417375
3026:
3022:
3021:
3013:
3005:
2998:
2984:on 2016-01-07
2983:
2979:
2973:
2959:on 2016-01-07
2958:
2954:
2948:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2856:
2850:
2839:
2832:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2799:
2795:
2793:1-58488-361-8
2789:
2782:
2781:
2773:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2720:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2613:
2607:
2605:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2575:
2561:on 2007-07-13
2560:
2553:
2546:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2510:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2477:
2469:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2450:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2375:(July 2001).
2374:
2368:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2319:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2260:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2189:
2175:on 2018-09-23
2174:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2156:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2120:Morphometrics
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2080:Biostatistics
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2014:
2010:
2008:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1991:rate kinetics
1986:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1908:
1906:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1879:morphogenesis
1876:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1853:morphogenesis
1850:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1646:phylogenetics
1643:
1639:
1635:
1634:Ronald Fisher
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1618:infinitesimal
1615:
1612:
1608:
1607:recombination
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1572:
1570:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1539:Modelling of
1538:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1420:
1412:
1410:
1407:and study of
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1371:developed by
1370:
1365:
1356:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1304:
1301:
1293:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1251: â
1250:
1246:
1245:Find sources:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1223:This article
1221:
1217:
1212:
1211:
1206:Recent growth
1203:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1192:Vito Volterra
1189:
1185:
1184:Ronald Fisher
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1109:Early history
1101:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1008:
1003:
1001:
996:
994:
989:
988:
986:
985:
979:
969:
966:
961:
955:
954:
953:
952:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
926:
920:
919:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
888:
885:
884:
878:
877:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
767:Phylogenetics
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
664:Human biology
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
554:Chronobiology
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
529:Biotechnology
527:
525:
524:Biostatistics
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
446:
438:
437:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
399:
395:
393:
389:
385:
384:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
346:
342:
341:
336:
335:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
312:
306:
305:
298:
294:
291:
290:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
273:
271:
270:
266:
261:
257:
256:
253:
250:
249:
245:
244:
234:
229:
227:
222:
220:
215:
214:
212:
211:
208:
204:
200:
199:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
144:
138:
137:
130:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
82:Number theory
80:
79:
76:
71:
70:
67:
66:
61:
58:
56:
53:
52:
51:
50:
47:
44:
43:
39:
38:
33:
19:
6170:Sociobiology
6150:Protistology
6115:Photobiology
6110:Pharmacology
6100:Parasitology
6095:Paleontology
6075:Neuroscience
6055:Microbiology
6049:
5965:Epidemiology
5935:Cytogenetics
5895:Cell biology
5875:Biosemiotics
5865:Biomechanics
5845:Biogeography
5840:Biochemistry
5835:Bacteriology
5830:Astrobiology
5612:Sociobiology
5592:Protistology
5557:Photobiology
5552:Pharmacology
5542:Parasitology
5537:Paleontology
5517:Neuroscience
5497:Microbiology
5409:Epidemiology
5379:Cytogenetics
5339:Cell biology
5319:Biosemiotics
5309:Biomechanics
5289:Biogeography
5284:Biochemistry
5279:Bacteriology
5274:Astrobiology
5198:
5191:
5184:
5155:Western blot
5145:Enzyme assay
5120:Cell culture
5021:Conservation
4906:and function
4904:Animal form
4838:and function
4611:Fermentation
4389:Organ system
4347:Reproduction
4325:Properties (
4183:cite journal
4155:
4123:(3): 80â87.
4120:
4116:
4071:
4067:
4056:
4021:
4000:
3959:
3938:
3917:
3896:
3877:
3859:the original
3845:
3834:. Retrieved
3830:the original
3816:
3797:
3791:
3783:the original
3773:
3762:. Retrieved
3758:the original
3721:
3694:
3669:
3665:
3659:
3648:. Retrieved
3644:the original
3634:
3623:. Retrieved
3619:the original
3609:
3598:. Retrieved
3594:the original
3584:
3573:. Retrieved
3569:the original
3559:
3539:
3532:
3513:
3503:
3478:
3470:
3459:. Retrieved
3455:the original
3445:
3418:
3405:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3354:the original
3344:
3314:(3): 200â7.
3311:
3307:
3301:
3276:
3272:
3266:
3255:. Retrieved
3245:
3234:. Retrieved
3224:
3213:. Retrieved
3203:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3125:
3121:
3111:
3100:. Retrieved
3096:the original
3085:
3074:. Retrieved
3070:the original
3060:
3049:. Retrieved
3039:
3023:. Springer.
3019:
3012:
3006:. Fall 1983.
3003:
2997:
2986:. Retrieved
2982:the original
2972:
2961:. Retrieved
2957:the original
2947:
2920:
2907:
2898:
2885:
2876:
2872:
2863:
2854:
2849:
2831:
2822:
2809:
2798:the original
2779:
2772:
2761:the original
2756:
2740:
2731:
2677:
2673:
2660:
2649:the original
2644:
2640:
2627:
2616:. Retrieved
2584:
2574:
2563:. Retrieved
2559:the original
2545:
2520:
2516:
2509:
2490:
2486:
2476:
2456:
2449:
2429:
2384:
2380:
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2188:
2177:. Retrieved
2173:the original
2168:
2159:
2038:
2034:saddle point
2026:stable point
2022:vector field
2018:
2004:
1987:
1968:
1957:
1942:Robert Rosen
1937:
1934:
1930:
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1851:'s paper on
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1325:chaos theory
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1232:Please help
1227:verification
1224:
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1137:Fritz MĂźller
1135:
1112:
1095:
1071:
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1061:
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1037:
1033:
1032:
923:Applications
812:Sociobiology
792:Protistology
757:Photobiology
752:Pharmacology
742:Parasitology
737:Paleontology
717:Neuroscience
697:Microbiology
609:Epidemiology
579:Cytogenetics
539:Cell biology
519:Biosemiotics
509:Biomechanics
489:Biogeography
484:Biochemistry
479:Bacteriology
474:Astrobiology
386:
374:Reproduction
337:
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6220:Xenobiology
6215:Virophysics
6185:Systematics
6140:Primatology
6085:Ornithology
6025:Ichthyology
6010:Herpetology
6005:Gerontology
5970:Epigenetics
5930:Cryobiology
5820:Agrostology
5810:Aerobiology
5805:Abiogenesis
5752:WikiProject
5662:Xenobiology
5657:Virophysics
5627:Systematics
5582:Primatology
5527:Ornithology
5469:Ichthyology
5454:Herpetology
5449:Gerontology
5414:Epigenetics
5374:Cryobiology
5264:Agrostology
5254:Aerobiology
5249:Abiogenesis
5086:Laboratory
4933:Homeostasis
4836:Plant form
4659:Epigenetics
4581:Cell theory
4481:Amino acids
4460:Common name
4450:Peer review
4425:Mechanistic
3964:. Perseus.
3709:Copeland BJ
3699:Wooley TE,
3350:"Tyson Lab"
3128:(1): 1710.
2227:(1): 4â10.
1905:equilibrium
1849:Alan Turing
1822:Continuous
1456:neural nets
1437:oscillation
1369:autopoiesis
1336:simulations
1082:theoretical
1027:Middle Ages
862:Xenobiology
857:Virophysics
827:Systematics
782:Primatology
727:Ornithology
669:Ichthyology
654:Herpetology
649:Gerontology
614:Epigenetics
574:Cryobiology
464:Agrostology
454:Aerobiology
449:Abiogenesis
315:Cell theory
172:Linguistics
162:Computation
157:Geosciences
120:Probability
46:Mathematics
6205:Toxicology
6200:Teratology
6145:Proteomics
6130:Physiology
6070:Neontology
6035:Lipidology
6030:Immunology
6000:Geobiology
5960:Embryology
5940:Dendrology
5870:Biophysics
5850:Biogeology
5678:Glossaries
5647:Toxicology
5642:Teratology
5587:Proteomics
5572:Physiology
5512:Neontology
5479:Lipidology
5474:Immunology
5444:Geobiology
5404:Embryology
5384:Dendrology
5314:Biophysics
5294:Biogeology
5088:techniques
5043:Microbiome
4870:Plant stem
4762:Speciation
4707:Adaptation
4636:Prokaryote
4616:Metabolism
4576:Cell cycle
4407:>
4403:>
4399:>
4397:Population
4395:>
4391:>
4387:>
4383:>
4379:>
4375:>
4371:>
4367:>
4343:Regulation
4327:Adaptation
3869:References
3836:2008-09-10
3764:2010-03-17
3650:2010-03-17
3625:2010-03-17
3600:2005-02-26
3575:2010-03-17
3461:2010-03-17
3257:2010-03-17
3236:2010-03-17
3215:2010-03-17
3175:Axiomathes
3102:2010-03-17
3076:2010-03-17
3051:2010-03-17
2988:2010-03-17
2963:2010-03-17
2746:Barnett MP
2680:: 179â91.
2618:2008-09-10
2565:2011-08-07
2517:Axiomathes
2283:1702.03337
2179:2018-06-07
2075:Biophysics
1960:cell cycle
1708:biophysics
1677:infections
1650:stochastic
1401:proteomics
1290:March 2020
1260:newspapers
1178:(1917) by
847:Toxicology
842:Teratology
787:Proteomics
772:Physiology
712:Neontology
679:Lipidology
674:Immunology
644:Geobiology
604:Embryology
584:Dendrology
514:Biophysics
494:Biogeology
369:Regulation
349:Adaptation
182:Philosophy
125:Statistics
115:Set theory
6120:Phycology
6105:Pathology
6090:Osteology
6080:Nutrition
6040:Mammalogy
6015:Histology
5562:Phycology
5547:Pathology
5532:Osteology
5522:Nutrition
5484:Mammalogy
5459:Histology
5200:in silico
5076:Research
5053:Resources
5026:Ecosystem
5016:Community
5001:Biosphere
4913:Breathing
4795:Eukaryote
4777:Diversity
4727:Gene flow
4699:Evolution
4606:Eukaryote
4518:Molecules
4409:Biosphere
4405:Ecosystem
4401:Community
4373:Organelle
4268:Evolution
3922:. C.U.P.
3195:119637285
2929:cite book
1855:entitled
1806:See also:
1763:See also:
1750:See also:
1737:See also:
1603:genotypes
1484:organisms
1343:in silico
1332:computing
1115:Fibonacci
1086:practical
1050:organisms
887:Biologist
762:Phycology
747:Pathology
732:Osteology
722:Nutrition
684:Mammalogy
659:Histology
330:Phylogeny
325:Evolution
320:Ecosystem
187:Education
177:Economics
152:Chemistry
6266:Category
6234:See also
6210:Virology
6195:Taxonomy
6135:Pomology
6065:Mycology
5995:Genomics
5990:Genetics
5815:Agronomy
5732:Category
5652:Virology
5637:Taxonomy
5577:Pomology
5507:Mycology
5439:Genomics
5434:Genetics
5259:Agronomy
5240:Branches
5193:in vitro
4790:Bacteria
4767:Taxonomy
4747:Mutation
4717:Function
4646:Genetics
4548:Proteins
4393:Organism
4369:Molecule
4353:),
4309:Overview
4284:Timeline
4264:Genetics
4104:24844494
4096:14764866
3880:. SIAM.
3717:Wilson R
3713:Bowen JP
3705:Maini PK
3701:Baker RE
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3389:10888847
3328:15473072
3293:19563741
3160:33462259
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2641:Bioscene
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2373:Mallet J
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2251:27390105
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2063:See also
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1800: â
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1318:genomics
978:Category
944:Pharming
881:Research
852:Virology
837:Taxonomy
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639:Genomics
634:Genetics
459:Agronomy
441:Branches
428:Protists
407:Bacteria
392:Kingdoms
297:timeline
286:Glossary
101:Analysis
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6225:Zoology
5955:Ecology
5825:Anatomy
5742:Commons
5685:Biology
5667:Zoology
5399:Ecology
5269:Anatomy
5186:in vivo
5078:methods
5031:Habitat
5006:Climate
4991:Biomass
4973:Ecology
4820:Protist
4785:Archaea
4679:Genomes
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4621:Meiosis
4543:Polymer
4523:Monomer
4511:Quantum
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4341:,
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4252:Biology
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3130:Bibcode
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2682:Bibcode
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2389:Bibcode
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2242:5501401
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1580:Ecology
1543:disease
1274:scholar
1149:Malthus
1104:History
1042:biology
867:Zoology
599:Ecology
469:Anatomy
416:Animals
412:Eukarya
402:Archaea
394:of life
388:Domains
293:History
281:Outline
252:Biology
167:Biology
147:Physics
92:Algebra
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5890:Botany
5334:Botany
5140:vector
4996:Biomes
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4850:Flower
4810:Fungus
4805:Animal
4601:Enzyme
4506:Matter
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4339:Order
4291:Index
4152:(PDF)
4100:S2CID
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2152:Notes
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1548:heart
1409:genes
1281:JSTOR
1267:books
1036:, or
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4875:Root
4860:Leaf
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4377:Cell
4365:Atom
4321:Life
4196:help
4092:PMID
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