1679:
40:
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148:
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963:
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1980:
or state sector (which usually includes: parliament, law-courts and government centers, various emergency services, public health, shelters for impoverished and threatened people, transport facilities, air/sea ports, post-natal care, hospitals, schools, libraries, museums, preserved historical
1258:
The
Babylonians and their city state neighbors developed forms of economics comparable to currently used civil society (law) concepts. They developed the first known codified legal and administrative systems, complete with courts, jails, and government records.
1070:
as main factors. These factors give context, content, and set the conditions and parameters in which an economy functions. In other words, the economic domain is a social domain of interrelated human practices and transactions that does not stand alone.
1046:. In general, it is defined as a social domain that emphasize the practices, discourses, and material expressions associated with the production, use, and management of resources. A given economy is a set of processes that involves its
1730:
and electronic businesses, also the term for a global information society as understanding of a new type of "all-connected" society is created. In the late 2000s, the new type of economies and economic expansions of countries like
3476:
The boundaries of what constitutes economics are further blurred by the fact that economic issues are analysed not only by 'economists' but also by historians, geographers, ecologists, management scientists, and
1553:, and eventually the world. The onset of the Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in human history; almost every aspect of daily life was eventually influenced in some way. In Europe wild
2432:
The GDP of the New York City metropolitan area is larger than the country of South Korea...New York City was ranked as the most competitive city in the financial industry for the fifth straight year.
2033:, or the financial side of the economy, which is concerned with buying and selling on the financial markets. Alternate and long-standing terminology distinguishes measures of an economy expressed in
1231:
As long as someone has been making, supplying and distributing goods or services, there has been some sort of economy; economies grew larger as societies grew and became more complex.
2127:. Macroeconomics is studied at the regional and national levels, and common analyses include income and production, money, prices, employment, international trade, and other issues.
2029:
is used by analysts as well as politicians to denote the part of the economy that is concerned with the actual production of goods and services, as ostensibly contrasted with the
2890:
2415:
3242:
3935:
1807:
and resource efficient. In a green economy, growth in income and employment is driven by public and private investments that reduce carbon emissions and pollution, enhance
1981:
buildings, parks/gardens, nature-reserves, some universities, national sports grounds/stadiums, national arts/concert-halls or theaters and centers for various religions).
3268:
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3197:
The volume of financial transactions in the 2008 global economy was 73.5 times higher than nominal world GDP, while, in 1990, this ratio amounted to "only" 15.3 (
2810:
3201:
2248:
1632:
by the state. The theory that the state can alleviate economic problems and instigate economic growth through state manipulation of aggregate demand is called
3917:
2776:
1086:. Economic transactions occur when two groups or parties agree to the value or price of the transacted good or service, commonly expressed in a certain
3463:
3088:
1608:
and the devastating Great
Depression, policymakers searched for new ways of controlling the course of the economy. This was explored and discussed by
3862:
1316:
contains an idea. Serving a non-market economy promotes a firm's tenure that is legally guaranteed and protected from bureaucratic opportunities.
1874:
forms of agriculture in the last three centuries. The economic growth took place mostly in mining, construction and manufacturing industries.
1101:(new products, services, processes, expanding markets, diversification of markets, niche markets, increases revenue functions) and changes in
1200:
The most frequently used current sense, denoting "the economic system of a country or an area", seems not to have developed until the 1650s.
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1005:
937:
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and services produced. The most conventional economic analysis of a country relies heavily on economic indicators like the GDP and
3515:
2014:(GDP) of a country is a measure of the size of its economy, or more specifically, monetary measure of the market value of all the
3176:
2483:
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Most exchange of goods had occurred through social relationships. There were also traders who bartered in the marketplaces. In
3908:
3265:
2330:
2303:
2046:
2034:
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and the transition of the countries of the
Eastern Bloc towards democratic government and market economies, the idea of the
1093:
Economic activity is spurred by production which uses natural resources, labor and capital. It has changed over time due to
3291:
1324:
In the Middle Ages, what is now known as an economy was not far from the subsistence level. Most exchange occurred within
3970:
1482:, a reaction to mercantilism and also later Economics student, Adam Mari. He defined the elements of a national economy:
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in Europe allowed states to use the immense property of the church for the development of towns. The influence of the
1878:
became more significant due to the need for improved exchange and distribution of produce throughout the community.
1736:
3020:
Market
Economy: Economy in which fundamentals of supply and demand provide signals regarding resource utilization.
1743:
bring attention and interest to different from the usually dominating
Western type economies and economic models.
4005:
1939:
1740:
998:
3631:
2233:
3686:
3449:
3144:
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1953:
1290:
and a unit of weight, just as the
British Pound was originally a unit denominating a one-pound mass of silver.
2370:
3228:
1913:
1701:
receives instead of industrialization. Some attribute the first use of this term to Daniel Bell's 1973 book,
1110:
336:
3080:
598:
4029:
2917:
1847:
The economy may be considered as having developed through the following phases or degrees of precedence:
1808:
947:
167:
157:
17:
2645:
1942:: Involves the transformation of raw or intermediate materials into goods e.g. manufacturing steel into
3944:
3501:
2968:
2644:
Bronson, Bennet (November 1976), "Cash, Cannon, and Cowrie Shells: The
Nonmodern Moneys of the World",
1609:
991:
941:
471:
461:
2239:
1799:
is one where political agents directly control what is produced and how it is sold and distributed. A
3598:
351:
3579:
2667:
2096:
1722:
as a mass media and communication medium especially after 2000–2001, the idea for the
Internet and
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1451:
1027:
920:
658:
613:
466:
235:
179:
31:
673:
3637:
3247:
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maintained "serf" was an incorrect term to apply to the social structures of classical antiquity.
2104:
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1302:
1035:
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431:
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47:
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2011:
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1653:
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638:
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220:
43:
3540:
Blum, Matthias; Colvin, Christopher L. (2018). Blum, Matthias; Colvin, Christopher L. (eds.).
2320:
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51:
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1458:. Economy from then on meant national economy as a topic for the economic activities of the
39:
3899:
2913:"What Is Keynesian Economics? – Back to Basics – Finance & Development, September 2014"
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1515:
1443:
1353:
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451:
416:
356:
321:
225:
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Clark, Gordon L.; Feldman, Maryann P.; Gertler, Meric S.; Williams, Kate (July 10, 2003).
3544:. Palgrave Studies in Economic History. Springer International Publishing. pp. 1–10.
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8:
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196:
2963:
Comparative
Politics: Interests, Identities, And Institutions In A Changing Global Order
2704:
2687:
2022:. While often useful, GDP only includes economic activity for which money is exchanged.
1636:
in his honor. In the late 1950s, the economic growth in
America and Europe—often called
573:
3856:
3567:
3490:
3374:
3199:"A General Financial Transaction Tax: A Short Cut of the Pros, the Cons and a Proposal"
2738:
An Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World- preview entry: Physiocrats & physiocracy
2717:
2614:
2588:
2514:, "economy." The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition.
2156:
2136:
2112:
2108:
2088:
2076:
2005:
1906:
1905:
In modern economies, these phase precedences are somewhat differently expressed by the
1820:
1781:
1773:
1629:
1483:
1090:. However, monetary transactions only account for a small part of the economic domain.
932:
888:
693:
530:
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396:
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331:
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298:
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The New York metro area dwarfs all other cities for economic output by a large margin.
1255:, legal contracts and law codes relating to business practices, and private property.
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3715:
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3612:
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2721:
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is brought into importance as its role is to mark together the significance that the
1639:
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708:
588:
545:
481:
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436:
268:
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The contemporary concept of "the economy" wasn't popularly known until the American
748:
4024:
3958:
3827:
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3545:
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2845:
2736:
2699:
2598:
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2141:
2124:
2080:
1992:
1882:
1836:
1785:
1761:
1657:
1598:
1586:
1541:
had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions starting in the
1286:
such as silver, bronze, copper, etc. A barley/shekel was originally both a unit of
1209:
1133:
1067:
873:
818:
803:
788:
773:
703:
683:
663:
618:
491:
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30:
This article is about the word in goods and services meaning. For other uses, see
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2120:
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843:
808:
743:
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653:
540:
515:
510:
486:
258:
253:
27:
Area of production, distribution, trade of, and consumption of goods and services
3549:
2071:. Today, the range of fields of study examining the economy revolves around the
2025:
Due to the growing importance of the financial sector in modern times, the term
1121:
3288:
2577:"Climate Change and Agriculture: Subsistence Farmers' Response to Extreme Heat"
2223:
2151:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2019:
1985:
1828:
1757:
1698:
1542:
1511:
1455:
1435:
1369:
1294:
1158:
898:
883:
848:
833:
813:
783:
603:
520:
210:
206:
3815:
3766:
3729:
2850:
2833:
2322:
Spellbound: The Surprising Origins and Astonishing Secrets of English Spelling
1164:
633:
4018:
3831:
3616:
3441:
3137:
Not Only the Market: The Role of the Market, Government, and the Civic Sector
3052:
2713:
2610:
2243:, "to manage". In contemporary times, however, the spelling that begins with
1977:
1917:
1800:
1712:
1621:
1562:
1550:
1530:
1487:
1415:
1407:
1361:
1357:
1325:
1170:
1148:
1125:
1063:
863:
853:
828:
768:
763:
758:
738:
728:
698:
688:
593:
496:
3696:
3459:
3154:
3015:
2575:
Aragón, Fernando M.; Oteiza, Francisco; Rud, Juan Pablo (February 1, 2021).
147:
3801:
3663:
3406:
2688:"On The Chinese Socialist Market Economy And The "New Projectment Economy""
2686:
Jabbour, Elias; Dantas, Alexis; José Espíndola, Carlos (October 20, 2022).
2673:
1957:
1633:
1558:
1419:
1392:
1106:
1079:
979:
893:
838:
733:
723:
718:
643:
191:
1956:: Involves the provision of services to consumers and businesses, such as
1506:
is human self-interest. The so-called self-interest hypothesis became the
3926:
3435:
2602:
1871:
1824:
1526:
1491:
1479:
1411:
1313:
1298:
1275:
1244:
1240:
868:
858:
648:
283:
1514:(1766–1834) transferred the idea of supply and demand to the problem of
1297:, where the present English word 'economy' originated, many people were
3112:
The Role of Agriculture in Economic Development: The Lessons of History
2650:, vol. 47, Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, pp. 3–15
2015:
1894:
1804:
1727:
1617:
1554:
1503:
1475:
1349:
1098:
1094:
1083:
778:
578:
2416:"Sorry, London — New York Is Still the Financial Capital of the World"
2352:
Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability
2091:. Practical fields directly related to the human activities involving
1866:
phase lessened the role of subsistence farming, converting it to more
1827:
is one in which short-term jobs are assigned or chosen on-demand. The
1705:, while others attribute it to social philosopher Ivan Illich's book,
1525:
was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in
3823:
3748:
3032:
2872:
2385:
2356:
2058:
2038:
1715:
in the late 90s and especially in the beginning of the 21st century.
1605:
1538:
1471:
1345:
1270:
are the first to refer to a unit of weight and currency, used by the
1248:
628:
559:
139:
2446:"This 3D map shows the U.S. cities with the highest economic output"
1711:. The term is also applied in philosophy to designate the fading of
1219:
2834:"Neoliberalism: From New Liberal Philosophy to Anti-Liberal Slogan"
2593:
2350:
2042:
1947:
1875:
1719:
1459:
1427:
1399:
1388:
1306:
1287:
1152:
1087:
1075:
1454:(1773–1855) started to finance national projects such as wars and
1430:) was a first approach to intermediate between private wealth and
3169:"Gross Domestic Product | U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA)"
1965:
1890:
1447:
1373:
1365:
1129:
1047:
2527:
Sheila C. Dow (2005), "Axioms and Babylonian thought: a reply",
3953:
3820:
The Economic Development of Jordan (RLE Economy of Middle East)
2992:
Gregory, Paul; Stuart, Robert (2004). Stuart, Robert C. (ed.).
1777:
1769:
1546:
1534:
1439:
1403:
1384:
1328:. On top of this, the great conquerors raised what we now call
1279:
1267:
1051:
962:
3936:
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
3330:• Deardorff's Glossary of International Economics, search for
2193:
3964:
2349:; with Magee, Liam; Scerri, Andy; Steger, Manfred B. (2015).
2100:
1921:
1789:
1395:
1377:
1232:
1224:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1031:
2865:
Springer, Simon; Birch, Kean; MacLeavy, Julie, eds. (2016).
3629:
3139:. New York: Central European University Press. p. 34.
2685:
2345:
2214:
2208:
1961:
1943:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1795:
accepted within the network, such as a unit of currency. A
1666:. In most of the countries the economic system is called a
1344:
should be refunded by the goods they would bring up in the
1252:
3891:
Man, Economy, and State: A Treatise on Economic Principles
2295:
A Philosopher's Economist: Hume and the Rise of Capitalism
2202:
1839:
is neither taxed nor monitored by any form of government.
2804:
2437:
1474:
in the true modern meaning of the word was the Scotsman
1227:, depicting a merchant leading camels through the desert
3780:
Tarricone, Rosanna (2006). "Cost-of-illness analysis".
2247:
has become obsolete and rarely used, since it has been
3679:
Applied regression analysis for business and economics
2994:
Comparing Economic Systems in the Twenty-First Century
1628:(1883–1946), who argued for a stronger control of the
3942:
3745:
Fiscal Tiers: the economics of multi-level government
3352:
O'Donnell, R. (1987). "Real and nominal quantities".
2864:
2205:
2199:
3918:
The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money
1726:
is given place because of the growing importance of
1620:
and are supposed to be the fathers of the so-called
1478:(1723–1790) who was inspired partly by the ideas of
3482:
3266:"Perry and Romney Trade Swipes Over 'Real Economy'"
3114:. Copenhagen Business School Press DK. p. 73.
2211:
2196:
3057:Communicating Sustainability for the Green Economy
2960:
2959:Koppstein, Jeffrey; Lichbach, Mark Irving (2005).
1972:Other sectors of the developed community include:
1278:circa 3000 BC. and referred to a specific mass of
3208:, Austrian Institute for Economic Research, 2009)
2958:
2832:Boas, Taylor C.; Gans-Morse, Jordan (June 2009).
2291:
4016:
2838:Studies in Comparative International Development
2063:The study of economics are roughly divided into
1624:. However, the prevailing view was that held by
1368:were trading establishments. In 1513, the first
3816:"Jordan, the Geographic and Economic Potential"
3051:
2574:
1109:being replaced in some parts of the world with
1054:, education, technological evolution, history,
3109:
2831:
2325:. Random House Publishing Group. p. 250.
3703:
3413:(3rd ed.). Worth Publishers. p. 2.
3351:
2991:
2664:The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World
2661:
2413:
1383:The European captures became branches of the
999:
3861:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 (
3542:Introduction, or Why We Started This Project
3405:
2259:. From the eighteenth century, the spelling
1916:: Involves the extraction and production of
1637:
3355:The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics
3243:"Bank Regulation Should Serve Real Economy"
3038:The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics
2546:"The Code of Hammurabi : Introduction"
2298:. University of Chicago Press. p. 17.
2292:Schabas, Magaret; Wennerlind, Carl (2023).
1312:In Chinese economic law, the huge cycle of
1262:The ancient economy was based primarily on
1162:
3539:
2765:"Industrial History of European Countries"
2581:American Economic Journal: Economic Policy
2443:
1776:between participants (economic agents) by
1502:. He maintained that the basic motive for
1251:as we think of, in terms of rules/laws on
1006:
992:
3779:
3709:
3633:The Oxford Handbook of Economic Geography
3433:
3369:Varian, Hal R. (1987). "Microeconomics".
2943:
2849:
2825:
2797:
2791:
2703:
2592:
1656:(1908–2006) was the first to speak of an
1545:, then subsequently spreading throughout
1235:developed a large-scale economy based on
3488:
3371:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
2318:
1885:phase there is a growing part played by
1768:are produced and exchanged according to
1677:
1465:
1305:. The economic discussion was driven by
1274:. The first usage of the term came from
1218:
1120:
38:
3676:
3592:
3134:
2643:
2393:"The Global Financial Centres Index 35"
1247:later developed the earliest system of
1169:. The Latin word has its origin at the
14:
4017:
3368:
3179:from the original on December 13, 2021
2798:Goldstein, Jacob (February 28, 2014).
2556:from the original on September 8, 2007
2521:
2222:. The term is ultimately derived from
1376:. Economy at the time meant primarily
1138:world's principal metropolitan economy
3909:Human Action: A Treatise on Economics
3826:. October 30, 2014. pp. 84–114.
3714:. Mumbai: Himalaya Publishing House.
2925:from the original on October 25, 2015
2893:from the original on October 20, 2020
2769:European Route of Industrial Heritage
2637:
2543:
2537:
1703:The Coming of Post-Industrial Society
1648:) —brought up a new form of economy:
1616:(1912–2006) who pleaded for a global
3971:
3742:
3491:"The Classics in Economic Sociology"
3031:
2468:
2466:
2414:Laura Bratton (September 28, 2023).
2253:in American English or separated as
1074:Economic agents can be individuals,
3654:from the original on August 1, 2020
3595:Anthropology, Economics, and Choice
3321:definition in the Economic Glossary
2734:
2705:10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.13.4.0502
2529:Journal of Post Keynesian Economics
2486:from the original on April 26, 2022
2075:of economics, but may also include
2049:values (unadjusted for inflation).
1414:tried to control the trade through
1191:means "house", and the second part
24:
3873:
3466:from the original on July 30, 2022
3251:. October 24, 2011. Archived from
3091:from the original on July 31, 2021
2779:from the original on June 23, 2021
2745:from the original on March 8, 2021
2625:from the original on July 30, 2022
2373:from the original on March 1, 2020
25:
4041:
3521:from the original on May 20, 2022
2692:World Review of Political Economy
2672:, noting that economic historian
2463:
2444:Iman Ghosh (September 24, 2020).
2271:the common spelling for the term.
1557:started to replace the system of
1340:) to finance their captures. The
1214:
3997:
3980:
3952:
3498:Principles of Economic Sociology
3437:The Penguin history of economics
3383:10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_1212-1
3219:"Meanwhile, in the Real Economy"
3055:; Gurel-Atay, Eda, eds. (2014).
2944:Galbraith, John Kenneth (1976).
2813:from the original on May 5, 2018
2800:"The Invention Of 'The Economy'"
2518:Company, 2004. October 24, 2009.
2189:
1446:for economy started their work.
1282:which related other values in a
1157:, which itself derived from the
973:
961:
146:
46:per capita of countries (2020) (
3808:
3794:10.1016/j.healthpol.2005.07.016
3773:
3736:
3670:
3623:
3586:
3533:
3427:
3399:
3362:
3345:
3324:
3305:
3282:
3259:
3235:
3227:. July 23, 2009. Archived from
3211:
3191:
3161:
3128:
3103:
3073:
3045:
3025:
2985:
2952:
2937:
2905:
2858:
2757:
2741:. Charles Scribner & Sons.
2728:
2679:
2655:
2568:
2418:. The Messenger. Archived from
1673:
1592:
1147:in English is derived from the
248:Concepts, theory and techniques
3358:. Vol. 4. pp. 97–98.
3110:Kjeldsen-Kragh, Søren (2007).
2662:de Ste. Croix, G.E.M. (1981).
2498:
2407:
2395:. Long Finance. March 21, 2024
2339:
2312:
2285:
2169:
1319:
13:
1:
2868:The Handbook of Neoliberalism
2278:
1999:
1111:universal access to education
3681:. Duxbury/Thomson Learning.
1988:or privately run businesses.
1691:the fall of the Iron Curtain
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1116:
7:
3550:10.1007/978-3-319-96568-0_1
3041:. Vol. 3. p. 879.
3035:(1987). "Planned Economy".
2948:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
2918:International Monetary Fund
2130:
1881:In the economies of modern
1746:
1569:. The period is called the
1360:(1469–1524) led to a first
10:
4046:
3834:(inactive June 22, 2024).
3677:Dielman, Terry E. (2001).
3502:Princeton University Press
3489:Swedberg, Richard (2003).
3317:November 24, 2011, at the
2969:Cambridge University Press
2544:Horne, Charles F. (1915).
2238:
2232:
2226:
2056:
2052:
2003:
1842:
1833:economic system or systems
1610:Friedrich August von Hayek
1223:Ancient Roman mosaic from
1207:
1203:
29:
3897:Galbraith, John Kenneth,
3599:University of Texas Press
3593:Chibnik, Michael (2011).
3434:Backhouse, Roger (2002).
3338:January 19, 2022, at the
3294:February 9, 2018, at the
3059:. New York: M.E. Sharpe.
2851:10.1007/s12116-009-9040-5
1136:and the epicenter of the
3832:10.4324/9781315745169-14
3135:Potůček, Martin (1999).
2668:Cornell University Press
2319:Essinger, James (2007).
2162:
1751:
1683:Frankfurt Stock Exchange
1650:mass consumption economy
1490:generated by the use of
1452:Amschel Mayer Rothschild
1314:institutional innovation
1185:. The word's first part
1128:, the world's principal
236:JEL classification codes
32:Economy (disambiguation)
3638:Oxford University Press
3409:; Wells, Robin (2012).
3277:The Wall Street Journal
3248:The Wall Street Journal
3224:The Wall Street Journal
1695:post-industrial society
1604:After the chaos of two
1153:
422:Industrial organization
279:Computational economics
48:Purchasing power parity
3915:Keynes, John Maynard,
3882:Capitalism and Freedom
3710:Dharmaraj, E. (2010).
3204:April 2, 2012, at the
2510:March 4, 2016, at the
2448:. World Economic Forum
2187:, both are pronounced
2012:gross domestic product
1708:Tools for Conviviality
1686:
1654:John Kenneth Galbraith
1638:
1573:because the system of
1387:states, the so-called
1243:and their neighboring
1228:
1163:
1140:
274:Experimental economics
124:
119: Data unavailable
44:Gross domestic product
3712:Engineering Economics
3271:July 9, 2017, at the
3231:on February 25, 2021.
2179:or, with a ligature,
2037:values (adjusted for
1864:Industrial Revolution
1831:refers to humanity's
1681:
1668:social market economy
1571:Industrial Revolution
1523:Industrial Revolution
1510:basis for economics.
1466:Industrial Revolution
1442:decreased. The first
1348:. The discoveries of
1222:
1124:
52:international dollars
42:
3900:The Affluent Society
3743:King, David (2018).
2946:The Affluent Society
2603:10.1257/pol.20190316
1855:was mainly based on
1817:loss of biodiversity
1663:The Affluent Society
1444:Secretaries of State
1354:Christopher Columbus
1103:industrial relations
501:Social choice theory
4030:Main topic articles
3906:Mises, Ludwig von,
2735:Quesnay, François.
2670:. pp. 136–137.
2422:on October 11, 2023
2263:dropped the letter
1813:resource efficiency
1724:information economy
1718:With the spread of
1626:John Maynard Keynes
1364:economy. The first
1264:subsistence farming
1197:means "to manage".
1060:political structure
1056:social organization
968:Business portal
289:Operations research
269:National accounting
87: 10,000–20,000
79: 20,000–35,000
71: 35,000–50,000
3888:Rothbard, Murray,
3879:Friedman, Milton,
3375:Palgrave Macmillan
3298:definition in the
2257:in British English
2175:Sometimes spelled
2157:Solidarity economy
2137:Economic democracy
2109:goods and services
2006:Economic indicator
1907:three-sector model
1883:consumer societies
1821:ecosystem services
1815:, and prevent the
1782:medium of exchange
1687:
1229:
1141:
1022:is an area of the
299:Industrial complex
294:Middle income trap
125:
95: 5,000–10,000
3504:. pp. 1–31.
3279:, August 15, 2011
3255:on March 7, 2021.
3087:. June 17, 2004.
2773:Council of Europe
2332:978-0-440-33693-8
2305:978-0-226-82402-4
1995:or social sector.
1899:knowledge economy
1640:Wirtschaftswunder
1579:division of labor
1500:division of labor
1496:supply and demand
1486:are offered at a
1068:natural resources
1016:
1015:
103: 2,000–5,000
16:(Redirected from
4037:
4010:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3993:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3973:
3957:
3956:
3948:
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3806:
3805:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3740:
3734:
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3707:
3701:
3700:
3674:
3668:
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3659:
3627:
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3590:
3584:
3583:
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3573:
3571:
3563:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3520:
3495:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3473:
3471:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3377:. pp. 1–5.
3366:
3360:
3359:
3349:
3343:
3328:
3322:
3309:
3303:
3286:
3280:
3263:
3257:
3256:
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3215:
3209:
3195:
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3184:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3081:"In the shadows"
3077:
3071:
3070:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3029:
3023:
3022:
2998:Houghton Mifflin
2996:(7th ed.).
2989:
2983:
2982:
2966:
2956:
2950:
2949:
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2732:
2726:
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2683:
2677:
2671:
2659:
2653:
2651:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2596:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2541:
2535:
2534:(3), p. 385-391.
2525:
2519:
2516:Houghton Mifflin
2502:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2470:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2453:
2441:
2435:
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2405:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2389:
2383:
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2289:
2272:
2242:
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2221:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2173:
2142:Economic history
1993:voluntary sector
1837:informal economy
1658:affluent society
1646:economic miracle
1643:
1612:(1899–1992) and
1599:Great Depression
1356:(1451–1506) and
1210:Economic history
1196:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1168:
1156:
1134:financial center
1008:
1001:
994:
980:Money portal
978:
977:
976:
966:
965:
462:Natural resource
254:Economic systems
150:
127:
126:
120:
118:
112:
110:
104:
102:
96:
94:
88:
86:
80:
78:
72:
70:
64:
63: >50,000
62:
21:
4045:
4044:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4003:
3998:
3996:
3986:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3972:sister projects
3969:at Knowledge's
3963:
3951:
3943:
3876:
3874:Further reading
3871:
3870:
3854:
3853:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3778:
3774:
3759:
3741:
3737:
3722:
3708:
3704:
3689:
3675:
3671:
3657:
3655:
3648:
3628:
3624:
3609:
3591:
3587:
3575:
3574:
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3560:
3538:
3534:
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3522:
3518:
3512:
3493:
3487:
3483:
3469:
3467:
3452:
3432:
3428:
3421:
3404:
3400:
3393:
3367:
3363:
3350:
3346:
3340:Wayback Machine
3329:
3325:
3319:Wayback Machine
3310:
3306:
3300:Financial Times
3296:Wayback Machine
3287:
3283:
3273:Wayback Machine
3264:
3260:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3206:Wayback Machine
3196:
3192:
3182:
3180:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3147:
3133:
3129:
3122:
3108:
3104:
3094:
3092:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3067:
3050:
3046:
3030:
3026:
3008:
3000:. p. 538.
2990:
2986:
2979:
2971:. p. 156.
2957:
2953:
2942:
2938:
2928:
2926:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2896:
2894:
2887:
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2758:
2748:
2746:
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2729:
2684:
2680:
2660:
2656:
2642:
2638:
2628:
2626:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2557:
2550:Yale University
2542:
2538:
2526:
2522:
2512:Wayback Machine
2503:
2499:
2489:
2487:
2479:Merriam-Webster
2472:
2471:
2464:
2451:
2449:
2442:
2438:
2425:
2423:
2412:
2408:
2398:
2396:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2376:
2374:
2367:
2344:
2340:
2333:
2317:
2313:
2306:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2275:
2237:, "house", and
2192:
2188:
2185:British English
2174:
2170:
2165:
2147:Economic system
2133:
2111:as a whole are
2061:
2055:
2008:
2002:
1853:ancient economy
1845:
1797:planned economy
1754:
1749:
1676:
1614:Milton Friedman
1595:
1583:mass production
1567:economic growth
1508:anthropological
1468:
1432:public interest
1372:was founded in
1330:venture capital
1322:
1272:Semitic peoples
1237:commodity money
1217:
1212:
1206:
1119:
1012:
974:
972:
960:
953:
952:
923:
913:
912:
911:
910:
674:von Böhm-Bawerk
562:
551:
550:
312:
304:
303:
259:Economic growth
249:
241:
240:
182:
180:classifications
123:
116:
115:
111: <2,000
108:
107:
100:
99:
92:
91:
84:
83:
76:
75:
68:
67:
60:
59:
55:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4043:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4012:
4011:
3994:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3941:
3940:
3931:
3922:
3913:
3904:
3895:
3886:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3841:978-1315745169
3840:
3807:
3772:
3758:978-1138648135
3757:
3735:
3721:978-9350432471
3720:
3702:
3687:
3669:
3647:978-0199250837
3646:
3622:
3608:978-0292735354
3607:
3585:
3559:978-3319965680
3558:
3532:
3511:978-1400829378
3510:
3481:
3450:
3426:
3420:978-1464128738
3419:
3398:
3392:978-1349951215
3391:
3361:
3344:
3323:
3312:"Real economy"
3304:
3289:"Real Economy"
3281:
3258:
3234:
3210:
3190:
3160:
3145:
3127:
3121:978-8763001946
3120:
3102:
3072:
3066:978-0765636805
3065:
3053:Kahle, Lynn R.
3044:
3024:
3007:978-0618261819
3006:
2984:
2977:
2951:
2936:
2904:
2886:978-1138844001
2885:
2857:
2824:
2807:- Planet Money
2790:
2756:
2727:
2678:
2654:
2636:
2567:
2536:
2520:
2505:Dictionary.com
2497:
2462:
2436:
2406:
2384:
2366:978-1315765747
2365:
2359:. p. 53.
2338:
2331:
2311:
2304:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2267:, thus making
2167:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2152:Social economy
2149:
2144:
2139:
2132:
2129:
2073:social science
2069:microeconomics
2065:macroeconomics
2057:Main article:
2054:
2051:
2020:GDP per capita
2004:Main article:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1989:
1986:private sector
1982:
1970:
1969:
1951:
1950:into clothing.
1937:
1903:
1902:
1879:
1860:
1844:
1841:
1829:global economy
1758:market economy
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1699:service sector
1675:
1672:
1601:in the 1930s.
1594:
1591:
1543:United Kingdom
1516:overpopulation
1512:Thomas Malthus
1467:
1464:
1456:infrastructure
1436:secularization
1370:stock exchange
1321:
1318:
1295:Ancient Greece
1216:
1215:Earliest roots
1213:
1208:Main article:
1205:
1202:
1159:Medieval Latin
1118:
1115:
1105:(most notably
1014:
1013:
1011:
1010:
1003:
996:
988:
985:
984:
983:
982:
970:
955:
954:
951:
950:
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915:
914:
909:
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469:
467:Organizational
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329:
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311:By application
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136:
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122:
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113:
105:
97:
89:
81:
73:
65:
56:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4042:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4009:from Wikinews
4008:
4007:
3995:
3991:
3990:
3978:
3977:
3974:
3968:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3949:
3946:
3938:
3937:
3933:Smith, Adam,
3932:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3896:
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3887:
3884:
3883:
3878:
3877:
3864:
3858:
3843:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3811:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3782:Health Policy
3776:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3739:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3717:
3713:
3706:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3684:
3680:
3673:
3665:
3653:
3649:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3634:
3626:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3589:
3581:
3569:
3561:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3536:
3517:
3513:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3492:
3485:
3478:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3447:
3443:
3442:Penguin Books
3439:
3438:
3430:
3422:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3407:Krugman, Paul
3402:
3394:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3365:
3357:
3356:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3308:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3285:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3262:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3238:
3230:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3214:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3194:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3142:
3138:
3131:
3123:
3117:
3113:
3106:
3090:
3086:
3085:The Economist
3082:
3076:
3068:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3028:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2988:
2980:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2964:
2955:
2947:
2940:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2908:
2892:
2888:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2861:
2852:
2847:
2844:(2): 137–61.
2843:
2839:
2835:
2828:
2812:
2808:
2806:
2801:
2794:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2731:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2669:
2665:
2658:
2649:
2648:
2640:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2560:September 14,
2555:
2551:
2547:
2540:
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1872:mono-cultural
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1358:Vasco da Gama
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1326:social groups
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380:
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372:Environmental
370:
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3987:
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3924:Marx, Karl,
3916:
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3889:
3880:
3845:. Retrieved
3819:
3810:
3788:(1): 51–63.
3785:
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3664:Google Books
3662:– via
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3183:February 23,
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3084:
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2815:. Retrieved
2803:
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2768:
2759:
2749:February 24,
2747:. Retrieved
2737:
2730:
2695:
2691:
2681:
2674:Moses Finley
2663:
2657:
2646:
2639:
2627:. Retrieved
2584:
2580:
2570:
2558:. Retrieved
2539:
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2420:the original
2409:
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2387:
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2351:
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2260:
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2085:anthropology
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2030:
2027:real economy
2026:
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2009:
1971:
1958:baby-sitting
1904:
1846:
1835:overall. An
1755:
1717:
1706:
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1688:
1674:21st century
1661:
1660:in his book
1645:
1644:(German for
1634:Keynesianism
1603:
1596:
1593:20th century
1581:enabled the
1559:mercantilism
1520:
1469:
1462:of a state.
1423:
1420:mercantilism
1382:
1337:
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1257:
1239:, while the
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1073:
1028:distribution
1019:
1017:
938:Publications
903:
526:Sociological
499: /
397:Geographical
377:Evolutionary
352:Digitization
317:Agricultural
221:Mathematical
192:Econometrics
36:
3927:Das Kapital
3576:|work=
3173:www.bea.gov
2929:November 2,
2587:(1): 1–35.
2377:January 29,
2347:James, Paul
2249:reduced to
2125:health care
2117:engineering
2105:consumption
2041:), such as
2016:final goods
1857:subsistence
1825:gig economy
1652:. In 1958,
1527:agriculture
1492:competition
1480:physiocracy
1412:Netherlands
1366:enterprises
1320:Middle Ages
1303:freeholders
1299:bond slaves
1276:Mesopotamia
1245:city states
1241:Babylonians
1107:child labor
1084:governments
1036:consumption
774:von Neumann
427:Information
367:Engineering
347:Development
342:Demographic
284:Game theory
226:Methodology
18:The economy
4019:Categories
3767:1020440881
3730:1058341272
3688:0534379559
3597:. Austin:
3477:engineers.
3451:0140260420
3440:. London:
3146:0585316759
3033:Nove, Alec
2978:0521603951
2875:. p.
2594:1902.09204
2426:October 1,
2355:. London:
2279:References
2121:government
2093:production
2000:Indicators
1920:, such as
1895:technology
1805:low-carbon
1728:e-commerce
1618:free trade
1606:World Wars
1575:production
1555:capitalism
1504:free trade
1498:- and the
1476:Adam Smith
1470:The first
1350:Marco Polo
1099:innovation
1095:technology
1076:businesses
1024:production
933:Economists
804:Schumacher
709:Schumpeter
679:von Wieser
599:von Thünen
560:economists
536:Statistics
531:Solidarity
452:Managerial
417:Humanistic
412:Historical
357:Ecological
322:Behavioral
216:Mainstream
3959:Economics
3857:cite book
3824:Routledge
3749:Routledge
3617:773036705
3578:ignored (
3568:cite book
3411:Economics
2873:Routledge
2722:253213008
2714:2042-8928
2611:1945-7731
2474:"economy"
2399:March 23,
2357:Routledge
2228:οἰκονομία
2089:geography
2077:sociology
2059:Economics
2039:inflation
1940:Secondary
1868:extensive
1539:transport
1472:economist
1346:New World
1336:, ital.;
1249:economics
1182:oikonomos
1176:oikonomia
1165:oeconomia
1143:The word
1117:Etymology
849:Greenspan
814:Samuelson
794:Galbraith
764:Tinbergen
704:von Mises
699:Heckscher
659:Edgeworth
477:Personnel
437:Knowledge
402:Happiness
392:Financial
362:Education
337:Democracy
231:Political
197:Heterodox
140:Economics
3802:16139925
3697:44118027
3658:July 30,
3652:Archived
3525:July 30,
3516:Archived
3470:July 30,
3464:Archived
3460:59475581
3336:Archived
3315:Archived
3292:Archived
3269:Archived
3202:Archived
3177:Archived
3155:45729878
3095:July 30,
3089:Archived
3016:53446988
2923:Archived
2897:July 30,
2891:Archived
2817:April 6,
2811:Archived
2777:Archived
2743:Archived
2647:Bulletin
2629:July 30,
2623:Archived
2619:85529687
2554:Archived
2508:Archived
2490:July 27,
2484:Archived
2452:March 5,
2371:Archived
2261:oeconomy
2177:oeconomy
2131:See also
2113:business
2101:exchange
2045:, or in
2043:real GDP
1954:Tertiary
1948:textiles
1887:services
1876:Commerce
1859:farming.
1766:services
1747:Elements
1720:Internet
1561:(today:
1484:products
1460:citizens
1428:merchant
1426:, lat.:
1424:mercator
1410:and the
1400:Portugal
1389:colonies
1385:European
1307:scarcity
1288:currency
1154:yconomie
1088:currency
1044:services
942:journals
928:Glossary
879:Stiglitz
844:Rothbard
824:Buchanan
809:Friedman
799:Koopmans
789:Leontief
769:Robinson
654:Marshall
558:Notable
506:Regional
482:Planning
457:Monetary
387:Feminist
332:Cultural
327:Business
132:a series
130:Part of
4025:Economy
3967:Economy
3939:, 1776.
3930:, 1867.
3921:, 1936.
3912:, 1949.
3903:, 1958.
3894:, 1962.
3885:, 1962.
3302:Lexicon
2783:June 2,
2269:economy
2231:, from
2181:œconomy
2081:history
2053:Studies
2047:nominal
1966:banking
1914:Primary
1891:finance
1843:Sectors
1784:with a
1685:in 2015
1630:markets
1448:Bankers
1374:Antwerp
1342:capital
1334:ventura
1301:of the
1204:History
1145:economy
1130:fintech
1048:culture
1020:economy
948:Schools
940: (
899:Piketty
894:Krugman
759:Kuznets
749:Kalecki
724:Polanyi
614:Cournot
609:Bastiat
594:Ricardo
584:Malthus
574:Quesnay
546:Welfare
516:Service
187:Applied
163:Outline
158:History
3945:Portal
3847:May 1,
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1962:cinema
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1809:energy
1786:credit
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1774:supply
1770:demand
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1737:Brazil
1547:Europe
1537:, and
1535:mining
1440:nobles
1434:. The
1422:(from
1404:France
1362:global
1332:(from
1284:metric
1280:barley
1268:Shekel
1266:. The
1194:nemein
1066:, and
1052:values
884:Thaler
864:Ostrom
859:Becker
854:Sowell
834:Baumol
739:Myrdal
734:Sraffa
729:Frisch
719:Knight
714:Keynes
689:Fisher
684:Veblen
669:Pareto
649:Menger
644:George
639:Jevons
634:Walras
624:Gossen
492:Public
487:Policy
442:Labour
407:Health
264:Market
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3519:(PDF)
3494:(PDF)
2718:S2CID
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2615:S2CID
2589:arXiv
2234:οἶκος
2224:Greek
2163:Notes
1946:, or
1897:—the
1793:value
1790:debit
1780:or a
1762:goods
1752:Types
1741:India
1733:China
1689:With
1587:goods
1450:like
1396:Spain
1378:trade
1233:Sumer
1225:Bosra
1188:oikos
1082:, or
1040:goods
1032:trade
921:Lists
889:Hoppe
874:Lucas
839:Solow
829:Arrow
819:Simon
784:Lange
779:Hicks
754:Röpke
744:Hayek
694:Pigou
664:Clark
579:Smith
541:Urban
521:Socio
511:Rural
211:Macro
207:Micro
168:Index
4006:News
3863:link
3849:2023
3836:ISBN
3798:PMID
3763:OCLC
3753:ISBN
3726:OCLC
3716:ISBN
3693:OCLC
3683:ISBN
3660:2022
3642:ISBN
3613:OCLC
3603:ISBN
3580:help
3554:ISBN
3527:2022
3506:ISBN
3472:2022
3456:OCLC
3446:ISBN
3415:ISBN
3387:ISBN
3333:real
3185:2019
3151:OCLC
3141:ISBN
3116:ISBN
3097:2022
3061:ISBN
3012:OCLC
3002:ISBN
2973:ISBN
2931:2015
2899:2022
2881:ISBN
2819:2017
2785:2021
2751:2014
2710:ISSN
2631:2022
2607:ISSN
2562:2007
2492:2022
2454:2023
2428:2023
2401:2024
2379:2018
2361:ISBN
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2240:νέμω
2067:and
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2010:The
1991:the
1984:the
1976:the
1964:and
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1932:and
1930:wood
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1870:and
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1772:and
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1577:and
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1132:and
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604:List
3828:doi
3790:doi
3546:doi
3379:doi
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