384:. He used the analogy of an architect using rocks which had broken off naturally and fallen to the foot of a cliff, asking "Can it be reasonably maintained that the Creator intentionally ordered ... that certain fragments should assume certain shapes so that the builder might erect his edifice?" In the same way, breeders or natural selection picked those that happened to be useful from variations arising by "general laws", to improve plants and animals, "man included". Darwin concluded with: "However much we may wish it, we can hardly follow Professor Asa Gray in his belief that 'variation has been along certain beneficial lines,' like a 'stream along definite and useful lines of irrigation'". Darwin confided to Hooker "It is foolish to touch such subjects, but there have been so many allusions to what I think about the part which God has played in the formation of organic beings, that I thought it shabby to evade the question."
363:
discussing the similarities between wild and domesticated dogs, and musing on how the species changed to accommodate man's wishes. He attempts to trace a genealogy of contemporary varieties (or "races") back to a few early progenitors. These arguments, as well as many others, use the vast amount of data Darwin gathered about dogs and cats to support his overarching thesis of evolution through natural selection. He then goes on to make similar points regarding horses and donkeys, sheep, goats, pigs, cattle, various types of domesticated fowl, a large number of different cultivated plants, and, most thoroughly, pigeons.
367:
of a begonia or a worm chopped into pieces could generate the complete organism and a salamander or crab that lost a limb could regenerate the limb. The gemmules were dispersed around the organism and could multiply by division. In sexual reproduction they were transmitted from parents to their offspring with the mixing of the gemmules producing offspring with 'blended' characteristics of the parents. Gemmules could also remain dormant for several generations before becoming active. He also suggested that the environment might affect the gemmules in an organism and thus allowed for the possibility of the
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part of the theory still remains which must be accepted as fundamental and correct,--in principle at any rate,--not only now but for all time to come. ... presupposing the existence of material particles in the germ which possess the properties of the living being ... I must honestly confess to having mentally resisted this fundamental point of the
Darwinian doctrine for a long time."
405:: "The greater part, as you will see, is not meant to be read; but I should very much like to hear what you think of 'Pangenesis'." Few of Darwin's colleagues shared his enthusiasm for pangenesis. Wallace was initially supportive and Darwin confided to him: "None of my friends will speak out, except to a certain extent
401:
Pangenesis will be called a mad dream, and I shall be pretty well satisfied if you think it a dream worth publishing; but at the bottom of my own mind I think it contains a great truth." He wrote to Hooker: "I shall be intensely anxious to hear what you think about
Pangenesis" and to the German naturalist
323:. In the summer while she was away in Cornwall he wrote to commend her work, "All your remarks, criticisms doubts & corrections are excellent, excellent, excellent". While making corrections Darwin also added new material. The proofs were finished on 15 November, but there was a further delay while
375:
All the forms of reproduction graduate into each other and agree in their product; for it is impossible to distinguish between organisms produced from buds, from self-division, or from fertilised germs ... and as we now see that all the forms of reproduction depend on the aggregation of gemmules
366:
Notably, in
Chapter XXVII Darwin introduced his "provisional hypothesis" of pangenesis that he had first outlined to Huxley in 1865. He proposed that each part of an organism contains minute invisible particles which he called gemmules. These were capable of regenerating the organism so that the leaf
362:
consists in a lengthy and highly detailed exploration of the mechanisms of variation, including the principle of use and disuse, the principle of the correlation of parts, and the role of the environment in causing variation, at work in a number of domestic species. Darwin starts with dogs and cats,
333:
went on sale on 30 January 1868, thirteen years after Darwin had begun his experiments on breeding and stewing the bones of pigeons. He was feeling deflated, and concerned about how these large volumes would be received, writing "if I try to read a few pages I feel fairly nauseated ... The devil
275:
Even at this late stage Darwin was uncertain as to whether to include a chapter on mankind. At the end of
January he wrote to Murray: "I feel a full conviction that my Chapter on man will excite attention & plenty of abuse & I suppose abuse is as good as praise for selling a Book" but he then
271:
Just before
Christmas 1866 all of the manuscript except for the final chapter was sent to the publisher. At the beginning January on receiving an estimate of the size of the two volume book from the printers he wrote to his publisher: "I cannot tell you how sorry I am to hear of the enormous size of
1822:
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said "although Darwin modestly described his theory as a provisional hypothesis, his was, nevertheless, the first comprehensive attempt to explain all the known phenomena of heredity by a common principle ... n spite of the fact that a considerable number of these assumptions are untenable, a
400:
Darwin was concerned whether anyone would read the massive volumes and was also anxious to receive feedback from his friends on their views on pangenesis. In
October 1867 before the book was published he sent copies of the corrected proofs to Asa Gray with the comment: "The chapter on what I call
238:
and asking whether he should publish it. In his accompanying letter Darwin wrote "It is a very rash & crude hypothesis yet it has been a considerable relief to my mind, & I can hang on it a good many groups of facts." Huxley pointed out the similarities of pangenesis to the theories of
201:, Darwin returned to his original Natural Selection manuscript and began expanding the first two chapters on "Variation under Domestication". He had a large collection of additional notes and by the middle of June had written drafts of an introduction and two chapters on the
376:
derived from the whole body, we can understand this general agreement. It is satisfactory to find that sexual and asexual generation ... are fundamentally the same. Parthenogenesis is no longer wonderful; in fact, the wonder is that it should not oftener occur.
247:
but eventually wrote encouraging Darwin to publish: "Somebody rummaging among your papers half a century hence will find
Pangenesis & say 'See this wonderful anticipation of our modern Theories—and that stupid ass, Huxley, prevented his publishing them'".
218:
Darwin continued to gather data. His own practical experiments were confined to plants but he was able to gather information from others by correspondence and even to arrange for some of his correspondents to conduct experiments on his behalf. In spite of
227:, saying that "Of present book I have 7 chapters ready for press & all others very forward, except the last & concluding one" (the book as finally published consisted of 28 chapters). In the same letter he discussed illustrations for the book.
280:
he explained "I began a chapter on Man, for which I have long collected materials, but it has grown too long, & I think I shall publish separately a very small volume, 'an essay on the origin of mankind'". This "essay" would become two books:
209:. Darwin apparently found writing the book tiresome and writes in his autobiography that he had been "tempted to publish on other subjects which at the time interested me more." In the following July (1861) he began work on different book, the
427:
In 1875 a second edition was published in which Darwin made a number of corrections and also reworked
Chapter XI on Bud-variation and Chapter XXVII on Pangenesis. The book never became popular and sold only 5000 copies in Darwin's lifetime.
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in 1889 praised the "masterly survey of the phenomena to be explained" and accepted the idea that "the individual hereditary qualities of the whole organism are represented by definite material particles". He introduced the notion of
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suggested by the compositors. By May he had arranged for the book to be translated into French, Russian and German. The French edition would be translated by Jean
Jacques Moulinié, the German by
1894:
184:. It enclosed a twenty pages manuscript describing an evolutionary mechanism that was similar to Darwin's own theory. Under pressure to publish his ideas, Darwin started work on an "
144:
A large proportion of the book contains detailed information on the domestication of animals and plants but it also contains in
Chapter XXVII a description of Darwin's theory of
1918:
1902:
194:. In the introduction he announced that in a future publication he hoped to give "in detail all the facts, with references, on which my conclusions have been grounded".
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In the final pages of the book Darwin directly challenged the argument of divinely guided variation advocated by his friend and supporter the American botanist
1982:
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Domesticated Animals and Cultivated Plants, or the Principles of Variation, Inheritance, Reversion, Crossing, Interbreeding, and Selection under Domestication
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praised its "noble calmness ... undisturbed by the heats of polemical agitation" which made the far from calm Darwin laugh, and left him "cock-a-hoop".
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Darwin received the first proofs on 1 March 1867. In the tedious task of making correction he was helped by his 23-year-old daughter
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Rubin, Carl-Johan; Zody, MC; Eriksson, J; Meadows, JR; Sherwood, E; Webster, MT; Jiang, L; Ingman, M; et al. (2010),
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On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life
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take the whole book". In his autobiography he estimated that he had spent 4-year 2 months "hard labour" on the book.
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Andersson, Leif; Georges, Michel (2004), "Domestic-animal genomics: deciphering the genetics of complex traits",
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Darwin had been mulling for many years on a theory of heredity. In May 1865 he sent a manuscript to his friend
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More Letters of Charles Darwin: A record of his work in a series of hitherto unpublished letters. (2 Volumes)
409:, who found it very tough reading, but admits that some view 'closely akin to it' will have to be admitted."
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Charles Darwin's Natural Selection; being the second part of his big species book written from 1856 to 1858
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Purugganan, Michael D.; Fuller, Dorian Q. (2009), "The nature of selection during plant domestication",
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of acquired characteristics. Darwin believed that his theory could explain a wide range of phenomena:
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my Book." He subsequently arranged for some of the more technical sections to be set in smaller type.
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in 1866 and the Russian edition by Vladimir Onufrievich Kovalevsky, the brother of the embryologist
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Stanford, P. Kyle (2006), "Darwin's pangenesis and the problem of unconceived alternatives",
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The life and letter of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter. (3 Volumes)
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1555:《The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication》 2 volumes at Internet Archive
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apparently decided against the idea for a week later in a letter to his close friend
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Darwin had been working for two years writing his "big book", provisionally titled
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On 9 January 1860, two days after the publication of the second edition of
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The book had been advertised as early as 1865 with the unwieldy title
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The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom
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1576:, including translations into French, German, Italian, and Polish.
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Bibliography with links to text and images of all editions of
1124:, trans. Cager, C. Stuart, Boston: Open Court, pp. 3, 5,
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Letter 5816 – Darwin, C. R. to Müller, J. F. T., 30 Jan (1868)
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Letter 4801 – Darwin, C. R. to Murray, John (b), 31 Mar (1865)
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Letter 5384 – Darwin, C. R. to Murray, John (b), 31 Jan (1867)
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Letter 4801 – Darwin, C. R. to Murray, John (b), 31 Mar (1865)
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For a discussion of how Darwin arrived at his hypothesis see
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Letter 5346 – Darwin, C. R. to Murray, John (b), 3 Jan (1867)
223:, he made progress and in March 1865 wrote to his publisher,
118:
1919:
The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms
1903:
The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species
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Letter 5940 – Darwin, C. R. to Wallace, A. R., 27 Feb (1868)
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Letter 5585 – Darwin, C. R. to Darwin, H. E., 26 July (1867)
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Letter 4875 – Huxley, T. H. to Darwin, C. R., 16 July (1865)
625:
Letter 5612 – Darwin, C. R. to Lyell, Charles, 22 Aug (1867)
350:– one of many domesticated varieties deriving from the wild
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Letter 5856 – Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., 10 Feb (1868)
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Letter 5680 – Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., 17 Nov (1867)
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Letter 4837 – Darwin, C. R. to Huxley, T. H., 27 May (1865)
1210:(3rd ed.), Berkeley: University of California Press,
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Letter 5835 – Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., 3 Feb (1868)
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Letter 5395 – Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., 8 Feb (1867)
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had received more than 20 reviews. An anonymous review by
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The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication
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The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication
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The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication
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The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication
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The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication
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The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication
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The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication
1265:
The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication
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Letter 5649 – Darwin, C. R. to Gray, Asa, 16 Oct (1867)
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The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication
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The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication
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The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication
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The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication
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The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication
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The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication
1320:(2nd ed.), Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
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1863:
The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex
284:
The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex
188:" summary, which was published in November 1859 as
1203:
1152:(in German), Jena: von Guetav Fischer, p. 6,
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1871:The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
176:, when on 18 June 1858 he received a parcel from
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1807:Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands
728:, Darwin Correspondence Project, archived from
644:, Darwin Correspondence Project, archived from
592:, Darwin Correspondence Project, archived from
1887:On the Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants
1791:The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs
1620:
1516:British Journal for the Philosophy of Science
446:In a similar vein, Weismann in his 1893 work
290:The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals
267:, the parent form of all domesticated pigeons
1823:On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties
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1984:Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation
1562:The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online
809:
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141:that was first published in January 1868.
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1991:The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection
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1230:Charles Darwin: vol. 2 The Power of Place
1815:Geological Observations on South America
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1170:
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308:who had produced the revised version of
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1580:Darwin Correspondence Project Home Page
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1940:The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin
1799:Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle
1341:, London: Cambridge University Press,
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241:Georges Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
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234:outlining his theory which he called
2131:John Murray (publishing house) books
1570:, An introduction by R. B. Freeman:
1315:
1176:The Germ-Plasm. A Theory of Heredity
874:
1927:The Autobiography of Charles Darwin
1280:(2nd ed.), London: John Murray
1268:(1st ed.), London: John Murray
1253:(1st ed.), London: John Murray
205:that would eventually form part of
33:Title page of the first edition of
13:
1634:
1585:The text of the second edition of
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14:
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1535:
1206:Evolution: The History of an Idea
797:Charles Darwin's journal for 1867
686:Charles Darwin's journal for 1866
546:Charles Darwin's journal for 1860
300:but Darwin agreed to the shorter
215:which was published in May 1862.
1775:Extracts from Letters to Henslow
1582:, University Library, Cambridge.
1055:Introduction to Volume 16 (1868)
725:Introduction to Volume 15 (1867)
641:Introduction to Volume 13 (1865)
589:Introduction to Volume 12 (1864)
471:Darwin from Orchids to Variation
1998:History of evolutionary thought
1911:The Power of Movement in Plants
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1110:
1082:, Darwin Correspondence Project
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1058:, Darwin Correspondence Project
1034:, Darwin Correspondence Project
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784:, Darwin Correspondence Project
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748:, Darwin Correspondence Project
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705:, Darwin Correspondence Project
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673:, Darwin Correspondence Project
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657:, Darwin Correspondence Project
628:, Darwin Correspondence Project
612:, Darwin Correspondence Project
476:List of works by Charles Darwin
1948:More Letters of Charles Darwin
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466:Publication of Darwin's theory
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166:Publication of Darwin's theory
1:
1304:; Seward, A.C., eds. (1903),
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221:protracted periods of illness
155:
1335:Stauffer, R.C., ed. (1975),
461:Inception of Darwin's theory
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162:Inception of Darwin's theory
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243:, and the Swiss naturalist
16:1868 book by Charles Darwin
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1411:, London: Michael Joseph,
159:
2116:English non-fiction books
1965:
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1232:, London: Jonathan Cape,
1150:Intracellulare Pangenesis
180:, who was then living in
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1838:Fertilisation of Orchids
1830:On the Origin of Species
1783:The Voyage of the Beagle
1697:On the Origin of Species
1274:Darwin, Charles (1875),
1247:Darwin, Charles (1859),
1122:Intracellular Pangenesis
1038:Darwin & Seward 1903
486:
212:Fertilisation of Orchids
203:domestication of pigeons
191:On the Origin of Species
110:Vol 1: viii,411 +43 figs
2101:Books by Charles Darwin
2018:things named for Darwin
1589:can be downloaded from
1365:Nature Reviews Genetics
1148:De Vries, Hugo (1889),
437:intracellula pangenesis
2126:English-language books
1957:List of described taxa
1650:Darwin–Wedgwood family
481:Domestication syndrome
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378:
369:Lamarckian inheritance
355:
268:
2111:Books about evolution
1690:Publication of theory
1685:Development of theory
1316:Olby, Robert (1985),
1310:, London: John Murray
1295:, London: John Murray
395:
373:
345:
321:Henrietta Emma Darwin
259:
1879:Insectivorous Plants
1726:Insectivorous Plants
1318:Origins of Mendelism
1146:in the German text.
412:By the end of April
358:The first volume of
314:Alexander Kovalevsky
65:Artificial selection
1751:Portraits of Darwin
1680:Inception of theory
1528:10.1093/bjps/axi158
1498:10.1038/nature08832
1489:2010Natur.464..587R
1448:10.1038/nature07895
1440:2009Natur.457..843P
648:on 27 February 2008
327:prepared an index.
306:Julius Victor Carus
23:
901:, pp. 199–200
889:, pp. 282–284
777:See Footnote 2 in
577:, pp. 201–211
418:George Henry Lewes
398:
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21:
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1854:Natural Selection
1591:Project Gutenberg
1549:Project Gutenberg
1483:(7288): 547–591,
1434:(7231): 843–848,
1418:978-0-7181-3430-3
1348:978-0-521-20163-6
1327:978-0-226-62591-1
1239:978-0-7126-6837-8
1217:978-0-520-23693-6
877:, pp. 84–85)
439:which, following
422:Pall Mall Gazette
173:Natural Selection
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91:Publication place
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102:Print (hardback)
82:Publication date
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2008:Darwin Industry
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1736:Religious views
1660:Josiah Wedgwood
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1401:Desmond, Adrian
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1287:Darwin, Francis
1260:Darwin, Charles
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1672:Voyage on HMS
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1636:Charles Darwin
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1109:
1107:, p. 287.
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178:Alfred Wallace
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2013:Commemoration
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514:Stauffer 1975
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278:Joseph Hooker
273:
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265:Columba livia
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137:is a book by
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41:
37:
30:
25:
19:
2070:Darwin Medal
2063:
1989:
1983:
1946:
1938:
1925:
1917:
1909:
1901:
1893:
1885:
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1515:
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1408:
1405:Moore, James
1368:
1364:
1337:
1317:
1306:
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869:
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831:
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815:
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773:
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744:
738:
730:the original
724:
701:
695:
685:
679:
669:
663:
653:
646:the original
640:
634:
624:
618:
608:
602:
594:the original
588:
582:
570:
555:
545:
539:
524:
509:
503:84–85 Vol. 1
494:
447:
445:
436:
430:
426:
413:
411:
403:Fritz Müller
399:
396:Spanish fowl
379:
374:
365:
359:
357:
354:or rock dove
351:
330:
329:
318:
309:
301:
297:
295:
288:
282:
274:
270:
264:
229:
217:
210:
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196:
189:
171:
169:
143:
133:
132:
131:
35:
18:
1802:(1838–1843)
1755:caricatures
1522:: 121–144,
1142:Written as
1105:Browne 2002
1093:Darwin 1875
1069:Darwin 1887
1017:Browne 2002
1002:Darwin 1887
950:432, Vol. 2
946:Darwin 1868
934:Browne 2002
930:431, Vol. 2
926:Darwin 1868
911:Darwin 1868
899:Bowler 2003
887:Browne 2002
857:, pp.
855:Darwin 1887
839:Darwin 1887
575:Browne 2002
560:Darwin 1887
529:Darwin 1859
516:, pp.
501:, pp.
499:Darwin 1887
287:(1871) and
252:Publication
225:John Murray
75:John Murray
2106:1868 books
2095:Categories
2055:Eclipse of
2003:Pangenesis
1193:References
1071:, p.
1042:301, Vol 1
1040:, p.
1004:, p.
948:, p.
928:, p.
913:, p.
875:Olby (1985
841:, p.
562:, p.
531:, p.
448:Germ-Plasm
236:pangenesis
160:See also:
156:Background
150:pangenesis
2045:Universal
2025:Darwinism
1978:Dysgenics
1708:Variation
1667:Education
1464:205216444
1184:20512798M
1120:(1910) ,
1073:76, Vol 3
1006:75, Vol 3
863:93 Vol. 1
843:75 Vol. 3
564:90 Vol. 1
414:Variation
388:Reception
261:Rock dove
125:960106244
71:Publisher
1973:Eugenics
1825:" (1858)
1766:Writings
1719:Emotions
1599:Volume 2
1595:Volume 1
1507:20220755
1456:19212403
1407:(1991),
1385:14970822
1262:(1868),
1228:(2002),
1202:(2003),
1174:(1893),
1158:7227630M
1130:7215909M
455:See also
432:De Vries
382:Asa Gray
346:English
338:Contents
293:(1872).
186:abstract
146:heredity
53:Language
2035:Quantum
1966:Related
1849:(1868)
1704:Orchids
1485:Bibcode
1436:Bibcode
1393:1987372
1144:pangene
420:in the
61:Subject
56:English
2064:Beagle
2040:Social
2030:Neural
1994:(1930)
1951:, 1903
1943:, 1887
1930:(1887)
1922:(1881)
1914:(1880)
1906:(1877)
1898:(1876)
1890:(1875)
1882:(1875)
1874:(1872)
1866:(1871)
1841:(1862)
1833:(1859)
1818:(1846)
1810:(1844)
1794:(1842)
1786:(1839)
1778:(1835)
1741:Health
1674:Beagle
1505:
1477:Nature
1462:
1454:
1428:Nature
1415:
1409:Darwin
1391:
1383:
1345:
1324:
1236:
1214:
1182:
1156:
1128:
310:Origin
199:Origin
182:Borneo
43:Author
1746:Women
1730:Worms
1460:S2CID
1389:S2CID
487:Notes
107:Pages
2062:HMS
1643:Life
1503:PMID
1452:PMID
1413:ISBN
1381:PMID
1343:ISBN
1322:ISBN
1234:ISBN
1212:ISBN
518:1–14
164:and
119:OCLC
1728:to
1717:to
1706:to
1547:at
1524:doi
1493:doi
1481:464
1444:doi
1432:457
1373:doi
915:383
263:or
2097::
1597:,
1593::
1564::
1520:57
1518:,
1501:,
1491:,
1479:,
1475:,
1458:,
1450:,
1442:,
1430:,
1403:;
1387:,
1379:,
1367:,
1180:OL
1154:OL
1126:OL
1075:;
1036:;
1000:;
932:;
861:,
859:90
837:;
806:^
754:^
711:^
316:.
152:.
1821:"
1757:)
1753:(
1628:e
1621:t
1614:v
1601:.
1531:.
1526::
1510:.
1495::
1487::
1467:.
1446::
1438::
1422:.
1396:.
1375::
1369:5
1352:.
1331:.
1312:.
1297:.
1282:.
1270:.
1255:.
1243:.
1221:.
1161:.
1133:.
1095:.
845:.
533:2
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