Tichborne case - Knowledge

486:

accepted the evidence from Australia but changed her mind soon after the Claimant's arrival in England. Lady Tichborne's brother Henry Seymour denounced the Claimant as false when he found that the latter neither spoke nor understood French (Roger's first language as a child) and lacked any trace of a French accent. The Claimant was unable to identify several family members and complained about attempts to catch him out by presenting him with impostors. Vincent Gosford, a former Tichborne Park steward, was unimpressed by the Claimant, who, when asked to name the contents of a sealed package that Roger left with Gosford before his departure in 1853, said he could not remember. The family believed that the Claimant had acquired from Bogle and other sources information that enabled him to demonstrate some knowledge of the family's affairs, including, for example, the locations of certain pictures in Tichborne Park. Apart from Lady Tichborne, a distant cousin, Anthony John Wright Biddulph, was the only relation who accepted the Claimant as genuine; however, as long as Lady Tichborne was alive and maintaining her support, the Claimant's position remained strong.

596: 693:, the Claimant answered questions on Arthur Orton, whom he described as "a large-boned man with sharp features and a lengthy face slightly marked with smallpox". He had lost sight of Orton between 1862 and 1865, but they had met again in Wagga Wagga, where the Claimant had discussed his inheritance. Under cross-examination the Claimant was evasive when pressed for further details of his relationship with Orton, saying that he did not wish to incriminate himself. After questioning him on his visit to Wapping, Hawkins asked him directly: "Are you Arthur Orton?" to which he replied "I am not". The Claimant displayed considerable ignorance when questioned about his time at Stonyhurst. He could not identify 502:

this information, the Tichborne family sent an agent, John Mackenzie, to Australia to make further enquiries. Mackenzie located Foster's widow, who produced the old station records. These showed no reference to "Thomas Castro", although the employment of an "Arthur Orton" was recorded. Foster's widow also identified a photograph of the Claimant as Arthur Orton, thus providing the first direct evidence that the Claimant might in fact be Orton. In Wagga Wagga one local resident recalled the butcher Castro saying that he had learned his trade in Wapping. When this information reached London, enquiries were made in Wapping by a private detective, ex-police inspector

953:

chronicler John Morse. The tone of the summing-up was partisan, frequently drawing the jury's attention to the Claimant's "gross and astonishing ignorance" of things he would certainly know if he were Roger Tichborne. Cockburn rejected the Claimant's version of the sealed package contents and all imputations against Katherine Doughty's honour. Of Cockburn's peroration, Morse remarked that "never was a more resolute determination manifested to control the result". While much of the press applauded Cockburn's forthrightness, his summing-up was also criticised as "a Niagara of condemnation" rather than an impartial review.

1035: 1060:; he quickly retracted the confession and insisted again that he was Roger Tichborne. His shop failed, as did other business attempts, and he died destitute, of heart disease, on 1 April 1898. His funeral caused a brief revival of interest; around 5,000 people attended Paddington cemetery for the burial in an unmarked pauper's grave. In what McWilliam calls "an act of extraordinary generosity" the Tichborne family allowed a card bearing the name "Sir Roger Charles Doughty Tichborne" to be placed on the coffin before its interment. The name "Tichborne" was registered in the cemetery's records. 926: 355: 304: 180: 521: 370:, had identified Roger Tichborne in the person of a bankrupt local butcher using the name Thomas Castro. During his bankruptcy examination Castro had mentioned an entitlement to property in England. He had also talked of experiencing a shipwreck and was smoking a briar pipe which carried the initials "R.C.T." When challenged by Gibbes to reveal his true name, Castro had initially been reticent but eventually agreed that he was indeed the missing Roger Tichborne; henceforth he became generally known as the Claimant. 567:, ostensibly to travel to Valparaíso overland and there rejoin his advisers who were continuing by sea. After waiting two months in Buenos Aires he caught a ship home. His explanations for this sudden retreat—poor health and the dangers from brigands—did not convince his backers, many of whom withdrew their support; Holmes resigned as his solicitor. Furthermore, on their return his advisers reported that no one in Melipilla had heard of "Tichborne", although they remembered a young English sailor called "Arturo". 875: 697:, confused Latin with Greek, and did not understand what chemistry was. He caused a sensation when he declared that he had seduced Katherine Doughty and that the sealed package given to Gosford, the contents of which he earlier claimed not to recall, contained instructions to be followed in the event of her pregnancy. Rohan McWilliam, in his chronicle of the affair, comments that from that point on the Tichborne family were fighting not only for their estates but for Katherine Doughty's honour. 732: 807: 115:

Claimant was released in 1884, and he had no dealings with it. In 1895, he confessed to being Orton, only to recant almost immediately. He lived generally in poverty for the rest of his life and was destitute at the time of his death in 1898. Although most commentators have accepted the court's view that the Claimant was Orton, some analysts believe that an element of doubt remains as to his true identity and that, conceivably, he was Roger Tichborne.

428:, John Holmes, who agreed to go with him to Paris to meet Lady Tichborne. This meeting took place on 11 January at the Hôtel de Lille. As soon as she saw his face, Lady Tichborne accepted him. At Holmes's behest she lodged with the British Embassy a signed declaration formally testifying that the Claimant was her son. She was unmoved when Father Châtillon, Roger's childhood tutor, declared the Claimant an impostor, and she allowed Holmes to inform 421:

friend of Arthur Orton, who, he said, was now one of the wealthiest men in Australia. The significance of the Wapping visit would become apparent only later. On 29 December the Claimant visited Alresford and stayed at the Swan Hotel, where the landlord detected a resemblance to the Tichbornes. The Claimant confided that he was the missing Sir Roger but asked that this be kept secret. He also sought information concerning the Tichborne family.

625: 40: 446: 987: 214:, which produced a daughter, Henriette Felicité, born in about 1807. Years later, when Henriette had passed her 20th birthday and remained unmarried, Seymour thought his former companion James Tichborne might make a suitable husband—although James was close to his own age and was physically unprepossessing. The couple were married in August 1827; on 5 January 1829 Henriette gave birth to a son, Roger Charles Doughty Tichborne. 260: 413: 3274: 1076:, an inmate of a Sydney lunatic asylum, that he was Arthur Orton. There was circumstantial evidence that indicated some connection with Orton, and the Claimant's supporters campaigned to have Cresswell brought to England. Nothing came of this, although the question of Cresswell's possible identity remained a matter of dispute for years. In 1884 a Sydney court found the matter undecided, and ruled that the 1069:

sheer improbability that anyone could conceive such an imposture from scratch, at such a distance, and then implement it: "t was carrying effrontery beyond the bounds of sanity if Arthur Orton embarked with a wife and retinue and crossed the world, knowing that they would all be destitute if he did not succeed in convincing a woman he had never met and knew nothing about first-hand, that he was her son".

866:, an Irish MP who was frequently absent, and the young and inexperienced Cooper Wyld. Kenealy's task was made more difficult when several of his upper-class witnesses refused to appear, perhaps afraid of the ridicule they anticipated from the Crown's lawyers. Other important witnesses from the civil case, including Moore, Baigent and Lipscombe, would not give evidence at the criminal trial. 1018:, against 433 opposed. Thereafter, within parliament Kenealy became a generally derided figure, and most of his campaigning was conducted elsewhere. In the years of the Tichborne movement's popularity a considerable market was created for souvenirs in the form of medallions, china figurines, teacloths and other memorabilia. By 1880 interest in the case had declined, and in the 547:

hinted that some of his activities with Orton were of a criminal nature and that to confound the authorities they had sometimes exchanged names. Most of Orton's family failed to recognise the Claimant as their long-lost kinsman, although it was later revealed that he had paid them money. A former sweetheart of Orton's, Mary Ann Loder, did identify the Claimant as Orton.

750:

trial; his fight was perceived by many as symbolising the problems faced by the working class when seeking justice in the courts. In the wake of his appeal, support committees were formed throughout the country. When he was bailed early in April, on sureties provided by Lord Rivers and Guildford Onslow, a large crowd cheered him as he left the

1094:, maintained that her father confessed to her that he had killed Arthur Orton and thus could not disclose details of his Australian years. There is no direct evidence for any of these theories. Teresa continued to proclaim her identity as a Tichborne daughter, and in 1924 was imprisoned for making threats and demands for money to the family. 374:

non-existent parcels of supposed Tichborne property. In the letter to his mother, the Claimant's references to his former life were vague and equivocal but were enough to convince Lady Tichborne that he was her elder son. Her willingness to accept the Claimant may have been influenced by the death of her younger son, Alfred, in February.

320:

and taken them to Australia. Sir James Tichborne died in June 1862, at which point, if he was alive, Roger became the 11th baronet. As he was by then presumed dead, the title passed to his younger brother Alfred, whose financial recklessness rapidly brought about his near-bankruptcy. Tichborne Park was vacated and leased to tenants.

706:

that the Claimant was genuine. In January 1872 Coleridge began the case for the defence with a speech during which he categorised the Claimant as comparable with "the great impostors of history". He intended to prove that the Claimant was Arthur Orton. He had over 200 witnesses lined up, but it transpired that few were required.

998:, writing much later, highlighted the paradox whereby the Claimant was perceived simultaneously as a legitimate baronet and as a working-class man denied his legal rights by a ruling elite. In April 1874 Kenealy launched a political organisation, the "Magna Charta Association", with a broad agenda that reflected some of the 386:, bound for Melbourne. On arrival he had taken the name Thomas Castro from an acquaintance from Melipilla and had wandered for some years before settling in Wagga Wagga. He had married a pregnant housemaid, Mary Ann Bryant, and taken her child, a daughter, as his own; a further daughter had been born in March 1866. 714:

which the Claimant did not possess. On 4 March the jury notified the judge that they had heard enough and were ready to reject the Claimant's suit. Having ascertained that this decision was based on the evidence as a whole and not solely on the missing tattoos, Bovill ordered the Claimant's arrest on

242:

desirable. At one point the young couple were forbidden to meet, though they continued to do so clandestinely. Feeling harassed and frustrated, Roger hoped to escape from the situation through a spell of overseas military duty; when it became clear that the regiment would remain in the British Isles,

102:

had rejected the Claimant's case, he was charged with perjury; while awaiting trial he campaigned throughout the country to gain popular support. In 1874, a criminal court jury decided that he was not Roger Tichborne and declared him to be Arthur Orton. Before passing a sentence of 14 years, the

1068:

Commentators have generally accepted the trial jury's verdict that the Claimant was Arthur Orton. However, McWilliam cites the monumental study by Douglas Woodruff (1957), in which the author posits that the Claimant could just possibly have been Roger Tichborne. Woodruff's principal argument is the

934:

Kenealy's defence was that the Claimant was victim of a conspiracy which encompassed the Catholic Church, the government and the legal establishment. He frequently sought to demolish witnesses' character, as with Lord Bellew, whose reputation he destroyed by revealing details of the peer's adultery.

849:

and James Mathew. The Claimant's team was significantly weaker; he would not re-engage Ballantine and his other civil case lawyers declined to act for him again. Others refused the case, possibly because they knew they would have to present evidence concerning the seduction of Katherine Doughty. The

676:

who was then at the height of his powers as a cross-examiner. In his opening speech, Ballantine made much of Roger Tichborne's unhappy childhood, his overbearing father, his poor education and his frequently unwise choices of companions. The Claimant's experiences in an open boat following the wreck

578:

of £100 face value, the holders of which would be repaid with interest when the Claimant obtained his inheritance. About £40,000 was raised, though the bonds quickly traded at a considerable discount and were soon being exchanged for derisory sums. The scheme allowed the Claimant to continue to meet

501:

under the name of Thomas Castro. While there, he had met Arthur Orton, a fellow Englishman. After leaving Foster's employment the Claimant had subsequently wandered the country, sometimes with Orton, working in various capacities before setting up as a butcher in Wagga Wagga in 1865. On the basis of

389:

While in Sydney the Claimant encountered two former servants of the Tichborne family. One was a gardener, Michael Guilfoyle, who at first acknowledged the identity of Roger Tichborne but later changed his mind when asked to provide money to facilitate the return to England. The second, Andrew Bogle,

275:

reached Valparaíso, where letters informed Roger that his father had succeeded to the baronetcy, Sir Edward having died in May. In all, Roger spent 10 months in South America, accompanied in the first stages by a family servant, John Moore. In the course of his inland travels he may have visited the

217:

Sir Henry had been succeeded in 1821 by his eldest son, Henry Joseph, who fathered seven daughters but no male heir. As baronetcies are inherited only by males, when Henry Joseph died in 1845 the immediate heir was his younger brother Edward, who had assumed the surname of Doughty as a condition of

114:

After the trial, Kenealy instigated a popular radical reform movement, the Magna Charta Association, which championed the Claimant's cause for some years. Kenealy was elected to Parliament in 1875 as a radical independent but was not an effective parliamentarian. The movement was in decline when the

86:

butcher known as Thomas Castro came forward claiming to be Roger Tichborne. Although his manners and bearing were unrefined, he gathered support and travelled to England. He was instantly accepted by Lady Tichborne as her son, although other family members were dismissive and sought to expose him as

887:, who was then in London, attended an event at which the Claimant was present and "thought him a rather fine and stately figure". Twain observed that the company were "educated men, men moving in good society. ... It was 'Sir Roger', always 'Sir Roger' on all hands, no one withheld the title". 481:

who became one of the Claimant's staunchest advocates. Rohan MacWilliam, in his account of the case, calls this wide degree of recognition remarkable, particularly given the Claimant's increasing physical differences from the slim Roger. By mid-June 1867 the Claimant's weight had reached almost 300

319:

was discovered off the Brazilian coast, together with some wreckage but no personnel, and the ship's loss with all hands was assumed. The Tichborne family were told in June that Roger must be presumed lost, though they retained a faint hope, fed by rumours, that another ship had picked up survivors

1089:

that Orton's mother, a woman named Mary Kent, was an illegitimate daughter of Sir Henry Tichborne, Roger Tichborne's grandfather. An alternative story has Mary Kent being seduced by James Tichborne, making Orton and Roger half-brothers. Other versions have Orton and Roger as companions in crime in

890:

Altogether, Hawkins called 215 witnesses, including numbers from France, Melipilla, Australia and Wapping, who testified either that the Claimant was not Roger Tichborne or that he was Arthur Orton. A handwriting expert swore that the Claimant's writing resembled Orton's but not Roger Tichborne's.

757:

At a public meeting in Alresford on 14 May, Onslow reported that subscriptions to the defence fund were already pouring in and that invitations to visit and speak had been received from many towns. As the Claimant addressed meetings up and down the country, journalists following the campaign often

705:

On 7 July the court adjourned for four months. When it resumed, Ballantine called more witnesses, including Bogle and Francis Baigent, a close family friend. Hawkins contended that Bogle and Baigent were feeding the Claimant with information, but in cross-examination he could not dent their belief

685:

The first witnesses for the Claimant included former officers and men from Roger Tichborne's regiment, all of whom declared their belief that he was genuine. Among servants and former servants of the Tichborne family called by Ballantine was John Moore, Roger's valet in South America. He testified

485:

Despite Lady Tichborne's insistence that the Claimant was her son, the rest of the Tichbornes and their related families were almost unanimous in declaring him a fraud. They recognised Alfred Tichborne's infant son, Henry Alfred, as the 12th baronet. Lady Doughty, Sir Edward's widow, had initially

453:

The Claimant quickly acquired significant supporters; the Tichborne family's solicitor Edward Hopkins accepted him, as did J. P. Lipscomb, the family's doctor. Lipscomb, after a detailed medical examination, reported that the Claimant possessed a distinctive genital malformation. It would later be

221:

After Roger's birth, James and Henriette had three more children: two daughters who died in infancy and a second son, Alfred, born in 1839. The marriage was unhappy, and the couple spent much time apart, he in England, she in Paris with Roger. As a consequence of his upbringing, Roger spoke mainly

81:

Roger Tichborne, heir to the family's title and fortunes, was presumed to have died in a shipwreck in 1854 at age 25. His mother clung to a belief that he might have survived, and after hearing rumours that he had made his way to Australia, she advertised extensively in Australian newspapers,

1042:

The Claimant was released on licence on 11 October 1884 after serving 10 years. He was much slimmer; a letter to Onslow dated May 1875 reports a loss of 148 pounds (10.6 st; 67 kg). Throughout his imprisonment he had maintained that he was Roger Tichborne, but on release he disappointed

882:

The trial, one of the lengthiest cases heard in an English court, began on 21 April 1873 and lasted until 28 February 1874, occupying 188 court days. The tone was dominated by Kenealy's confrontational style; his personal attacks extended not only to witnesses but to the Bench and led to frequent

749:

an "Appeal to the Public", requesting financial help to meet his legal and living costs: "I appeal to every British soul who is inspired by a love of justice and fair play, and is willing to defend the weak against the strong". The Claimant had gained considerable popular support during the civil

615:

of Colonel Lushington, the tenant of Tichborne Park. The real purpose was to establish the Claimant's identity as Sir Roger Tichborne and his rights to the family's estates; failure on his part would expose him as an impostor. In addition to Tichborne Park's 2,290 acres (930 ha), the estates

420:

After depositing his family in a London hotel, the Claimant called at Lady Tichborne's address and was told she was in Paris. He then went to Wapping in East London, where he enquired after a local family named Orton. Finding that they had left the area, he identified himself to a neighbour as a

394:

who had thereafter worked for Sir Edward for many years before retiring. The elderly Bogle did not immediately recognise the Claimant, whose 189-pound (13.5 st; 86 kg) weight contrasted sharply with Roger's remembered slender build; however, Bogle quickly accepted that the Claimant was

377:

In June 1866 the Claimant moved to Sydney, where he was able to raise money from banks on the basis of a statutory declaration that he was Roger Tichborne. The statement was later found to contain many errors, although the birthdate and parentage details were given correctly. It included a brief

952:

After closing addresses from Kenealy and Hawkins, Cockburn began summing-up on 29 January 1874. His speech was prefaced by a severe denunciation of Kenealy's conduct, "the longest, severest and best merited rebuke ever administered from the Bench to a member of the bar" according to the trial's

546:

and later moved to mainland Australia. His employment by Foster at Gippsland terminated around 1857 with a dispute over wages. Thereafter he disappears; if he was not Castro, there is no further direct evidence of Orton's existence, although strenuous efforts were made to find him. The Claimant

555:

Lady Tichborne died on 12 March 1868, thus depriving the Claimant of his principal advocate and his main source of income. He outraged the family by insisting on taking the position of chief mourner at her funeral mass. His lost income was rapidly replaced by a fund, set up by supporters, that

399:

with his wife and children in first class, and a small retinue including Bogle and his youngest son Henry George in second class. Good living in Sydney had raised his weight on departure to 210 pounds (15 st; 95 kg), and during the long voyage he added another 40 pounds (2.9 st;

1097:

Woodruff submits that the legal verdicts, although fair given the evidence before the courts, have not fully resolved the "great doubt" that Cockburn admitted hung over the case. Woodruff wrote in 1957: "Probably for ever, now, its key long since lost... a mystery remains". A 1998 article in

956:

The jury retired at noon on Saturday 28 February, and returned to the court within 30 minutes. Their verdict declared that the Claimant was not Roger Tichborne, that he had not seduced Katherine Doughty, and that he was indeed Arthur Orton. He was thus convicted of perjury. The jury added a

373:

Cubitt offered to accompany the supposed lost son back to England and wrote to Lady Tichborne requesting funds. Meanwhile, Gibbes asked the Claimant to make out a will and to write to his mother. The will incorrectly gave Lady Tichborne's name as "Hannah Frances", and disposed of numerous

929:

In this painting by Frederick Sargent, the Claimant can be seen sitting in the lower centre; behind him, partially hidden, is Henry George Bogle, son of Andrew Bogle and the Claimant's constant companion and assistant during the trial. In the row behind the Claimant, Kenealy has risen to

686:

that the Claimant had remembered many small details of their months together, including clothing worn and the name of a pet dog the pair had adopted. Roger's cousin Anthony Biddulph explained that he had accepted the Claimant only after spending much time in his company.

921:

s log or in the Melbourne harbourmaster's records. Giving evidence on the contents of the sealed packet, Gosford revealed that it contained information regarding the disposition of certain properties, but nothing relating to Katherine Doughty's seduction or pregnancy.

681:

had, said Ballantine, impaired his memories of his earlier years, which explained his uncertain recall. Attempts to identify his client as Arthur Orton were, Ballantine argued, the concoctions of "irresponsible" private investigators acting for the Tichborne family.

957:

condemnation of Kenealy's conduct during the trial. After the judges refused his request to address the court, the Claimant was sentenced to two consecutive terms of seven years' imprisonment. Kenealy's behaviour ended his legal career; he was expelled from the

454:

suggested that Roger Tichborne had this same defect, but this could not be established beyond speculation and hearsay. Many people were impressed by the Claimant's seeming ability to recall small details of Roger Tichborne's early life, such as the

218:

a legacy. Edward's only son died in childhood, so James Tichborne became next in line to the baronetcy, and after him, Roger. As the family's fortunes had been greatly augmented by the Doughty bequest, this was a considerable material prospect.

1084:

Attempts have been made to reconcile some of the troubling uncertainties and contradictions within the case. To explain the degree of facial resemblance (which even Cockburn accepted) of the Claimant to the Tichborne family, Onslow suggested in

1292:

Having lost the civil case, the Claimant was liable for all the defendants' legal costs as well as his own. This liability, estimated at around £80,000, had bankrupted him for the second time and left him without financial resources of any

939:

during the rescue mission. Luie identified the Claimant as "Mr Rogers", one of six survivors picked up and taken to Melbourne. On investigation Luie was found to be an impostor, a former prisoner who had been in England at the time of the

341:'s last voyage and described Roger Tichborne as "of a delicate constitution, rather tall, with very light brown hair and blue eyes". A "most liberal reward" would be given "for any information that may definitely point out his fate". 237:

When on leave, Roger often stayed with his uncle Edward at Tichborne Park and became attracted to his cousin Katherine Doughty, four years his junior. Sir Edward and his wife, though they were fond of their nephew, did not consider

883:

clashes with Cockburn. Under the legal rules that then applied to criminal cases, the Claimant, though present in court, was not allowed to testify. Away from the court he revelled in his celebrity status; the American writer

284:. Moore, who had fallen ill, was paid off in Santiago, while Roger travelled to Peru, where he took a long hunting trip. By the end of 1853 he was back in Valparaíso, and early in the new year he began a crossing of the 391: 69:

that fascinated Victorian Britain in the 1860s and 1870s. It concerned the claims by a man sometimes referred to as Thomas Castro or as Arthur Orton, but usually termed "the Claimant", to be the missing heir to the

1080:

should be maintained; Cresswell stayed in the asylum. Shortly before his death in 1904 he was visited by the contemporaneous Lady Tichborne, who found no physical resemblance to any member of the Tichborne family.

1302:

The chairman of the St James's Hall meeting was G. B. Skipworth, a prominent radical lawyer. In January 1873 Skipworth was fined £500 and imprisoned for three months for repeating the charges against the

1194:£1,000 a year was a considerable sum at that time. Using the calculations of current value devised by MeasuringWorth.com, an annual income of £1,000 in 1867 equated in 2011 to £72,000 on the basis of the 895:

was, Hawkins asserted, a fraud. A ship of that name had arrived in Melbourne in July 1854 but did not correspond to the Claimant's description. Furthermore, the Claimant had provided the wrong name for

1283:

The problem of finding a legally definitive name for the Claimant is illustrated by his arrest warrant, which referred to "Thomas Castro, alias Arthur Orton, alias Sir Roger Charles Doughty Tichborne".

432:

in London that she had recognised Roger. She settled an income of £1,000 a year on him, and accompanied him to England to declare her support before the more sceptical members of the Tichborne family.

616:

included manors, lands and farms in Hampshire, and considerable properties in London and elsewhere, which altogether produced an annual income of over £20,000, equivalent to about £2,350,000 in 2023.

1050:

He returned in 1887 to England, where, although not officially divorced from Mary Ann Bryant, he married a music hall singer, Lily Enever. In 1895, for a fee of a few hundred pounds, he confessed in

774:, London, on 11 December 1872, each made specific charges against the Attorney General and the Government of trying to pervert the course of justice. They were fined £100 each for contempt of court. 1185:

Bogle's second son, Andrew, Jr., a successful barber and hairdresser in Sydney with eleven children, had to himself advance the funds needed to pay for his father and brother's passage to England.

1167:

Photographic evidence was not given weight in the courts because of the belief that such images could be manipulated. The above triptych was assembled after the conclusion of the criminal trial.

563:

In September 1868, together with his legal team, the Claimant went to South America to meet face-to-face with potential witnesses in Melipilla who might confirm his identity. He disembarked at

323:

Encouraged by a clairvoyant's assurance that her elder son was alive and well, in February 1863 Roger's mother Henriette, now Lady Tichborne, began placing regular newspaper advertisements in

1216:

Douglas Woodruff, in his study of the affair, gives the Claimant's weight in June 1868 as 344 pounds (24.6 st; 156 kg) and by summer 1870 as 378 pounds (27 st; 171 kg).

1225:

At the time he was asked about the package, the Claimant did not know that Gosford had destroyed it. When he became aware that it no longer existed, he gave an account of the contents.

1022:

Kenealy was heavily defeated. He died of heart failure before polling closed in the election. The Magna Charta Association continued for several more years, with dwindling support;

935:

Kenealy's own witnesses included Bogle and Biddulph, who remained steadfast, but more sensational testimony came from a sailor called Jean Luie, who claimed that he had been on the

834:. His decision to hear this case was controversial, since during the civil case he had publicly denounced the Claimant as a perjurer and a slanderer. Cockburn's co-judges were Sir 1047:

and circuses. The British public's interest in him had largely waned; in 1886 he went to New York but failed to inspire any enthusiasm there and ended up working as a bartender.

3284: 1108:

might resolve the mystery. The enigma has launched numerous retellings of the story in book and film, including the short story "Tom Castro, the Implausible Imposter" from

1128:. Thus, Woodruff concludes, "the man who lost himself still walks in history, with no other name than that which the common voice of his day accorded him: the Claimant". 994:

The court's verdict swelled the popular tide in favour of the Claimant. He and Kenealy were hailed as heroes, the latter as a martyr who had sacrificed his legal career.

337:, Australia, on behalf of his "Missing Friends Agency". She wrote to him, and he agreed to place a series of notices in Australian newspapers. These gave details of the 2990: 538:

Arthur Orton, a butcher's son born on 20 March 1834 in Wapping, had gone to sea as a boy and had been in Chile in the early 1850s. Sometime in 1852 he arrived in

292:, where he wrote to his aunt, Lady Doughty, indicating that he was heading for Brazil, then Jamaica and finally Mexico. The last positive sightings of Roger were in 1026:, the newspaper founded by Kenealy during the trial, closed down in May 1886, and there is no evidence of the Association's continuing activities after that date. 583:

and its aftermath prevented key witnesses from leaving Paris, the civil case that the Claimant hoped would confirm his identity finally came to court in May 1871.

854:, an Irish lawyer of acknowledged gifts but known eccentricity. Kenealy had previously featured in several prominent defences, including those of the poisoner 395:

Roger, and remained convinced until the end of his life. On 2 September 1866 the Claimant, having received funds from England, sailed from Sydney on board the

1176:

Cubitt remained in Australia. He and Gibbes reportedly received rewards in the sums of £1,000 and £500, respectively, for their parts in finding the Claimant.

777:

With few exceptions, the mainstream press was hostile to the Claimant's campaign. To counteract this, his supporters launched two short-lived newspapers, the

2538: 2475: 2178: 2132: 2067: 1512: 845:

The prosecution team was largely that which had opposed the Claimant in the civil case, minus Coleridge. Hawkins led the team, his main assistants being

3311: 3306: 785:

in June. The former was wholly devoted to the Claimant's cause and ran until Onslow's and Whalley's contempt convictions in December 1872. The

222:

French, and his English was heavily accented. In 1845 James decided that Roger should complete his education in England and placed him in the

1007: 3257: 2786: 767: 1014:

to establish a royal commission into the Tichborne trial, his proposal securing only his own vote and the support of two non-voting

743:

From his cell in Newgate, the Claimant vowed to resume the fight as soon as he was acquitted. On 25 March 1872 he published in the

831: 661: 822:, the name Castro being the last uncontested alias of the Claimant. Because of its expected length, the case was scheduled as a 1011: 665: 653: 478: 17: 3321: 3122: 2084: 1312:

Henry Alfred, the 12th baronet, died in 1910. The baronetcy became extinct when his grandson, the 14th baronet, died in 1968.

474: 1019: 827: 673: 463: 657: 90:

During protracted enquiries before the case went to court in 1871, details emerged suggesting that the Claimant might be

497:. He testified that after his arrival in Melbourne in July 1854 he had worked for William Foster at a cattle station in 230:, where he remained until 1848. In 1849 he sat the British army entrance examinations and then took a commission in the 1244: 1073: 815: 656:, both highly experienced advocates. Opposing them, acting on instructions from the bulk of the Tichborne family, were 3285:

The Tichborne case: a Victorian melodrama. Online at Discover Collections, State Library of New South Wales, Australia

333:. None of these produced results; however, in May 1865 Lady Tichborne saw an advertisement placed by Arthur Cubitt of 3236: 3195: 3089: 3068: 669: 645: 296:, in April 1854, awaiting a sea passage to Jamaica. Although he lacked a passport he secured a berth on a ship, the 595: 3278: 1271: 604: 531: 231: 211: 526: 490: 3316: 3227: 3008: 1266: 1207:

Carter, along with another former soldier, John M'Cann, was taken into the Claimant's household as a servant.

1124: 1114: 31: 1234:

According to Woodruff, the money lasted for 18 months; by the end of 1871 the Claimant was penniless again.

3301: 1090:

Australia, with Orton killing Roger and assuming his identity. The Claimant's daughter by Mary Ann Bryant,

1043:

supporters by showing no interest in the Magna Charta Association, instead signing a contract to tour with

187: 1072:

In 1876, while the Claimant was serving his prison sentence, interest was briefly raised by the claims of

1056:

newspaper that he was, after all, Arthur Orton. With the proceeds he opened a small tobacconist's shop in

183:

Tichborne family tree (simplified). The baronetcy became extinct in 1968 on the death of the 14th baronet.

3331: 3158: 851: 574:. In 1870 his new legal advisers launched a novel fundraising scheme: Tichborne Bonds, an issue of 1,000 157: 3247: 846: 3336: 3081:

Currents of Radicalism: Popular Radicalism, Organised Labour and Party Politics in Britain, 1850–1914

1091: 855: 762:, suggestive of East London origins. The campaign drew in some high-level supporters, among whom was 1010:

as "The People's Candidate", and won with a resounding majority. However, he failed to persuade the

810:

The Tichborne trial judges, left to right: Sir John Mellor; Sir Alexander Cockburn; Sir Robert Lush

168:, the family in general remained loyal to the Crown, and in 1621 Benjamin Tichborne was created a 3106: 2955: 1034: 826:, a device that allowed a panel rather than one judge to hear it. The president of the panel was 494: 243:

he resigned his commission. On 1 March 1853 he left for a private tour of South America on board

206:

for some years. He shared his captivity with his fourth son, James, and a nobly born Englishman,

202:. As an enemy citizen, he was detained by the French authorities, who held him in captivity as a 1247:

because of the demand for tickets. Both these courts were situated in the Palace of Westminster.

789:, which concerned itself with a broader range of perceived injustices, closed after four months. 763: 207: 99: 3079: 458:

he had used. Several soldiers who had served with Roger in the Dragoons, including his former

3002: 1506: 637: 308: 3341: 925: 863: 690: 449:

The Claimant in about 1869, having acquired much extra weight since his arrival in England

8: 3154: 3133: 1100: 995: 835: 710:, who had known Roger Tichborne at Stonyhurst, testified that Roger had distinctive body 580: 98:

in London, who had gone to sea as a boy and had last been heard of in Australia. After a

354: 210:. During his confinement, Seymour managed to conduct an affair with the daughter of the 3326: 3184: 2172: 2018: 1923: 1195: 1015: 970: 771: 649: 471: 455: 227: 153: 71: 65: 2469: 2126: 914:, the ship which had landed Orton at Hobart. No mention of a rescue had been found in 303: 3232: 3222: 3211: 3191: 3167: 3142: 3118: 3085: 3064: 2080: 1109: 1052: 459: 400:

18 kg). After a journey involving several changes of ship, the party arrived at

165: 3202:(First published in 1897 by The American Publishing Company, Hartford, Connecticut.) 482:

pounds (21 st; 140 kg) and would increase even more in the ensuing years.

2543: 2480: 2183: 2137: 2072: 2010: 1517: 944:

s sinking. He was convicted of perjury and sentenced to seven years' imprisonment.

745: 467: 462:

Thomas Carter, recognised the Claimant as Roger. Other notable supporters included

179: 2562: 2499: 2202: 2156: 2101: 1536: 520: 366:

In October 1865 Cubitt informed Lady Tichborne that William Gibbes, a lawyer from

3242: 3098: 1929: 1261: 1260:. Giffard was the future Lord Halsbury, who would later serve as Great Britain's 1257: 1243:

The case began in the Court of Common Pleas, but was quickly moved to the larger

966: 239: 199: 195: 145: 1002:

demands of the 1830s and 1840s. In February 1875 Kenealy fought a parliamentary

770:. He and Onslow were sometimes incautious in their speeches; after a meeting in 759: 2997:(5841). London: 12. 1 May 1998. Archived from the original on 31 December 2013. 2547: 2187: 2076: 1934: 1930:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" 1740:"Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount, 1830 to present" 1521: 958: 720: 641: 629: 557: 293: 203: 173: 161: 129: 104: 3246: 2532: 2484: 2141: 874: 3295: 3261:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 932–933. 3252: 3215: 3171: 2950: 1105: 962: 859: 264: 133: 2061: 329:

offering a reward for information about Roger Tichborne and the fate of the

248: 3146: 1739: 1270:, a 20th and 21st century leading academic law commentary and an origin of 823: 564: 515: 503: 378:

account of how he had arrived in Australia: he and others from the sinking

289: 91: 3061:

The Man Who Lost Himself: The Unbelievable Story of the Tichborne Claimant

731: 445: 1143: 1119: 1003: 990:

Edward Kenealy, the Claimant's defence counsel, disbarred after the trial

839: 707: 367: 359: 149: 83: 3031: 3179: 2959:. Adelaide: National Library of Australia. 20 November 1924. p. 11 1044: 884: 806: 751: 575: 571: 108: 2022: 2787:"The Queen v. Castro—The Trial At Bar—Address For a Royal Commission" 1351: 1138: 1057: 878:

A contemporary illustration of the trial; Hawkins addresses the court

711: 612: 498: 489:

On 31 July 1867 the Claimant underwent a judicial examination at the

425: 325: 277: 137: 624: 47:

was said by the Claimant's supporters to prove that Roger Tichborne

39: 2014: 999: 986: 579:

his living and legal expenses for a while. After a delay while the

281: 141: 27:

Legal case that captivated Victorian England in the 1860s and 1870s

689:

On 30 May Ballantine called the Claimant to the stand. During his

716: 401: 259: 169: 95: 75: 412: 30:"The Tichborne Claimant" redirects here. For the 1998 film, see 3273: 694: 586: 539: 334: 223: 191: 965:, so that he could no longer practise. On 2 December 1874 the 285: 792: 3109:, London, 1959), by the well-known British mystery writer. 910:

s crew were found to belong to members of the crew of the

506:, and the Claimant's visit in December 1866 was revealed. 315:

On 24 April 1854 a capsized ship's boat bearing the name

234:, in which he served for three years, mainly in Ireland. 103:

judge condemned the behaviour of the Claimant's counsel,

3077: 2001:

McKinsey, William T. (May 1911). "The Tichborne Case".

599:

The Hampshire hunt (1871 cartoon on the Tichborne case)

735:

The Claimant's "Appeal to the Public" is satirised in

3078:

Biagini, Eugenio F.; Reid, Alastair J., eds. (1999).

1029: 390:

was a former slave at the Jamaican plantation of the

74:. He failed to convince the courts, was convicted of 3141:. Boston, Massachusetts: Little, Brown and Company. 144:

who had been prominent in the area since before the

1198:, and to £556,000 on the basis of average earnings. 947: 560:1,400 a year (equivalent to £160,000 in 2023). 435: 3183: 2531: 2468: 2171: 2125: 2071:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 2062:"Chief justices of the common pleas (c.1200–1880)" 2060: 1505: 619: 556:provided a house near Alresford and an income of 280:, which lies on the route between Valparaíso and 3293: 1038:Paddington cemetery, the Claimant's burial place 726: 1330:McWilliam 2007, p. 45 and pp. 197–198 1256:Ballantine held the now-defunct legal title of 766:, a controversial anti-Catholic who was MP for 862:. He was assisted by undistinguished juniors: 190:, the seventh baronet, was travelling through 82:offering a reward for information. In 1866, a 3115:The Tichborne Claimant: A Victorian Sensation 3084:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2511: 2509: 2542:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2479:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2182:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2136:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 1916: 1516:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 903:s captain, and the names he gave for two of 416:Lady Tichborne, Sir Roger Tichborne's mother 254: 3208:The Tichborne Claimant: A Victorian Mystery 311:seeking information as to Tichborne's fate. 123: 3103:The Claimant, the Tichborne Case Revisited 2859: 2857: 2855: 2836: 2834: 2806: 2804: 2506: 2415: 2413: 2169: 1394: 1392: 783:Tichborne News and Anti-Oppression Journal 3241: 3190:. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. 3112: 2619: 2617: 2462: 2460: 2450: 2448: 1926:inflation figures are based on data from 1503: 636:The hearing, which took place within the 440: 3205: 2976: 2974: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2671: 2529: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2316: 2314: 2295: 2293: 2000: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1777: 1775: 1722: 1720: 1572: 1570: 1499: 1033: 985: 924: 873: 805: 730: 623: 594: 519: 444: 424:Back in London, the Claimant employed a 411: 407: 353: 302: 300:, which sailed for Jamaica on 20 April. 258: 178: 38: 2852: 2831: 2801: 2539:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2525: 2523: 2521: 2476:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2410: 2385: 2383: 2364: 2362: 2179:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2133:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2123: 2068:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2037: 2035: 1513:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1497: 1495: 1493: 1491: 1489: 1487: 1485: 1483: 1481: 1479: 1389: 737:Judy, or The London Serio-Comic Journal 700: 648:. The Claimant's legal team was led by 632:, the presiding judge at the civil case 198:broke down in May 1803, reigniting the 14: 3294: 3135:Famous trials: The Tichborne claimant 3058: 2614: 2470:"Cockburn, Sir Alexander James Edmund" 2466: 2457: 2445: 1832: 1830: 1674: 1672: 1644: 1642: 1632: 1630: 1593: 1591: 1560: 1558: 1469: 1467: 850:Claimant's backers eventually engaged 842:, experienced Queen's Bench justices. 814:The criminal case, to be heard in the 118: 3312:Court of King's Bench (England) cases 3307:Court of Common Pleas (England) cases 3178: 3160:Androcles and the Lion: A Fable Play 3131: 2971: 2875: 2431: 2311: 2290: 2163: 1949: 1927: 1866: 1784: 1772: 1734: 1732: 1717: 1567: 801: 550: 382:, he said, had been picked up by the 3153: 3032:"The Tichborne Claimant (1998 film)" 2518: 2380: 2359: 2032: 1476: 1382: 1380: 288:. At the end of January, he reached 2407:McWilliam 2007, p. 71 and pp. 77–78 1994: 1848: 1827: 1669: 1639: 1627: 1588: 1555: 1464: 981: 611:, in the form of an action for the 344: 78:and served a long prison sentence. 24: 3063:. London: Constable and Robinson. 1729: 1030:Claimant's release and final years 891:The entire story of rescue by the 542:, Tasmania, in the transport ship 358:Thomas Castro's butcher's shop in 25: 3353: 3266: 2419:Biagini and Reid (eds), pp. 46–47 1377: 646:Chief Justice of the Common Pleas 466:, a landowner and sportsman, and 267:taken in South America in 1853–54 3272: 3024: 3015: 2991:"The mystery of Roger Tichborne" 2983: 2943: 2934: 2925: 2916: 2907: 2898: 2889: 2866: 2843: 2822: 2813: 2779: 2770: 2761: 2752: 2743: 2734: 2725: 2716: 2707: 2698: 2689: 2680: 2662: 2653: 2644: 2635: 2626: 2605: 2596: 2587: 2578: 2569: 2422: 2173:"Hawkins, Henry, Baron Brampton" 1306: 948:Summing-up, verdict and sentence 436:Laying the groundwork, 1867–1871 3248:"Tichborne Claimant, The" 3231:. Buenos Aires: Editorial Tor. 3210:. London: Hollis & Carter. 3117:. London: Hambledon Continuum. 2401: 2392: 2371: 2350: 2341: 2332: 2323: 2302: 2281: 2272: 2263: 2254: 2245: 2236: 2227: 2218: 2209: 2117: 2108: 2053: 2044: 1985: 1976: 1967: 1958: 1907: 1898: 1889: 1880: 1857: 1839: 1818: 1809: 1800: 1763: 1754: 1708: 1699: 1690: 1681: 1660: 1651: 1618: 1609: 1600: 1579: 1546: 1455: 1446: 1437: 1428: 1419: 1410: 1296: 1286: 1277: 1250: 1237: 1228: 1219: 1210: 1201: 1188: 1179: 1170: 509: 349: 3166:. London: Constable & Co. 2533:"Kenealy, Edward Vaughan Hyde" 1401: 1368: 1359: 1342: 1333: 1324: 1161: 969:revoked Kenealy's patent as a 640:, began on 11 May 1871 before 620:Evidence and cross-examination 392:Duke of Buckingham and Chandos 240:marriage between first cousins 152:in the 16th century, although 142:an old English Catholic family 13: 1: 3228:A Universal History of Infamy 1504:McWilliam, Rohan (May 2010). 1150: 1020:General Election of that year 727:Appeal to the public, 1872–73 307:August 1865 advertisement in 55:were one and the same person. 32:The Tichborne Claimant (film) 3322:Hoaxes in the United Kingdom 2563:UK public library membership 2500:UK public library membership 2203:UK public library membership 2157:UK public library membership 2102:UK public library membership 1537:UK public library membership 1349:"Sir A. Doughty-Tichborne". 1272:Halsbury's Laws of Australia 1063: 976: 858:and the leaders of the 1867 758:commented on his pronounced 263:Roger Tichborne: one of two 7: 3132:Morse, John Torrey (1874). 2797:: col. 1612. 23 April 1875. 1769:McWilliam 2007, pp. 199–200 1131: 1115:Universal History of Infamy 603:The case was listed in the 158:hanged, drawn and quartered 10: 3358: 3206:Woodruff, Douglas (1957). 2863:McWilliam 2007, pp. 273–75 2840:McWilliam 2007, pp. 183–85 2828:McWilliam 2007, pp. 184–85 2810:McWilliam 2007, pp. 167–68 2740:McWilliam 2007, pp. 110–11 2170:Glazebrook, P. R. (2004). 1267:Halsbury's Laws of England 513: 29: 3113:McWilliam, Rohan (2007). 3007:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2623:McWilliam 2007, pp. 95–97 2454:McWilliam 2007, pp. 89–90 2428:McWilliam 2007, pp. 64–66 2377:McWilliam 2007, pp. 61–62 2320:McWilliam 2007, pp. 51–52 2299:McWilliam 2007, pp. 49–50 2251:McWilliam 2007, pp. 45–47 2215:McWilliam 2007, pp. 40–42 1991:McWilliam 2007, pp. 36–37 1955:McWilliam 2007, pp. 31–32 1904:Woodruff, pp. 102–03 1877:McWilliam 2007, pp. 28–30 1797:McWilliam 2007, pp. 25–26 1696:McWilliam 2007, pp. 18–19 668:during the hearing), and 255:Travels and disappearance 2467:Lobban, Michael (2004). 1576:McWilliam 2007, p. 14–15 869: 124:Tichborne family history 111:because of his conduct. 3258:Encyclopædia Britannica 2124:Pugsley, David (2004). 2028:(subscription required) 1928:Clark, Gregory (2017). 1687:Annear, p. 80 and p. 82 1542:(subscription required) 1374:McWilliam 2007, pp. 7–8 1339:McWilliam 2007, pp. 5–6 609:Tichborne v. Lushington 589:Tichborne v. Lushington 495:Royal Courts of Justice 208:Henry Seymour of Knoyle 107:, who was subsequently 94:, a butcher's son from 3059:Annear, Robyn (2003). 3021:McWilliam 2007, p. 276 2951:"Tichborne Trial Echo" 2940:McWilliam 2007, p. 274 2819:McWilliam 2007, p. 201 2767:McWilliam 2007, p. 113 2722:McWilliam 2007, p. 107 2548:10.1093/ref:odnb/15356 2530:Hamilton, J.A (2004). 2278:McWilliam 2007, p. 187 2188:10.1093/ref:odnb/33770 2127:"Coleridge, John Duke" 2077:10.1093/ref:odnb/93045 1522:10.1093/ref:odnb/53701 1245:Court of Queen's Bench 1125:The Tichborne Claimant 1039: 991: 931: 879: 828:Sir Alexander Cockburn 811: 764:George Hammond Whalley 740: 633: 600: 535: 524:Orton as portrayed in 450: 441:Support and opposition 417: 363: 312: 268: 184: 160:for complicity in the 56: 18:The Tichborne Claimant 3186:Following the Equator 3107:Constable and Company 2895:McWilliam, pp. 158–59 2749:McWilliam 2007, p. 90 2731:Woodruff, pp. 367–370 2515:McWilliam 2007, p. 88 2485:10.1093/ref:odnb/5765 2398:McWilliam 2007, p. 74 2308:Woodruff, pp. 194–196 2287:Woodruff, pp. 201–206 2260:Woodruff, pp. 180–185 2233:McWilliam 2007, p. 44 2142:10.1093/ref:odnb/5886 2114:McWilliam 2007, p. 40 2041:McWilliam 2007, p. 43 1964:McWilliam 2007, p. 33 1913:Woodruff, p. 114 1781:McWilliam 2007, p. 24 1726:McWilliam 2007, p. 23 1714:McWilliam 2007, p. 21 1666:McWilliam 2007, p. 17 1624:McWilliam 2007, p. 16 1552:McWilliam 2007, p. 13 1425:McWilliam 2007, p. 11 1037: 989: 928: 877: 809: 734: 719:and committed him to 638:Palace of Westminster 627: 605:Court of Common Pleas 598: 570:The Claimant was now 523: 514:Further information: 448: 415: 408:Recognition in France 404:on 25 December 1866. 357: 306: 262: 182: 42: 3317:History of Hampshire 3281:at Wikimedia Commons 2980:Woodruff, pp. 458–59 2886:Woodruff, pp. 452–53 2776:Woodruff, pp. 401–02 2713:Woodruff, pp. 371–72 2686:Woodruff, pp. 328–29 2650:Woodruff, pp, 317–18 2584:Woodruff, pp. 267–68 2575:Woodruff, pp. 254–55 2442:Woodruff, pp. 251–52 2389:Woodruff, pp. 223–24 2368:Woodruff, pp. 221–22 2347:Woodruff, pp. 215–16 2050:Woodruff, pp. 171–72 2003:The Yale Law Journal 1895:Woodruff, pp. 108–09 1863:Woodruff, pp. 99–101 1760:Woodruff, pp. 139–40 1507:"Tichborne claimant" 1407:McWilliam 2007, p. 8 781:in May 1872 and the 701:Collapse of the case 691:examination-in-chief 664:(he was promoted to 475:Member of Parliament 3302:19th-century hoaxes 2995:The Catholic Herald 2922:Annear, pp. 405–406 2356:Annear, pp. 308–310 1854:Woodruff, pp. 94–96 1836:Woodruff, pp. 90–91 1824:Woodruff, pp. 78–81 1705:Woodruff, pp. 57–58 1678:Woodruff, pp. 55–56 1648:Woodruff, pp. 52–54 1636:Woodruff, pp. 45–48 1597:Woodruff, pp. 38–40 1585:Woodruff, pp. 37–38 1564:Woodruff, pp. 32–33 1461:Woodruff, pp. 27–28 1416:Woodruff, pp. 11–12 1355:: 10. 20 July 1968. 1101:The Catholic Herald 996:George Bernard Shaw 658:John Duke Coleridge 581:Franco-Prussian War 194:, France, when the 188:Sir Henry Tichborne 154:one of their number 128:The Tichbornes, of 119:Sir Roger Tichborne 72:Tichborne baronetcy 3332:Stonyhurst College 3223:Borges, Jorge Luis 2913:Annear, pp. 392–98 2904:Annear, pp. 300–01 2872:Annear, pp. 402–04 2668:Morse, pp. 174–177 1924:Retail Price Index 1886:Annear, pp. 122–23 1196:retail price index 1040: 992: 932: 880: 832:Lord Chief Justice 812: 802:Judges and counsel 741: 650:William Ballantine 642:Sir William Bovill 634: 601: 551:Financial problems 536: 456:fly fishing tackle 451: 418: 364: 313: 269: 232:6th Dragoon Guards 228:Stonyhurst College 185: 57: 43:The blended image 3277:Media related to 3243:Seccombem, Thomas 3124:978-1-85285-478-2 2695:Morse, pp. 226–27 2561:(Subscription or 2498:(Subscription or 2201:(Subscription or 2155:(Subscription or 2100:(Subscription or 2086:978-0-19-861412-8 1535:(Subscription or 1473:Annear, pp. 38–39 1398:Annear, pp. 13–15 1146:based on the case 1110:Jorge Luis Borges 1092:Teresa Mary Agnes 1074:William Cresswell 779:Tichborne Gazette 662:Solicitor General 491:Chancery Division 166:Queen Elizabeth I 51:and the Claimant 16:(Redirected from 3349: 3337:Tichborne family 3276: 3262: 3250: 3219: 3201: 3189: 3175: 3150: 3128: 3099:Gilbert, Michael 3095: 3074: 3047: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3028: 3022: 3019: 3013: 3012: 3006: 2998: 2987: 2981: 2978: 2969: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2947: 2941: 2938: 2932: 2929: 2923: 2920: 2914: 2911: 2905: 2902: 2896: 2893: 2887: 2884: 2873: 2870: 2864: 2861: 2850: 2849:Woodruff, p. 378 2847: 2841: 2838: 2829: 2826: 2820: 2817: 2811: 2808: 2799: 2798: 2783: 2777: 2774: 2768: 2765: 2759: 2756: 2750: 2747: 2741: 2738: 2732: 2729: 2723: 2720: 2714: 2711: 2705: 2702: 2696: 2693: 2687: 2684: 2678: 2675: 2669: 2666: 2660: 2659:Woodruff, p. 338 2657: 2651: 2648: 2642: 2641:Morse, pp. 74–75 2639: 2633: 2632:Morse, pp. 33–35 2630: 2624: 2621: 2612: 2611:Twain, pp. 74–75 2609: 2603: 2602:Woodruff, p. 259 2600: 2594: 2593:Woodruff, p. 313 2591: 2585: 2582: 2576: 2573: 2567: 2566: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2535: 2527: 2516: 2513: 2504: 2503: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2472: 2464: 2455: 2452: 2443: 2440: 2429: 2426: 2420: 2417: 2408: 2405: 2399: 2396: 2390: 2387: 2378: 2375: 2369: 2366: 2357: 2354: 2348: 2345: 2339: 2338:Woodruff, p. 189 2336: 2330: 2329:Woodruff, p. 213 2327: 2321: 2318: 2309: 2306: 2300: 2297: 2288: 2285: 2279: 2276: 2270: 2269:Woodruff, p. 187 2267: 2261: 2258: 2252: 2249: 2243: 2242:Woodruff, p. 178 2240: 2234: 2231: 2225: 2224:Woodruff, p. 174 2222: 2216: 2213: 2207: 2206: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2175: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2129: 2121: 2115: 2112: 2106: 2105: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2064: 2057: 2051: 2048: 2042: 2039: 2030: 2029: 2026: 1998: 1992: 1989: 1983: 1982:Woodruff, p. 166 1980: 1974: 1973:Woodruff, p. 165 1971: 1965: 1962: 1956: 1953: 1947: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1920: 1914: 1911: 1905: 1902: 1896: 1893: 1887: 1884: 1878: 1875: 1864: 1861: 1855: 1852: 1846: 1843: 1837: 1834: 1825: 1822: 1816: 1813: 1807: 1804: 1798: 1795: 1782: 1779: 1770: 1767: 1761: 1758: 1752: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1742:. MeasuringWorth 1736: 1727: 1724: 1715: 1712: 1706: 1703: 1697: 1694: 1688: 1685: 1679: 1676: 1667: 1664: 1658: 1655: 1649: 1646: 1637: 1634: 1625: 1622: 1616: 1613: 1607: 1604: 1598: 1595: 1586: 1583: 1577: 1574: 1565: 1562: 1553: 1550: 1544: 1543: 1540: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1509: 1501: 1474: 1471: 1462: 1459: 1453: 1450: 1444: 1441: 1435: 1432: 1426: 1423: 1417: 1414: 1408: 1405: 1399: 1396: 1387: 1384: 1375: 1372: 1366: 1363: 1357: 1356: 1346: 1340: 1337: 1331: 1328: 1313: 1310: 1304: 1300: 1294: 1290: 1284: 1281: 1275: 1254: 1248: 1241: 1235: 1232: 1226: 1223: 1217: 1214: 1208: 1205: 1199: 1192: 1186: 1183: 1177: 1174: 1168: 1165: 1012:House of Commons 1008:Stoke-upon-Trent 982:Popular movement 920: 909: 902: 864:Patrick MacMahon 820:Regina v. Castro 818:, was listed as 795:Regina v. Castro 746:Evening Standard 674:High Court judge 666:Attorney-General 654:Hardinge Giffard 468:Guildford Onslow 345:Claimant appears 271:On 19 June 1853 226:boarding school 172:for services to 53:(right, in 1874) 21: 3357: 3356: 3352: 3351: 3350: 3348: 3347: 3346: 3292: 3291: 3269: 3198: 3125: 3092: 3071: 3050: 3040: 3038: 3030: 3029: 3025: 3020: 3016: 3000: 2999: 2989: 2988: 2984: 2979: 2972: 2962: 2960: 2949: 2948: 2944: 2939: 2935: 2930: 2926: 2921: 2917: 2912: 2908: 2903: 2899: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2876: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2839: 2832: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2802: 2785: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2762: 2758:Shaw, pp. 23–24 2757: 2753: 2748: 2744: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2717: 2712: 2708: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2690: 2685: 2681: 2676: 2672: 2667: 2663: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2615: 2610: 2606: 2601: 2597: 2592: 2588: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2570: 2560: 2552: 2550: 2528: 2519: 2514: 2507: 2497: 2489: 2487: 2465: 2458: 2453: 2446: 2441: 2432: 2427: 2423: 2418: 2411: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2381: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2360: 2355: 2351: 2346: 2342: 2337: 2333: 2328: 2324: 2319: 2312: 2307: 2303: 2298: 2291: 2286: 2282: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2264: 2259: 2255: 2250: 2246: 2241: 2237: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2210: 2200: 2192: 2190: 2168: 2164: 2154: 2146: 2144: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2109: 2099: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2059: 2058: 2054: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2033: 2027: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1986: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1968: 1963: 1959: 1954: 1950: 1940: 1938: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1881: 1876: 1867: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1849: 1845:Woodruff, p. 66 1844: 1840: 1835: 1828: 1823: 1819: 1815:Woodruff, p. 74 1814: 1810: 1806:Woodruff, p. 81 1805: 1801: 1796: 1785: 1780: 1773: 1768: 1764: 1759: 1755: 1745: 1743: 1738: 1737: 1730: 1725: 1718: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1682: 1677: 1670: 1665: 1661: 1657:Annear, pp. 5–6 1656: 1652: 1647: 1640: 1635: 1628: 1623: 1619: 1614: 1610: 1606:Woodruff, p. 42 1605: 1601: 1596: 1589: 1584: 1580: 1575: 1568: 1563: 1556: 1551: 1547: 1541: 1534: 1526: 1524: 1502: 1477: 1472: 1465: 1460: 1456: 1452:Woodruff, p. 26 1451: 1447: 1443:Woodruff, p. 25 1442: 1438: 1434:Woodruff, p. 24 1433: 1429: 1424: 1420: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1402: 1397: 1390: 1385: 1378: 1373: 1369: 1364: 1360: 1348: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1325: 1316: 1311: 1307: 1301: 1297: 1291: 1287: 1282: 1278: 1262:Lord Chancellor 1258:Serjeant-at-law 1255: 1251: 1242: 1238: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1211: 1206: 1202: 1193: 1189: 1184: 1180: 1175: 1171: 1166: 1162: 1153: 1134: 1104:suggested that 1066: 1032: 984: 979: 971:Queen's Counsel 967:Lord Chancellor 950: 918: 907: 900: 872: 804: 799: 793:Criminal case: 772:St James's Hall 729: 703: 622: 593: 553: 518: 512: 443: 438: 410: 352: 347: 257: 200:Napoleonic Wars 196:Peace of Amiens 164:to assassinate 146:Norman Conquest 126: 121: 49:(left, in 1853) 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3355: 3345: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3288: 3287: 3282: 3279:Tichborne case 3268: 3267:External links 3265: 3264: 3263: 3253:Chisholm, Hugh 3239: 3220: 3203: 3196: 3176: 3151: 3129: 3123: 3110: 3096: 3090: 3075: 3069: 3049: 3048: 3023: 3014: 2982: 2970: 2942: 2933: 2931:Annear, p. 406 2924: 2915: 2906: 2897: 2888: 2874: 2865: 2851: 2842: 2830: 2821: 2812: 2800: 2778: 2769: 2760: 2751: 2742: 2733: 2724: 2715: 2706: 2697: 2688: 2679: 2670: 2661: 2652: 2643: 2634: 2625: 2613: 2604: 2595: 2586: 2577: 2568: 2517: 2505: 2456: 2444: 2430: 2421: 2409: 2400: 2391: 2379: 2370: 2358: 2349: 2340: 2331: 2322: 2310: 2301: 2289: 2280: 2271: 2262: 2253: 2244: 2235: 2226: 2217: 2208: 2162: 2116: 2107: 2085: 2052: 2043: 2031: 2015:10.2307/785675 1993: 1984: 1975: 1966: 1957: 1948: 1935:MeasuringWorth 1915: 1906: 1897: 1888: 1879: 1865: 1856: 1847: 1838: 1826: 1817: 1808: 1799: 1783: 1771: 1762: 1753: 1728: 1716: 1707: 1698: 1689: 1680: 1668: 1659: 1650: 1638: 1626: 1617: 1608: 1599: 1587: 1578: 1566: 1554: 1545: 1475: 1463: 1454: 1445: 1436: 1427: 1418: 1409: 1400: 1388: 1386:Woodruff, p. 2 1376: 1367: 1365:Woodruff, p. 6 1358: 1341: 1332: 1322: 1315: 1314: 1305: 1295: 1285: 1276: 1249: 1236: 1227: 1218: 1209: 1200: 1187: 1178: 1169: 1159: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1147: 1133: 1130: 1087:The Englishman 1065: 1062: 1031: 1028: 1024:The Englishman 983: 980: 978: 975: 961:mess and from 959:Oxford circuit 949: 946: 871: 868: 856:William Palmer 852:Edward Kenealy 803: 800: 798: 791: 787:Tichborne News 760:cockney accent 728: 725: 721:Newgate Prison 702: 699: 630:William Bovill 621: 618: 592: 585: 552: 549: 511: 508: 442: 439: 437: 434: 409: 406: 351: 348: 346: 343: 294:Rio de Janeiro 276:small town of 265:daguerreotypes 256: 253: 212:Duc de Bourbon 204:civil prisoner 162:Babington Plot 130:Tichborne Park 125: 122: 120: 117: 105:Edward Kenealy 61:Tichborne case 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3354: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3299: 3297: 3290: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3275: 3271: 3270: 3260: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3240: 3238: 3237:0-525-47546-X 3234: 3230: 3229: 3224: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3197:0-486-26113-1 3193: 3188: 3187: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3164: 3161: 3156: 3155:Shaw, Bernard 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3139: 3136: 3130: 3126: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3097: 3093: 3091:0-521-39455-4 3087: 3083: 3082: 3076: 3072: 3070:1-84119-799-8 3066: 3062: 3057: 3056: 3055: 3054: 3037: 3033: 3027: 3018: 3010: 3004: 2996: 2992: 2986: 2977: 2975: 2958: 2957: 2952: 2946: 2937: 2928: 2919: 2910: 2901: 2892: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2869: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2846: 2837: 2835: 2825: 2816: 2807: 2805: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2782: 2773: 2764: 2755: 2746: 2737: 2728: 2719: 2710: 2704:Morse, p. 229 2701: 2692: 2683: 2674: 2665: 2656: 2647: 2638: 2629: 2620: 2618: 2608: 2599: 2590: 2581: 2572: 2564: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2540: 2534: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2512: 2510: 2501: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2477: 2471: 2463: 2461: 2451: 2449: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2425: 2416: 2414: 2404: 2395: 2386: 2384: 2374: 2365: 2363: 2353: 2344: 2335: 2326: 2317: 2315: 2305: 2296: 2294: 2284: 2275: 2266: 2257: 2248: 2239: 2230: 2221: 2212: 2204: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2180: 2174: 2166: 2158: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2134: 2128: 2120: 2111: 2103: 2088: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2069: 2063: 2056: 2047: 2038: 2036: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2009:(3): 563–69. 2008: 2004: 1997: 1988: 1979: 1970: 1961: 1952: 1937: 1936: 1931: 1925: 1919: 1910: 1901: 1892: 1883: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1860: 1851: 1842: 1833: 1831: 1821: 1812: 1803: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1778: 1776: 1766: 1757: 1741: 1735: 1733: 1723: 1721: 1711: 1702: 1693: 1684: 1675: 1673: 1663: 1654: 1645: 1643: 1633: 1631: 1621: 1615:Annear, p. 79 1612: 1603: 1594: 1592: 1582: 1573: 1571: 1561: 1559: 1549: 1538: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1514: 1508: 1500: 1498: 1496: 1494: 1492: 1490: 1488: 1486: 1484: 1482: 1480: 1470: 1468: 1458: 1449: 1440: 1431: 1422: 1413: 1404: 1395: 1393: 1383: 1381: 1371: 1362: 1354: 1353: 1345: 1336: 1327: 1323: 1321: 1320: 1309: 1299: 1289: 1280: 1273: 1269: 1268: 1263: 1259: 1253: 1246: 1240: 1231: 1222: 1213: 1204: 1197: 1191: 1182: 1173: 1164: 1160: 1158: 1157: 1145: 1142:, a novel by 1141: 1140: 1136: 1135: 1129: 1127: 1126: 1122:'s 1998 film 1121: 1117: 1116: 1111: 1107: 1106:DNA profiling 1103: 1102: 1095: 1093: 1088: 1082: 1079: 1075: 1070: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1054: 1048: 1046: 1036: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 988: 974: 972: 968: 964: 960: 954: 945: 943: 938: 927: 923: 917: 913: 906: 899: 894: 888: 886: 876: 867: 865: 861: 860:Fenian Rising 857: 853: 848: 847:Charles Bowen 843: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 816:Queen's Bench 808: 796: 790: 788: 784: 780: 775: 773: 769: 765: 761: 755: 753: 748: 747: 738: 733: 724: 722: 718: 713: 709: 698: 696: 692: 687: 683: 680: 675: 671: 670:Henry Hawkins 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 631: 626: 617: 614: 610: 606: 597: 590: 584: 582: 577: 573: 568: 566: 561: 559: 548: 545: 541: 533: 529: 528: 522: 517: 507: 505: 500: 496: 492: 487: 483: 480: 476: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 447: 433: 431: 427: 422: 414: 405: 403: 398: 393: 387: 385: 381: 375: 371: 369: 361: 356: 342: 340: 336: 332: 328: 327: 321: 318: 310: 305: 301: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 274: 266: 261: 252: 250: 246: 241: 235: 233: 229: 225: 219: 215: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 181: 177: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 116: 112: 110: 106: 101: 97: 93: 88: 87:an impostor. 85: 79: 77: 73: 68: 67: 66:cause célèbre 62: 54: 50: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 3289: 3256: 3226: 3207: 3185: 3163: 3159: 3138: 3137:(and others) 3134: 3114: 3102: 3080: 3060: 3053:Bibliography 3052: 3051: 3039:. Retrieved 3035: 3026: 3017: 3003:cite journal 2994: 2985: 2961:. Retrieved 2956:The Register 2954: 2945: 2936: 2927: 2918: 2909: 2900: 2891: 2868: 2845: 2824: 2815: 2794: 2790: 2781: 2772: 2763: 2754: 2745: 2736: 2727: 2718: 2709: 2700: 2691: 2682: 2677:Morse, p. 78 2673: 2664: 2655: 2646: 2637: 2628: 2607: 2598: 2589: 2580: 2571: 2551:. Retrieved 2537: 2488:. Retrieved 2474: 2424: 2403: 2394: 2373: 2352: 2343: 2334: 2325: 2304: 2283: 2274: 2265: 2256: 2247: 2238: 2229: 2220: 2211: 2191:. Retrieved 2177: 2165: 2145:. Retrieved 2131: 2119: 2110: 2090:. Retrieved 2066: 2055: 2046: 2006: 2002: 1996: 1987: 1978: 1969: 1960: 1951: 1939:. Retrieved 1933: 1918: 1909: 1900: 1891: 1882: 1859: 1850: 1841: 1820: 1811: 1802: 1765: 1756: 1744:. Retrieved 1710: 1701: 1692: 1683: 1662: 1653: 1620: 1611: 1602: 1581: 1548: 1525:. Retrieved 1511: 1457: 1448: 1439: 1430: 1421: 1412: 1403: 1370: 1361: 1350: 1344: 1335: 1326: 1318: 1317: 1308: 1298: 1288: 1279: 1265: 1264:and founded 1252: 1239: 1230: 1221: 1212: 1203: 1190: 1181: 1172: 1163: 1155: 1154: 1137: 1123: 1113: 1099: 1096: 1086: 1083: 1077: 1071: 1067: 1051: 1049: 1041: 1023: 993: 955: 951: 941: 936: 933: 915: 911: 904: 897: 892: 889: 881: 844: 824:trial at bar 819: 813: 794: 786: 782: 778: 776: 768:Peterborough 756: 744: 742: 736: 704: 688: 684: 678: 635: 608: 602: 588: 587:Civil case: 569: 565:Buenos Aires 562: 554: 543: 537: 525: 516:Arthur Orton 510:Arthur Orton 504:Jack Whicher 488: 484: 452: 429: 423: 419: 396: 388: 383: 379: 376: 372: 365: 350:In Australia 338: 330: 324: 322: 316: 314: 297: 290:Buenos Aires 272: 270: 247:, bound for 244: 236: 220: 216: 186: 174:King James I 148:. After the 127: 113: 92:Arthur Orton 89: 80: 64: 63:was a legal 60: 58: 52: 48: 44: 36: 3342:Wagga Wagga 3180:Twain, Mark 1144:Zadie Smith 1120:David Yates 1045:music halls 1004:by-election 840:Robert Lush 836:John Mellor 715:charges of 708:Lord Bellew 672:, a future 534:, June 1871 527:Vanity Fair 464:Lord Rivers 368:Wagga Wagga 362:, Australia 360:Wagga Wagga 150:Reformation 100:civil court 84:Wagga Wagga 3296:Categories 2565:required.) 2502:required.) 2205:required.) 2159:required.) 2104:required.) 1539:required.) 1303:judiciary. 1151:References 1078:status quo 1053:The People 963:Gray's Inn 885:Mark Twain 752:Old Bailey 644:, who was 576:debentures 273:La Pauline 251:in Chile. 249:Valparaíso 245:La Pauline 3327:Impostors 3216:315236894 3172:697639556 3162:(Preface) 2963:18 August 1352:The Times 1319:Citations 1139:The Fraud 1064:Appraisal 1058:Islington 977:Aftermath 912:Middleton 797:, 1873–74 613:ejectment 591:, 1871–72 544:Middleton 499:Gippsland 479:Guildford 477:(MP) for 430:The Times 426:solicitor 326:The Times 309:The Argus 278:Melipilla 138:Hampshire 134:Alresford 109:disbarred 3245:(1911). 3225:(1935). 3182:(1989). 3157:(1912). 2092:25 March 1746:23 March 1527:17 March 1132:See also 1000:Chartist 838:and Sir 572:bankrupt 282:Santiago 45:(centre) 3255:(ed.). 3147:3701437 2791:Hansard 2553:2 April 2490:2 April 2193:1 April 2147:3 April 1016:tellers 717:perjury 712:tattoos 677:of the 493:of the 472:Liberal 402:Tilbury 170:baronet 140:, were 96:Wapping 76:perjury 3235: 3214: 3194: 3170: 3145: 3121: 3088: 3067: 3041:23 May 2559: 2496: 2199: 2153: 2098: 2083: 2023:785675 2021: 1533: 1118:, and 942:Bella' 937:Osprey 930:speak. 916:Osprey 905:Osprey 898:Osprey 893:Osprey 830:, the 695:Virgil 660:, the 540:Hobart 470:, the 460:batman 397:Rakaia 384:Osprey 335:Sydney 224:Jesuit 192:Verdun 3251:. In 2019:JSTOR 1941:7 May 1293:kind. 1156:Notes 919:' 908:' 901:' 870:Trial 679:Bella 532:'Ape' 380:Bella 339:Bella 331:Bella 317:Bella 298:Bella 286:Andes 132:near 3233:ISBN 3212:OCLC 3192:ISBN 3168:OCLC 3143:OCLC 3119:ISBN 3086:ISBN 3065:ISBN 3043:2016 3036:IMDb 3009:link 2965:2013 2555:2012 2492:2012 2195:2012 2149:2012 2094:2012 2081:ISBN 1943:2024 1748:2012 1529:2012 1006:for 652:and 628:Sir 156:was 59:The 3105:, ( 2795:223 2544:doi 2481:doi 2184:doi 2138:doi 2073:doi 2011:doi 1922:UK 1518:doi 1112:'s 607:as 530:by 136:in 3298:: 3101:, 3034:. 3005:}} 3001:{{ 2993:. 2973:^ 2953:. 2877:^ 2854:^ 2833:^ 2803:^ 2793:. 2789:. 2616:^ 2536:. 2520:^ 2508:^ 2473:. 2459:^ 2447:^ 2433:^ 2412:^ 2382:^ 2361:^ 2313:^ 2292:^ 2176:. 2130:. 2079:. 2065:. 2034:^ 2017:. 2007:20 2005:. 1932:. 1868:^ 1829:^ 1786:^ 1774:^ 1731:^ 1719:^ 1671:^ 1641:^ 1629:^ 1590:^ 1569:^ 1557:^ 1510:. 1478:^ 1466:^ 1391:^ 1379:^ 973:. 754:. 723:. 176:. 3218:. 3200:. 3174:. 3149:. 3127:. 3094:. 3073:. 3045:. 3011:) 2967:. 2557:. 2546:: 2494:. 2483:: 2197:. 2186:: 2151:. 2140:: 2096:. 2075:: 2025:. 2013:: 1945:. 1750:. 1531:. 1520:: 1274:. 739:. 558:£ 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.