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the purpose of propagating peace so that the shedding of human blood might cease among you." When the settlement agreed to his plan, he explained, "This day is early and yet young, so is the new mind also tender and young, so also is the Good
Tidings of Peace and Power, and as the new sun of Good Tidings of Peace and Power arose, so it will proceed on its course and prosper; so also will the young mind, and the Good Tidings of Peace and Power shall prevail and prosper. Therefore in the future, your grandchildren forever shall live in peace."
430:
be given a great power. He would be accepted as a chosen leader by the people of "the land of the hilly country." The boy stays neutral in the fight, and he speaks to the people, who number as the blades of grass, but he is heard by all. After a season, a "black serpent" would come and defeat both the "white" and "red serpents". According to the prophecy, when the people gathered under the
366:
before 1350 AD (thus ruling out the 1142 AD date.) By 1998 Fenton considered an eclipse earlier than the 1451 AD majority view unlikely, but possible as long as it was after 1000 AD. By 2007/8 reviews considered an 1142 AD eclipse as a possible point of reference, even if most scholars supported 1451 AD as the safe choice.
338:. As scholars have learned more about the representation of natural events in oral histories, scholars into the 21st century have noted eclipses that could serve to date the founding of the Confederacy, in addition to the archeological evidence. Scholars referring to an eclipse have included (chronologically):
229:
describes how the Great
Peacemaker travelled to different settlements to spread his message of peace. At one settlement, when asked who he was, the Great Peacemaker answered, "I am the man who is called on earth by the name of Dekanahwideh, and I have just come from the west and am now going east for
412:
attributed the regional dominance achieved by the
Iroquois to their superior organization and coordination compared to other tribes; George Hunt also thought there was a factor of economic determinism, with their need for furs for the European trade and their superior geographic position controlling
429:
The Great
Peacemaker worked all his life to bring his vision to fruition. He prophesied that a "white serpent" would come to his people's lands and make friends with them, only to deceive them later. A "red serpent" would later make war against the "white serpent", but a Native American boy would
313:
The
Mackinac natives record that Hiawatha came to Mackinaw Island to see Giche Mantitou Rock, also known as "Sugarloaf Rock", where Peacemaker taught as well references that Peacemaker walked upon Lake Ontario. It is additionally recorded by them that Peacemaker's canoe could fly including a story
365:
Archeological investigation has contributed to discussions about the founding date, as its evidence can be dated and correlated to natural events. In 1982 archeologist Dean Snow said that evidence from mainstream archeology did not support a founding of the confederacy for any dates of an eclipse
361:
Since
Canfield's first mention, and the majority view, scholars have widely supported a date of 1451 AD as being of a known solar eclipse and the likely founding date based on this oral account and other evidence. Some argue it is an insufficient fit for the description, and favor a date of 1142,
382:
Whereas the original framers of the
Constitution, including, most notably, George Washington and Benjamin Franklin, are known to have greatly admired the concepts of the Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy; Whereas the confederation of the original Thirteen Colonies into one republic was
403:
systems of descent and property-holding, power was shared between the sexes. Men held the positions of hereditary chiefs through their mother's line; clan mothers ruled on the fitness of chiefs and could depose any that they opposed. Most decisions in council were made by
1179:
Gibson, John Arthur (1992). "Concerning the League: the
Iroquois League as Dictated in Onondaga", newly elicited, edited and translated by Hanni Woodbury in collaboration with Reg Henry and Harry Webster on the basis of A.A. *Goldenweiser's Manuscript.
330:, who were the last Iroquois nation to join the confederacy as a founding member. Their violence stopped when the sun darkened and the day seemed to turn to night. Since 1902 scholars have studied the possibility that this event was a solar
314:
where
Peacemaker stated to Hiawatha, "this canoe can be rowed across these waters or do you want it to see it fly across". He traveled through the narrow neck of land near Niagara Falls healing the sick and all that he touched.
325:
Historians and archeologists have researched an incident related in the oral history of the founding of the
Confederacy. As recorded by later scholars, one account relates there was a violent conflict among the
293:
According to some legends, initially the Mohawk rejected the message of the Great Peacemaker, so he decided to perform a feat to demonstrate his purity and spiritual power. After climbing a tree high above
1124:
306:. They believed he had died but the next morning they found him sitting near a campfire. Greatly impressed by the Great Peacemaker's miraculous survival, the Mohawk became the founding tribe of the
1495:
290:. Other traditional accounts hold that the Great Peacemaker consulted with Jigonhsasee about which tribal leaders to approach and she facilitated that meeting to create the confederacy.
1052:"H.Con.Res. 331 (100th): A concurrent resolution to acknowledge the contribution of the Iroquois Confederacy of Nations to the development of the United States Constitution"
912:
383:
influenced by the political system developed by the Iroquois Confederacy as were many of the democratic principles which were incorporated into the Constitution itself
460:(Prophet-founder of the Baháʼí Faith), with the Peacemaker. As such, many Native American Baháʼís in North America (and some non-Native) revere the Peacemaker as a
298:(Cohoes Falls), the Great Peacemaker told the Mohawk warriors to chop the tree down. Many onlookers watched as the Great Peacemaker disappeared into the swirling
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1132:
267:, who became known as the Mother of Nations. She lent her home for the meeting of the leaders of the rival tribal nations. The Great Peacemaker's follower
1330:
310:. The tribes gathered at Onondaga Lake, where they planted a Tree of Peace and proclaimed the Great Binding Law of the Iroquois Confederacy.
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when there was also a documented solar eclipse. A few question dating the founding of the confederacy based on the mention of the eclipse.
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said that he would be that light. His nation would accept the "white serpent" into their safekeeping like a long-lost brother.
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199:. Some of the numerous legends about the Great Peacemaker have conflicting information. It is reported that he was born a
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The dates Dekanawida lived, and thus the founding of the Confederacy, have not been identified with certainty.
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in the territory of the Onondaga; he traveled alone to visit the Mohawk tribe who lived near what is now
378:, as recognized by Concurrent Resolution 331 issued by the U. S. Congress in 1988, which states in part:
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tree become humble, all three "serpents" would be blinded by a light many times brighter than the sun.
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876:"Dating the Emergence of the League of the Iroquois: A Reconsideration of the Documentary Evidence"
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Vol. 29, No. 4 (October, 1948), pp. 385-403, Published by: New York State Historical Association
708:"The Code of Dekanahwideh (together with) The Tradition of the origin of the Five Nations' League"
666:
1399:
701:
489:
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707:
457:
813:
Franklin, Jefferson and American Indians: A Study in the Cross-Cultural Communication of Ideas
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who counseled peace among the warring tribes. According to some legends his first ally was
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Chicago: The S. J. Clarke Publishing Company, 1925, at Schenectady Digital History Archive
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This confederacy influenced the United States Constitution and Anglo-American ideas of
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514:"The Great Peacemaker, the founder of the Great League of – the Iroquois Confederacy"
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Committee of Chiefs of the Six Nations of the Grand River Reserve (July 3, 1900).
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The Great Law and the Longhouse: A Political History of the Iroquois Confederacy
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New York History Quarterly Journal of the New York State Historical Association
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714:(184: The Constitution of the Five Nations) (published April 1, 1916): 61–64.
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106:
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275:, helped him achieve his vision of bringing the tribes together in peace.
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1308:
1098:"Native Messengers of God in Canada? A test case for Baháʼí universalism"
397:
264:
147:
1106:. London: Association for Baháʼí Studies English-Speaking Europe: 97–132
768:
408:, to which each representative had an equal voice. Early anthropologist
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and village chiefs to govern the confederacy. In each tribe, which had
1304:
The Quarterly Journal of the New York State Historical Association 1926
413:
most of central and western New York. The oral laws and customs of the
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252:
204:
173:, northern Pennsylvania, and the eastern portion of the provinces of
1164:
1454:
1414:
1339:
845:
Forgotten Founders: How the American Indian Helped Shaped Democracy
553:
Archaeology of the Iroquois: Selected Readings and Research Sources
418:
283:
268:
151:
140:
793:. Government Printing Office. pp. 418–41. GGKEY:0GTLW81WTLJ.
659:"The Peacemaker and the Great Law: A Legend of the Haudenosaunee"
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331:
260:
174:
1429:
787:"The League of the Iroquois: Its History, Politics, and Ritual"
299:
178:
910:
369:
146:
except in special circumstances) was by tradition, along with
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Canada, recognized as sovereign by both the USA and Canada.
1496:
Religious figures of the indigenous peoples of North America
640:
History of the Mohawk Valley: Gateway to the West 1614-1925,
27:
Native American prophet who founded the Iroquois Confederacy
913:"A Sign in the Sky: Dating the League of the Haudenosaunee"
691:. The University of the State of New York. pp. 71, 74.
636:
Nelson Greene, editor. "Chapter 9: Dekanawida and Hiawatha"
393:
1297:
The Great Peacemaker Deganawidah and his follower Hiawatha
1189:
Wilderness Messiah: the story of Hiawatha and the Iroquois
431:
456:
have connected the signs of a Prophet, as described by
1169:
American Writers: A Collection of Literary Biographies
838:
731:
The Legends Of The Iroquois: Told By "The Cornplanter"
1239:"Dekanahwideh (Deganawidah, the Heavenly Messenger")"
966:
549:"Precontact Iroquoian Occupation of Southern Ontario"
346:, Dean R. Snow, Barbara A. Mann and Jerry L. Fields,
1205:
1491 New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus
1184:
9 (Algonquian and Iroquoian Linguistics, Winnipeg).
883:
Historical Archeology: A Multidisciplinary Approach
727:
620:
KANIEN'KÉHA LANGUAGE INITIATIVE (Mohawk Dictionary)
336:Legends of the Iroquois; told by "the Cornplanter"
169:tribes governing parts of the present-day state of
816:(Thesis). University of Washington. Archived from
656:
1450:Settlement of the northern shores of Lake Ontario
789:. In Sturtevant, William; Trigger, Bruce (eds.).
1472:
973:. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 70–71.
784:
162:. This is a political and cultural union of six
555:. Syracuse University Press. pp. 124–163.
1125:"Two Peacemakers: Bahá'u'lláh and Deganawidah"
421:, established by the 16th century or earlier.
392:The Great Peacemaker established a council of
1324:
1247:. Vol. I (1000–1700) (online ed.).
1175:. Farmington Hills, MI: Cengage Gale: 81–100.
1076:PAUL A. W. WALLACE, "THE RETURN OF HIAWATHA"
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1006:American Indian Culture and Research Journal
917:American Indian Culture and Research Journal
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259:By all accounts, the Great Peacemaker was a
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370:Influence on the United States constitution
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1331:
1317:
955:
906:
904:
755:(October 1948). "The Return of Hiawatha".
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282:Dean Snow, the Great Peacemaker converted
911:Barbara A. Mann; Jerry L. Fields (1997).
605:
203:, and by some accounts, his mother was a
806:
631:
629:
591:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 348–.
243:
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751:
585:"The Long Peace among Iroquois Nations"
334:, as William Canfield suggested in his
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1002:"Can a Myth Be Astronomically Dated?"
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1300:Theater play by Living Wisdom School
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227:The Constitution of the Five Nations
1241:. In Brown, George Williams (ed.).
1231:Archaeology of Native North America
1018:10.17953/aicr.23.4.f7l127282718051x
929:10.17953/aicr.21.2.k36m1485r3062510
889:. Rensselaerswijck Seminar: 139–144
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194:Two River Currents Flowing Together
24:
1506:12th-century North American people
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987:
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797:
791:Handbook of North American Indians
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589:War and Peace in the Ancient World
189:The Great Peacemaker's name means
25:
1527:
1256:
718:
569:
531:
502:
448:Baháʼí Faith and Native Americans
1244:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
874:Snow, Dean R. (September 1982).
1139:
1117:
1069:
1044:
583:Neta Crawford (15 April 2008).
417:became the constitution of the
271:, an Onondaga renowned for his
1131:. May 15, 2015. Archived from
967:William Nelson Fenton (1998).
712:New York State Museum Bulletin
695:
680:
104:12th century (or 15th century)
88:12th century (or 15th century)
13:
1:
1491:Indigenous leaders in Ontario
1237:Wallace, Paul A. W. (1979) .
587:. In Kurt A. Raaflaub (ed.).
551:. In Jordan E. Kerber (ed.).
495:
211:. Others say he was born an
184:
144:avoid using his personal name
1209:Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
1165:"Deganawida, the Peacemaker"
728:William W. Canfield (1902).
512:Saadia, Zoe (May 30, 2018).
139:(as a mark of respect, some
131:), sometimes referred to as
7:
1249:University of Toronto Press
1191:. Bonanza Books, New York.
483:
10:
1532:
1233:, New York: Prentice Hall.
1163:Buck, Christopher (2015).
1096:Buck, Christopher (1996).
734:. A. Wessels Co. pp.
687:Parker, Arthur C. (1916).
467:
445:
251:in the 18th century AD by
237:
48:(in special circumstances)
1387:
1346:
1268:, University of Liverpool
1223:The Tribes and the States
1187:Henry, Thomas R. (1955).
785:Elizabeth Tooker (1978).
234:Haudenosaunee confederacy
215:and later adopted by the
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100:
84:
79:
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59:
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39:
32:
1202:Mann, Charles C (2005).
848:. Harvard Common Press.
657:Anna Grossnickle Hines.
425:Prophecy of the Boy Seer
317:
46:Deganawida or Dekanawida
1486:Native American leaders
1084:(subscription required)
490:List of peace activists
123:
1340:League of the Iroquois
1229:Snow, Dean R. (2008).
1086:, accessed 18 May 2015
840:Bruce Elliott Johansen
518:Pre-Columbian Americas
385:
256:
158:, commonly called the
1511:Founders of religions
1103:Baháʼí Studies Review
547:Gary Warrick (2007).
380:
247:
154:, the founder of the
1272:"Great Law of Peace"
1220:Sidis, W.J. (1982).
462:Manifestation of God
452:Some members of the
419:Iroquois Confederacy
354:, Gary Warrick, and
342:, Elizabeth Tooker,
308:Iroquois Confederacy
160:Iroquois Confederacy
119:The Great Peacemaker
71:orator and statesman
18:The Great Peacemaker
1226:. Wampanoag Nation.
1147:Kissed by Lightning
1129:Willmette Institute
753:Wallace, Paul A. W.
474:Kissed by Lightning
442:In the Baháʼí Faith
1435:Great Law of Peace
415:Great Law of Peace
388:Iroquois dominance
340:Paul A. W. Wallace
257:
240:Great Law of Peace
164:Iroquoian-speaking
1501:National founders
1468:
1467:
1274:, Six Nations.org
1215:978-1-4000-4006-3
1080:New York History,
980:978-0-8061-3003-3
855:978-0-916782-90-0
622:. 23 August 2016.
616:"Peacemaker, the"
598:978-0-470-77547-9
562:978-0-8156-3139-2
348:William N. Fenton
344:Bruce E. Johansen
278:According to the
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16:(Redirected from
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842:(January 1982).
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458:Bahá'u'lláh
436:Deganawidah
398:matrilineal
265:Jigonhsasee
148:Jigonhsasee
137:Tekanawí:ta
1475:Categories
1280:Peacemaker
1266:Infoplease
1110:2015-04-24
673:2018-07-18
496:References
446:See also:
185:Background
133:Deganawida
63:, adopted
1425:Mythology
1420:Languages
1379:Tuscarora
1026:0161-6463
937:0161-6463
406:consensus
376:democracy
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1516:Prophets
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1364:Onondaga
1036:July 15,
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213:Onondaga
171:New York
152:Hiawatha
141:Iroquois
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1347:Peoples
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332:eclipse
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261:prophet
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1369:Oneida
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179:Quebec
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879:(PDF)
765:JSTOR
738:–220.
318:Dates
201:Huron
91:Huron
69:Huron
67:, or
1410:Flag
1211:ISBN
1193:ISBN
1173:XXVI
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