Great Depression - Knowledge

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rates remained close to zero. Before March 1933, people expected further deflation and a recession so that even interest rates at zero did not stimulate investment. But when Roosevelt announced major regime changes, people began to expect inflation and an economic expansion. With these positive expectations, interest rates at zero began to stimulate investment just as they were expected to do. Roosevelt's fiscal and monetary policy regime change helped make his policy objectives credible. The expectation of higher future income and higher future inflation stimulated demand and investment. The analysis suggests that the elimination of the policy dogmas of the gold standard, a balanced budget in times of crisis and small government led endogenously to a large shift in expectation that accounts for about 70–80% of the recovery of output and prices from 1933 to 1937. If the regime change had not happened and the Hoover policy had continued, the economy would have continued its free fall in 1933, and output would have been 30% lower in 1937 than in 1933.

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two days, 19–20 June. Collapse was at hand. U.S. President Herbert Hoover called for a moratorium on payment of war reparations. This angered Paris, which depended on a steady flow of German payments, but it slowed the crisis down, and the moratorium was agreed to in July 1931. An international conference in London later in July produced no agreements but on 19 August a standstill agreement froze Germany's foreign liabilities for six months. Germany received emergency funding from private banks in New York as well as the Bank of International Settlements and the Bank of England. The funding only slowed the process. Industrial failures began in Germany, a major bank closed in July and a two-day holiday for all German banks was declared. Business failures became more frequent in July, and spread to Romania and Hungary.

2914: 1956: 506: 2248: 1110:, which required 40% gold backing of Federal Reserve Notes issued. By the late 1920s, the Federal Reserve had almost hit the limit of allowable credit that could be backed by the gold in its possession. This credit was in the form of Federal Reserve demand notes. A "promise of gold" is not as good as "gold in the hand", particularly when they only had enough gold to cover 40% of the Federal Reserve Notes outstanding. During the bank panics, a portion of those demand notes was redeemed for Federal Reserve gold. Since the Federal Reserve had hit its limit on allowable credit, any reduction in gold in its vaults had to be accompanied by a greater reduction in credit. On 5 April 1933, President Roosevelt signed 1703: 566:. This angered Paris, which depended on a steady flow of German payments, but it slowed the crisis down, and the moratorium was agreed to in July 1931. An International conference in London later in July produced no agreements but on 19 August a standstill agreement froze Germany's foreign liabilities for six months. Germany received emergency funding from private banks in New York as well as the Bank of International Settlements and the Bank of England. The funding only slowed the process. Industrial failures began in Germany, a major bank closed in July and a two-day holiday for all German banks was declared. Business failures were more frequent in July, and spread to 2387: 382: 344:, the American stock market crashed 11% at the opening bell. Actions to stabilize the market failed, and on 28 October, Black Monday, the market crashed another 12%. The panic peaked the next day on Black Tuesday, when the market saw another 11% drop. Thousands of investors were ruined, and billions of dollars had been lost; many stocks could not be sold at any price. The market recovered 12% on Wednesday, but the damage had been done. Though the market recovered from 14 November until 17 April 1930, it entered a prolonged slump. From 17 April 1930 until 8 July 1932, the market continued to lose 89% of its value. 2167:

Greece's foreign exchange reserves being almost totally wiped out in 1932. Remittances from abroad declined sharply and the value of the drachma began to plummet from 77 drachmas to the dollar in March 1931 to 111 drachmas to the dollar in April 1931. This was especially harmful to Greece as the country relied on imports from the UK, France, and the Middle East for many necessities. Greece went off the gold standard in April 1932 and declared a moratorium on all interest payments. The country also adopted protectionist policies such as import quotas, which several European countries did during the period.

832: 1181: 3176: 2933:£15 million fiduciary note slowed, but did not reverse the British crisis. The financial crisis now caused a major political crisis in Britain in August 1931. With deficits mounting, the bankers demanded a balanced budget; the divided cabinet of Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald's Labour government agreed; it proposed to raise taxes, cut spending and most controversially, to cut unemployment benefits by 20%. The attack on welfare was totally unacceptable to the Labour movement. MacDonald wanted to resign, but King George V insisted he remain and form an all-party coalition " 3070: 348: 578:

fiduciary note slowed, but did not reverse, the British crisis. The financial crisis now caused a major political crisis in Britain in August 1931. With deficits mounting, the bankers demanded a balanced budget; the divided cabinet of Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald's Labour government agreed; it proposed to raise taxes, cut spending, and most controversially, to cut unemployment benefits 20%. The attack on welfare was unacceptable to the Labour movement. MacDonald wanted to resign, but King George V insisted he remain and form an all-party coalition "

1548: 131: 1005: 2256: 143: 10536: 17738: 3465: 1056:). By not lowering interest rates, by not increasing the monetary base and by not injecting liquidity into the banking system to prevent it from crumbling, the Federal Reserve passively watched the transformation of a normal recession into the Great Depression. Friedman and Schwartz argued that the downward turn in the economy, starting with the stock market crash, would merely have been an ordinary recession if the Federal Reserve had taken aggressive action. This view was endorsed in 2002 by 10500: 2282:(IRI) was formed in January 1933 and took control of the bank-owned companies, suddenly giving Italy the largest state-owned industrial sector in Europe (excluding the USSR). IRI did rather well with its new responsibilities—restructuring, modernising and rationalising as much as it could. It was a significant factor in post-1945 development. But it took the Italian economy until 1935 to recover the manufacturing levels of 1930—a position that was only 60% better than that of 1913. 2857: 2446: 1732: 1518:

unless the economy were to acquire an increase in material goods. As a result, the upswing lacks a solid base. It is not real prosperity. It is illusory prosperity. It did not develop from an increase in economic wealth, i.e. the accumulation of savings made available for productive investment. Rather, it arose because the credit expansion created the illusion of such an increase. Sooner or later, it must become apparent that this economic situation is built on sand."

1278:; a further price level decline would then result in a debt deflationary spiral. According to Bernanke, a small decline in the price level simply reallocates wealth from debtors to creditors without doing damage to the economy. But when the deflation is severe, falling asset prices along with debtor bankruptcies lead to a decline in the nominal value of assets on bank balance sheets. Banks will react by tightening their credit conditions, which in turn leads to a 3660: 2937:". The Conservative and Liberals parties signed on, along with a small cadre of Labour, but the vast majority of Labour leaders denounced MacDonald as a traitor for leading the new government. Britain went off the gold standard, and suffered relatively less than other major countries in the Great Depression. In the 1931 British election, the Labour Party was virtually destroyed, leaving MacDonald as prime minister for a largely Conservative coalition. 852: 1025: 311: 728: 1650: 595: 2674:

devastating hurricane in 1928 and the plummeting demand from global markets in the latter half of the decade. 1930 unemployment on the island was roughly 36% and by 1933 Puerto Rico's per capita income dropped 30% (by comparison, unemployment in the United States in 1930 was approximately 8% reaching a height of 25% in 1933). To provide relief and economic reform, the United States government and Puerto Rican politicians such as

1804: 10512: 3632: 3014: 3576:, had extensively studied the Great Depression as part of his doctoral work at MIT, and implemented policies to manipulate the money supply and interest rates in ways that were not done in the 1930s. Bernanke's policies will undoubtedly be analyzed and scrutinized in the years to come, as economists debate the wisdom of his choices. In 2011, one journalist contrasted the Great Depression of the 1930s as opposed to the 943: 3646: 10524: 2421:

leaving people desperate and charities unable to cope. Work relief schemes were the only government support available to the unemployed, the rate of which by the early 1930s was officially around 15%, but unofficially nearly twice that level (official figures excluded Māori and women). In 1932, riots occurred among the unemployed in three of the country's main cities (

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unemployment and hardship among peasants, labourers, colonial auxiliaries, and artisans. The budgets of colonial governments were cut, which forced the reduction in ongoing infrastructure projects, such as the building and upgrading of roads, ports and communications. The budget cuts delayed the schedule for creating systems of higher education.

3511:, though the 1929 crisis was called "The Crash", and the term "panic" has since fallen out of use. At the time of the Great Depression, the term "The Great Depression" was already used to refer to the period 1873–96 (in the United Kingdom), or more narrowly 1873–79 (in the United States), which has retroactively been renamed the 367:(privately run, no relation to the government). Unable to pay out to all of its creditors, the bank failed. Among the 608 American banks that closed in November and December 1930, the Bank of United States accounted for a third of the total $ 550 million deposits lost and, with its closure, bank failures reached a critical mass. 2125:, they remained the largest party, and Hitler was appointed as Chancellor the following January. The government formation deal was designed to give Hitler's conservative coalition partners many checks on his power, but over the next few months, the Nazis manoeuvred to consolidate a single-party dictatorship. 1941:

educational reform in which "rural schools" designed to modernize agriculture would stem the flow of under-employed farm workers to cities where unemployment was high. Students were trained in traditional arts, crafts, and farming techniques and were then expected to return to their own villages and towns.

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But on the other hand, the depression led the area governments to develop new local industries and expand consumption and production. Following the example of the New Deal, governments in the area approved regulations and created or improved welfare institutions that helped millions of new industrial

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on all civilian bureaucrats in the Japanese government. From 1934, the military's dominance of the government continued to grow. Instead of reducing deficit spending, the government introduced price controls and rationing schemes that reduced, but did not eliminate inflation, which remained a problem

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How much India was affected has been hotly debated. Historians have argued that the Great Depression slowed long-term industrial development. Apart from two sectors—jute and coal—the economy was little affected. However, there were major negative impacts on the jute industry, as world demand fell and

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Icelandic post-World War I prosperity came to an end with the outbreak of the Great Depression. The Depression hit Iceland hard as the value of exports plummeted. The total value of Icelandic exports fell from 74 million kronur in 1929 to 48 million in 1932, and was not to rise again to the

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movements, as well as with investor nervousness at harsh government financial policies, investors withdrew their short-term money from Germany as confidence spiraled downward. The Reichsbank lost 150 million marks in the first week of June, 540 million in the second, and 150 million in

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also acted energetically to modernize the legal and penal systems, stabilize prices, amortize debts, reform the banking and currency systems, build railroads and highways, improve public health facilities, legislate against traffic in narcotics and augment industrial and agricultural production. On 3

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Outstanding debts became heavier, because prices and incomes fell by 20–50% but the debts remained at the same dollar amount. After the panic of 1929 and during the first 10 months of 1930, 744 U.S. banks failed. (In all, 9,000 banks failed during the 1930s.) By April 1933, around $ 7 billion in

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agreed that monetary factors played important roles both in the worldwide economic decline and eventual recovery. Bernanke also saw a strong role for institutional factors, particularly the rebuilding and restructuring of the financial system, and pointed out that the Depression should be examined in

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The world financial crisis now began to overwhelm Britain; investors around the world started withdrawing their gold from London at the rate of £2.5 million per day. Credits of £25 million each from the Bank of France and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and an issue of £15 million

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Many economists have argued that the sharp decline in international trade after 1930 helped to worsen the depression, especially for countries significantly dependent on foreign trade. Most historians and economists blame the Act for worsening the depression by seriously reducing international trade

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dropped 8.4% on 12 August 1932. Where we have experienced great volatility with large intraday swings in the past two months, in 2011, we have not experienced any record-shattering daily percentage drops to the tune of the 1930s. Where many of us may have that '30s feeling, in light of the DJIA, the

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If we contrast the 1930s with the Crash of 2008 where gold went through the roof, it is clear that the U.S. dollar on the gold standard was a completely different animal in comparison to the fiat free-floating U.S. dollar currency we have today. Both currencies in 1929 and 2008 were the U.S. dollar,

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Producers reduced their expenditures on durable goods, and inventories declined, but personal income was only 15% lower than it had been at the peak in 1937. As unemployment rose, consumers' expenditures declined, leading to further cutbacks in production. By May 1938 retail sales began to increase,

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The Great Depression caused mass immigration to the Soviet Union, mostly from Finland and Germany. Soviet Russia was at first happy to help these immigrants settle, because they believed they were victims of capitalism who had come to help the Soviet cause. However, when the Soviet Union entered the

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In 1932, 90% of German reparation payments were cancelled (in the 1950s, Germany repaid all its missed reparations debts). Widespread unemployment reached 25% as every sector was hurt. The government did not increase government spending to deal with Germany's growing crisis, as they were afraid that

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In rural and small-town areas, women expanded their operation of vegetable gardens to include as much food production as possible. In the United States, agricultural organizations sponsored programs to teach housewives how to optimize their gardens and to raise poultry for meat and eggs. Rural women

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At the time of the Depression, the Soviet economy was growing steadily, fuelled by intensive investment in heavy industry. The apparent economic success of the Soviet Union at a time when the capitalist world was in crisis led many Western intellectuals to view the Soviet system favorably. Jennifer

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fell by 51% in 1933 and 56% in 1934, relative to 1928. However, real wages fell less due to the government's policy of decreasing cost of living, particularly food expenditures (food prices were down by 65% in 1935 compared to 1928 price levels). Material conditions deprivation led to strikes, some

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tried to adopt deflationary policies to stave off the crises that were going on in other countries, but these largely failed. For a brief period, the drachma was pegged to the U.S. dollar, but this was unsustainable given the country's large trade deficit and the only long-term effects of this were

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wrote in the 1930s: "Credit expansion cannot increase the supply of real goods. It merely brings about a rearrangement. It diverts capital investment away from the course prescribed by the state of economic wealth and market conditions. It causes production to pursue paths which it would not follow

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Keynes's basic idea was simple: to keep people fully employed, governments have to run deficits when the economy is slowing, as the private sector would not invest enough to keep production at the normal level and bring the economy out of recession. Keynesian economists called on governments during

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into sandwiches and soups. They sewed and patched clothing, traded with their neighbors for outgrown items, and made do with colder homes. New furniture and appliances were postponed until better days. Many women also worked outside the home, or took boarders, did laundry for trade or cash, and did

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and other items for themselves and their families and homes from feed sacks. In American cities, African American women quiltmakers enlarged their activities, promoted collaboration, and trained neophytes. Quilts were created for practical use from various inexpensive materials and increased social

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is credited with formalizing the phrase, though Hoover is widely credited with popularizing the term, informally referring to the downturn as a depression, with such uses as "Economic depression cannot be cured by legislative action or executive pronouncement" (December 1930, Message to Congress),

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And the great owners, who must lose their land in an upheaval, the great owners with access to history, with eyes to read history and to know the great fact: when property accumulates in too few hands it is taken away. And that companion fact: when a majority of the people are hungry and cold they

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As the Great Depression ground on and unemployment soared, intellectuals began unfavorably comparing their faltering capitalist economy to Russian Communism. Karl Marx had predicted that capitalism would fall under the weight of its own contradictions, and now with the economic crisis gripping the

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economies had been established through American and British investment in Latin American exports to the world. As a result, Latin Americans export industries felt the depression quickly. World prices for commodities such as wheat, coffee and copper plunged. Exports from all of Latin America to the

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Protectionist policies coupled with a weak drachma, stifling imports, allowed the Greek industry to expand during the Great Depression. In 1939, the Greek industrial output was 179% that of 1928. These industries were for the most part "built on sand" as one report of the Bank of Greece put it, as

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economic policy, creating a network of client states and economic allies in central Europe and Latin America. By cutting wages and taking control of labor unions, plus public works spending, unemployment fell significantly by 1935. Large-scale military spending played a major role in the recovery.

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had recently become a major export crop in Kenya and Tanganyika. During the depression, it suffered severely from low prices and marketing problems that affected all colonial commodities in Africa. Sisal producers established centralized controls for the export of their fibre. There was widespread

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According to this view, the root cause of the Great Depression was a global over-investment in heavy industry capacity compared to wages and earnings from independent businesses, such as farms. The proposed solution was for the government to pump money into the consumers' pockets. That is, it must

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I think the Austrian business-cycle theory has done the world a great deal of harm. If you go back to the 1930s, which is a key point, here you had the Austrians sitting in London, Hayek and Lionel Robbins, and saying you just have to let the bottom drop out of the world. You've just got to let it

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took office. Consumer prices turned from deflation to a mild inflation, industrial production bottomed out in March 1933, and investment doubled in 1933 with a turnaround in March 1933. There were no monetary forces to explain that turnaround. Money supply was still falling and short-term interest

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argued that the predominant factor leading to the Great Depression was a vicious circle of deflation and growing over-indebtedness. He outlined nine factors interacting with one another under conditions of debt and deflation to create the mechanics of boom to bust. The chain of events proceeded as

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In Germany, the government tried to reshape private household consumption under the Four-Year Plan of 1936 to achieve German economic self-sufficiency. The Nazi women's organizations, other propaganda agencies and the authorities all attempted to shape such consumption as economic self-sufficiency

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In France, very slow population growth, especially in comparison to Germany continued to be a serious issue in the 1930s. Support for increasing welfare programs during the depression included a focus on women in the family. The Conseil Supérieur de la Natalité campaigned for provisions enacted in

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Women's primary role was as housewives; without a steady flow of family income, their work became much harder in dealing with food and clothing and medical care. Birthrates fell everywhere, as children were postponed until families could financially support them. The average birthrate for 14 major

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had brought considerable wealth to the United States and Western Europe. The year 1929 dawned with considerable economic progress in the American economy. A small stock crash occurred on 25 March 1929, but the crash was stabilized. Despite signs of economic trouble, the market continued to improve

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Economic historians usually consider the catalyst of the Great Depression to be the devastating Wall Street Crash. However, some dispute this, seeing the crash less as a cause of the Depression and more a symptom of the rising nervousness of investors partly due to gradual price declines caused by

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had regained the levels of the late 1920s, except for unemployment, which remained high at 11%, although this was considerably lower than the 25% unemployment rate seen in 1933. In the spring of 1937, American industrial production exceeded that of 1929 and remained level until June 1937. In June

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By 1932, unemployment had reached 23.6%, peaking in early 1933 at 25%. Those releasing from prison during this period had an especially difficult time finding employment given the stigma of their criminal records, which often led to recidivism out of economic desperation. Drought persisted in the

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production noted an 89% decrease. On the other hand, electrotechnical, leather, and paper industries noted marginal increases in production output. Overall, industrial production decreased by 41%. A distinct feature of the Great Depression in Poland was the de-concentration of industry, as larger

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was especially vulnerable to worldwide depression, as it relied almost entirely on agricultural exports to the United Kingdom for its economy. The drop in exports led to a lack of disposable income from the farmers, who were the mainstay of the local economy. Jobs disappeared and wages plummeted,

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The devaluation of the currency had an immediate effect. Japanese textiles began to displace British textiles in export markets. The deficit spending proved to be most profound and went into the purchase of munitions for the armed forces. By 1933, Japan was already out of the depression. By 1934,

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Political protests were not common. However, there was a growing demand that the paternalistic claims be honored by colonial governments to respond vigorously. The theme was that economic reforms were more urgently needed than political reforms. French West Africa launched an extensive program of

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the country hardest hit by the Great Depression because 80% of government revenue came from exports of copper and nitrates, which were in low demand. Chile initially felt the impact of the Great Depression in 1930, when GDP dropped 14%, mining income declined 27%, and export earnings fell 28%. By

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World War II had a dramatic effect on many parts of the American economy. Government-financed capital spending accounted for only 5% of the annual U.S. investment in industrial capital in 1940; by 1943, the government accounted for 67% of U.S. capital investment. The massive war spending doubled

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Oral history provides evidence for how housewives in a modern industrial city handled shortages of money and resources. Often they updated strategies their mothers used when they were growing up in poor families. Cheap foods were used, such as soups, beans and noodles. They purchased the cheapest

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According to later analysis, the earliness with which a country left the gold standard reliably predicted its economic recovery. For example, The UK and Scandinavia, which left the gold standard in 1931, recovered much earlier than France and Belgium, which remained on gold much longer. Countries

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At the beginning, governments and businesses spent more in the first half of 1930 than in the corresponding period of the previous year. On the other hand, consumers, many of whom suffered severe losses in the stock market the previous year, cut expenditures by 10%. In addition, beginning in the

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which raised tariffs on thousands of imported items. The intent of the Act was to encourage the purchase of American-made products by increasing the cost of imported goods, while raising revenue for the federal government and protecting farmers. Most countries that traded with the U.S. increased

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The effects on the northern industrial areas of Britain were immediate and devastating, as demand for traditional industrial products collapsed. By the end of 1930 unemployment had more than doubled from 1 million to 2.5 million (20% of the insured workforce), and exports had fallen in

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The policies had the effect of driving up the cost of food imports and depleting foreign currency reserves, leading to economic impasse by 1936. Nazi Germany faced a choice of either reversing course or pressing ahead with rearmament and autarky. Hitler chose the latter route, which according to

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Economists and economic historians are almost evenly split as to whether the traditional monetary explanation that monetary forces were the primary cause of the Great Depression is right, or the traditional Keynesian explanation that a fall in autonomous spending, particularly investment, is the

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that downplay or reject the explanations of the Keynesians and monetarists. The consensus among demand-driven theories is that a large-scale loss of confidence led to a sudden reduction in consumption and investment spending. Once panic and deflation set in, many people believed they could avoid

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Among the few women in the labor force, layoffs were less common in the white-collar jobs and they were typically found in light manufacturing work. However, there was a widespread demand to limit families to one paid job, so that wives might lose employment if their husband was employed. Across

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ceased exchanging pound notes for gold and the pound was floated on foreign exchange markets. Japan and the Scandinavian countries followed in 1931. Other countries, such as Italy and the United States, remained on the gold standard into 1932 or 1933, while a few countries in the so-called "gold

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Governments around the world took various steps into spending less money on foreign goods such as: "imposing tariffs, import quotas, and exchange controls". These restrictions triggered much tension among countries that had large amounts of bilateral trade, causing major export-import reductions

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was the primary transmission mechanism of the Great Depression. Even countries that did not face bank failures and a monetary contraction first-hand were forced to join the deflationary policy since higher interest rates in countries that performed a deflationary policy led to a gold outflow in

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It cannot be emphasized too strongly that the trends we are describing are long-time trends and were thoroughly evident before 1929. These trends are in nowise the result of the present depression, nor are they the result of the World War. On the contrary, the present depression is a collapse

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and replaced him. An increasingly common view among economic historians is that the adherence of many Federal Reserve policymakers to the liquidationist position led to disastrous consequences. Unlike what liquidationists expected, a large proportion of the capital stock was not redeployed but

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in Vienna in May. This put heavy pressure on Germany, which was already in political turmoil. With the rise in violence of National Socialist ('Nazi') and Communist movements, as well as investor nervousness at harsh government financial policies, investors withdrew their short-term money from

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further losses by keeping clear of the markets. Holding money became profitable as prices dropped lower and a given amount of money bought ever more goods, exacerbating the drop in demand. Monetarists believe that the Great Depression started as an ordinary recession, but the shrinking of the

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1937, the Roosevelt administration cut spending and increased taxation in an attempt to balance the federal budget. The American economy then took a sharp downturn, lasting for 13 months through most of 1938. Industrial production fell almost 30 per cent within a few months and production of

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suffered a deep and exceptionally long depression. This depression was partly caused by the after-effects of the American stock-market crash of 1929, and partly by internal factors in the Netherlands. Government policy, especially the very late dropping of the Gold Standard, played a role in

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The liquidation of debt could not keep up with the fall of prices that it caused. The mass effect of the stampede to liquidate increased the value of each dollar owed, relative to the value of declining asset holdings. The very effort of individuals to lessen their burden of debt effectively

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did not think that the New Deal under Roosevelt single-handedly ended the Great Depression: "It is, it seems, politically impossible for a capitalistic democracy to organize expenditure on the scale necessary to make the grand experiments which would prove my case—except in war conditions."

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In the years immediately preceding the depression, negative developments in the island and world economies perpetuated an unsustainable cycle of subsistence for many Puerto Rican workers. The 1920s brought a dramatic drop in Puerto Rico's two primary exports, raw sugar and coffee, due to a

417:) is that the passage of the Smoot–Hawley Tariff exacerbated the Great Depression, although there is disagreement as to how much. In the popular view, the Smoot–Hawley Tariff was a leading cause of the depression. In a 1995 survey of American economic historians, two-thirds agreed that the 2932:

The world financial crisis began to overwhelm Britain in 1931; investors around the world started withdrawing their gold from London at the rate of £2.5 million per day. Credits of £25 million each from the Bank of France and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and an issue of

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Fisher's debt-deflation theory initially lacked mainstream influence because of the counter-argument that debt-deflation represented no more than a redistribution from one group (debtors) to another (creditors). Pure re-distributions should have no significant macroeconomic effects.

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was needed to prepare for and to sustain the coming war. The organizations, propaganda agencies and authorities employed slogans that called up traditional values of thrift and healthy living. However, these efforts were only partly successful in changing the behavior of housewives.

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as an alternative approach to the study of economics. Neoliberalism went on to challenge the dominance of the Keynesian school of Economics in the mainstream academia and policy-making in the United States, having reached its peak in popularity in the election of the presidency of

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In most countries of the world, recovery from the Great Depression began in 1933. In the U.S., recovery began in early 1933, but the U.S. did not return to 1929 GNP for over a decade and still had an unemployment rate of about 15% in 1940, albeit down from the high of 25% in 1933.

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reached such skewed extremes; half the unemployed had been out of work for over six months, something that was not repeated until the late-2000s recession. 2007 and 2008 eventually saw the world reach new levels of wealth gap inequality that rivalled the years of 1928 and 1929.

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Ireland was a largely agrarian economy, trading almost exclusively with the UK, at the time of the Great Depression. Beef and dairy products comprised the bulk of exports, and Ireland fared well relative to many other commodity producers, particularly in the early years of the

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during the depression. Not all governments enforced the same measures of protectionism. Some countries raised tariffs drastically and enforced severe restrictions on foreign exchange transactions, while other countries reduced "trade and exchange restrictions only marginally":

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Australia's dependence on agricultural and industrial exports meant it was one of the hardest-hit developed countries. Falling export demand and commodity prices placed massive downward pressures on wages. Unemployment reached a record high of 29% in 1932, with incidents of

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and construction slowed or completely ceased. In the face of bad loans and worsening future prospects, the surviving banks became even more conservative in their lending. Banks built up their capital reserves and made fewer loans, which intensified deflationary pressures. A

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called in 1938 the "world's highest standard of living". Sweden was also the first country worldwide to recover completely from the Great Depression. Taking place amid a short-lived government and a less-than-a-decade old Swedish democracy, events such as those surrounding

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The deficit spending had a transformative effect on Japan. Japan's industrial production doubled during the 1930s. Further, in 1929 the list of the largest firms in Japan was dominated by light industries, especially textile companies (many of Japan's automakers, such as

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The majority of countries set up relief programs and most underwent some sort of political upheaval, pushing them to the right. Many of the countries in Europe and Latin America that were democracies saw them overthrown by some form of dictatorship or authoritarian rule,

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developed an alternative way in which the financial crisis affected output. He builds on Fisher's argument that dramatic declines in the price level and nominal incomes lead to increasing real debt burdens, which in turn leads to debtor insolvency and consequently lowers

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pre-1930 level until after 1939. Government interference in the economy increased: "Imports were regulated, trade with foreign currency was monopolized by state-owned banks, and loan capital was largely distributed by state-regulated funds". Due to the outbreak of the

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was passed in the United States on 17 June 1930, having been proposed the year prior. Ostensibly aimed at protecting the American economy as the Depression began to take root, it backfired enormously and may have even caused the Depression. The consensus view among

545:, almost avoided the depression entirely. The connection between leaving the gold standard as a strong predictor of that country's severity of its depression and the length of time of its recovery has been shown to be consistent for dozens of countries, including 3594:; they are two completely different animals. Where we have experienced inflation since the Crash of 2008, the situation was much different in the 1930s when deflation set in. Unlike the deflation of the early 1930s, the U.S. economy currently appears to be in a " 2277:

very hard. As industries came close to failure they were bought out by the banks in a largely illusionary bail-out—the assets used to fund the purchases were largely worthless. This led to a financial crisis peaking in 1932 and major government intervention. The

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believed that the Federal Reserve had further contributed to the problems of the Depression by permitting the money supply to shrink during the earliest years of the Depression. However, during the Depression (in 1932 and in 1934) Hayek had criticized both the

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and rising nominal interest rates that Roosevelt's words and actions portended. It was the rollback of those same reflationary policies that led to the interruption of a recession beginning in late 1937. One contributing policy that reversed reflation was the

3372:

is likewise set in the Great Depression, centering on a privileged socialite's love affair with a Marxist revolutionary. The era spurred the resurgence of social realism, practiced by many who started their writing careers on relief programs, especially the

714:

In Japan, official government policy was deflationary and the opposite of Keynesian spending. Consequently, the government launched a campaign across the country to induce households to reduce their consumption, focusing attention on spending by housewives.

183:

and the continuing reluctance of people to borrow meant that consumer spending and investment remained low. By May 1930, automobile sales declined to below the levels of 1928. Prices, in general, began to decline, although wages held steady in 1930. Then a

2498:

Poland was affected by the Great Depression longer and stronger than other countries due to inadequate economic response of the government and the pre-existing economic circumstances of the country. At that time, Poland was under the authoritarian rule of

1903:. However, the U.S. silver purchase act of 1934 created an intolerable demand on China's silver coins, and so, in the end, the silver standard was officially abandoned in 1935 in favor of the four Chinese national banks' "legal note" issues. China and the 167:

dropped from 381 to 198 over the course of two months, optimism persisted for some time. The stock market rose in early 1930, with the Dow returning to 294 (pre-depression levels) in April 1930, before steadily declining for years, to a low of 41 in 1932.

460:

which caused their balance of payments to strengthen. It also freed up monetary policy so that central banks could lower interest rates and act as lenders of last resort. They possessed the best policy instruments to fight the Depression and did not need

3054:(RFC) in 1932. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation was a Federal agency with the authority to lend up to $ 2 billion to rescue banks and restore confidence in financial institutions. But $ 2 billion was not enough to save all the banks, and 1168:, and other devices to restart the U.S. economy, but never completely gave up trying to balance the budget. According to the Keynesians, this improved the economy, but Roosevelt never spent enough to bring the economy out of recession until the start of 562:

Germany as confidence spiraled downward. The Reichsbank lost 150 million marks in the first week of June, 540 million in the second, and 150 million in two days, 19–20 June. Collapse was at hand. U.S. President Herbert Hoover called for a

1067:

Let me end my talk by abusing slightly my status as an official representative of the Federal Reserve. I would like to say to Milton and Anna: Regarding the Great Depression, you're right. We did it. We're very sorry. But thanks to you, we won't do it

743:. Many economists believe that government spending on the war caused or at least accelerated recovery from the Great Depression, though some consider that it did not play a very large role in the recovery, though it did help in reducing unemployment. 7598: 425:

and causing retaliatory tariffs in other countries. While foreign trade was a small part of overall economic activity in the U.S. and was concentrated in a few businesses like farming, it was a much larger factor in many other countries. The average

4265:

According to the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Economic Data website, based on a monthly timeseries 1929 September – 1932 June, the Dow Jones Industrial Average lost 87.1% while the Cowles Commission and S&P's all stock index lost 85.0%:

188:

started in 1931. Farmers faced a worse outlook; declining crop prices and a Great Plains drought crippled their economic outlook. At its peak, the Great Depression saw nearly 10% of all Great Plains farms change hands despite federal assistance.

1858:, which succeeded in reestablishing Chile's creditworthiness, Chileans elected to office during the 1938–58 period a succession of center and left-of-center governments interested in promoting economic growth through government intervention. 1314:, which slowed down economic recovery from the Great Depression, is explained by fears of the population that the moderate tightening of the monetary and fiscal policy in 1937 were first steps to a restoration of the pre-1933 policy regime. 615:

policies either caused or accelerated the recovery, although his policies were never aggressive enough to bring the economy completely out of recession. Some economists have also called attention to the positive effects from expectations of

2524:

for over a century. Prior to independence, the Russian part exported 91% of its exports to Russia proper, while the German part exported 68% to Germany proper. After independence, these markets were largely lost, as Russia transformed into

1936:

mining region, employment declined by 70%. In the country as a whole, the wage labour force decreased by 72,000 and many men returned to their villages. In Leopoldville, the population decreased by 33%, because of this labour migration.

1823:, Canadian industrial production had by 1932 fallen to only 58% of its 1929 figure, the second-lowest level in the world after the United States, and well behind countries such as Britain, which fell to only 83% of the 1929 level. Total 1094:

With significantly less money to go around, businesses could not get new loans and could not even get their old loans renewed, forcing many to stop investing. This interpretation blames the Federal Reserve for inaction, especially the

3097:

off their farms in the Midwest. From his inauguration onward, Roosevelt argued that restructuring of the economy would be needed to prevent another depression or avoid prolonging the current one. New Deal programs sought to stimulate

2994:

Hoover's first measures to combat the depression were based on encouraging businesses not to reduce their workforce or cut wages but businesses had little choice: wages were reduced, workers were laid off, and investments postponed.

2171:

without massive protection they would not have been able to survive. Despite the global depression, Greece managed to suffer comparatively little, averaging an average growth rate of 3.5% from 1932 to 1939. The dictatorial regime of

1082:– which produced panic and widespread runs on local banks, and the Federal Reserve sat idly by while banks collapsed. Friedman and Schwartz argued that, if the Fed had provided emergency lending to these key banks, or simply bought 598:

The overall course of the Depression in the United States, as reflected in per-capita GDP (average income per person) shown in constant year 2000 dollars, plus some of the key events of the period. Dotted red line = long-term trend

645:, the money supply growth caused by huge international gold inflows was a crucial source of the recovery of the United States economy, and that the economy showed little sign of self-correction. The gold inflows were partly due to 6244: 2511:

until his death in 1935. As a result, Poland was unable to perform a more active monetary and budget policy. Additionally, Poland was a relatively young country that emerged merely 10 years earlier after being partitioned between

757:

at the end of 1941 moved approximately ten million people out of the civilian labor force and into the war. This finally eliminated the last effects from the Great Depression and brought the U.S. unemployment rate down below 10%.

1090:

to provide liquidity and increase the quantity of money after the key banks fell, all the rest of the banks would not have fallen after the large ones did, and the money supply would not have fallen as far and as fast as it did.

586:, and suffered relatively less than other major countries in the Great Depression. In the 1931 British election, the Labour Party was virtually destroyed, leaving MacDonald as prime minister for a largely Conservative coalition. 196:

was the factor that pulled down most other countries at first; then, internal weaknesses or strengths in each country made conditions worse or better. Frantic attempts by individual countries to shore up their economies through

3234:

fell even faster. Unemployment jumped from 14.3% in 1937 to 19.0% in 1938, rising from 5 million to more than 12 million in early 1938. Manufacturing output fell by 37% from the 1937 peak and was back to 1934 levels.

205:

and retaliatory tariffs in other countries – exacerbated the collapse in global trade, contributing to the depression. By 1933, the economic decline pushed world trade to one third of its level compared to four years earlier.

117:

falling sales of consumer goods (as a result of overproduction because of new production techniques, falling exports and income inequality, among other factors) that had already been underway as part of a gradual depression.

2964:, the effects were short-lived and the later 1930s were a prosperous time. Growth in modern manufacture of electrical goods and a boom in the motor car industry was helped by a growing southern population and an expanding 3331:

The Great Depression has been the subject of much writing, as authors have sought to evaluate an era that caused both financial and emotional trauma. Perhaps the most noteworthy and famous novel written on the subject is

1140:

in the economy contributed to a massive decline in income and to employment that was well below the average. In such a situation, the economy reached equilibrium at low levels of economic activity and high unemployment.

5216: 582:". The Conservative and Liberals parties signed on, along with a small cadre of Labour, but the vast majority of Labour leaders denounced MacDonald as a traitor for leading the new government. Britain went off the 3030:

agricultural heartland, businesses and families defaulted on record numbers of loans, and more than 5,000 banks had failed. Hundreds of thousands of Americans found themselves homeless, and began congregating in

11136: 1226:

During the Crash of 1929 preceding the Great Depression, margin requirements were only 10%. Brokerage firms, in other words, would lend $ 9 for every $ 1 an investor had deposited. When the market fell, brokers

1853:

Influenced profoundly by the Great Depression, many government leaders promoted the development of local industry in an effort to insulate the economy from future external shocks. After six years of government

2715: 1598:. The economy was overbuilt, and new factories were not needed. Foster and Catchings recommended federal and state governments to start large construction projects, a program followed by Hoover and Roosevelt. 6384: 6286: 5049: 109:. Construction was virtually halted in many countries. Farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by about 60%. Faced with plummeting demand and few job alternatives, areas dependent on 7595: 9954: 1357:(capital and labor) to be redeployed in other more productive sectors of the dynamic economy. They argued that even if self-adjustment of the economy caused mass bankruptcies, it was still the best course. 330:

Because the Great Depression began in the United States and then spread around the world, the origins of the Great Depression are examined in the context of the United States economy. In the aftermath of

468:. Countries abandoning the gold standard relatively early experienced relatively mild recessions and early recoveries. In contrast, countries remaining on the gold standard experienced prolonged slumps." 5021: 5699:

fiscal policy was of little consequence even as late as 1942, suggests an interesting twist on the usual view that World War II caused, or at least accelerated, the recovery from the Great Depression.

5525: 2403:. The depression in the Netherlands eased off somewhat at the end of 1936, when the government finally dropped the Gold Standard, but real economic stability did not return until after World War II. 5892: 9087: 2306:. Takahashi used the Bank of Japan to sterilize the deficit spending and minimize resulting inflationary pressures. Econometric studies have identified the fiscal stimulus as especially effective. 1920:

The sharp fall in commodity prices, and the steep decline in exports, hurt the economies of the European colonies in Africa and Asia. The agricultural sector was especially hard hit. For example,

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was formed. However the Great Depression was the last time when Argentina was one of the richer countries of the world as it stopped growing in the decades thereafter and became underdeveloped.

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countries fell 12% from 19.3 births per thousand population in 1930, to 17.0 in 1935. In Canada, half of Roman Catholic women defied Church teachings and used contraception to postpone births.

3438:

is in the form of a fictional journal as told by the protagonist Minnie Swift as she recounts her experiences during the era, especially when her family takes in an orphan cousin from Texas.

2722:

lived as paupers. The social discomfort caused by the depression was a contributing factor in the 1933 split between the "gesuiwerde" (purified) and "smelter" (fusionist) factions within the

1932:

economy because of the drop in international demand for raw materials and for agricultural products. For example, the price of peanuts fell from 125 to 25 centimes. In some areas, as in the

13010: 2770:

Spain had a relatively isolated economy, with high protective tariffs and was not one of the main countries affected by the Depression. The banking system held up well, as did agriculture.

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cure itself. You can't do anything about it. You will only make it worse. ... I think by encouraging that kind of do-nothing policy both in Britain and in the United States, they did harm.

449:"Countries that remained on the gold standard, keeping currencies fixed, were more likely to restrict foreign trade." These countries "resorted to protectionist policies to strengthen the 11129: 9963:(London). "America and Europe face the worst jobs crisis since the 1930s and risk 'an explosion of social unrest' unless they tread carefully, the International Monetary Fund has warned." 3255:

to stop further expansion of the New Deal and, when unemployment dropped to 2% in the early 1940s, they abolished WPA, CCC and the PWA relief programs. Social Security remained in place.

8453: 8329:

Fabrizio Mattesini and Beniamino Quintieri. "Does a reduction in the length of the working week reduce unemployment? Some evidence from the Italian economy during the Great Depression."

3010:

so that big banks could help failing banks survive. But bankers were reluctant to invest in failing banks, and the National Credit Corporation did almost nothing to address the problem.

1963:

The crisis affected France a bit later than other countries, hitting hard around 1931. While the 1920s grew at the very strong rate of 4.43% per year, the 1930s rate fell to only 0.63%.

1353:

economists. The liquidationist position held that a depression worked to liquidate failed businesses and investments that had been made obsolete by technological development – releasing

1282:

that seriously harms the economy. A credit crunch lowers investment and consumption, which results in declining aggregate demand and additionally contributes to the deflationary spiral.

13502: 8398: 3484:" to refer to an economic downturn dates to the 19th century, when it was used by varied Americans and British politicians and economists. The first major American economic crisis, the 1628:, and motorized farm machinery, and because of the rapid growth in productivity there was a lot of excess production capacity and the work week was being reduced. The dramatic rise in 10146:(Berghahn Books, 2013), 224 pp. Compares political crises in Germany, Italy, Austria, and Spain with those in Sweden, Japan, China, India, Turkey, Brazil, and the United States. 7495: 6795: 10454: 2751:

West, his predictions seem to be coming true. By contrast Russia seemed an emblematic modern nation, making the staggering leap from a feudal past to an industrial future with ease.

1241:. Government guarantees and Federal Reserve banking regulations to prevent such panics were ineffective or not used. Bank failures led to the loss of billions of dollars in assets. 5821: 3552: 2399:

prolonging the depression. The Great Depression in the Netherlands led to some political instability and riots, and can be linked to the rise of the Dutch fascist political party

1044:. They argued that the Great Depression was caused by the banking crisis that caused one-third of all banks to vanish, a reduction of bank shareholder wealth and more importantly 9999:

The Great Depression: An Inquiry into the causes, course, and Consequences of the Worldwide Depression of the Nineteen-Thirties, as Seen by Contemporaries and in Light of History

11122: 7315: 711:

sewing for neighbors in exchange for something they could offer. Extended families used mutual aid—extra food, spare rooms, repair-work, cash loans—to help cousins and in-laws.

340:

through September. Stock prices began to slump in September, and were volatile at the end of September. A large sell-off of stocks began in mid-October. Finally, on 24 October,

4240: 13375: 12040: 746:

The rearmament policies leading up to World War II helped stimulate the economies of Europe in 1937–1939. By 1937, unemployment in Britain had fallen to 1.5 million. The

82:

of October (Black Tuesday). This crisis marked the start of a prolonged period of economic hardship characterized by high unemployment rates and widespread business failures.

5264: 3606:

CPI, and the national unemployment rate, we are simply not living in the '30s. Some individuals may feel as if we are living in a depression, but for many others the current

2945:

were unemployed due to the severe decline in heavy industry. In some towns and cities in the north east, unemployment reached as high as 70% as shipbuilding fell by 90%. The

12045: 807:, and throughout Europe. In the late 1920s there was a scramble to deflate prices to get the gold standard's conversation rates back on track to pre-WWI levels, by causing 693:

the Code de la Famille (1939) that increased state assistance to families with children and required employers to protect the jobs of fathers, even if they were immigrants.

9875: 9292: 7197: 3410:, focuses on the changes brought by the Depression to the titular character's family and how the Kittredges dealt with it. A theatrical adaptation of the series entitled 2564: 2310:

Takahashi realized that the economy was in danger of overheating, and to avoid inflation, moved to reduce the deficit spending that went towards armaments and munitions.

13092: 3251:

employment improved, and industrial production turned up after June 1938. After the recovery from the Recession of 1937–38, conservatives were able to form a bipartisan

2756:

war in 1941, most of these Germans and Finns were arrested and sent to Siberia, while their Russian-born children were placed in orphanages. Their fate remains unknown.

1594:

redistribute purchasing power, maintaining the industrial base, and re-inflating prices and wages to force as much of the inflationary increase in purchasing power into

7751: 2777:. Many talented workers were forced into permanent exile. By staying neutral in the Second World War, and selling to both sides, the economy avoided further disasters. 421:

at least worsened the Great Depression. According to the U.S. Senate website, the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act is among the most catastrophic acts in congressional history.

13097: 6368: 6270: 4535: 486:, countries that lost gold but nevertheless wanted to maintain the gold standard had to permit their money supply to decrease and the domestic price level to decline ( 9236: 9224: 3818: 13192: 12532: 12402: 5047: 2587: 10344: 5213: 3182:

workers constructing drainage culvert, 1933. Over 3 million unemployed young men were taken out of the cities and placed into 2,600+ work camps managed by the CCC.

1460:

According to Rothbard, the government support for failed enterprises and efforts to keep wages above their market values actually prolonged the Depression. Unlike

517:

not only spread the downturn worldwide, but also suspended gold convertibility (devaluing the currency in gold terms) that did the most to make recovery possible.

9933: 8778: 8546: 4430: 3385:

provides insight into criminal justice ramifications of the Great Depression, especially in regard to patterns of recidivism due to lack of economic opportunity.

2986: 39: 13782: 12662: 12030: 10176: 1137: 7230: 1262:

increased it. Paradoxically, the more the debtors paid, the more they owed. This self-aggravating process turned a 1930 recession into a 1933 great depression.

101:, prices, tax revenues, and profits. International trade fell by more than 50%, unemployment in the U.S. rose to 23% and in some countries rose as high as 33%. 16881: 14541: 13269: 13037: 12871: 12527: 10161:. Chapters by economic historians cover Finland, Sweden, Belgium, Austria, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Romania, Spain, Portugal, and Ireland. 5870: 1978: 9814: 5009: 3318:

will take by force what they need. And the little screaming fact that sounds through all history: repression works only to strengthen and knit the repressed.

2194:, which cut Iceland's exports of saltfish by half, the Depression lasted in Iceland until the outbreak of World War II (when prices for fish exports soared). 13558: 13125: 13015: 6595:"Margin Requirements, Margin Loans, and Margin Rates: Practice and Principles – analysis of history of margin credit regulations – Statistical Data Included" 2313:

This resulted in a strong and swift negative reaction from nationalists, especially those in the army, culminating in his assassination in the course of the

1966:

The depression was relatively mild: unemployment peaked under 5%, the fall in production was at most 20% below the 1929 output; there was no banking crisis.

1766:, which preserved a quota in exchange for significant concessions to British exports. By 1935 the economy had recovered to 1929 levels and the same year the 1719:

gave up democracy voluntarily. There too were severe impacts across the Middle East and North Africa, including economic decline which led to social unrest.

1334:

should expand liquidity in the banking system and the government should cut taxes and accelerate spending in order to prevent a collapse in money supply and

1322:

There is common consensus among economists today that the government and the central bank should work to keep the interconnected macroeconomic aggregates of

359:

Despite the crash, the worst of the crisis did not reverberate around the world until after 1929. The crisis hit panic levels again in December 1930, with a

93:. Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s. However, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of 5517: 3278:

generally remained the most influential economic school in the United States and in parts of Europe until the periods between the 1970s and the 1980s, when

2616:

scheme, employing up to 100,000 people in 1935. After Piłsudski's death, in 1936 the gold standard regime was relaxed, and launching the development of the

14614: 12893: 12020: 7412: 7100:

Conversations with Great Economists: Friedrich A. Hayek, John Hicks, Nicholas Kaldor, Leonid V. Kantorovich, Joan Robinson, Paul A.Samuelson, Jan Tinbergen

6594: 5884: 5135: 2742:

in the world and had very little international trade. Its economy was not tied to the rest of the world and was mostly unaffected by the Great Depression.

1827:

fell to 56% of the 1929 level, again worse than any country apart from the United States. Unemployment reached 27% at the depth of the Depression in 1933.

1132: 9084: 4774: 3148:(NRA) made a number of sweeping changes to the American economy. It forced businesses to work with government to set price codes through the NRA to fight 14702: 14536: 12930: 8010: 7280: 6350: 4992: 3042:, to spur new home construction, and reduce foreclosures. The final attempt of the Hoover Administration to stimulate the economy was the passage of the 9126: 8508: 2887:

Turkey was badly affected by the Great Depression and it came at a time when the state was still reforming its economic policy following the end of the

13470: 13328: 12010: 8977: 6239: 2069: 2053: 1912:

November 1935, the government instituted the fiat currency (fapi) reform, immediately stabilizing prices and also raising revenues for the government.

6325: 2612:

with currencies tied to the gold standard. Only in late 1932 did the government effect a plan to fight the economic crisis. Part of the plan was mass

1249:. Bank failures snowballed as desperate bankers called in loans that borrowers did not have time or money to repay. With future profits looking poor, 13032: 12819: 12015: 6130: 6079: 3350:

for literature. The novel focuses on a poor family of sharecroppers who are forced from their home as drought, economic hardship, and changes in the

2824:'s "summer cabinet" in 1936. During forty years of hegemony, it was the most successful political party in the history of Western liberal democracy. 10274:. 1985. 4 sound cassettes; papers. Storey discusses the Great Depression and hardships of early life, abortion, childbearing and motherhood. At the 9105: 3222:. The national debt as a proportion of GNP rose under Hoover from 20% to 40%. Roosevelt kept it at 40% until the war began, when it soared to 128%. 2050:

was hit hard by the depression, as American loans to help rebuild the German economy now stopped. The unemployment rate reached nearly 30% in 1932.

13524: 13497: 12814: 11285: 11145: 9723: 8395: 6686: 4064: 7647: 13872: 13832: 12168: 11114: 7349: 5922: 3945: 13680: 12598: 12085: 9252: 8445: 7517: 6202: 6025: 2157: 1530: 10089:

Aldcroft, Derek H. "Economic Growth in Britain in the Inter-War Years: A Reassessment." Economic History Review, 20#2, 1967, pp. 311–26.

1716: 1441:

In the Austrian view, it was this inflation of the money supply that led to an unsustainable boom in both asset prices (stocks and bonds) and

14489: 13894: 13130: 12337: 9837: 8686: 8288: 6775: 1632:

of major industries in the U.S. and the effects of productivity on output, wages and the workweek are discussed by Spurgeon Bell in his book

9164: 8738: 62:(1929–1939) was a severe global economic downturn that affected many countries across the world. It became evident after a sharp decline in 13512: 13109: 12925: 12866: 12449: 12407: 12163: 12158: 12153: 12148: 12143: 12138: 12133: 12128: 12123: 12118: 11528: 11153: 6792: 6629: 762:

economic growth rates, either masking the effects of the Depression or essentially ending the Depression. Businessmen ignored the mounting

464:"The length and depth of a country's economic downturn and the timing and vigor of its recovery are related to how long it remained on the 10165: 8584: 7708:

Westcott, Nicholas (1984). "The East African sisal industry, 1929–1949: the marketing of a colonial commodity during depression and war".

4969: 3789: 15857: 15813: 14636: 14479: 14374: 14119: 13857: 12977: 12888: 12630: 12615: 12497: 9567: 9528: 8486: 8065: 5456:(2001). "Producing Citizens, Reproducing the 'French Race': Immigration, Demography, and Pronatalism in Early Twentieth-Century France". 3965: 2218: 9489: 8840: 8193:

Samita Sen, "Labour, Organization and Gender: The Jute Industry in India in the 1930s", in Helmut Konrad and Wolfgang Maderthaner, eds.

6966: 5825: 5614:

Reagin, N. R. (2001). "Marktordnung and Autarkic Housekeeping: Housewives and Private Consumption under the Four-Year Plan, 1936–1939".

4181: 2348:

Because of high levels of U.S. investment in Latin American economies, they were severely damaged by the Depression. Within the region,

2128: 2105:

lost seats. The next two years were marked by increased street violence between Nazis and Communists, while governments under President

1445:. Therefore, by the time the Federal Reserve tightened in 1928 it was far too late to prevent an economic contraction. In February 1929 16719: 16697: 14462: 13977: 13972: 13962: 13335: 13064: 12312: 11888: 11835: 10568: 9333:, Maurice W. Lee, Chairman of Economics Dept., Washington State College, published by R.D. Irwin Inc, Homewood, Illinois, 1955, p. 236. 5756: 5332: 3999: 7787:

Lungu, Gatian F. (1993). "Educational Policy-Making in Colonial Zambia: The Case of Higher Education for Africans from 1924 to 1964".

5797: 4484:

Whaples, Robert (1995). "Where is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions".

2953:

in Britain in the 1920s and 1930s. About 200,000 unemployed men were sent to the work camps, which continued in operation until 1939.

1539:, "The idea that capitalism caused the Great Depression was widely held among intellectuals and the general public for many decades." 17623: 14631: 14574: 14467: 14296: 13738: 12241: 9016: 3684: 3406:, released to tie in with the dolls and playsets sold by the company. The stories, which take place during the early to mid 1930s in 2683: 2209:

prices plunged. Otherwise, conditions were fairly stable. Local markets in agriculture and small-scale industry showed modest gains.

1991:

France's relatively high degree of self-sufficiency meant the damage was considerably less than in neighbouring states like Germany.

1231:, which could not be paid back. Banks began to fail as debtors defaulted on debt and depositors attempted to withdraw their deposits 607:

There is no consensus among economists regarding the motive force for the U.S. economic expansion that continued through most of the

2274: 1850:

1932, GDP had shrunk to less than half of what it had been in 1929, exacting a terrible toll in unemployment and business failures.

17467: 17029: 16144: 14678: 14474: 13967: 13455: 13395: 12955: 12610: 12502: 12352: 11746: 11353: 7988: 626: 7843:

Ochonu, Moses (2009). "Critical convergence: the Great Depression and the meshing of Nigerian and British anti-colonial polemic".

3058:

and bank failures continued. Quarter by quarter the economy went downhill, as prices, profits and employment fell, leading to the

2433:). Many were arrested or injured through the tough official handling of these riots by police and volunteer "special constables". 2005: 1269:

Building on both the monetary hypothesis of Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz and the debt deflation hypothesis of Irving Fisher,

17648: 14584: 14557: 14516: 14511: 14484: 14414: 14301: 14097: 13904: 13492: 13316: 13214: 12846: 11358: 11149: 10989: 10893: 9276: 9180:

Swanson, Joseph; Williamson, Samuel (1972). "Estimates of national product and income for the United States economy, 1919–1941".

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and provide work and relief for the impoverished through increased government spending and the institution of financial reforms.

651: 9865: 9296: 17519: 16965: 16288: 16283: 16278: 16273: 16268: 16258: 14685: 14394: 14077: 13982: 13812: 13760: 13721: 13288: 13283: 13137: 13074: 13027: 13005: 12970: 12625: 12481: 11724: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11440: 10707: 9908: 8864: 7187: 4557: 2904: 2290:

The Great Depression did not strongly affect Japan. The Japanese economy shrank by 8% during 1929–31. Japan's Finance Minister

1824: 457: 8316:

Fabrizio Mattesini, and Beniamino Quintieri. "Italy and the Great Depression: An analysis of the Italian economy, 1929–1936."

5176:

monetary development were crucial to the recovery implies that self-correction played little role in the growth of real output

3156:, labor standards, and competitive conditions in all industries. It encouraged unions that would raise wages, to increase the 1511:, were generated by government creating a boom through easy money and credit, which was soon followed by the inevitable bust. 14501: 14389: 14259: 14163: 14072: 13996: 13541: 13507: 12522: 12512: 12507: 12365: 12360: 12224: 12189: 11729: 11258: 10898: 10888: 10712: 10158: 9600: 9561: 9522: 9067: 8576: 8098: 8041: 7747: 7619: 7481: 7263: 7140: 7070: 6927: 6824: 6672: 6458: 6256: 5850: 5407: 5374: 5326: 5233: 5196: 4680: 4659: 4361: 4120: 4095: 3847: 3130: 3043: 2977: 2122: 1984:, which won the elections in 1936. Ultra-nationalist groups also saw increased popularity, although democracy prevailed into 1878: 1762:

Decline in foreign trade hit Argentina hard. The British decision to stop importing Argentine beef led to the signing of the

1345:

and the equilibrating powers of the market, and failed to understand the severity of the Depression. Outright leave-it-alone

800: 549:. This partly explains why the experience and length of the depression differed between regions and states around the world. 31: 10138: 9755: 9606: 9221: 8663: 7381: 7164: 5871:

https://www.cato.org/blog/world-war-i-gold-great-depression#:~:text=The%20result%20was%20a%20second,4%20years%20in%20a%20row

4527: 4379:(March 1995). "Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions". 1955: 17524: 16412: 15894: 14697: 14594: 14531: 14521: 14404: 14195: 14158: 14087: 13919: 13884: 13435: 13165: 12898: 12669: 12620: 12593: 12517: 12476: 11977: 11003: 10979: 3811: 3110: 2934: 1907:, which followed suit in this regard in September 1935, would be the last to abandon the silver standard. In addition, the 663:

also attributed the recovery to monetary factors, and contended that it was much slowed by poor management of money by the

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dictatorship. With the budget balanced in 1929, the effects of the depression were relaxed through harsh measures towards

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in Vienna in May. This put heavy pressure on Germany, which was already in political turmoil with the rise in violence of

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should have cut short the process of monetary deflation and banking collapse, by expanding the money supply and acting as

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By far the most serious negative impact came after 1936 from the heavy destruction of infrastructure and manpower by the

2381: 2279: 1586:. It held the economy produced more than it consumed, because the consumers did not have enough income. Thus the unequal 10667: 8624: 3021:(World War I veterans) after the marchers with their wives and children were driven out by the regular Army by order of 2368:

U.S. fell in value from $ 1.2 billion in 1929 to $ 335 million in 1933, rising to $ 660 million in 1940.

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took over the Greek government in 1936, and economic growth was strong in the years leading up to the Second World War.

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Steven Horwitz, "Unfortunately Unfamiliar with Robert Higgs and Others: A Rejoinder to Gauti Eggertsson on the 1930s",

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Between 1933 and 1939, federal expenditure tripled, and Roosevelt's critics charged that he was turning America into a

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Simmons, Colin (1987). "The Great Depression and Indian Industry: Changing Interpretations and Changing Perceptions".

7880:"Les paysans de l'empire: écoles rurales et imaginaire colonial en Afrique occidentale française dans les années 1930" 7220: 4462: 992:

Insufficient spending, the money supply reduction, and debt on margin led to falling prices and further bankruptcies (

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and heavy new taxes, redoubling their efforts for greater output to take advantage of generous government contracts.

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Klassen, Tari (2008). "How Depression-Era Quiltmakers Constructed Domestic Space: An Interracial Processual Study".

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primary explanation for the onset of the Great Depression. Today there is also significant academic support for the

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The World Depression broke at a time when the United Kingdom had still not fully recovered from the effects of the

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Economic diplomacy and the origins of the Second World War: Germany, Britain, France and Eastern Europe, 1930–1939

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Metzler, Mark (2004). "Woman's Place in Japan's Great Depression: Reflections on the Moral Economy of Deflation".

4933: 3527:, and the breakdown of economic ties which followed, led to a severe economic crisis and catastrophic fall in the 2682:

created and administered first the Puerto Rico Emergency Relief Administration (PRERA) 1933 and then in 1935, the

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Britain, there was a tendency for married women to join the labor force, competing for part-time jobs especially.

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to pre-1924 levels by 1933. Milton Friedman called leave-it-alone liquidationism "dangerous nonsense". He wrote:

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Richardson, H. W. "The Basis of Economic Recovery in the Nineteen-Thirties: A Review and a New Interpretation."

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tried to keep the federal budget balanced until 1932, when he lost confidence in his Secretary of the Treasury

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and Hungary. The crisis continued to get worse in Germany, bringing political upheaval that finally led to the

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Every major currency left the gold standard during the Great Depression. The UK was the first to do so. Facing

102: 89:(GDP) fell by an estimated 15%. By comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the 17: 8007: 6347: 4989: 2639: 136:

The unemployment rate in the U.S. during 1910–60, with the years of the Great Depression (1929–39) highlighted

17617: 17509: 16921: 16469: 15265: 15255: 14948: 14442: 14306: 14222: 14153: 14124: 14062: 13952: 13924: 13568: 12940: 12833: 12071: 11699: 11415: 10969: 10923: 10642: 10637: 9940:: A look at the value of the U.S. dollar in 1929 and 2008; what has changed and where that leaves us today". 9134: 3995: 3565: 3540: 3243: 3211: 2895:, which held an important share, were down considerably which had already started beforehand due to drought. 2723: 1779: 1702: 1422: 110: 15476: 10286: 10256: 10246: 8922:, "A Unique Chapter in the History of Democracy: The Swedish Social Democrats", in K. Misgeld et al. (eds), 6154:"Where is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions" 5977:"Where is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions" 5208:

Ben S. Bernanke, "Nonmonetary Effects of the Financial Crisis in the Propaga-tion of the Great Depression",

3218:, a strong stimulus to the growth of labor unions. In 1929, federal expenditures constituted only 3% of the 2569: 17698: 16871: 15922: 15415: 15388: 14737: 14730: 14663: 14526: 14409: 14331: 14321: 14175: 14136: 14092: 14052: 14009: 13957: 13889: 13862: 13822: 13800: 13609: 13423: 13370: 13303: 13160: 13116: 13044: 12965: 12883: 12694: 12558: 12387: 12295: 12103: 11581: 10984: 10913: 7644: 6444: 6412: 6309: 5777: 3602: 3003:

tariffs on American-made goods in retaliation, reducing international trade, and worsening the Depression.

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bloc", led by France and including Poland, Belgium and Switzerland, stayed on the standard until 1935–36.

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and limit gold losses." They hoped that these restrictions and depletions would hold the economic decline.

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Barry, Frank, and Mary E. Daly. "Irish Perceptions of the Great Depression" (No. iiisdp349. IIIS, 2011.)

5664: 4185: 4056: 3394: 3374: 3291: 3179: 3141: 3007: 2999: 2946: 2809: 2695: 2480:, the Great Depression had negative impacts on its exports. In 1933 a new concession was signed with the 2184: 2114: 1904: 1009: 973: 494: 418: 397: 376: 202: 10266: 10033: 6709: 6477: 2714:

As world trade slumped, demand for South African agricultural and mineral exports fell drastically. The

611:(and the 1937 recession that interrupted it). The common view among most economists is that Roosevelt's 17612: 17494: 16970: 16422: 16114: 16022: 15817: 15393: 15083: 15073: 14562: 14432: 14264: 14244: 14232: 14042: 14032: 13714: 13619: 13232: 13222: 12749: 12744: 12734: 12729: 12251: 11952: 11927: 11782: 11777: 11736: 11704: 11491: 11409: 10974: 10953: 10883: 10878: 10868: 10863: 10662: 10652: 10647: 10616: 10490: 10310: 8031: 7192: 5775:

Induction Statistics. In Inductions (by year) from World War I Through the End of the Draft (1973)

4390: 3867: 3165: 3039: 2868: 2841: 2643: 2609: 2493: 2457: 2386: 2090: 1950: 1798: 1743: 1346: 1311: 1291: 6102: 6051: 4771:

At the H. Parker Willis Lecture in Economic Policy, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia

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greatly exacerbated the economic situation, causing a recession to descend into the Great Depression.

17817: 17802: 17776: 17771: 17592: 17266: 17177: 17056: 14963: 14141: 13447: 13252: 13247: 12809: 12263: 11972: 11962: 11709: 11103: 11009: 10746: 10677: 10672: 10657: 10596: 10554: 10416:(2007), essays by economists on the U.S., Britain, France, Germany, Italy and on tariffs; statistical 10351:

Hall of mirrors : the Great Depression, the great recession, and the uses-and misuses-of history

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Minnaar, Anthony (1994). "Unemployment and relief measures during the Great Depression (1929–1934)".

8764:

Volkskapitalisme: class, capital, and ideology in the development of Afrikaner nationalism, 1934–1948

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Higgs, Robert (1 March 1992). "Wartime Prosperity? A Reassessment of the U.S. Economy in the 1940s".

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Worlds together, worlds apart: a history of the world from the beginnings of humankind to the present

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is another important novella about a journey during the Great Depression. Additionally, Harper Lee's

3086: 3063: 3038:" – that began to appear across the country. In response, President Hoover and Congress approved the 2765: 2481: 2242: 2203: 1836: 1767: 1508: 381: 341: 319: 160: 79: 8258:

Frank Barry and Mary E. Daly, "Irish Perceptions of the Great Depression" in Michael Psalidopoulos,

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Olubomehin, O.O. (2002). "Road Transportation and the Economy of South-Western Nigeria, 1920–1939".

7441: 6513: 6173: 5996: 5010:"A Reply to Steven Horwitz's Commentary on 'Great Expectations and the End of the Great Depression'" 2529:

that was mostly a closed economy, and Germany was in a tariff war with Poland throughout the 1920s.

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Helping the Homeless Man: Activities and Facilities of the Central Registry for Homeless Single Men

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Coquery-Vidrovitch, C. (1977). "Mutation de l'Impérialisme Colonial Français dans les Années 30".

6633: 5502:'I Was Really Proud of Them': Canned Raspberries and Home Production During the Farm Depression". 3568:

seem similar to the Great Depression, but significant differences exist. The then-chairman of the

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published a paper predicting the Federal Reserve's actions would lead to a crisis starting in the

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A number of works for younger audiences are also set during the Great Depression, among them the

2821: 2592: 2417: 2098: 1712: 1660: 1555: 934:. If they had done this, the economic downturn would have been far less severe and much shorter. 912: 10162: 9748:

See "What Can Transition Economies Learn from the First Ten Years? A New World Bank Report," in

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Productivity, Wages and National Income, The Institute of Economics of the Brookings Institution

6769: 3773: 2642:, already appointed Minister of Finance in 1928 greatly expanded his powers and in 1932 rose to 1102:

One reason why the Federal Reserve did not act to limit the decline of the money supply was the

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The common view among economic historians is that the Great Depression ended with the advent of

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Madsen, Jakob B. "Trade Barriers and the Collapse of World Trade during the Great Depression",

10210: 8509:"Wielki kryzys w Polsce. Zbankrutowało niemal 25% firm, a produkt krajowy spadł o ponad połowę" 8057: 6168: 5991: 5649: 5150: 4966: 3708: 3481: 3252: 3219: 3134: 3114: 2837: 2647: 2318: 2025:. The financial crisis escalated out of control in mid-1931, starting with the collapse of the 1974: 1970: 1908: 1587: 1567: 1551: 1470: 1427: 1323: 1180: 927: 831: 664: 529: 86: 30:

This article is about the severe worldwide economic downturn in the 1930s. For other uses, see

9551: 9512: 8478: 5399: 5366: 5212:, No. 3 (June 1983): 257–276, available from the St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank collection at 4189: 3969: 3175: 17504: 17499: 17437: 17382: 17331: 16953: 16484: 16457: 16129: 16057: 15803: 15486: 15461: 15446: 15420: 15359: 15038: 14978: 14958: 14953: 14399: 14082: 13197: 12754: 12719: 12714: 12657: 12640: 12370: 11900: 11883: 11878: 11867: 11830: 11825: 11819: 11430: 11399: 11297: 11045: 10938: 10843: 9483: 8835: 8249:

Frank Barry and Mary F. Daly, "Concurrent Irish Perspectives on the Great Depression" (2010)

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and "I need not recount to you that the world is passing through a great depression" (1931).

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The financial crisis escalated out of control in mid-1931, starting with the collapse of the

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in April 1929, shortly before the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act passed the House of Representatives

364: 352: 10062: 9634:"When Did the Great Depression Receive Its Name? (And Who Named It?) – History News Network" 7339:"Underconsumption theories and Keynesian economics. Interpretations of the Great Depression" 5753: 5316: 1789:

becoming common. After 1932, an increase in wool and meat prices led to a gradual recovery.

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generally argue that the Great Depression was the result of the inherent instability of the

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Washington Women’s Heritage Project Records: Ethel P. Storey Oral History Interview (13/20)

9013: 8950: 7188:"The Causes of the Economic Crisis, and Other Essays Before and After the Great Depression" 7128: 5794: 3577: 3558: 3508: 3377:

in the U.S. Nonfiction works from this time also capture important themes. The 1933 memoir

2833: 2504: 2314: 1386: 1165: 1111: 816: 646: 14801: 10271: 10200: 8446:"II RP była gospodarczą porażką. Mity na jej temat są bardzo szkodliwe [TOP 2018]" 2675: 2665:, causing social discontent but stability and, eventually, an impressive economic growth. 2017:

forced American banks to end the new loans that had been funding the repayments under the

1969:

However, the depression had drastic effects on the local economy, and partly explains the

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as written. Hardest hit were farm commodities such as wheat, cotton, tobacco, and lumber.

347: 8: 17477: 17472: 17410: 17358: 17076: 17044: 17034: 16916: 16906: 16437: 16432: 16253: 16233: 16154: 16074: 16052: 16032: 15880: 15782: 15591: 15410: 15310: 15290: 15250: 15206: 15191: 15147: 15088: 15013: 15003: 14973: 14896: 14291: 14207: 14017: 13733: 13418: 13049: 12246: 11565: 11420: 11328: 11280: 11248: 11229: 9959: 9412: 7985: 7019:"'Liquidation' Cycles: Old Fashioned Real Business Cycle Theory and the Great Depression" 6990:"'Liquidation' Cycles: Old Fashioned Real Business Cycle Theory and the Great Depression" 6887:"'Liquidation' Cycles: Old Fashioned Real Business Cycle Theory and the Great Depression" 6687:"Non-Monetary Effects of the Financial Crisis in the Propagation of the Great Depression" 4317:"Bank Failures in Theory and History: The Great Depression and Other "Contagious" Events" 3598:", or a situation where monetary policy is unable to stimulate an economy back to health. 3587: 3447: 3382: 3334: 3125:. Although amended, key provisions of both Acts are still in force. Federal insurance of 3059: 2727: 2295: 2106: 1873:

created the Production Development Corporation (Corporación de Fomento de la Producción,

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China during the Great Depression : market, state, and the world economy, 1929–1937

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José Cardozo, "The great depression and Portugal" in Michael Psalidopoulos, ed. (2012).

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These reforms, together with several other relief and recovery measures, are called the

3069: 2148:"could only be partially accomplished without territorial expansion" and therefore war. 1106:. At that time, the amount of credit the Federal Reserve could issue was limited by the 17577: 17541: 17405: 17294: 17274: 17147: 17111: 16998: 16980: 16911: 16547: 16407: 16387: 16342: 16243: 16228: 15837: 15808: 15766: 15571: 15280: 15260: 15228: 15142: 15137: 15117: 15068: 15008: 14998: 14943: 14938: 14770: 13531: 13519: 13237: 13227: 13204: 13187: 12583: 12327: 12322: 12194: 12050: 12035: 12025: 12005: 12000: 11995: 11990: 11984: 11302: 11270: 10812: 10424: 10403: 10354: 10327: 10195: 10121: 9870: 9809: 9752: 9693: 8232: 8224: 7928: 7860: 7812: 7804: 7725: 7690: 7614:

John Birmingham (2000). Leviathan: The unauthorised biography of Sydney. Random House.

7511: 6864: 6751: 6701: 6575: 6567: 6194: 6186: 6052:"Quantitative implications of a debt-deflation theory of Sudden Stops and asset prices" 6017: 6009: 5736: 5596: 5481: 5256: 5103: 5095: 4880: 4795: 4698: 4618: 4509: 4501: 4410: 4402: 4334: 3532: 3528: 3368: 3226: 2334:

had been displaced by heavy industry as the largest firms inside the Japanese economy.

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The Federal Reserve allowed some large public bank failures – particularly that of the

804: 567: 546: 521: 414: 10050: 9272: 8355:(For more on the Japanese economy in the 1930s see "MITI and the Japanese Miracle" by 5945: 493:

There is also consensus that protectionist policies, and primarily the passage of the

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Financial crises were traditionally referred to as "panics", most recently the major

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and partly due to deterioration of the political situation in Europe. In their book,

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Bernanke, Ben. "The Macroeconomics of the Great Depression: A Comparative Approach"

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Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections

10205:

Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections

9898: 8919: 8872: 6734:

Mishkin, Fredric (December 1978). "The Household Balance and the Great Depression".

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The term "The Great Depression" is most frequently attributed to British economist

3263: 3157: 2961: 2957: 2908: 2730:. Unemployment programs were begun that focused primarily on the white population. 2299: 2259: 1933: 1575: 1514: 1382: 1335: 1275: 1115: 1041: 1004: 820: 660: 385: 336: 15631: 7856: 6118: 6067: 5847: 2990:

Unemployed men standing in line outside a depression soup kitchen in Chicago, 1931

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To adapt to the crisis, Polish government employed deflation methods such as high

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The Great Depression in Europe: Economic Thought and Policy in a National Context

10142: 10135: 9995: 9937: 9842: 9724:"The wild decade: how the 1990s laid the foundations for Vladimir Putin's Russia" 9710: 9590: 9395: 9280: 9256: 9228: 9168: 9109: 9091: 9020: 8981: 8844: 8782: 8647: 8588: 8569:

The Great Depression in Europe: Economic Thought and Policy in a National Context

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Myung Soo Cha, "Did Takahashi Korekiyo Rescue Japan from the Great Depression?",

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The Great Depression in Europe: Economic Thought and Policy in a National Context

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Eggertsson, Gauti B. (2008). "Great Expectations and the End of the Depression".

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Fisher, Irving (October 1933). "The Debt-Deflation Theory of Great Depressions".

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provided incentives to cut farm production in order to raise farming prices. The

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vanished during the first years of the Great Depression. According to a study by

1350: 1299: 1083: 1037: 916: 698: 656: 642: 542: 533: 130: 98: 90: 10535: 10444:

John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace

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Fletcher, T.W. (1961). "The Great Depression of English Agriculture 1873–1896".

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kicked off the economy, to over 10% annual growth rate in the 1936–1938 period.

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conglomerates were less flexible and paid their workers more than smaller ones.

2255: 1222:

A fall in nominal interest rates and a rise in deflation adjusted interest rates

370: 17703: 17452: 17353: 17306: 17008: 16821: 16816: 16811: 16667: 16595: 16352: 16310: 15994: 15962: 15776: 15761: 15726: 15711: 15691: 15661: 15481: 15132: 14841: 14809: 14369: 14269: 13652: 12787: 12777: 12772: 12767: 12439: 12302: 12236: 11210: 11188: 11075: 10353:(2015), leading economist compares economic decline after 1929 and after 2008. 10079:(International Labour Office, 1936). Statistics of major economies; not online. 9417: 8893:

Gabriel Tortella and Jordi Palafox, "Banking and Industry in Spain 1918–1936",

7044: 7042: 6492: 5627: 5394:

Breadwinning Daughters: Young Working Women in a Depression-era City, 1929–1939

4694: 4443: 4376: 3637: 3595: 3453: 3343: 3339: 3304: 3187: 3022: 2950: 2888: 2658: 2638:, Portugal suffered no turbulent political effects of the Depression, although 2579: 2517: 2331: 2163: 2110: 2073:

The reverse of this medal supporting the German election Nazi campaigns of 1932

2043: 2026: 1894: 1571: 1369: 1204:

A still greater fall in the net worth of businesses, precipitating bankruptcies

962: 908: 525: 142: 106: 15511: 9345:, James Arthur Estey, Purdue University, Prentice-Hall, 1950, pp. 22–23 chart. 8995:

What Happened Where: A Guide To Places And Events In Twentieth-Century History

8220: 7721: 7560: 7543: 6747: 6182: 6005: 5724: 5694: 5652:

said, "One could not have had a better demonstration of the Keynesian ideas."

5164: 4614: 4497: 4398: 4285: 3464: 1899:

China was largely unaffected by the Depression, mainly by having stuck to the

17796: 17678: 17597: 17582: 17567: 17338: 17316: 17222: 17106: 17039: 17013: 16948: 16791: 16748: 16743: 16590: 16474: 16372: 16094: 15947: 15932: 15741: 15731: 15706: 15646: 15641: 15636: 15616: 15606: 15576: 15566: 15471: 15371: 15344: 15108: 13350: 12650: 12459: 12094: 11638: 11632: 11623: 11617: 11559: 11550: 11541: 11523: 11512: 11500: 11470: 11292: 11060: 10023:

The Great Depression: An International Disaster of Perverse Economic Policies

9759: 8616: 8129: 7959:

Beaudry, Paul; Portier, Franck (2002). "The French Depression in the 1930s".

7569: 7491: 6495:(1947). "The Keynesian Revolution". New York: Macmillan: 56–58, 169, 177–179. 6126: 6075: 5732: 5654: 5091: 4147: 4130: 4042: 3785: 3504: 3485: 3469: 3399: 3389: 3296: 3287: 3271: 3161: 3109:

was signed into law. It provided for a system of reopening sound banks under

2926: 2813: 2651: 2601: 2513: 2508: 2364: 1929: 1882: 1877:) to encourage with subsidies and direct investments an ambitious program of 1496: 1488: 1480: 1454: 1442: 1373: 1279: 1187: 1103: 993: 920: 836: 799:

in varying ways. There was high inflation from WWI, and in the 1920s in the

796: 583: 558: 514: 478: 465: 198: 97:. Devastating effects were seen in both rich and poor countries with falling 67: 9081:

A Rabble of Dead Money: The Great Crash and the Global Depression: 1929–1939

7311: 7039: 5469: 5083: 4596:"The Slide to Protectionism in the Great Depression: Who Succumbed and Why?" 4271: 4267: 3117:

comprehensively regulated the securities industry. This was followed by the

1245:

deposits had been frozen in failed banks or those left unlicensed after the

1118:, coins and bullion illegal, reducing the pressure on Federal Reserve gold. 886:

The two classic competing economic theories of the Great Depression are the

17713: 17693: 17673: 17663: 17638: 17392: 17227: 17207: 17192: 17162: 17152: 16931: 16786: 16768: 16704: 16682: 16640: 16630: 16527: 16517: 16489: 16220: 16210: 16037: 15977: 15771: 15716: 15611: 15601: 15596: 15521: 15366: 14891: 14819: 13657: 13629: 12684: 11382: 11375: 11370: 11239: 11234: 11178: 10540: 10528: 10055: 9861: 8027: 7972: 6522:

Economics in the Long Run: New Deal Theorists and Their Legacies, 1933–1993

5648:

Referring to the effect of World War II spending on the economy, economist

5635: 5477: 4767:"Remarks by Governor Ben S. Bernanke: Money, Gold and the Great Depression" 4459:"The protectionist temptation: Lessons from the Great Depression for today" 4438: 3665: 3651: 3601:

In terms of the stock market, nearly three years after the 1929 crash, the

3591: 3573: 3536: 3489: 3427: 3422: 3366:

is set during the Great Depression. Margaret Atwood's Booker prize-winning

3275: 3231: 3153: 3074: 3047: 2981: 2965: 2800:(who eventually committed suicide) remain infamous in Swedish history. The 2797: 2613: 2575: 2551: 2526: 2224: 2132: 1985: 1786: 1629: 1620:

The first three decades of the 20th century saw economic output surge with

1450: 1435: 1434:, they argue that the key cause of the Depression was the expansion of the 1342: 1331: 1327: 1294:, expectations are a central element of macroeconomic models. According to 1270: 1169: 1161: 1060: 1017: 900: 878: 754: 747: 740: 707: 672: 472: 94: 47: 43: 9470:

Rethinking Social Realism: African American art and literature, 1930–1953

7471: 6850: 5592: 4458: 1981: 1330:

on a stable growth path. When threatened by expectations of a depression,

17326: 17249: 17217: 16677: 16620: 16238: 16195: 16170: 16139: 16134: 16089: 16014: 16004: 15989: 15942: 15746: 15736: 15526: 15405: 15349: 14824: 13934: 13465: 12802: 12704: 12444: 12307: 12063: 11792: 11348: 11307: 11253: 10848: 10817: 6421: 5817: 5567:

Making Do: Women, Family and Home in Montreal during the Great Depression

5426:'To help keep the home going': female labour supply in interwar London". 5354: 5303:

Making Do: Women, Family and Home in Montreal during the Great Depression

4948:

Gauti B. Eggertsson, "Great Expectations and the End of the Depression",

4595: 4143: 3403: 3351: 3347: 3035: 3031: 2922: 2654: 2395: 2145: 1295: 1228: 1087: 1013: 981: 955: 792: 702:

interaction for women and promoted camaraderie and personal fulfillment.

332: 315: 10253:

The Great Depression and the New Deal : America's economy in crisis

9293:"National Park History: "The Spirit of the Civilian Conservation Corps"" 9212:, by Victor F. Nelson (New York: Garden City Publishing Co., Inc., 1936) 6868: 5099: 5067: 4930: 2856: 2445: 1731: 1020:

M2 (green) and number of banks (grey). All data adjusted to 1929 = 100%.

958:) and therefore a banking crisis, reduction of credit, and bankruptcies. 735:. Women entered the workforce as men were drafted into the armed forces. 17536: 17343: 17256: 17234: 17202: 17101: 17086: 17066: 16831: 16796: 16758: 16672: 16635: 16567: 16562: 16557: 16522: 16479: 16464: 16442: 16367: 16205: 16185: 16104: 15972: 15967: 15937: 15903: 15656: 15456: 15233: 12797: 12603: 12429: 12424: 12342: 11576: 10728: 10475: 10434: 9763: 9697: 9457:

Portrait of America: A Cultural History of the Federal Writers' Project

9026: 8694:

Fourth Conference of Southeast Europe Monetary History Network (SEEMHN)

8113: 7932: 7808: 7694: 6859: 6705: 6571: 6190: 6013: 5260: 4884: 4505: 4406: 3616: 3543:

of 1998, Russia's GDP was half of what it had been in the early 1990s.

3539:, which was even worse than the Great Depression. Even before Russia's 3407: 3283: 3262:

state. The Great Depression was a main factor in the implementation of

3018: 3017:

Burning shacks on the Anacostia flats, Washington, D.C., put up by the

2536: 2430: 2082: 2022: 2018: 1674: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1431: 1250: 985: 966: 891: 456:

Countries that abandoned the gold standard allowed their currencies to

427: 410: 389: 70:, the largest economy in the world at the time, leading to a period of 10361:

Golden Fetters: The gold standard and the Great Depression, 1919–1939.

9553:

Ghettos, Tramps, and Welfare Queens: Down and Out on the Silver Screen

9431:

Soul of a People: The WPA Writers' Project Uncovers Depression America

8821:

Robert William Davies, Mark Harrison, and Stephen G. Wheatcroft, eds.

8687:"The National Bank of Romania during the Great Depression – 1929–1933" 8228: 1341:

At the beginning of the Great Depression, most economists believed in

1024: 750:

of manpower following the outbreak of war in 1939 ended unemployment.

17723: 17643: 17457: 17142: 16496: 16397: 16357: 16327: 16248: 16084: 16047: 15506: 15436: 14793: 14286: 14279: 11387: 11318: 11219: 11215: 11070: 10606: 10192:

Dancing in the dark : a cultural history of the Great Depression

10009:

Capitalism in crisis: International responses to the Great Depression

9941: 9633: 8370:

Latin America in the 1930s: the role of the periphery in world crisis

8136:

edited by Gordon Martel, Routledge: London, England, 1999, pp. 98–99.

8118:

The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy

7473:

A history of the modern Middle East : rulers, rebels, and rogues

7301: 6446:

The Creature from Jekyll Island: A Second Look at the Federal Reserve

4741:

Golden Fetters: The Gold Standard and the Great Depression, 1919–1939

4711:

Golden Fetters: The Gold Standard and the Great Depression, 1919–1939

4316: 3259: 3207: 3149: 3090: 3078: 2719: 2605: 2583: 2034: 1855: 1820: 1570:, popularized a theory that influenced many policy makers, including 1213: 1053: 977: 869: 860: 844: 808: 617: 487: 406: 402: 310: 180: 173: 9689: 7924: 7800: 7686: 6563: 5885:"What is the difference between Keynesian and monetarist economics?" 5252: 5234:"The Macroeconomics of the Great Depression: A Comparative Approach" 4876: 4810: 4808: 4021:

Hamilton, James (1987). "Monetary Factors in the Great Depression".

2077:

The German political landscape was dramatically altered, leading to

1649: 727: 17557: 16615: 16605: 16537: 16532: 16501: 16347: 16302: 16180: 16175: 16079: 15957: 15285: 12469: 12419: 10793: 10733: 10546: 8938:

The King Never Smiles: A Biography of Thailand's Bhumibol Adulyadej

6654:"Friedman and Schwartz, Monetary History of the United States", 352 4329: 3286:

economists formulated and propagated the newly created theories of

3194:

set up in 1933 and 1934 and previously extant agencies such as the

3089:

was inaugurated in 1933, drought and erosion combined to cause the

3055: 2544: 2500: 2422: 2266: 2162:

The reverberations of the Great Depression hit Greece in 1932. The

1430:(created in 1913) shoulders much of the blame; however, unlike the 1238: 1029: 612: 552: 360: 10464: 10090: 9664:

The Glory and the Dream: A Narrative History of America, 1932–1972

8737:(2019–43). Groupe de Recherche en Droit, Economie, Gestion: 1–32. 7031: 7018: 7002: 6989: 6899: 6886: 1803: 17187: 17137: 16876: 16826: 16610: 16315: 15999: 9985:(2000) comprehensive global economic and political history; 816pp 5747: 4805: 3013: 2942: 2808:

formed their first long-lived government in 1932 based on strong

2662: 2426: 2353: 2140: 1812: 1808: 1526: 851: 594: 51: 8865:"Illegal Emigration to the U.S.S.R. During the Great Depression" 6914: 6912: 6910: 5774: 4863:

Williams, David (1963). "London and the 1931 financial crisis".

3553:

Comparisons between the Great Recession and the Great Depression

1554:

displaces tenants from the land in the western dry cotton area.

1063:

in a speech honoring Friedman and Schwartz with this statement:

513:

Some economic studies have indicated that the rigidities of the

17311: 16659: 16298: 10511: 10030:

Slump and Recovery, 1929–37: A Survey of World Economic Affairs

9444:

The Dream and the Deal: The Federal Writers' Project, 1935–1943

8685:

Blejan, Elisabeta; Costache, Brîndușa; Aloman, Adriana (2009).

8273:

Between Two Worlds: Politics and Economy in Independent Ireland

8058:"The History Place – Rise of Hitler: Hitler Runs for President" 7285: 4909: 4907: 3631: 3099: 2892: 2327: 2085:

rose from being peripheral to winning 18.3% of the vote in the

2030: 1535: 1438:

in the 1920s which led to an unsustainable credit-driven boom.

942: 482:

countries with lower interest rates. Under the gold standard's

179:

Interest rates dropped to low levels by mid-1930, but expected

10283:

The Great Depression in America : a cultural encyclopedia

9054: 9052: 8181:

A Colonial Economy in the Great Depression, Madras (1929–1937)

6268: 5848:"The causes and cures of unemployment in the Great Depression" 3152:"cut-throat competition" by the setting of minimum prices and 2294:

was the first to implement what have come to be identified as

1819:

Harshly affected by both the global economic downturn and the

17172: 15872: 8420: 7831:

King Leopold's Legacy: The Congo under Belgian Rule 1908–1960

7584:

Capitalism and the Countryside: The rural crisis in Australia

6907: 6050:

Mendoza, Enrique G.; Smith, Katherine A. (1 September 2006).

5788: 2560: 2540: 2349: 2298:

economic policies: first, by large fiscal stimulus involving

2062: 2058: 1921: 1874: 1846: 976:

exacerbated what otherwise might have been a more "standard"

371:

The Smoot–Hawley act and the breakdown of international trade

63: 14762: 10449:

Mundell, R.A. "A Reconsideration of the Twentieth Century",

10407:

The World Economy, money, and the great depression 1919–1939

10300:

The Economies of Africa and Asia in the Inter-war Depression

4904: 4842: 4840: 3863: 3492:

as "a depression", and the most recent economic crisis, the

2363:

Before the 1929 crisis, links between the world economy and

1036:

The monetarist explanation was given by American economists

497:, helped to exacerbate, or even cause the Great Depression. 17212: 16655: 10762: 10333: 10243:

Depression Decade: From New Era through New Deal, 1929–1941

9791:

Crashed: How a Decade of Financial Crises Changed the World

9049: 4241:"Market crash of 1929: Some facts of the economic downturn" 3496:, had been referred to as a "depression" by then-president 3416:

was later released in 2008 to positive reviews. Similarly,

2925:

more than a decade earlier. The country was driven off the

2555: 2357: 2263: 2061:

operating a screw press against a workman, Nazi propaganda

9060:

Prosperity, Depression and the New Deal: The USA 1890–1954

8940:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 37. 8823:

The economic transformation of the Soviet Union, 1913–1945

8726:

Chiappini, Raphaël; Torre, Dominique; Tosi, Elise (2009).

8652:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 154–55. 7531:

https://www.nber.org/system/files/chapters/c8845/c8845.pdf

6357:

Conference to Honor Milton Friedman, University of Chicago

6229:. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1963. 5068:"Did the New Deal Prolong or Worsen the Great Depression?" 4520: 3992:"Drought: A Paleo Perspective – 20th Century Drought" 3615:

1928 and 1929 were the times in the 20th century that the

3610:

simply does not feel like a depression akin to the 1930s.

1198:

Contraction of the money supply as bank loans are paid off

16190: 10118:

The German slump : politics and economics, 1924–1936

10097:

A Social and Economic History of Twentieth-Century Europe

8539:"140 lat temu urodził się Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski" 7911:

Laufenburger, Henry (1936). "France and the Depression".

6373:(New ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 247. 6348:"FederalReserve.gov: Remarks by Governor Ben S. Bernanke" 4837: 4703:. Gold dates culled from historical sources, principally 3113:

supervision, with federal loans available if needed. The

2949:

of September–October 1932 was the largest of a series of

2917:

Unemployed people in front of a workhouse in London, 1930

2303: 2013:

The Great Depression hit Germany hard. The impact of the

10203:. ca. 1933–1934. 18 photographic prints (1 box). At the 9990:

The World Between the Wars, 1919–39: An Economist's View

8951:

https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/518982

5822:"How Did World War II End the Great Depression?: Echoes" 5441:

Back to Home and Duty: Women Between the Wars, 1918–1939

4816:

A short history of the international economy since 1850,

4699:"Historical Statistics for the World Economy: 1–2003 AD" 3081:

on the Great Plains coincided with the Great Depression.

1706:

An impoverished American family living in a shanty, 1936

780: 706:

cuts of meat—sometimes even horse meat—and recycled the

679: 473:

The gold standard and the spreading of global depression

10377:(1963), monetarist interpretation (heavily statistical) 10245:(1947), 462 pp., thorough coverage of the U.S. economy 10225:

The Great Depression: The United States in the Thirties

8785:, Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress. 6103:"Inflation risk premia and the expectations hypothesis" 4984:"The Mistake of 1937: A General Equilibrium Analysis", 4826: 4824: 3842:(3rd ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. p. 98. 3238: 1008:

The Great Depression in the U.S. from a monetary view.

811:

and high unemployment through monetary policy. In 1933

16882:

List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents

10136:

Routes Into the Abyss: Coping With Crises in the 1930s

9514:

On the Aisle, Volume 2: Film Reviews by Philip Morency

9275:, Geoff Cunfer, Southwest Minnesota State University. 8837:

Goddess of the Market: Ayn Rand and the American Right

8195:

Routes Into the Abyss: Coping with Crises in the 1930s

6782:, American Economic Review 2008, 98: 4, pp. 1476–1516. 5361:

Women in France Since 1789: The Meanings of Difference

4858: 4856: 3546: 3518: 2820:

until 1976 with the sole and short-lived exception of

1881:. Consequently, as in other Latin American countries, 1426:(1963). In their view, much like the monetarists, the 10488: 10016:

Encyclopedia of the Interwar Years: From 1919 to 1939

9955:"IMF Fears 'Social Explosion' From World Jobs Crisis" 8926:, University Park, Penn State University Press, 1996. 6101:

Buraschi, Andrea; Jiltsov, Alexei (1 February 2005).

5660:

Commanding Heights, see chapter 6 video or transcript

5065: 4915:

Interwar Britain : a social and economic history

4169:

Prosperity Decade: From War to Depression: 1917–1929,

3468:

Black Friday, 9 May 1873, Vienna Stock Exchange. The

3426:

series of books for older girls, take place in 1930s

2836:, the Great Depression contributed to the end of the 2330:, have their roots in the textile industry). By 1940 2042:

a high-spending policy could lead to a return of the

633:

restricted competition and established price fixing.

10485:, statistical comparison of U.S. and other countries 9838:"The Great Recession: America Becomes Thrift Nation" 8684: 7374:

Foster, William Trufant; Catchings, Waddill (1928).

6947:"Did Hayek and Robbins Deepen the Great Depression?" 4821: 3888: 3627: 2726:

and the National Party's subsequent fusion with the

1885:

became an entrenched aspect of the Chilean economy.

1487:

that plagued the American economy, such as those in

1133:

The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money

10177:

An Economic and Social History of Europe, 1890–1939

9475: 7596:

A Century of Change in the Australian Labour Market

7110:

A History of Money and Banking in the United States

6586: 6524:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 5290:

World population and production: trends and outlook

4853: 4830:Isabel Schnabel, "The German twin crisis of 1931". 3206:(which was later considerably extended through the 3105:During a "bank holiday" that lasted five days, the 2700:Romania was also affected by the Great Depression. 2634:Already under the rule of a dictatorial junta, the 2251:

Unemployed outside a factory in Italy, October 1931

1412:on the Great Depression include Austrian economist 1349:was a common position, and was universally held by 10375:A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960 10317:The Depression and the Developing World, 1914–1939 10077:The Social Consequences Of The Economic Depression 8728:"Romania's unsustainable stabilization: 1929–1933" 8725: 7676: 7665:The Depression and the Developing World, 1914–1939 6227:A Monetary History of the United States, 1857–1960 5391: 5358: 4457:Barry Eichengreen, Douglas Irwin (17 March 2009). 4088:Historic Events for Students: The Great Depression 3966:"1998/99 Prognosis Based Upon 1929 Market Autopsy" 2968:. Agriculture also saw a boom during this period. 1590:throughout the 1920s caused the Great Depression. 10397:Economic Cycles, Crises, and the Global Periphery 9866:"The Great Recession versus the Great Depression" 9379:Paperback ed. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2003 . 9367:Paperback ed. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2003 . 9179: 6940: 6938: 6936: 6700:(3). The American Economic Association: 257–276. 6442: 6269:Friedman, Milton; Anna Jacobson Schwartz (2008). 5305:(Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1999), p. 159. 1210:A reduction in output, in trade and in employment 1028:Crowd at New York's American Union Bank during a 17794: 13498:Native American recognition in the United States 10470:Romer, Christina D. "The Nation in Depression", 8134:The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered 7052:(Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2000), pp. 159–163. 6771:Great Expectations and the End of the Depression 6366: 6360: 4593: 3833: 3831: 3190:. Economic stimulus was attempted through a new 2559:of them violent or violently pacified – like in 2372:workers to achieve a better standard of living. 2093:also made gains, while moderate forces like the 950:Modern mainstream economists see the reasons in 553:German banking crisis of 1931 and British crisis 10412:Kehoe, Timothy J. and Edward C. Prescott, eds. 7633:The Wasted Years?: Australia's Great Depression 7373: 6100: 5066:Hannsgen, Greg; Papadimitriou, Dimitri (2010). 3354:occur during the Great Depression. Steinbeck's 2718:had concluded in 1931 that nearly one-third of 1258:developed and the downward spiral accelerated. 915:that – building on the monetary explanation of 826: 176:ravaged the agricultural heartland of the U.S. 10373:Friedman, Milton, and Anna Jacobson Schwartz. 10133:Konrad, Helmut and Wolfgang Maderthaner, eds. 10059:The great slump: capitalism in crisis, 1929–33 9953:Evans-Pritchard, Ambrose (14 September 2010). 8396:Social Welfare and The State: Great Depression 7958: 7281:"The Great Depression And The Great Recession" 6933: 5353: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4284:Gordon, John Steele (November–December 2018). 4211:Post, Special to Financial (24 October 2011). 3774:"Depression, You Say? Check Those Safety Nets" 3270:in European countries after World War II (see 3050:programs such as dams and the creation of the 2413:History of New Zealand § Great Depression 2390:A line of unemployed people in Amsterdam, 1933 2158:Economic history of Greece and the Greek world 1959:Soup kitchen for the unemployed in Paris, 1932 1928:The depression severely hurt the export-based 103:Cities around the world were severely affected 15888: 14778: 13895:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States 12079: 11130: 10778: 10562: 9931:"The Great Depression vs. the Great Recession 6479:Franklin D. Roosevelt: Launching the New Deal 4479: 4477: 4475: 4182:"Timeline: A selected Wall Street chronology" 3837: 3828: 2554:rose significantly (up to 43%) while nominal 2046:that had affected Germany in 1923. Germany's 1477:for not taking a more contractionary stance. 589: 10889:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) 10263:The Canadian economy in the Great Depression 9543: 8617:"Graph of U.S. Unemployment Rate: 1930–1945" 7910: 7409:, Technocracy, Series A, No. 8, August 1936" 6880: 6878: 6275:(New ed.). Princeton University Press. 6049: 5816: 5812: 5810: 5681:(1992). "What Ended the Great Depression?". 5657:, William Cran (writers / producer) (2002). 3938: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3006:In 1931, Hoover urged bankers to set up the 1915: 1232: 835:Money supply decreased considerably between 722: 10184: 9295:. Nationalparkstraveler.com. Archived from 7947:The French Economy in the Twentieth Century 6678: 6545: 6543: 6541: 4931:MeasuringWorth: What Was the U.S. GDP Then? 4734: 4704: 4580: 4528:"The Senate Passes the Smoot-Hawley Tariff" 4451: 4115:(Fourth ed.). New York: W. W. Norton. 3838:Frank, Robert H.; Bernanke, Ben S. (2007). 2219:Economic history of the Republic of Ireland 509:The Depression in international perspective 78:began around September 1929 and led to the 15895: 15881: 14785: 14771: 12093: 12086: 12072: 11137: 11123: 10785: 10771: 10569: 10555: 10414:Great Depressions of the Twentieth Century 10040:Great Depressions of the Twentieth Century 10038:Kehoe, Timothy J. and Edward C. Prescott. 9899:"The Great Recession: A Downturn Sized Up" 9773: 9771: 9592:Spotlight on America: The Great Depression 9582: 9556:. Oxford University Press. pp. 216–. 8080: 7767: 7516:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7405:"Man Hours and Distribution, Derived from 7330: 7303:The economic mind in American civilization 7112:(Ludwig von Mises Institute), pp. 293–294. 6836: 6793:"The Fiscal Stimulus, Flawed but Valuable" 6727: 6624: 6622: 6620: 5915:"Great Depression – Causes of the decline" 5452: 5314: 4472: 4161: 3346:for the work, and in 1962 was awarded the 3210:), a jobs program for the unemployed (the 2539:production was down 27% compared to 1928, 1285: 937: 17624:Comprehensive Employment and Training Act 13508:Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes 10995:National Bituminous Coal Conservation Act 10070:The Global Impact of the Great Depression 8600: 7895: 7559: 7336: 7221:"Buying Bad Debt to Return Bank Solvency" 7030: 7001: 6898: 6875: 6858: 6593:Fortune, Peter (September–October 2000). 6367:Friedman, Milton; Schwartz, Anna (2008). 6314:. Princeton University Press. p. 7. 6172: 5995: 5807: 5772:Selective Service System. (27 May 2003). 5642: 5154: 4328: 4314: 4272:https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/?g=qj2l 4268:https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/?g=qj2m 4213:"The Great Crash of 1929, some key dates" 4174: 3929: 3765: 3685:Entertainment during the Great Depression 2684:Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration 1690:Learn how and when to remove this message 1639: 1298:, Barry Wigmore, Gauti B. Eggertsson and 27:Worldwide economic depression (1929–1939) 17468:Job losses caused by the Great Recession 16145:Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates 10366:Eichengreen, Barry, and Marc Flandreau. 10334:Focus on economic theory or econometrics 9983:The Dark Valley: A Panorama of the 1930s 9675: 9504: 9488:. 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Princeton: Markus Wiener. p. 23. 8407:Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa 8305:The economic history of Italy 1860–1990 8206: 8132:, "Misjudging Hitler", pp. 93–115 from 8086: 8026: 8003: 8001: 7402: 7299: 7016: 6987: 6884: 6733: 6617: 6592: 6519: 6472: 6470: 6449:(3d ed.). American Media. p. 6405: 6151: 5974: 5578: 5546: 5518:"3. Feedsacks and the Great Depression" 5398:. University of Toronto Press. p. 5389: 4483: 4375: 4323:. Working Paper Series. Cambridge, MA. 4315:Calomiris, Charles W. (November 2007). 4085: 3984: 3810:Roger Lowenstein, "History Repeating", 652:A Monetary History of the United States 572:coming to power of Hitler's Nazi regime 314:Crowd gathering at the intersection of 14: 17795: 17520:List of countries by unemployment rate 10021:Hall Thomas E. and J. David Ferguson. 9896: 9805:"'Great Recession': A Brief Etymology" 9517:. Dorrance Publishing. pp. 133–. 9365:The Coming of the New Deal: 1933–1935. 9062:, Hodder Education, 4. 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(July 2002). 3771: 3586:but analogously it is as if one was a 2905:Great Depression in the United Kingdom 1608:resulting from these long-term trends. 209: 15876: 14766: 12067: 11118: 10766: 10550: 10341:Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking 10307:The Great Depression in Latin America 10305:Drinot, Paulo, and Alan Knight, eds. 10111:The European Economy between the Wars 9878:from the original on 25 February 2021 9835: 9588: 9481: 9321:, Fawcett Publications, 1968, p. 228. 9200: 8707:from the original on 19 November 2021 8645: 7786: 7541: 7498:from the original on 18 February 2022 7384:from the original on 18 February 2022 7318:from the original on 18 February 2022 7251: 7185: 7167:from the original on 24 December 2021 6944: 6632:. Living History Farm. Archived from 6491: 6328:from the original on 24 December 2021 6133:from the original on 18 February 2022 6082:from the original on 18 February 2022 5895:from the original on 20 December 2021 5710: 5677: 5515: 5288:W. S. Woytinsky and E. 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This caused a price drop of 33% ( 894:explanation. There are also various 631:National Labor Relations Act of 1935 16966:Workers' right to access the toilet 14862:Agent-based computational economics 10970:Works Progress Administration (WPA) 9684:(3). Blackwell Publishing: 417–32. 9644:from the original on 9 January 2022 9531:from the original on 17 August 2021 9510: 9420:, Penguin, 2006, 0143039431, p. 238 9250:"The Great Depression and New Deal" 8963:Britain between the wars, 1918–1940 8766:(Cambridge University Press, 1983). 8666:from the original on 18 August 2021 8549:from the original on 12 August 2021 8468: 8419:Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. 8275:(Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1989). 8152: 7845:Canadian Journal of African Studies 7279:Fleisher, Larry (30 October 2009). 7117: 6920:Reflections on the Great Depression 6665:Reflections on the Great Depression 6346:Ben S. 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Although the Nazis lost seats in 1973:and even more the formation of the 1201:A fall in the level of asset prices 1149:to pick up the slack by increasing 405:and economic historians (including 24: 11441:British credit crisis of 1772–1773 10421:The World in Depression, 1929–1939 10315:Latham, Anthony, and John Heaton, 10234:(Discovering U.S. History) (2010) 10230:McNeese, Tim, and Richard Jensen. 10018:(2000). 400 pp. worldwide coverage 9970: 9911:from the original on 15 April 2021 9609:from the original on 15 April 2021 9570:from the original on 15 April 2021 9492:from the original on 15 April 2021 8847:, p. 34. 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Times Inernet. 22 October 2017 3870:from the original on 3 June 2019 3695:Timeline of the Great Depression 3658: 3644: 3630: 3561:has been compared to the 1930s. 3146:National Recovery Administration 3073:Buried machinery in a barn lot; 2971: 2855: 2710:Great Depression in South Africa 2444: 2337: 1730: 1648: 1114:making the private ownership of 500: 141: 129: 105:, especially those dependent on 11150:recessions in the United States 11025:United States Housing Authority 10382:Business Cycles and Depressions 10047:World Economic Survey 1935–1936 9897:Lahart, Justin (28 July 2009). 8993:Cook, Chris and Bewes, Diccon; 8649:Economic History of Puerto Rico 8621:American Social History Project 8344:The Journal of Economic History 8307:(Oxford University Press, 1993) 7542:Spruk, Rok (15 November 2019). 7407:Man Hours: A Declining Quantity 6648: 6485: 6436: 6399: 6340: 6301: 6262: 6232: 6220: 6161:The Journal of Economic History 6145: 6094: 6043: 5984:The Journal of Economic History 5937: 5925:from the original on 9 May 2015 5907: 5876: 5864: 5840: 5766: 5713:The Journal of Economic History 5704: 5671: 5607: 5572: 5559: 5540: 5509: 5492: 5446: 5433: 5416: 5383: 5365:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 5347: 5308: 5295: 5282: 5225: 5210:The American Economic Review 73 5202: 5181: 5127: 5124:. 1999 vol. 34 (3). pp. 377–364 5122:Journal of Contemporary History 5114: 5059: 5036: 5001: 4978: 4955: 4942: 4891: 4789: 4758: 4728: 4686: 4665: 4644: 4550: 4486:The Journal of Economic History 4421: 4382:The Journal of Economic History 4369: 4345: 4308: 4277: 4259: 4137: 4104: 4079: 4049: 4014: 3958: 3413:Kit Kittredge: An American Girl 3290:and incorporated them into the 3119:Securities Exchange Act of 1934 3046:(ERA) which included funds for 2832:In Thailand, then known as the 2733: 2703: 2394:From roughly 1931 to 1937, the 2009:Unemployed men in Hamburg, 1931 1659:needs additional citations for 1408:Two prominent theorists in the 1048:of 35%, which they called "The 795:many countries suspended their 669:Chairman of the Federal Reserve 17530:Employment-to-population ratio 16902:Occupational health psychology 15902: 14703:Separation of church and state 12919:National Reconnaissance Office 12862:President of the United States 11000:National Labor Relations Board 10990:Judicial Procedures Reform Act 10463:15#2 (1962), pp. 344–63. 10433:, (2001) 67#4 pp. 848–68 10292: 10255:(2011) for secondary schools. 10232:The Great Depression 1929–1938 10095:Ambrosius, G. and W. 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In 1933, 30% of 2668: 2406: 2375: 1080:New York Bank of United States 926:There is a consensus that the 776:Causes of the Great Depression 753:The American mobilization for 676:an international perspective. 647:devaluation of the U.S. dollar 80:Wall Street stock market crash 13: 1: 17618:Works Progress Administration 17510:Unemployment Convention, 1919 16922:Personal protective equipment 16470:Occupational Outlook Handbook 15256:Critique of political economy 14792: 10924:National Youth Administration 10453:90#3 (2000), pp. 327–40 9595:. Teacher Created Resources. 9482:Harry, Lou (1 October 2010). 7857:10.1080/00083968.2010.9707572 6119:10.1016/j.jfineco.2004.07.003 6068:10.1016/j.jinteco.2005.06.016 5785:. Retrieved 8 September 2013. 4988:24, No. S-1 (December 2006), 4986:Monetary and Economic Studies 4848:Slump and Recovery, 1929–1937 4650:Peter Temin, Gianni Toniolo, 4023:Journal of Monetary Economics 3996:National Climatic Data Center 3894:Farm Prices, Myth and Reality 3745: 3566:causes of the Great Recession 3310: 3212:Works Progress Administration 2543:production was down 61%, and 2507:, was opposed to leaving the 2119:general election in July 1932 1780:Great Depression in Australia 1562:Two economists of the 1920s, 1542: 1531:capitalist mode of production 1032:early in the Great Depression 961:Insufficient demand from the 17699:Psychopathy in the workplace 16872:Human factors and ergonomics 13065:Government Publishing Office 12533:Technological and industrial 10985:Farm Security Administration 10792: 10153:(Athens: Alpha Bank, 2012). 10149:Psalidopoulos, Michael, ed. 9713:, BBC News, 11 October 2000. 9400:Milton Friedman: A Biography 9363:Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur M. 9194:10.1016/0014-4983(72)90003-4 8383:The Low Countries: 1780–1940 8093:. 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Archived from 3840:Principles of Macroeconomics 3525:collapse of the Soviet Union 2630:Economic history of Portugal 2565:March of the Hungry in Sanok 2535:fell significantly: in 1932 2079:Adolf Hitler's rise to power 1773: 1722: 1717:The Dominion of Newfoundland 827:Keynesian vs Monetarist view 165:Dow Jones Industrial Average 150:Dow Jones Industrial Average 7: 17684:Narcissism in the workplace 16897:Occupational exposure limit 14537:Women's reproductive health 13503:Federally recognized tribes 13366:Public utilities commission 13270:Public Health Service Corps 13173:Code of Federal Regulations 13055:Congressional Budget Office 12909:Central Intelligence Agency 12815:Water supply and sanitation 12242:Declaration of Independence 11896:1997 Asian financial crisis 11529:Civil War-era United States 10934:Public Works of Art Project 10854:Agricultural Adjustment Act 10384:(Routledge, 1997), 800 pp. 10174:Tipton, F. and R. Aldrich, 9678:The Economic History Review 8372:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2000). 7961:Review of Economic Dynamics 7884:Cahiers d'Études Africaines 7470:Anderson, Betty S. (2016). 7023:NBER Working Paper No. 3546 6994:NBER Working Paper No. 3546 6891:NBER Working Paper No. 3546 6736:Journal of Economic History 6599:New England Economic Review 6251:, Edward Elgar Publishing, 5824:. Bloomberg. Archived from 5683:Journal of Economic History 5581:Journal of Japanese Studies 5504:Augusta Historical Bulletin 5143:Journal of Economic History 4832:Journal of Economic History 4603:Journal of Economic History 4286:"The Bank of United States" 4090:(Volume I ed.). Gale. 3623: 3292:Chicago School of Economics 3166:was deemed unconstitutional 3142:Agricultural Adjustment Act 3008:National Credit Corporation 2827: 2696:Great Depression in Romania 2640:António de Oliveira Salazar 2623: 2604:, credit limits and budget 2582:21 June – 9 July 1932) and 2476:In Iran, then known as the 2302:; and second, by devaluing 2185:Economic history of Iceland 1905:British colony of Hong Kong 1156:As the Depression wore on, 1010:Real gross domestic product 541:such as China, which had a 484:price–specie flow mechanism 318:and Broad Street after the 120: 54:during the Great Depression 10: 17839: 17613:Civil Works Administration 17495:Technological unemployment 16971:Workplace health promotion 16423:Professional certification 16120:Personality–job fit theory 15394:Real business-cycle theory 13715:Red states and blue states 13620:City commission government 13615:Council–manager government 11672:Post–World War I recession 11492:Post-Napoleonic Depression 10975:Federal Project Number One 10884:Farm Credit Administration 10879:Homeowners Refinancing Act 10864:Civil Works Administration 10682: 10474:(1993) 7#2 pp. 19–39 10467:; focus on United Kingdom. 8984:, thegreatdepression.co.uk 8603:A New Deal for the Tropics 8601:Rodriguez, Manuel (2011). 8033:Hitler: A Study in Tyranny 7986:About the Great Depression 7710:Journal of African History 7681:(in French) (4): 103–152. 7635:(Allen & Unwin, 1981). 7193:Ludwig von Mises Institute 7105:For Rothbard's view, see: 7102:(Jorge Pinto Books, 2009). 7084:America's Great Depression 7050:America's Great Depression 6922:, Elgar Publishing, 2003, 6520:Rosenof, Theodore (1997). 6443:G. Edward Griffin (1998). 6408:"Who Was Milton Friedman?" 6238:Randall E. Parker (2003), 5628:10.1191/026635501678771619 4675:, Elgar publishing, 2003, 4391:Cambridge University Press 3701: 3550: 3445: 3299:in the United States, and 3040:Federal Home Loan Bank Act 2975: 2902: 2842:Siamese revolution of 1932 2784: 2763: 2707: 2693: 2689: 2644:Prime Minister of Portugal 2627: 2491: 2410: 2379: 2341: 2240: 2216: 2212: 2201: 2182: 2178: 2155: 1998: 1994: 1951:Great Depression in France 1948: 1892: 1834: 1799:Great Depression in Canada 1796: 1777: 1521: 1423:America's Great Depression 1292:new neoclassical synthesis 954:A money supply reduction ( 843:, when there were massive 841:Bank Holiday in March 1933 784: 773: 590:Turning point and recovery 374: 325: 46:people lined up outside a 29: 17813:1930s in economic history 17808:1920s in economic history 17732: 17631: 17593:Guaranteed minimum income 17550: 17391: 17265: 17178:Organizational commitment 17130: 17022: 16989: 16852: 16777: 16654: 16576: 16510: 16297: 16219: 16163: 16013: 15910: 15834: 15792: 15434: 15168: 14917: 14882: 14800: 14724: 14550: 14423: 14355: 14008: 14004: 13995: 13943: 13808: 13799: 13695: 13666: 13643: 13582: 13549: 13540: 13483: 13471:Comparison of governments 13446: 13409: 13386: 13302: 13282: 13213: 13151: 13073: 12996: 12854: 12845: 12841: 12832: 12554: 12545: 12490: 12450:Post-Cold War (1991–2008) 12291:drafting and ratification 12264:Articles of Confederation 12177: 12111: 12102: 11910: 11846: 11791: 11745: 11660: 11582:2nd Industrial Revolution 11575: 11522: 11515:(1836–1838 and 1839–1843) 11431:1st Industrial Revolution 11429: 11398: 11199:Price-and-wage stickiness 11160: 11094: 11038: 11010:Rural Electrification Act 10962: 10836: 10800: 10742: 10721: 10630: 10597:Wall Street Crash of 1929 10584: 10431:Southern Economic Journal 10419:Kindleberger, Charles P. 10083: 10011:(1993), essays by experts 9975: 9550:Pimpare, Stephen (2017). 8936:Handley, Paul M. 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King (1940). 6748:10.1017/S0022050700087167 6183:10.1017/S0022050700040602 6006:10.1017/S0022050700040602 5725:10.1017/S0022050700010251 5695:10.1017/S002205070001189X 5390:Srigley, Katrina (2010). 5315:Stephenson, Jill (2014). 5165:10.1017/S002205070001189X 4929:Per-capita GDP data from 4615:10.1017/s0022050710000756 4558:"The World in Depression" 4498:10.1017/S0022050700040602 4399:10.1017/S0022050700040602 3519:Other "great depressions" 3441: 3192:alphabet soup of agencies 3087:Franklin Delano Roosevelt 3064:Franklin Delano Roosevelt 2847: 2780: 2766:Economic history of Spain 2618:Central Industrial Region 2487: 2482:Anglo-Persian Oil Company 2436: 2273:The Great Depression hit 2243:Economic history of Italy 2204:Great Depression in India 2151: 1944: 1916:European African colonies 1837:Great Depression in Chile 1792: 1768:Central Bank of Argentina 847:across the United States. 769: 723:World War II and recovery 305: 230: 227: 224: 221: 219: 161:Wall Street Crash of 1929 111:primary sector industries 17762:Aspects of organizations 17443:Involuntary unemployment 17004:Equal pay for equal work 16927:Repetitive strain injury 16428:Professional development 16418:Professional association 16100:Letter of recommendation 14490:Prescription drug prices 13610:Mayor–council government 13600:Coterminous municipality 13590:Consolidated city-county 13356:Agriculture commissioner 13006:House of Representatives 12914:National Security Agency 12564:Contiguous United States 11863:1990s United States boom 11651:Financial crisis of 1914 11030:Fair Labor Standards Act 10461:Economic History Review, 10451:American Economic Review 10185:United States and Canada 9279:28 December 2008 at the 9167:23 December 2008 at the 9114:U.S. Department of State 8997:p. 115; Routledge, 1997 8320:(1997) 34#3 pp: 265–294. 8013:31 December 2021 at the 7995:, University of Illinois 7991:20 December 2008 at the 7754:31 December 2021 at the 7679:African Economic History 7654:, Source: Bank of Canada 7601:31 December 2021 at the 7476:. Stanford, California. 7300:Dorfman, Joseph (1959). 6945:White, Lawrence (2008). 6798:29 November 2021 at the 6152:Whaples, Robert (1995). 5975:Whaples, Robert (1995). 5663:(TV documentary). U.S.: 5430:(2015) 68#2 pp. 441–470. 5052:15 February 2022 at the 4972:12 February 2022 at the 4950:American Economic Review 4936:4 September 2010 at the 4692:International data from 4433:25 February 2021 at the 4356:, Penguin, p. 163, 3734:Involuntary unemployment 3375:Federal Writers' Project 3214:, WPA) and, through the 3085:Shortly after President 2759: 2522:Austro-Hungarian Empires 2478:Imperial State of Persia 2285: 2236: 2197: 1888: 1830: 1807:Unemployed men march in 1713:most famously in Germany 1058:Federal Reserve Governor 890:(demand-driven) and the 787:Financial crisis of 1914 532:, in September 1931 the 17747:Aspects of corporations 17709:Slow movement (culture) 17588:Employer of last resort 17490:Structural unemployment 17428:Frictional unemployment 16867:Epilepsy and employment 16754:Performance-related pay 16688:National average salary 16601:996 working hour system 15034:Industrial organization 14857:Computational economics 14575:Criticism of government 13920:Social welfare programs 13513:State-recognized tribes 12498:Outline of U.S. history 12210:Continental Association 11678:Depression of 1920–1921 11610:Depression of 1882–1885 11524:Early Victorian Britain 11259:Real and nominal values 10944:Railroad Retirement Act 10823:American Liberty League 10602:Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act 10211:Galbraith, John Kenneth 10141:24 January 2020 at the 9936:17 October 2011 at the 9904:The Wall Street Journal 9227:28 October 2009 at the 8980:24 January 2009 at the 8843:April 15, 2021, at the 8698:National Bank of Serbia 7770:Lagos Historical Review 7650:27 January 2009 at the 7455:Bell, Spurgeon (1940). 7095:For Hayek's view, see: 6778:25 January 2016 at the 6353:March 24, 2020, at the 5946:"What is a Monetarist?" 5919:Encyclopedia Britannica 5853:2 November 2021 at the 5795:"Depression & WWII" 5759:24 January 2022 at the 5470:10.1111/1468-0424.00245 5428:Economic History Review 5084:10.2753/0577-5132530103 5046:8(1), 2, January 2011. 4865:Economic History Review 3954:Encyclopædia Britannica 3739:List of economic crises 3608:global financial crisis 3000:Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act 2956:In the less industrial 2822:Axel Pehrsson-Bramstorp 2262:giving a speech at the 2109:increasingly relied on 2095:Social Democratic Party 2087:September 1930 election 1863:1939 Chillán earthquake 1556:Childress County, Texas 1416:and American economist 1286:Expectations hypothesis 1012:in 1996-Dollar (blue), 974:Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act 938:Mainstream explanations 913:expectations hypothesis 819:and in 1934 signed the 495:Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act 419:Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act 398:Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act 377:Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act 203:Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act 17757:Aspects of occupations 17563:Unemployment insurance 17515:Unemployment extension 17485:Reserve army of labour 17290:Constructive dismissal 17097:Sleeping while on duty 17062:Exploitation of labour 16944:Sick building syndrome 16115:Person–environment fit 15985:Independent contractor 15239:Modern monetary theory 14904:Experimental economics 14874:Pluralism in economics 14847:Mathematical economics 14637:Environmental movement 14480:Health insurance costs 14375:Educational attainment 13900:Federal Reserve System 13858:Science and technology 13361:Insurance commissioner 12899:Intelligence Community 12594:minor outlying islands 12357:Civil rights movement 11783:Recession of 1969–1970 11778:Recession of 1960–1961 11737:Recession of 1937–1938 10617:Recession of 1937–1938 10349:Eichengreen, Barry J. 10109:Feinstein. Charles H. 10106:(Basil Blackwell 1986) 10075:Woytinsky, Wladimir. 9210:Prison Days and Nights 9019:6 January 2022 at the 8834:Jennifer Burns (2009). 8781:2 January 2022 at the 8401:March 7, 2016, at the 8291:11 August 2015 at the 7973:10.1006/redy.2001.0143 7878:Gamble, Harry (2009). 7436:Cite journal requires 7155:"The Great Depression" 7061:Steele, G. R. (2001). 6508:Cite journal requires 6476:Frank Freidel (1973), 6308:Bernanke, Ben (2000). 6247:18 August 2021 at the 5804:. Americaslibrary.gov. 5763:. Library of Congress. 5650:John Kenneth Galbraith 5120:Quoted by P. Renshaw. 4995:11 August 2015 at the 4158:(2nd ed 1970), 885 pp. 4057:"The Great Depression" 3709:Causes of World War II 3613: 3477: 3379:Prison Days and Nights 3342:, who was awarded the 3320: 3253:conservative coalition 3247: 3183: 3115:Securities Act of 1933 3082: 3026: 2991: 2918: 2753: 2391: 2270: 2269:factory in Turin, 1932 2252: 2136: 2123:November 1932 election 2074: 2066: 2010: 1971:February 6, 1934 riots 1960: 1909:Nationalist Government 1816: 1707: 1640:Socio-economic effects 1618: 1588:distribution of wealth 1568:William Trufant Foster 1559: 1396: 1324:gross domestic product 1312:recession of 1937–1938 1237:, triggering multiple 1233: 1216:and loss of confidence 1184: 1138:aggregate expenditures 1076: 1033: 1021: 947: 928:Federal Reserve System 883: 848: 736: 665:Federal Reserve System 600: 510: 393: 356: 322: 236:Industrial production 87:gross domestic product 55: 17767:Aspects of workplaces 17505:Unemployment benefits 17500:Types of unemployment 17438:Graduate unemployment 17332:Letter of resignation 16961:Workers' compensation 16954:Occupational fatality 16458:Vocational university 16058:Employment counsellor 14463:Immigrant health care 13978:Transportation safety 13973:Transportation policy 13963:Public transportation 13033:President pro tempore 12889:Executive departments 12658:National Park Service 12313:Territorial evolution 11901:Early 2000s recession 11868:Early 1990s recession 11820:Early 1980s recession 11400:Commercial revolution 11298:Nominal interest rate 11046:Franklin D. Roosevelt 10939:Reciprocal Tariff Act 10844:Emergency Banking Act 10238:, for middle schools. 10215:The Great Crash, 1929 10168:13 March 2017 at the 10068:Rothermund, Dietmar. 9750:Transition Newsletter 9354:Maurice W. Lee, 1955. 9331:Economic Fluctuations 9108:12 March 2009 at the 9103:"Smoot-Hawley Tariff" 9090:24 April 2017 at the 8735:GREDEG Working Papers 8646:Dietz, James (1986). 8587:13 March 2017 at the 8087:Kershaw, Ian (1998). 7945:Jean-Pierre Dormois, 7913:International Affairs 7742:R. Olufeni Ekundare, 7631:Judy Mackinolty, ed. 7252:Corey, Lewis (1934). 7025:. Cambridge, MA: 33. 6851:10.1257/aer.98.4.1476 6768:Gauti B. Eggertsson, 5861:19.4 (1989): 553–583. 5593:10.1353/jjs.2004.0045 5318:Women in Nazi Germany 5008:Eggertsson, Gauti B. 4846:H. V. Hodson (1938), 4834:64#3 (2004): 822–871. 4562:Mount Holyoke College 3714:Causes of World War I 3582: 3494:Depression of 1920–21 3467: 3446:Further information: 3363:To Kill a Mockingbird 3352:agricultural industry 3315: 3241: 3178: 3107:Emergency Banking Act 3072: 3060:political realignment 3016: 2989: 2947:National Hunger March 2916: 2748: 2533:Industrial production 2389: 2258: 2250: 2131: 2072: 2056: 2008: 1979:SFIO socialist leader 1958: 1806: 1705: 1605: 1550: 1391: 1355:factors of production 1304:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1229:called in these loans 1183: 1158:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1065: 1027: 1007: 945: 932:lender of last resort 854: 834: 730: 597: 508: 384: 365:Bank of United States 353:Bank of United States 350: 313: 42: 17573:Job creation program 17349:Mandatory retirement 17302:Employee offboarding 17122:Workplace incivility 17117:Workplace harassment 16892:Occupational disease 16887:Occupational burnout 16802:Disability insurance 16646:Workweek and weekend 16626:Retroactive overtime 16448:Vocational education 16363:Continuing education 16201:Permanent employment 15113:Social choice theory 14869:Behavioral economics 14852:Complexity economics 14632:Environmental issues 14297:Political ideologies 14196:Indigenous languages 13396:List of legislatures 13193:separation of powers 12894:Independent agencies 12820:World Heritage Sites 12455:September 11 attacks 12378:Spanish–American War 12318:Mexican–American War 12274:Confederation period 12205:Continental Congress 11467:Copper Panic of 1789 11066:Henry Morgenthau Jr. 10914:National Housing Act 10874:Executive Order 6102 10404:Haberler, Gottfried. 10380:Glasner, David, ed. 10359:Eichengreen, Barry. 10343:(1995) 27#1 pp 1–28 9662:William Manchester, 9319:The Great Depression 9255:21 July 2016 at the 9033:Constantine, Stephen 8961:Charles Loch Mowat, 8910:(1978), pp. 129–149. 8571:Athens: Alpha Bank, 8271:See also B. Girvin, 8209:Modern Asian Studies 8062:www.historyplace.com 7586:(Pluto Press, 1987). 7380:. Houghton Mifflin. 7306:. The Viking Press. 7129:John Cunningham Wood 6996:. Cambridge, MA: 5. 6893:. Cambridge, MA: 1. 5820:(16 December 2011). 5800:25 June 2009 at the 5458:Gender & History 5301:Denyse Baillargeon, 5219:5 March 2016 at the 5174:on 17 January 2013. 4850:(London), pp. 64–76. 4532:United States Senate 4192:on 23 September 2008 3890:Cochrane, Willard W. 3760:The Great Depression 3578:late-2000s recession 3458:The Great Depression 3129:was provided by the 2588:Bloody Friday (1930) 2315:February 26 Incident 1764:Roca–Runciman Treaty 1668:improve this article 1387:capital accumulation 1368:note that President 1112:Executive Order 6102 1046:monetary contraction 996:'s debt deflation). 817:Executive Order 6102 547:developing countries 17478:Recession-proof job 17473:Lists of recessions 17411:Economic depression 17359:Retirement planning 17240:Work–life interface 17077:Employee monitoring 17045:Corporate behaviour 17035:Accounting scandals 16917:Occupational stress 16907:Occupational injury 16438:Reflective practice 16433:Professional school 16155:Work-at-home scheme 16075:Induction programme 16053:Employment contract 16033:Business networking 15197:American (National) 14897:Economic statistics 14475:Health care finance 13968:Rail transportation 13734:Imperial presidency 13456:State constitutions 13401:List of legislators 13351:Auditor/Comptroller 13324:Lieutenant governor 13050:Library of Congress 12941:Diplomatic Security 12584:Indian reservations 12247:American Revolution 11803:1973–1975 recession 11747:Post–WWII expansion 11421:Great Frost of 1709 11249:Neutrality of money 11230:Classical dichotomy 11146:Economic expansions 10481:3 July 2016 at the 10394:and Tausch A. eds. 10322:Shiroyama, Tomoko. 10241:Mitchell, Broadus. 10190:Dickstein, Morris. 10045:League Of Nations. 10032:(Oxford UP, 1938). 9960:The Daily Telegraph 9485:Cincinnati Magazine 9413:The Grapes of Wrath 9299:on 5 September 2010 9137:on 29 October 2013. 9131:EH.net Encyclopedia 9079:Charles R. Morris, 8965:(1955) pp. 386–412. 8875:on 24 February 2021 7582:Geoffrey Lawrence, 7065:. Routledge. p. 9. 6918:Randall E. Parker, 6819:, MIT Press, 1992, 6715:on 18 November 2017 6663:Randall E. Parker, 6636:on 19 February 2009 6420:(2). Archived from 5846:Richard J. Jensen, 5679:Romer, Christina D. 5549:Midwestern Folklore 5516:Vogelsang, Willem. 4967:Gauti B. Eggertsson 4802:(1955) pp. 379–385. 4671:Randall E. Parker, 4465:24 May 2012 at the 4354:The Ascent of Money 4290:ABA Banking Journal 3813:Wall Street Journal 3590:and the other is a 3588:Saber-toothed tiger 3529:standards of living 3448:Economic depression 3436:Christmas After All 3418:Christmas After All 3402:and illustrated by 3383:Victor Folke Nelson 3335:The Grapes of Wrath 3325:The Grapes of Wrath 3227:economic indicators 2935:National Government 2728:South African Party 2610:fixed exchange rate 2139:Hitler followed an 2107:Paul von Hindenburg 1871:Pedro Aguirre Cerda 1151:government spending 1128:John Maynard Keynes 1108:Federal Reserve Act 881:increases Year/Year 635:John Maynard Keynes 623:Banking Act of 1935 580:National Government 522:speculative attacks 451:balance of payments 415:Austrian economists 351:Crowds outside the 216: 210:Economic indicators 192:The decline in the 186:deflationary spiral 113:suffered the most. 72:economic depression 17741:See also templates 17578:Job creation index 17542:Youth unemployment 17406:Discouraged worker 17295:Wrongful dismissal 17275:At-will employment 17148:Civil conscription 17112:Workplace bullying 16999:Affirmative action 16981:Workplace wellness 16912:Occupational noise 16548:Long service leave 16408:Overspecialization 16388:Induction training 16343:Career development 14585:affirmative action 14558:Capital punishment 14517:Poverty and health 14512:Physician shortage 14485:Health care prices 14415:Standard of living 14098:standard of living 13905:Financial position 13532:Hawaiian home land 13520:Indian reservation 13493:Tribal sovereignty 13336:Secretary of state 13205:United States Code 13121:Territorial courts 13093:Associate Justices 12978:Inspector generals 12465:War in Afghanistan 12328:Reconstruction era 12195:Stamp Act Congress 11985:COVID-19 recession 11645:Panic of 1910–1911 11477:Panic of 1796–1797 11303:Real interest rate 11271:Economic expansion 10904:Glass–Steagall Act 10869:Communications Act 10813:New Deal Coalition 10281:Young, William H. 10223:Goldston, Robert, 10102:Broadberry, S. N. 10007:Garside, W.R. ed. 9871:The New York Times 9810:The New York Times 8197:(2013) pp. 152–66. 8168:. pp. 308–12. 8166:History of Iceland 8008:Germany – Economic 7377:The Road to Plenty 7133:Friedrich A. Hayek 7131:, Robert D. Wood, 6806:, 20 October 2012. 6804:The New York Times 6493:Klein, Lawrence R. 5780:7 May 2009 at the 5044:Econ Journal Watch 5014:Econ Journal Watch 4814:William Ashworth, 4796:Charles Loch Mowat 4736:Eichengreen, Barry 4706:Eichengreen, Barry 3948:9 May 2015 at the 3943:"Great Depression" 3821:6 May 2021 at the 3778:The New York Times 3533:post-Soviet states 3478: 3456:, whose 1934 book 3369:The Blind Assassin 3248: 3225:By 1936, the main 3184: 3135:Glass–Steagall Act 3121:which created the 3083: 3027: 2992: 2919: 2867:. You can help by 2775:civil war, 1936–39 2456:. You can help by 2392: 2292:Takahashi Korekiyo 2271: 2253: 2227:have argued that: 2137: 2075: 2067: 2031:national socialist 2011: 1961: 1856:austerity measures 1817: 1742:. You can help by 1708: 1602:Productivity shock 1560: 1399:Heterodox theories 1366:J. Bradford DeLong 1251:capital investment 1247:March Bank Holiday 1185: 1153:or cutting taxes. 1126:British economist 1034: 1022: 948: 896:heterodox theories 884: 849: 737: 601: 511: 394: 357: 323: 214: 76:economic contagion 56: 17790: 17789: 17689:Post-work society 17669:Kiss up kick down 17401:Barriers to entry 17366:Severance package 17198:Human trafficking 17092:Sexual harassment 17072:Employee handbook 16991:Equal opportunity 16854:Safety and health 16844:Take-home vehicle 16453:Vocational school 16403:Lifelong learning 16378:Further education 16338:Career counseling 16333:Career assessment 16110:Overqualification 15870: 15869: 15401:New institutional 14760: 14759: 14720: 14719: 14716: 14715: 14686:National security 14395:Income inequality 14275:Statue of Liberty 14078:income inequality 13991: 13990: 13983:Trucking industry 13795: 13794: 13791: 13790: 13722:Foreign relations 13710:Electoral College 13691: 13690: 13479: 13478: 13431:District attorney 13278: 13277: 13105:Courts of appeals 12828: 12827: 12541: 12540: 12482:COVID-19 pandemic 12435:Feminist Movement 12281:American frontier 12200:Thirteen Colonies 12061: 12060: 11772:Recession of 1958 11766:Recession of 1953 11760:Recession of 1949 11457:Thirteen Colonies 11264:Velocity of money 11194:Paradox of thrift 11112: 11111: 10801:Causes and legacy 10760: 10759: 10163:table of contents 10159:978-960-99793-6-8 10126:Kaiser, David E. 9988:Davis, Joseph S. 9864:(20 March 2009). 9850:on 17 April 2009. 9602:978-1-4206-3218-7 9563:978-0-19-066072-7 9524:978-1-4349-7709-0 9511:Morency, Philip. 9468:Stacy I. Morgan, 9317:Robert Goldston, 9233:Microsoft Encarta 9068:978-0-340-96588-7 8869:www.genealogia.fi 8577:978-960-99793-6-8 8425:iranicaonline.org 8100:978-0-393-32035-0 8043:978-1-56852-036-0 7620:978-0-09-184203-1 7483:978-0-8047-9875-4 7265:978-0-405-04116-7 7141:978-0-415-31057-4 7108:Murray Rothbard, 7071:978-0-415-25138-9 7048:Murray Rothbard, 6928:978-1-84376-335-2 6825:978-0-262-26119-7 6791:Christina Romer, 6673:978-1-84376-550-9 6605:on 11 August 2015 6460:978-0-912986-39-5 6257:978-1-84376-550-9 5498:Ann E. McCleary, 5454:Camiscioli, Elisa 5422:Jessica S. Bean, 5409:978-1-4426-1003-3 5376:978-0-230-80214-8 5328:978-1-317-87607-6 5197:978-0-691-01698-6 4681:978-1-84376-335-2 4660:978-0-19-804201-3 4363:978-986-173-584-9 4167:George H. Soule, 4122:978-0-393-92207-3 4097:978-0-7876-5701-7 3925:Depression Decade 3910:League of Nations 3849:978-0-07-319397-7 3758:John A. Garraty, 3719:Economic collapse 3398:books written by 3323:–John Steinbeck, 3301:Margaret Thatcher 3268:planned economies 3095:displaced persons 2885: 2884: 2806:Per Albin Hansson 2787:Economy of Sweden 2636:Ditadura Nacional 2552:Unemployment rate 2474: 2473: 2192:Spanish Civil War 2015:Wall Street Crash 1843:League of Nations 1760: 1759: 1700: 1699: 1692: 1596:consumer spending 1564:Waddill Catchings 1483:argued that most 1379:Olivier Blanchard 1362:Barry Eichengreen 1219:Hoarding of money 1207:A fall in profits 1116:gold certificates 1050:Great Contraction 733:Fort Worth, Texas 699:feed sack dresses 574:in January 1933. 303: 302: 253:Wholesale prices 16:(Redirected from 17830: 17818:Financial crises 17803:Great Depression 17777:Critique of work 17772:Corporate titles 17740: 17739: 17659:Evil corporation 17525:Employment rates 17448:Jobless recovery 17416:Great Depression 17376:Golden parachute 17371:Golden handshake 17168:Job satisfaction 17158:Critique of work 16976:Workplace phobia 16807:Health insurance 16764:Wage compression 16732:Progressive wage 16586:35-hour workweek 16553:No call, no show 16543:Leave of absence 16393:Knowledge worker 16321:Master craftsman 16125:Personality hire 16063:Executive search 16043:Curriculum vitae 16028:Background check 15897: 15890: 15883: 15874: 15873: 15074:Natural resource 14909:Economic history 14835:Mechanism design 14787: 14780: 14773: 14764: 14763: 14740: 14733: 14620:African American 14502:Health insurance 14390:Household income 14260:National symbols 14191:American English 14164:Federal holidays 14073:household income 14006: 14005: 14002: 14001: 13806: 13805: 13744:Anti-Americanism 13668:Special district 13595:Independent city 13564:County executive 13547: 13546: 13341:Attorney general 13300: 13299: 13289:Federal District 12872:Executive Office 12852: 12851: 12843: 12842: 12839: 12838: 12599:populated places 12579:federal enclaves 12574:federal district 12552: 12551: 12415:American Century 12398:Great Depression 12393:Roaring Twenties 12353:Women's suffrage 12232:Halifax Resolves 12225:Founding Fathers 12220:military history 12185:Pre-colonial era 12109: 12108: 12088: 12081: 12074: 12065: 12064: 11853:Great Regression 11848:Great Moderation 11694:Great Depression 11683:Roaring Twenties 11204:Underconsumption 11174:Effective demand 11165:Aggregate demand 11139: 11132: 11125: 11116: 11115: 11086:Robert F. Wagner 11081:Francis Townsend 10808:Great Depression 10787: 10780: 10773: 10764: 10763: 10612:Effect in cities 10578:Great Depression 10571: 10564: 10557: 10548: 10547: 10539: 10538: 10527: 10526: 10525: 10515: 10514: 10503: 10502: 10501: 10494: 10440:Markwell, Donald 10435:online at JSTOR. 10261:Safarian, A. E. 10251:Reis, Ronald A. 10217:(1954), popular 10014:Grossman, Mark. 9996:Garraty, John A. 9981:Brendon, Piers. 9964: 9951: 9945: 9927: 9921: 9920: 9918: 9916: 9894: 9888: 9887: 9885: 9883: 9858: 9852: 9851: 9846:. Archived from 9833: 9827: 9826: 9824: 9822: 9800: 9794: 9787: 9781: 9778:Who Lost Russia? 9775: 9766: 9746: 9740: 9739: 9737: 9735: 9728:The Conversation 9720: 9714: 9708: 9702: 9701: 9673: 9667: 9660: 9654: 9653: 9651: 9649: 9630: 9619: 9618: 9616: 9614: 9586: 9580: 9579: 9577: 9575: 9547: 9541: 9540: 9538: 9536: 9508: 9502: 9501: 9499: 9497: 9479: 9473: 9466: 9460: 9455:Jerrold Hirsch, 9453: 9447: 9442:Jerre Mangione, 9440: 9434: 9427: 9421: 9409: 9403: 9393: 9387: 9361: 9355: 9352: 9346: 9340: 9334: 9328: 9322: 9315: 9309: 9308: 9306: 9304: 9289: 9283: 9270: 9264: 9246: 9240: 9239:31 October 2009. 9219: 9213: 9207: 9198: 9197: 9177: 9171: 9158: 9152: 9145: 9139: 9138: 9133:. Archived from 9123: 9117: 9100: 9094: 9077: 9071: 9056: 9047: 9030: 9024: 9011: 9005: 8991: 8985: 8972: 8966: 8959: 8953: 8948: 8942: 8941: 8933: 8927: 8917: 8911: 8906:R. J. Harrison, 8904: 8898: 8891: 8885: 8884: 8882: 8880: 8871:. Archived from 8861: 8855: 8832: 8826: 8819: 8813: 8812: 8792: 8786: 8773: 8767: 8760: 8754: 8753: 8751: 8749: 8743: 8732: 8723: 8717: 8716: 8714: 8712: 8706: 8691: 8682: 8676: 8675: 8673: 8671: 8643: 8637: 8636: 8634: 8632: 8613: 8607: 8606: 8598: 8592: 8565: 8559: 8558: 8556: 8554: 8535: 8529: 8528: 8526: 8524: 8505: 8499: 8498: 8496: 8494: 8475: 8466: 8465: 8463: 8461: 8442: 8436: 8435: 8433: 8431: 8416: 8410: 8392: 8386: 8381:E. H. Kossmann, 8379: 8373: 8368:Rosemary Thorp, 8366: 8360: 8357:Chalmers Johnson 8353: 8347: 8340: 8334: 8327: 8321: 8314: 8308: 8301: 8295: 8282: 8276: 8269: 8263: 8256: 8250: 8247: 8241: 8240: 8204: 8198: 8191: 8185: 8184: 8176: 8170: 8169: 8161: 8150: 8143: 8137: 8127: 8121: 8111: 8105: 8104: 8084: 8078: 8077: 8075: 8073: 8054: 8048: 8047: 8024: 8018: 8005: 7996: 7983: 7977: 7976: 7956: 7950: 7943: 7937: 7936: 7908: 7902: 7901: 7899: 7875: 7869: 7868: 7840: 7834: 7827: 7821: 7820: 7784: 7778: 7777: 7765: 7759: 7740: 7734: 7733: 7705: 7699: 7698: 7674: 7668: 7661: 7655: 7642: 7636: 7629: 7623: 7612: 7606: 7593: 7587: 7580: 7574: 7573: 7563: 7539: 7533: 7528: 7522: 7521: 7515: 7507: 7505: 7503: 7467: 7461: 7460: 7452: 7446: 7445: 7439: 7434: 7432: 7424: 7422: 7420: 7400: 7394: 7393: 7391: 7389: 7371: 7365: 7364: 7362: 7360: 7354: 7343: 7334: 7328: 7327: 7325: 7323: 7297: 7291: 7290: 7276: 7270: 7269: 7249: 7243: 7242: 7240: 7238: 7226:Business Insider 7216: 7210: 7209: 7207: 7205: 7183: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7172: 7150: 7144: 7126: 7115: 7093: 7087: 7080: 7074: 7063:Keynes and Hayek 7059: 7053: 7046: 7037: 7036: 7034: 7014: 7008: 7007: 7005: 6985: 6979: 6978: 6976: 6974: 6942: 6931: 6916: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6882: 6873: 6872: 6862: 6834: 6828: 6813: 6807: 6789: 6783: 6766: 6760: 6759: 6731: 6725: 6724: 6722: 6720: 6714: 6708:. Archived from 6691: 6682: 6676: 6661: 6655: 6652: 6646: 6645: 6643: 6641: 6626: 6615: 6614: 6612: 6610: 6601:. Archived from 6590: 6584: 6583: 6547: 6536: 6535: 6517: 6511: 6506: 6504: 6496: 6489: 6483: 6474: 6465: 6464: 6440: 6434: 6433: 6431: 6429: 6424:on 10 April 2008 6403: 6397: 6396: 6394: 6392: 6364: 6358: 6344: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6305: 6299: 6298: 6296: 6294: 6266: 6260: 6236: 6230: 6224: 6218: 6217: 6215: 6213: 6207: 6176: 6158: 6149: 6143: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6098: 6092: 6091: 6089: 6087: 6047: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6036: 6030: 5999: 5981: 5972: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5961: 5941: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5911: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5880: 5874: 5868: 5862: 5844: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5814: 5805: 5792: 5786: 5770: 5764: 5751: 5745: 5744: 5708: 5702: 5701: 5675: 5669: 5668: 5646: 5640: 5639: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5576: 5570: 5563: 5557: 5556: 5544: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5513: 5507: 5501: 5496: 5490: 5489: 5450: 5444: 5439:Deirdre Beddoe, 5437: 5431: 5425: 5420: 5414: 5413: 5397: 5387: 5381: 5380: 5364: 5351: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5312: 5306: 5299: 5293: 5286: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5269: 5238: 5229: 5223: 5206: 5200: 5185: 5179: 5178: 5173: 5167:. Archived from 5158: 5140: 5131: 5125: 5118: 5112: 5111: 5063: 5057: 5040: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5005: 4999: 4982: 4976: 4959: 4953: 4946: 4940: 4927: 4918: 4911: 4902: 4895: 4889: 4888: 4860: 4851: 4844: 4835: 4828: 4819: 4812: 4803: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4762: 4756: 4755: 4732: 4726: 4725: 4702: 4690: 4684: 4669: 4663: 4648: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4631: 4600: 4591: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4568:on 10 March 2008 4564:. Archived from 4554: 4548: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4524: 4518: 4517: 4481: 4470: 4455: 4449: 4448:30 November 2009 4425: 4419: 4418: 4373: 4367: 4366: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4332: 4312: 4306: 4305: 4281: 4275: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4237: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4208: 4202: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4188:. Archived from 4178: 4172: 4165: 4159: 4152:Thomas G. Barnes 4141: 4135: 4134: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4053: 4047: 4046: 4018: 4012: 4011: 4009: 4007: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3962: 3956: 3940: 3927: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3886: 3880: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3864:"Commodity Data" 3860: 3854: 3853: 3835: 3826: 3808: 3802: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3769: 3763: 3756: 3668: 3663: 3662: 3661: 3654: 3649: 3648: 3647: 3640: 3635: 3634: 3541:financial crisis 3531:in the 1990s in 3509:Panic of 1910–11 3507:, and the minor 3327: 3264:social democracy 3198:. By 1935, the " 3158:purchasing power 3077:, May 1936. The 3023:President Hoover 2962:Southern England 2909:Interwar Britain 2891:era. Exports of 2880: 2877: 2859: 2852: 2802:Social Democrats 2680:Luis Muñoz Marín 2597:18 April 1930). 2596: 2573: 2503:, whose leader, 2469: 2466: 2448: 2441: 2300:deficit spending 2260:Benito Mussolini 2223:Frank Barry and 2135:speaking in 1935 2113:, bypassing the 2099:Democratic Party 1755: 1752: 1734: 1727: 1695: 1688: 1684: 1681: 1675: 1652: 1644: 1616: 1576:Henry A. Wallace 1515:Ludwig von Mises 1383:Lawrence Summers 1360:Economists like 1336:aggregate demand 1276:aggregate demand 1236: 1084:government bonds 1074: 1042:Anna J. Schwartz 876: 867: 858: 821:Gold Reserve Act 661:Anna J. Schwartz 440: 439: 435: 386:Willis C. Hawley 337:Roaring Twenties 217: 213: 145: 133: 60:Great Depression 21: 17838: 17837: 17833: 17832: 17831: 17829: 17828: 17827: 17793: 17792: 17791: 17786: 17782:Organized labor 17752:Aspects of jobs 17728: 17719:Toxic workplace 17654:Emotional labor 17627: 17551:Public programs 17546: 17463:Great Recession 17433:Full employment 17421:Long Depression 17387: 17285:Banishment room 17261: 17183:Refusal of work 17126: 17050:Corporate crime 17018: 16985: 16848: 16773: 16650: 16572: 16506: 16383:Graduate school 16293: 16215: 16159: 16150:Underemployment 16009: 15953:Self-employment 15928:Contingent work 15918:Academic tenure 15911:Classifications 15906: 15901: 15871: 15866: 15863:Business portal 15830: 15829: 15828: 15788: 15552:von Böhm-Bawerk 15440: 15439: 15430: 15202:Ancient thought 15180: 15179: 15173: 15164: 15163: 15162: 14913: 14878: 14830:Contract theory 14815:Decision theory 14796: 14791: 14761: 14756: 14743: 14736: 14729: 14712: 14698:Opioid epidemic 14615:Native American 14595:intersex rights 14546: 14542:Life expectancy 14532:Medical deserts 14522:Race and health 14419: 14405:Personal income 14351: 14255:National anthem 14088:personal income 14053:Economic issues 13987: 13939: 13787: 13687: 13676:School district 13662: 13645:Minor divisions 13639: 13578: 13536: 13475: 13461:Statutory codes 13442: 13405: 13382: 13292: 13287: 13274: 13209: 13166:civil liberties 13147: 13138:Other tribunals 13117:District courts 13069: 13028:current members 13011:current members 12992: 12926:Law enforcement 12824: 12537: 12486: 12477:Great Recession 12348:Progressive Era 12338:Native genocide 12269:Perpetual Union 12257:Treaty of Paris 12215:United Colonies 12173: 12098: 12092: 12062: 12057: 11922:Great Recession 11914: 11912:Information Age 11906: 11855: 11851: 11842: 11795: 11793:Great Inflation 11787: 11749: 11741: 11664: 11662:Interwar period 11656: 11592:Long Depression 11584: 11580: 11571: 11531: 11527: 11518: 11433: 11425: 11402: 11394: 11359:U.S. recessions 11354:U.K. recessions 11286:U.S. expansions 11156: 11143: 11113: 11108: 11090: 11056:Frances Perkins 11051:Harold L. Ickes 11034: 11020:Social Security 10963:Second New Deal 10958: 10832: 10796: 10791: 10761: 10756: 10738: 10717: 10626: 10580: 10575: 10545: 10533: 10523: 10521: 10509: 10499: 10497: 10489: 10483:Wayback Machine 10423:(3rd ed. 2013) 10336: 10295: 10187: 10170:Wayback Machine 10143:Wayback Machine 10116:James, Harold. 10086: 9978: 9973: 9971:Further reading 9968: 9967: 9952: 9948: 9938:Wayback Machine 9928: 9924: 9914: 9912: 9895: 9891: 9881: 9879: 9859: 9855: 9834: 9830: 9820: 9818: 9801: 9797: 9788: 9784: 9776: 9769: 9758:30 May 2012 at 9747: 9743: 9733: 9731: 9722: 9721: 9717: 9709: 9705: 9690:10.2307/2599512 9674: 9670: 9661: 9657: 9647: 9645: 9632: 9631: 9622: 9612: 9610: 9603: 9587: 9583: 9573: 9571: 9564: 9548: 9544: 9534: 9532: 9525: 9509: 9505: 9495: 9493: 9480: 9476: 9472:(2004), p. 244. 9467: 9463: 9454: 9450: 9441: 9437: 9428: 9424: 9410: 9406: 9396:Lanny Ebenstein 9394: 9390: 9362: 9358: 9353: 9349: 9343:Business Cycles 9341: 9337: 9329: 9325: 9316: 9312: 9302: 9300: 9291: 9290: 9286: 9281:Wayback Machine 9271: 9267: 9257:Wayback Machine 9247: 9243: 9229:Wayback Machine 9220: 9216: 9208: 9201: 9178: 9174: 9169:Wayback Machine 9159: 9155: 9151:, 2008, p. 113. 9146: 9142: 9125: 9124: 9120: 9110:Wayback Machine 9101: 9097: 9092:Wayback Machine 9078: 9074: 9058:Peter Clemens, 9057: 9050: 9031: 9027: 9021:Wayback Machine 9012: 9008: 8992: 8988: 8982:Wayback Machine 8973: 8969: 8960: 8956: 8949: 8945: 8934: 8930: 8918: 8914: 8905: 8901: 8892: 8888: 8878: 8876: 8863: 8862: 8858: 8845:Wayback Machine 8833: 8829: 8820: 8816: 8793: 8789: 8783:Wayback Machine 8774: 8770: 8761: 8757: 8747: 8745: 8741: 8730: 8724: 8720: 8710: 8708: 8704: 8689: 8683: 8679: 8669: 8667: 8660: 8644: 8640: 8630: 8628: 8615: 8614: 8610: 8599: 8595: 8589:Wayback Machine 8566: 8562: 8552: 8550: 8537: 8536: 8532: 8522: 8520: 8507: 8506: 8502: 8492: 8490: 8477: 8476: 8469: 8459: 8457: 8444: 8443: 8439: 8429: 8427: 8417: 8413: 8403:Wayback Machine 8393: 8389: 8380: 8376: 8367: 8363: 8354: 8350: 8341: 8337: 8328: 8324: 8315: 8311: 8302: 8298: 8293:Wayback Machine 8283: 8279: 8270: 8266: 8257: 8253: 8248: 8244: 8205: 8201: 8192: 8188: 8177: 8173: 8162: 8153: 8144: 8140: 8128: 8124: 8112: 8108: 8101: 8085: 8081: 8071: 8069: 8056: 8055: 8051: 8044: 8025: 8021: 8015:Wayback Machine 8006: 7999: 7993:Wayback Machine 7984: 7980: 7957: 7953: 7944: 7940: 7925:10.2307/2601740 7909: 7905: 7876: 7872: 7841: 7837: 7833:(1966), p. 109. 7828: 7824: 7801:10.2307/2717416 7785: 7781: 7766: 7762: 7756:Wayback Machine 7741: 7737: 7706: 7702: 7687:10.2307/3601244 7675: 7671: 7662: 7658: 7652:Wayback Machine 7643: 7639: 7630: 7626: 7613: 7609: 7603:Wayback Machine 7594: 7590: 7581: 7577: 7540: 7536: 7529: 7525: 7509: 7508: 7501: 7499: 7484: 7468: 7464: 7453: 7449: 7437: 7435: 7426: 7425: 7418: 7416: 7401: 7397: 7387: 7385: 7372: 7368: 7358: 7356: 7352: 7341: 7335: 7331: 7321: 7319: 7298: 7294: 7277: 7273: 7266: 7250: 7246: 7236: 7234: 7217: 7213: 7203: 7201: 7184: 7180: 7170: 7168: 7151: 7147: 7127: 7118: 7094: 7090: 7081: 7077: 7060: 7056: 7047: 7040: 7015: 7011: 6986: 6982: 6972: 6970: 6943: 6934: 6917: 6908: 6883: 6876: 6835: 6831: 6814: 6810: 6800:Wayback Machine 6790: 6786: 6780:Wayback Machine 6767: 6763: 6732: 6728: 6718: 6716: 6712: 6689: 6683: 6679: 6662: 6658: 6653: 6649: 6639: 6637: 6630:"Bank Failures" 6628: 6627: 6618: 6608: 6606: 6591: 6587: 6564:10.2307/1907327 6548: 6539: 6532: 6509: 6507: 6498: 6497: 6490: 6486: 6475: 6468: 6461: 6441: 6437: 6427: 6425: 6404: 6400: 6390: 6388: 6381: 6365: 6361: 6355:Wayback Machine 6345: 6341: 6331: 6329: 6322: 6306: 6302: 6292: 6290: 6283: 6267: 6263: 6249:Wayback Machine 6237: 6233: 6225: 6221: 6211: 6209: 6205: 6174:10.1.1.482.4975 6156: 6150: 6146: 6136: 6134: 6099: 6095: 6085: 6083: 6048: 6044: 6034: 6032: 6028: 5997:10.1.1.482.4975 5979: 5973: 5969: 5959: 5957: 5942: 5938: 5928: 5926: 5913: 5912: 5908: 5898: 5896: 5883:Lioudis, Nick. 5881: 5877: 5869: 5865: 5855:Wayback Machine 5845: 5841: 5831: 5829: 5815: 5808: 5802:Wayback Machine 5793: 5789: 5782:Wayback Machine 5771: 5767: 5761:Wayback Machine 5752: 5748: 5709: 5705: 5676: 5672: 5653: 5647: 5643: 5612: 5608: 5577: 5573: 5564: 5560: 5545: 5541: 5531: 5529: 5514: 5510: 5499: 5497: 5493: 5451: 5447: 5438: 5434: 5423: 5421: 5417: 5410: 5388: 5384: 5377: 5352: 5348: 5338: 5336: 5329: 5313: 5309: 5300: 5296: 5287: 5283: 5273: 5271: 5267: 5253:10.2307/2077848 5236: 5230: 5226: 5221:Wayback Machine 5207: 5203: 5186: 5182: 5171: 5138: 5132: 5128: 5119: 5115: 5064: 5060: 5054:Wayback Machine 5041: 5037: 5027: 5025: 5006: 5002: 4997:Wayback Machine 4983: 4979: 4974:Wayback Machine 4960: 4956: 4947: 4943: 4938:Wayback Machine 4928: 4921: 4912: 4905: 4896: 4892: 4877:10.2307/2592922 4861: 4854: 4845: 4838: 4829: 4822: 4813: 4806: 4794: 4790: 4780: 4778: 4763: 4759: 4752: 4733: 4729: 4722: 4695:Maddison, Angus 4691: 4687: 4670: 4666: 4649: 4645: 4635: 4633: 4629: 4598: 4592: 4581: 4571: 4569: 4556: 4555: 4551: 4541: 4539: 4526: 4525: 4521: 4482: 4473: 4467:Wayback Machine 4456: 4452: 4435:Wayback Machine 4426: 4422: 4377:Whaples, Robert 4374: 4370: 4364: 4350: 4346: 4313: 4309: 4282: 4278: 4264: 4260: 4250: 4248: 4239: 4238: 4231: 4221: 4219: 4209: 4205: 4195: 4193: 4180: 4179: 4175: 4166: 4162: 4142: 4138: 4123: 4109: 4105: 4098: 4084: 4080: 4070: 4068: 4061:drought.unl.edu 4055: 4054: 4050: 4019: 4015: 4005: 4003: 3990: 3989: 3985: 3975: 3973: 3964: 3963: 3959: 3950:Wayback Machine 3941: 3930: 3922: 3918: 3906: 3905: 3901: 3887: 3883: 3873: 3871: 3862: 3861: 3857: 3850: 3836: 3829: 3823:Wayback Machine 3809: 3805: 3795: 3793: 3770: 3766: 3757: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3729:Interwar France 3704: 3699: 3664: 3659: 3657: 3650: 3645: 3643: 3636: 3629: 3626: 3612: 3600: 3599: 3570:Federal Reserve 3555: 3549: 3535:and the former 3521: 3513:Long Depression 3498:Calvin Coolidge 3474:Long Depression 3450: 3444: 3357:Of Mice and Men 3329: 3322: 3313: 3280:Milton Friedman 3204:Social Security 3200:Second New Deal 2984: 2976:Main articles: 2974: 2923:First World War 2911: 2903:Main articles: 2901: 2881: 2875: 2872: 2865:needs expansion 2850: 2834:Kingdom of Siam 2830: 2810:interventionist 2789: 2783: 2768: 2762: 2740:socialist state 2736: 2712: 2706: 2698: 2692: 2671: 2632: 2626: 2590: 2574:6 March 1930), 2567: 2505:Józef Piłsudski 2496: 2490: 2470: 2464: 2461: 2454:needs expansion 2439: 2415: 2409: 2384: 2378: 2346: 2340: 2319:chilling effect 2288: 2245: 2239: 2221: 2215: 2206: 2200: 2187: 2181: 2173:Ioannis Metaxas 2160: 2154: 2091:Communist Party 2048:Weimar Republic 2003: 2001:Weimar Republic 1997: 1953: 1947: 1918: 1901:Silver standard 1897: 1891: 1839: 1833: 1825:national income 1801: 1795: 1782: 1776: 1756: 1750: 1747: 1740:needs expansion 1725: 1696: 1685: 1679: 1676: 1665: 1653: 1642: 1626:mass production 1622:electrification 1617: 1614:M. King Hubbert 1612: 1604: 1584:Marriner Eccles 1545: 1533:. According to 1524: 1475:Bank of England 1471:Federal Reserve 1428:Federal Reserve 1418:Murray Rothbard 1414:Friedrich Hayek 1410:Austrian School 1406: 1404:Austrian School 1401: 1351:Austrian School 1320: 1318:Common position 1300:Christina Romer 1288: 1178: 1147:economic crisis 1124: 1097:New York branch 1075: 1073:Ben S. Bernanke 1072: 1038:Milton Friedman 1002: 1000:Monetarist view 972:Passage of the 940: 917:Milton Friedman 911:theory and the 882: 879:M2 money supply 874: 872: 865: 863: 856: 829: 801:Weimar Republic 789: 783: 778: 772: 725: 682: 657:Milton Friedman 643:Christina Romer 609:Roosevelt years 592: 555: 543:silver standard 534:Bank of England 503: 475: 437: 433: 432: 379: 373: 328: 308: 225:United Kingdom 212: 157: 156: 155: 154: 153: 146: 138: 137: 134: 123: 99:personal income 91:Great Recession 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 17836: 17826: 17825: 17820: 17815: 17810: 17805: 17788: 17787: 17785: 17784: 17779: 17774: 17769: 17764: 17759: 17754: 17749: 17743: 17742: 17733: 17730: 17729: 17727: 17726: 17721: 17716: 17711: 17706: 17704:Sunday scaries 17701: 17696: 17691: 17686: 17681: 17676: 17671: 17666: 17661: 17656: 17651: 17646: 17641: 17635: 17633: 17629: 17628: 17621: 17620: 17615: 17610: 17605: 17600: 17595: 17590: 17585: 17580: 17575: 17570: 17565: 17560: 17554: 17552: 17548: 17547: 17545: 17544: 17539: 17534: 17533: 17532: 17527: 17517: 17512: 17507: 17502: 17497: 17492: 17487: 17482: 17481: 17480: 17475: 17470: 17465: 17455: 17453:Phillips curve 17450: 17445: 17440: 17435: 17430: 17425: 17424: 17423: 17418: 17408: 17403: 17397: 17395: 17389: 17388: 17386: 17385: 17380: 17379: 17378: 17373: 17363: 17362: 17361: 17356: 17354:Retirement age 17351: 17341: 17336: 17335: 17334: 17324: 17319: 17314: 17309: 17307:Exit interview 17304: 17299: 17298: 17297: 17292: 17287: 17277: 17271: 17269: 17263: 17262: 17260: 17259: 17254: 17253: 17252: 17247: 17237: 17232: 17231: 17230: 17225: 17220: 17215: 17210: 17205: 17200: 17195: 17185: 17180: 17175: 17170: 17165: 17160: 17155: 17150: 17145: 17140: 17134: 17132: 17128: 17127: 17125: 17124: 17119: 17114: 17109: 17104: 17099: 17094: 17089: 17084: 17079: 17074: 17069: 17064: 17059: 17057:Discrimination 17054: 17053: 17052: 17047: 17042: 17037: 17026: 17024: 17020: 17019: 17017: 17016: 17011: 17009:Gender pay gap 17006: 17001: 16995: 16993: 16987: 16986: 16984: 16983: 16978: 16973: 16968: 16963: 16958: 16957: 16956: 16946: 16941: 16940: 16939: 16929: 16924: 16919: 16914: 16909: 16904: 16899: 16894: 16889: 16884: 16879: 16874: 16869: 16864: 16858: 16856: 16850: 16849: 16847: 16846: 16841: 16840: 16839: 16829: 16824: 16822:Parental leave 16819: 16817:Marriage leave 16814: 16812:Life insurance 16809: 16804: 16799: 16794: 16789: 16783: 16781: 16775: 16774: 16772: 16771: 16766: 16761: 16756: 16751: 16746: 16741: 16740: 16739: 16729: 16728: 16727: 16722: 16717: 16712: 16702: 16701: 16700: 16695: 16685: 16680: 16675: 16670: 16668:Income bracket 16664: 16662: 16652: 16651: 16649: 16648: 16643: 16638: 16633: 16628: 16623: 16618: 16613: 16608: 16603: 16598: 16596:Eight-hour day 16593: 16588: 16582: 16580: 16574: 16573: 16571: 16570: 16565: 16560: 16555: 16550: 16545: 16540: 16535: 16530: 16525: 16520: 16514: 16512: 16508: 16507: 16505: 16504: 16499: 16494: 16493: 16492: 16487: 16477: 16472: 16467: 16462: 16461: 16460: 16455: 16450: 16445: 16440: 16435: 16430: 16425: 16420: 16415: 16410: 16405: 16400: 16395: 16390: 16385: 16380: 16375: 16370: 16365: 16355: 16353:Creative class 16350: 16345: 16340: 16335: 16330: 16325: 16324: 16323: 16313: 16311:Apprenticeship 16307: 16305: 16295: 16294: 16292: 16291: 16286: 16281: 16279:Scarlet-collar 16276: 16271: 16266: 16261: 16256: 16251: 16246: 16241: 16236: 16231: 16225: 16223: 16217: 16216: 16214: 16213: 16208: 16203: 16198: 16193: 16188: 16183: 16178: 16173: 16167: 16165: 16161: 16160: 16158: 16157: 16152: 16147: 16142: 16137: 16132: 16127: 16122: 16117: 16112: 16107: 16102: 16097: 16092: 16087: 16082: 16077: 16072: 16071: 16070: 16060: 16055: 16050: 16045: 16040: 16035: 16030: 16025: 16019: 16017: 16011: 16010: 16008: 16007: 16002: 15997: 15995:Temporary work 15992: 15987: 15982: 15981: 15980: 15975: 15970: 15963:Skilled worker 15960: 15955: 15950: 15945: 15940: 15935: 15930: 15925: 15920: 15914: 15912: 15908: 15907: 15900: 15899: 15892: 15885: 15877: 15868: 15867: 15865: 15860: 15855: 15850: 15845: 15840: 15835: 15832: 15831: 15827: 15826: 15821: 15811: 15806: 15800: 15799: 15798: 15796: 15790: 15789: 15787: 15786: 15779: 15774: 15769: 15764: 15759: 15754: 15749: 15744: 15739: 15734: 15729: 15724: 15719: 15714: 15709: 15704: 15699: 15694: 15689: 15684: 15679: 15674: 15669: 15664: 15659: 15654: 15649: 15644: 15639: 15634: 15629: 15624: 15619: 15614: 15609: 15604: 15599: 15594: 15589: 15584: 15579: 15574: 15569: 15564: 15559: 15554: 15549: 15544: 15539: 15534: 15529: 15524: 15519: 15514: 15509: 15504: 15499: 15494: 15489: 15484: 15479: 15474: 15469: 15464: 15459: 15454: 15449: 15443: 15441: 15435: 15432: 15431: 15429: 15428: 15423: 15418: 15413: 15408: 15403: 15398: 15397: 15396: 15386: 15385: 15384: 15374: 15369: 15364: 15363: 15362: 15352: 15347: 15342: 15341: 15340: 15339: 15338: 15328: 15323: 15308: 15303: 15298: 15293: 15288: 15283: 15278: 15273: 15268: 15266:Disequilibrium 15263: 15258: 15253: 15248: 15243: 15242: 15241: 15231: 15226: 15221: 15216: 15215: 15214: 15204: 15199: 15194: 15189: 15183: 15181: 15169: 15166: 15165: 15161: 15160: 15155: 15150: 15145: 15140: 15135: 15130: 15125: 15120: 15115: 15106: 15101: 15096: 15091: 15086: 15081: 15079:Organizational 15076: 15071: 15066: 15061: 15056: 15051: 15046: 15041: 15036: 15031: 15026: 15021: 15016: 15011: 15006: 15001: 14996: 14991: 14986: 14981: 14976: 14971: 14966: 14961: 14956: 14951: 14946: 14941: 14936: 14931: 14925: 14924: 14923: 14921: 14915: 14914: 14912: 14911: 14906: 14901: 14900: 14899: 14888: 14886: 14880: 14879: 14877: 14876: 14871: 14866: 14865: 14864: 14854: 14849: 14844: 14842:Macroeconomics 14839: 14838: 14837: 14832: 14827: 14822: 14817: 14810:Microeconomics 14806: 14804: 14798: 14797: 14790: 14789: 14782: 14775: 14767: 14758: 14757: 14755: 14754: 14749: 14742: 14741: 14734: 14726: 14725: 14722: 14721: 14718: 14717: 14714: 14713: 14711: 14710: 14705: 14700: 14695: 14694: 14693: 14683: 14682: 14681: 14671: 14666: 14661: 14656: 14654:Mass shootings 14651: 14646: 14645: 14644: 14642:Climate change 14639: 14629: 14624: 14623: 14622: 14617: 14612: 14607: 14602: 14597: 14592: 14587: 14580:Discrimination 14577: 14572: 14571: 14570: 14560: 14554: 14552: 14548: 14547: 14545: 14544: 14539: 14534: 14529: 14524: 14519: 14514: 14509: 14504: 14499: 14494: 14493: 14492: 14487: 14482: 14472: 14471: 14470: 14465: 14460: 14455: 14450: 14445: 14435: 14429: 14427: 14421: 14420: 14418: 14417: 14412: 14407: 14402: 14397: 14392: 14387: 14382: 14377: 14372: 14370:American Dream 14367: 14361: 14359: 14353: 14352: 14350: 14349: 14344: 14339: 14337:Transportation 14334: 14329: 14324: 14319: 14314: 14309: 14304: 14299: 14294: 14289: 14284: 14283: 14282: 14277: 14272: 14270:Mount Rushmore 14267: 14257: 14252: 14247: 14242: 14241: 14240: 14235: 14230: 14225: 14220: 14210: 14205: 14204: 14203: 14198: 14193: 14183: 14178: 14173: 14168: 14167: 14166: 14156: 14151: 14150: 14149: 14139: 14134: 14129: 14128: 14127: 14122: 14112: 14111: 14110: 14105: 14100: 14095: 14090: 14085: 14080: 14075: 14070: 14065: 14060: 14050: 14045: 14040: 14035: 14030: 14025: 14020: 14014: 14012: 13999: 13993: 13992: 13989: 13988: 13986: 13985: 13980: 13975: 13970: 13965: 13960: 13955: 13949: 13947: 13941: 13940: 13938: 13937: 13932: 13927: 13922: 13917: 13912: 13907: 13902: 13897: 13892: 13890:Federal budget 13887: 13882: 13877: 13876: 13875: 13870: 13865: 13860: 13855: 13850: 13845: 13840: 13835: 13830: 13828:Communications 13825: 13820: 13809: 13803: 13797: 13796: 13793: 13792: 13789: 13788: 13786: 13785: 13780: 13779: 13778: 13773: 13768: 13758: 13757: 13756: 13751: 13749:exceptionalism 13746: 13736: 13731: 13730: 13729: 13727:foreign policy 13719: 13718: 13717: 13712: 13702: 13696: 13693: 13692: 13689: 13688: 13686: 13685: 13684: 13683: 13672: 13670: 13664: 13663: 13661: 13660: 13655: 13649: 13647: 13641: 13640: 13638: 13637: 13632: 13627: 13622: 13617: 13612: 13607: 13602: 13597: 13592: 13586: 13584: 13580: 13579: 13577: 13576: 13571: 13566: 13561: 13555: 13553: 13544: 13538: 13537: 13535: 13534: 13529: 13528: 13527: 13517: 13516: 13515: 13510: 13505: 13495: 13489: 13487: 13481: 13480: 13477: 13476: 13474: 13473: 13468: 13463: 13458: 13452: 13450: 13444: 13443: 13441: 13440: 13439: 13438: 13428: 13427: 13426: 13424:Chief justices 13419:Supreme courts 13415: 13413: 13407: 13406: 13404: 13403: 13398: 13392: 13390: 13384: 13383: 13381: 13380: 13379: 13378: 13368: 13363: 13358: 13353: 13348: 13343: 13338: 13333: 13332: 13331: 13321: 13320: 13319: 13308: 13306: 13297: 13280: 13279: 13276: 13275: 13273: 13272: 13267: 13262: 13261: 13260: 13258:National Guard 13255: 13250: 13245: 13240: 13235: 13230: 13219: 13217: 13211: 13210: 13208: 13207: 13202: 13201: 13200: 13195: 13190: 13185: 13175: 13170: 13169: 13168: 13161:Bill of Rights 13157: 13155: 13149: 13148: 13146: 13145: 13140: 13135: 13134: 13133: 13131:list of judges 13128: 13126:list of courts 13114: 13113: 13112: 13110:list of judges 13102: 13101: 13100: 13095: 13090: 13079: 13077: 13071: 13070: 13068: 13067: 13062: 13057: 13052: 13047: 13045:Capitol Police 13042: 13041: 13040: 13035: 13030: 13020: 13019: 13018: 13013: 13002: 13000: 12994: 12993: 12991: 12990: 12985: 12980: 12975: 12974: 12973: 12968: 12966:Secret Service 12963: 12958: 12953: 12948: 12943: 12938: 12933: 12923: 12922: 12921: 12916: 12911: 12906: 12896: 12891: 12886: 12881: 12879:Vice President 12876: 12875: 12874: 12869: 12858: 12856: 12849: 12836: 12830: 12829: 12826: 12825: 12823: 12822: 12817: 12812: 12807: 12806: 12805: 12800: 12795: 12790: 12785: 12780: 12775: 12770: 12759: 12758: 12757: 12752: 12747: 12742: 12737: 12732: 12727: 12722: 12717: 12712: 12707: 12702: 12697: 12692: 12687: 12682: 12677: 12667: 12666: 12665: 12663:National Parks 12655: 12654: 12653: 12648: 12643: 12638: 12633: 12623: 12618: 12616:Extreme points 12613: 12608: 12607: 12606: 12601: 12596: 12591: 12586: 12581: 12576: 12571: 12566: 12555: 12549: 12543: 12542: 12539: 12538: 12536: 12535: 12530: 12525: 12520: 12515: 12510: 12505: 12500: 12494: 12492: 12488: 12487: 12485: 12484: 12479: 12474: 12473: 12472: 12467: 12457: 12452: 12447: 12442: 12437: 12432: 12427: 12422: 12417: 12412: 12411: 12410: 12400: 12395: 12390: 12385: 12380: 12375: 12374: 12373: 12368: 12363: 12355: 12350: 12345: 12340: 12335: 12330: 12325: 12320: 12315: 12310: 12305: 12303:Federalist Era 12300: 12299: 12298: 12296:Bill of Rights 12293: 12283: 12278: 12277: 12276: 12271: 12261: 12260: 12259: 12254: 12244: 12239: 12237:Lee Resolution 12234: 12229: 12228: 12227: 12222: 12217: 12212: 12207: 12202: 12197: 12187: 12181: 12179: 12175: 12174: 12172: 12171: 12166: 12161: 12156: 12151: 12146: 12141: 12136: 12131: 12126: 12121: 12115: 12113: 12106: 12100: 12099: 12097: articles 12091: 12090: 12083: 12076: 12068: 12059: 12058: 12056: 12055: 12054: 12053: 12048: 12043: 12041:United Kingdom 12038: 12033: 12028: 12023: 12018: 12013: 12008: 12003: 11998: 11993: 11982: 11981: 11980: 11975: 11973:United Kingdom 11970: 11965: 11960: 11955: 11950: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11930: 11918: 11916: 11915:(2007–present) 11908: 11907: 11905: 11904: 11898: 11893: 11892: 11891: 11886: 11884:United Kingdom 11881: 11876: 11865: 11859: 11857: 11844: 11843: 11841: 11840: 11839: 11838: 11833: 11831:United Kingdom 11828: 11817: 11816: 11815: 11810: 11808:United Kingdom 11799: 11797: 11789: 11788: 11786: 11785: 11780: 11775: 11769: 11763: 11757: 11753: 11751: 11743: 11742: 11740: 11739: 11734: 11733: 11732: 11727: 11725:United Kingdom 11722: 11717: 11712: 11707: 11702: 11691: 11688: 11685: 11680: 11675: 11668: 11666: 11658: 11657: 11655: 11654: 11648: 11642: 11636: 11630: 11627: 11621: 11615: 11612: 11607: 11606: 11605: 11600: 11598:United Kingdom 11588: 11586: 11573: 11572: 11570: 11569: 11563: 11557: 11554: 11548: 11545: 11539: 11535: 11533: 11520: 11519: 11517: 11516: 11510: 11507: 11504: 11498: 11495: 11489: 11486: 11483: 11480: 11474: 11464: 11461: 11460: 11459: 11454: 11449: 11437: 11435: 11427: 11426: 11424: 11423: 11418: 11413: 11406: 11404: 11396: 11395: 11393: 11392: 11391: 11390: 11380: 11379: 11378: 11373: 11363: 11362: 11361: 11356: 11351: 11346: 11341: 11336: 11331: 11326: 11316: 11315: 11314: 11305: 11300: 11290: 11289: 11288: 11283: 11278: 11268: 11267: 11266: 11261: 11256: 11251: 11246: 11237: 11232: 11227: 11213: 11211:Business cycle 11208: 11207: 11206: 11201: 11196: 11191: 11189:Overproduction 11186: 11181: 11176: 11161: 11158: 11157: 11142: 11141: 11134: 11127: 11119: 11110: 11109: 11107: 11106: 11101: 11095: 11092: 11091: 11089: 11088: 11083: 11078: 11076:Herbert Hoover 11073: 11068: 11063: 11058: 11053: 11048: 11042: 11040: 11036: 11035: 11033: 11032: 11027: 11022: 11017: 11012: 11007: 10997: 10992: 10987: 10982: 10977: 10972: 10966: 10964: 10960: 10959: 10957: 10956: 10951: 10949:Securities Act 10946: 10941: 10936: 10931: 10926: 10921: 10916: 10911: 10906: 10901: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10881: 10876: 10871: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10846: 10840: 10838: 10834: 10833: 10831: 10830: 10825: 10820: 10815: 10810: 10804: 10802: 10798: 10797: 10790: 10789: 10782: 10775: 10767: 10758: 10757: 10755: 10754: 10749: 10743: 10740: 10739: 10737: 10736: 10731: 10725: 10723: 10719: 10718: 10716: 10715: 10710: 10708:United Kingdom 10705: 10700: 10695: 10690: 10685: 10680: 10675: 10670: 10665: 10660: 10655: 10650: 10645: 10640: 10634: 10632: 10628: 10627: 10625: 10624: 10619: 10614: 10609: 10604: 10599: 10594: 10588: 10586: 10582: 10581: 10574: 10573: 10566: 10559: 10551: 10544: 10543: 10531: 10519: 10507: 10487: 10486: 10468: 10457: 10455:online version 10447: 10437: 10427: 10417: 10410: 10401: 10388: 10378: 10371: 10364: 10357: 10347: 10335: 10332: 10331: 10330: 10320: 10313: 10303: 10294: 10291: 10290: 10289: 10279: 10269: 10259: 10249: 10239: 10228: 10221: 10208: 10198: 10186: 10183: 10182: 10181: 10172: 10147: 10131: 10124: 10114: 10107: 10100: 10093: 10085: 10082: 10081: 10080: 10073: 10066: 10056:Rees, Goronwy. 10053: 10043: 10036: 10026: 10019: 10012: 10005: 9993: 9986: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9966: 9965: 9946: 9922: 9889: 9853: 9828: 9795: 9793:(2018), p. 41. 9782: 9767: 9741: 9715: 9703: 9668: 9655: 9620: 9601: 9581: 9562: 9542: 9523: 9503: 9474: 9461: 9448: 9435: 9429:David Taylor, 9422: 9418:John Steinbeck 9404: 9388: 9356: 9347: 9335: 9323: 9310: 9284: 9265: 9248:Joyce Bryant, 9241: 9214: 9199: 9172: 9153: 9140: 9118: 9095: 9072: 9048: 9025: 9006: 8986: 8967: 8954: 8943: 8928: 8920:Göran Therborn 8912: 8899: 8886: 8856: 8827: 8814: 8787: 8768: 8755: 8718: 8677: 8658: 8638: 8608: 8593: 8579:. pp. 361–394 8560: 8530: 8513:WielkaHistoria 8500: 8467: 8437: 8411: 8387: 8374: 8361: 8348: 8335: 8322: 8309: 8303:Vera Zamagni, 8296: 8277: 8264: 8251: 8242: 8215:(3): 585–623. 8199: 8186: 8171: 8151: 8138: 8122: 8106: 8099: 8079: 8049: 8042: 8019: 7997: 7978: 7951: 7938: 7919:(2): 202–224. 7903: 7890:(3): 775–803. 7870: 7851:(2): 245–281. 7835: 7822: 7795:(4): 207–232. 7779: 7760: 7758:, pp. 104–226. 7735: 7716:(4): 445–461. 7700: 7669: 7656: 7637: 7624: 7607: 7588: 7575: 7534: 7523: 7482: 7462: 7447: 7438:|journal= 7395: 7366: 7329: 7292: 7271: 7264: 7244: 7211: 7178: 7145: 7116: 7114: 7113: 7104: 7103: 7098:Diego Pizano, 7088: 7075: 7054: 7038: 7009: 6980: 6957:(4): 751–768. 6932: 6906: 6874: 6845:(4). p. 1480. 6829: 6808: 6784: 6761: 6742:(4): 918–937. 6726: 6677: 6656: 6647: 6616: 6585: 6537: 6530: 6510:|journal= 6484: 6466: 6459: 6435: 6398: 6380:978-0691137940 6379: 6359: 6339: 6320: 6300: 6282:978-0691137940 6281: 6261: 6231: 6219: 6144: 6113:(2): 429–490. 6093: 6042: 5967: 5936: 5906: 5875: 5863: 5839: 5806: 5787: 5765: 5746: 5703: 5689:(4): 757–784. 5670: 5641: 5622:(2): 162–184. 5616:German History 5606: 5587:(2): 315–352. 5571: 5558: 5539: 5508: 5491: 5464:(3): 593–621. 5445: 5432: 5415: 5408: 5382: 5375: 5355:Susan K. Foley 5346: 5327: 5307: 5294: 5281: 5224: 5214:Stlouisfed.org 5201: 5187:Ben Bernanke. 5180: 5156:10.1.1.207.844 5126: 5113: 5058: 5035: 5020:(3): 197–204. 5000: 4977: 4954: 4941: 4919: 4903: 4901:, pp. 386–412. 4897:Mowat (1955), 4890: 4871:(3): 513–528. 4852: 4836: 4820: 4804: 4788: 4757: 4750: 4727: 4720: 4685: 4664: 4643: 4609:(4): 871–897. 4579: 4549: 4519: 4492:(1): 139–154. 4471: 4450: 4444:New York Times 4420: 4368: 4362: 4344: 4330:10.3386/w13597 4307: 4276: 4258: 4245:Economic Times 4229: 4217:Financial Post 4203: 4173: 4160: 4136: 4121: 4103: 4096: 4078: 4048: 4013: 3983: 3972:on 17 May 2008 3957: 3928: 3916: 3899: 3881: 3855: 3848: 3827: 3803: 3764: 3750: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3669: 3655: 3641: 3638:Economy portal 3625: 3622: 3596:liquidity trap 3583: 3551:Main article: 3548: 3545: 3520: 3517: 3454:Lionel Robbins 3443: 3440: 3420:, part of the 3344:Pulitzer Prize 3340:John Steinbeck 3314: 3312: 3309: 3305:United Kingdom 3188:First New Deal 2973: 2970: 2951:hunger marches 2900: 2899:United Kingdom 2897: 2883: 2882: 2862: 2860: 2849: 2846: 2829: 2826: 2818:Prime Minister 2785:Main article: 2782: 2779: 2764:Main article: 2761: 2758: 2735: 2732: 2724:National Party 2708:Main article: 2705: 2702: 2694:Main article: 2691: 2688: 2676:Carlos Chardon 2670: 2667: 2659:budget balance 2628:Main article: 2625: 2622: 2602:interest rates 2580:Lesko uprising 2492:Main article: 2489: 2486: 2472: 2471: 2451: 2449: 2438: 2435: 2411:Main article: 2408: 2405: 2380:Main article: 2377: 2374: 2365:Latin American 2342:Main article: 2339: 2336: 2332:light industry 2287: 2284: 2241:Main article: 2238: 2235: 2234: 2233: 2217:Main article: 2214: 2211: 2202:Main article: 2199: 2196: 2183:Main article: 2180: 2177: 2164:Bank of Greece 2156:Main article: 2153: 2150: 2111:rule by decree 2103:People's Party 2044:hyperinflation 2027:Credit Anstalt 1999:Main article: 1996: 1993: 1949:Main article: 1946: 1943: 1917: 1914: 1895:Nanjing Decade 1893:Main article: 1890: 1887: 1869:government of 1835:Main article: 1832: 1829: 1797:Main article: 1794: 1791: 1778:Main article: 1775: 1772: 1758: 1757: 1737: 1735: 1724: 1721: 1698: 1697: 1656: 1654: 1647: 1641: 1638: 1610: 1603: 1600: 1572:Herbert Hoover 1544: 1541: 1523: 1520: 1485:boom and busts 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1370:Herbert Hoover 1347:liquidationism 1319: 1316: 1287: 1284: 1224: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1177: 1176:Debt deflation 1174: 1166:farm subsidies 1123: 1122:Keynesian view 1120: 1070: 1001: 998: 990: 989: 970: 963:private sector 959: 939: 936: 909:debt deflation 873: 864: 855: 828: 825: 782: 779: 774:Main article: 771: 768: 724: 721: 681: 678: 591: 588: 559:Credit Anstalt 554: 551: 528:and depleting 502: 499: 474: 471: 470: 469: 462: 461:protectionism. 454: 375:Main article: 372: 369: 342:Black Thursday 327: 324: 307: 304: 301: 300: 297: 294: 291: 288: 284: 283: 280: 277: 274: 271: 270:Foreign trade 267: 266: 263: 260: 257: 254: 250: 249: 246: 243: 240: 237: 233: 232: 229: 226: 223: 222:United States 220: 211: 208: 174:severe drought 147: 140: 139: 135: 128: 127: 126: 125: 124: 122: 119: 107:heavy industry 66:prices in the 26: 18:The Depression 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17835: 17824: 17823:World economy 17821: 17819: 17816: 17814: 17811: 17809: 17806: 17804: 17801: 17800: 17798: 17783: 17780: 17778: 17775: 17773: 17770: 17768: 17765: 17763: 17760: 17758: 17755: 17753: 17750: 17748: 17745: 17744: 17735: 17734: 17731: 17725: 17722: 17720: 17717: 17715: 17712: 17710: 17707: 17705: 17702: 17700: 17697: 17695: 17692: 17690: 17687: 17685: 17682: 17680: 17679:Make-work job 17677: 17675: 17672: 17670: 17667: 17665: 17662: 17660: 17657: 17655: 17652: 17650: 17647: 17645: 17642: 17640: 17637: 17636: 17634: 17630: 17626: 17625: 17619: 17616: 17614: 17611: 17609: 17606: 17604: 17601: 17599: 17598:Right to work 17596: 17594: 17591: 17589: 17586: 17584: 17583:Job guarantee 17581: 17579: 17576: 17574: 17571: 17569: 17568:Make-work job 17566: 17564: 17561: 17559: 17556: 17555: 17553: 17549: 17543: 17540: 17538: 17535: 17531: 17528: 17526: 17523: 17522: 17521: 17518: 17516: 17513: 17511: 17508: 17506: 17503: 17501: 17498: 17496: 17493: 17491: 17488: 17486: 17483: 17479: 17476: 17474: 17471: 17469: 17466: 17464: 17461: 17460: 17459: 17456: 17454: 17451: 17449: 17446: 17444: 17441: 17439: 17436: 17434: 17431: 17429: 17426: 17422: 17419: 17417: 17414: 17413: 17412: 17409: 17407: 17404: 17402: 17399: 17398: 17396: 17394: 17390: 17384: 17381: 17377: 17374: 17372: 17369: 17368: 17367: 17364: 17360: 17357: 17355: 17352: 17350: 17347: 17346: 17345: 17342: 17340: 17339:Restructuring 17337: 17333: 17330: 17329: 17328: 17325: 17323: 17320: 17318: 17317:Notice period 17315: 17313: 17310: 17308: 17305: 17303: 17300: 17296: 17293: 17291: 17288: 17286: 17283: 17282: 17281: 17278: 17276: 17273: 17272: 17270: 17268: 17264: 17258: 17255: 17251: 17248: 17246: 17243: 17242: 17241: 17238: 17236: 17233: 17229: 17226: 17224: 17223:Unfree labour 17221: 17219: 17216: 17214: 17211: 17209: 17206: 17204: 17201: 17199: 17196: 17194: 17193:Bonded labour 17191: 17190: 17189: 17186: 17184: 17181: 17179: 17176: 17174: 17171: 17169: 17166: 17164: 17161: 17159: 17156: 17154: 17151: 17149: 17146: 17144: 17141: 17139: 17136: 17135: 17133: 17129: 17123: 17120: 17118: 17115: 17113: 17110: 17108: 17107:Whistleblower 17105: 17103: 17100: 17098: 17095: 17093: 17090: 17088: 17085: 17083: 17080: 17078: 17075: 17073: 17070: 17068: 17065: 17063: 17060: 17058: 17055: 17051: 17048: 17046: 17043: 17041: 17040:Control fraud 17038: 17036: 17033: 17032: 17031: 17028: 17027: 17025: 17021: 17015: 17014:Glass ceiling 17012: 17010: 17007: 17005: 17002: 17000: 16997: 16996: 16994: 16992: 16988: 16982: 16979: 16977: 16974: 16972: 16969: 16967: 16964: 16962: 16959: 16955: 16952: 16951: 16950: 16949:Work accident 16947: 16945: 16942: 16938: 16937:United States 16935: 16934: 16933: 16930: 16928: 16925: 16923: 16920: 16918: 16915: 16913: 16910: 16908: 16905: 16903: 16900: 16898: 16895: 16893: 16890: 16888: 16885: 16883: 16880: 16878: 16875: 16873: 16870: 16868: 16865: 16863: 16860: 16859: 16857: 16855: 16851: 16845: 16842: 16838: 16837:United States 16835: 16834: 16833: 16830: 16828: 16825: 16823: 16820: 16818: 16815: 16813: 16810: 16808: 16805: 16803: 16800: 16798: 16795: 16793: 16792:Casual Friday 16790: 16788: 16785: 16784: 16782: 16780: 16776: 16770: 16767: 16765: 16762: 16760: 16757: 16755: 16752: 16750: 16749:Paid time off 16747: 16745: 16744:Overtime rate 16742: 16738: 16735: 16734: 16733: 16730: 16726: 16725:United States 16723: 16721: 16718: 16716: 16713: 16711: 16708: 16707: 16706: 16703: 16699: 16696: 16694: 16691: 16690: 16689: 16686: 16684: 16681: 16679: 16676: 16674: 16671: 16669: 16666: 16665: 16663: 16661: 16657: 16653: 16647: 16644: 16642: 16639: 16637: 16634: 16632: 16629: 16627: 16624: 16622: 16619: 16617: 16614: 16612: 16609: 16607: 16604: 16602: 16599: 16597: 16594: 16592: 16591:Four-day week 16589: 16587: 16584: 16583: 16581: 16579: 16575: 16569: 16566: 16564: 16561: 16559: 16556: 16554: 16551: 16549: 16546: 16544: 16541: 16539: 16536: 16534: 16531: 16529: 16526: 16524: 16521: 16519: 16516: 16515: 16513: 16509: 16503: 16500: 16498: 16495: 16491: 16488: 16486: 16483: 16482: 16481: 16478: 16476: 16475:Practice firm 16473: 16471: 16468: 16466: 16463: 16459: 16456: 16454: 16451: 16449: 16446: 16444: 16441: 16439: 16436: 16434: 16431: 16429: 16426: 16424: 16421: 16419: 16416: 16414: 16411: 16409: 16406: 16404: 16401: 16399: 16396: 16394: 16391: 16389: 16386: 16384: 16381: 16379: 16376: 16374: 16373:Employability 16371: 16369: 16366: 16364: 16361: 16360: 16359: 16356: 16354: 16351: 16349: 16346: 16344: 16341: 16339: 16336: 16334: 16331: 16329: 16326: 16322: 16319: 16318: 16317: 16314: 16312: 16309: 16308: 16306: 16304: 16300: 16296: 16290: 16287: 16285: 16282: 16280: 16277: 16275: 16274:Orange-collar 16272: 16270: 16267: 16265: 16262: 16260: 16257: 16255: 16252: 16250: 16247: 16245: 16242: 16240: 16237: 16235: 16232: 16230: 16227: 16226: 16224: 16222: 16221:Working class 16218: 16212: 16209: 16207: 16204: 16202: 16199: 16197: 16194: 16192: 16189: 16187: 16184: 16182: 16179: 16177: 16174: 16172: 16169: 16168: 16166: 16162: 16156: 16153: 16151: 16148: 16146: 16143: 16141: 16138: 16136: 16133: 16131: 16128: 16126: 16123: 16121: 16118: 16116: 16113: 16111: 16108: 16106: 16103: 16101: 16098: 16096: 16095:Job interview 16093: 16091: 16088: 16086: 16083: 16081: 16078: 16076: 16073: 16069: 16066: 16065: 16064: 16061: 16059: 16056: 16054: 16051: 16049: 16046: 16044: 16041: 16039: 16036: 16034: 16031: 16029: 16026: 16024: 16021: 16020: 16018: 16016: 16012: 16006: 16003: 16001: 15998: 15996: 15993: 15991: 15988: 15986: 15983: 15979: 15976: 15974: 15971: 15969: 15966: 15965: 15964: 15961: 15959: 15956: 15954: 15951: 15949: 15948:Part-time job 15946: 15944: 15941: 15939: 15936: 15934: 15933:Full-time job 15931: 15929: 15926: 15924: 15921: 15919: 15916: 15915: 15913: 15909: 15905: 15898: 15893: 15891: 15886: 15884: 15879: 15878: 15875: 15864: 15861: 15859: 15856: 15854: 15851: 15849: 15846: 15844: 15841: 15839: 15836: 15833: 15825: 15822: 15819: 15815: 15812: 15810: 15807: 15805: 15802: 15801: 15797: 15795: 15791: 15785: 15784: 15780: 15778: 15775: 15773: 15770: 15768: 15765: 15763: 15760: 15758: 15755: 15753: 15750: 15748: 15745: 15743: 15740: 15738: 15735: 15733: 15730: 15728: 15725: 15723: 15720: 15718: 15715: 15713: 15710: 15708: 15705: 15703: 15700: 15698: 15695: 15693: 15690: 15688: 15685: 15683: 15680: 15678: 15675: 15673: 15670: 15668: 15665: 15663: 15660: 15658: 15655: 15653: 15650: 15648: 15645: 15643: 15640: 15638: 15635: 15633: 15630: 15628: 15625: 15623: 15620: 15618: 15615: 15613: 15610: 15608: 15605: 15603: 15600: 15598: 15595: 15593: 15590: 15588: 15585: 15583: 15580: 15578: 15575: 15573: 15570: 15568: 15565: 15563: 15560: 15558: 15555: 15553: 15550: 15548: 15545: 15543: 15540: 15538: 15535: 15533: 15530: 15528: 15525: 15523: 15520: 15518: 15515: 15513: 15510: 15508: 15505: 15503: 15500: 15498: 15495: 15493: 15490: 15488: 15485: 15483: 15480: 15478: 15475: 15473: 15470: 15468: 15465: 15463: 15460: 15458: 15455: 15453: 15450: 15448: 15447:de Mandeville 15445: 15444: 15442: 15438: 15433: 15427: 15424: 15422: 15419: 15417: 15414: 15412: 15409: 15407: 15404: 15402: 15399: 15395: 15392: 15391: 15390: 15389:New classical 15387: 15383: 15380: 15379: 15378: 15375: 15373: 15370: 15368: 15365: 15361: 15358: 15357: 15356: 15353: 15351: 15348: 15346: 15345:Malthusianism 15343: 15337: 15334: 15333: 15332: 15329: 15327: 15324: 15321: 15317: 15314: 15313: 15312: 15309: 15307: 15306:Institutional 15304: 15302: 15299: 15297: 15294: 15292: 15289: 15287: 15284: 15282: 15279: 15277: 15274: 15272: 15269: 15267: 15264: 15262: 15259: 15257: 15254: 15252: 15249: 15247: 15244: 15240: 15237: 15236: 15235: 15232: 15230: 15227: 15225: 15222: 15220: 15217: 15213: 15210: 15209: 15208: 15205: 15203: 15200: 15198: 15195: 15193: 15190: 15188: 15185: 15184: 15182: 15177: 15172: 15167: 15159: 15156: 15154: 15151: 15149: 15146: 15144: 15141: 15139: 15136: 15134: 15131: 15129: 15126: 15124: 15121: 15119: 15116: 15114: 15110: 15109:Public choice 15107: 15105: 15102: 15100: 15097: 15095: 15092: 15090: 15087: 15085: 15084:Participation 15082: 15080: 15077: 15075: 15072: 15070: 15067: 15065: 15062: 15060: 15057: 15055: 15052: 15050: 15047: 15045: 15044:Institutional 15042: 15040: 15037: 15035: 15032: 15030: 15027: 15025: 15022: 15020: 15017: 15015: 15012: 15010: 15007: 15005: 15002: 15000: 14997: 14995: 14994:Expeditionary 14992: 14990: 14987: 14985: 14984:Environmental 14982: 14980: 14977: 14975: 14972: 14970: 14967: 14965: 14962: 14960: 14957: 14955: 14952: 14950: 14947: 14945: 14942: 14940: 14937: 14935: 14932: 14930: 14927: 14926: 14922: 14920: 14916: 14910: 14907: 14905: 14902: 14898: 14895: 14894: 14893: 14890: 14889: 14887: 14885: 14881: 14875: 14872: 14870: 14867: 14863: 14860: 14859: 14858: 14855: 14853: 14850: 14848: 14845: 14843: 14840: 14836: 14833: 14831: 14828: 14826: 14823: 14821: 14818: 14816: 14813: 14812: 14811: 14808: 14807: 14805: 14803: 14799: 14795: 14788: 14783: 14781: 14776: 14774: 14769: 14768: 14765: 14753: 14750: 14748: 14745: 14744: 14739: 14735: 14732: 14728: 14727: 14723: 14709: 14706: 14704: 14701: 14699: 14696: 14692: 14689: 14688: 14687: 14684: 14680: 14677: 14676: 14675: 14672: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14660: 14657: 14655: 14652: 14650: 14647: 14643: 14640: 14638: 14635: 14634: 14633: 14630: 14628: 14627:Energy policy 14625: 14621: 14618: 14616: 14613: 14611: 14608: 14606: 14603: 14601: 14598: 14596: 14593: 14591: 14588: 14586: 14583: 14582: 14581: 14578: 14576: 14573: 14569: 14568:incarceration 14566: 14565: 14564: 14561: 14559: 14556: 14555: 14553: 14549: 14543: 14540: 14538: 14535: 14533: 14530: 14528: 14525: 14523: 14520: 14518: 14515: 14513: 14510: 14508: 14505: 14503: 14500: 14498: 14495: 14491: 14488: 14486: 14483: 14481: 14478: 14477: 14476: 14473: 14469: 14466: 14464: 14461: 14459: 14456: 14454: 14453:Prenatal care 14451: 14449: 14448:Birth control 14446: 14444: 14441: 14440: 14439: 14436: 14434: 14431: 14430: 14428: 14426: 14422: 14416: 14413: 14411: 14408: 14406: 14403: 14401: 14398: 14396: 14393: 14391: 14388: 14386: 14385:Homeownership 14383: 14381: 14378: 14376: 14373: 14371: 14368: 14366: 14363: 14362: 14360: 14358: 14354: 14348: 14345: 14343: 14340: 14338: 14335: 14333: 14330: 14328: 14325: 14323: 14320: 14318: 14315: 14313: 14310: 14308: 14305: 14303: 14300: 14298: 14295: 14293: 14290: 14288: 14285: 14281: 14278: 14276: 14273: 14271: 14268: 14266: 14263: 14262: 14261: 14258: 14256: 14253: 14251: 14248: 14246: 14243: 14239: 14236: 14234: 14231: 14229: 14226: 14224: 14221: 14219: 14216: 14215: 14214: 14211: 14209: 14206: 14202: 14199: 14197: 14194: 14192: 14189: 14188: 14187: 14184: 14182: 14179: 14177: 14174: 14172: 14169: 14165: 14162: 14161: 14160: 14157: 14155: 14152: 14148: 14145: 14144: 14143: 14140: 14138: 14135: 14133: 14130: 14126: 14123: 14121: 14118: 14117: 14116: 14113: 14109: 14108:working class 14106: 14104: 14101: 14099: 14096: 14094: 14091: 14089: 14086: 14084: 14081: 14079: 14076: 14074: 14071: 14069: 14068:homeownership 14066: 14064: 14061: 14059: 14056: 14055: 14054: 14051: 14049: 14046: 14044: 14041: 14039: 14036: 14034: 14031: 14029: 14026: 14024: 14021: 14019: 14016: 14015: 14013: 14011: 14007: 14003: 14000: 13998: 13994: 13984: 13981: 13979: 13976: 13974: 13971: 13969: 13966: 13964: 13961: 13959: 13956: 13954: 13951: 13950: 13948: 13946: 13942: 13936: 13933: 13931: 13928: 13926: 13923: 13921: 13918: 13916: 13913: 13911: 13908: 13906: 13903: 13901: 13898: 13896: 13893: 13891: 13888: 13886: 13883: 13881: 13878: 13874: 13871: 13869: 13866: 13864: 13861: 13859: 13856: 13854: 13851: 13849: 13848:Manufacturing 13846: 13844: 13841: 13839: 13836: 13834: 13831: 13829: 13826: 13824: 13821: 13819: 13816: 13815: 13814: 13811: 13810: 13807: 13804: 13802: 13798: 13784: 13781: 13777: 13776:Third parties 13774: 13772: 13769: 13767: 13764: 13763: 13762: 13759: 13755: 13752: 13750: 13747: 13745: 13742: 13741: 13740: 13737: 13735: 13732: 13728: 13725: 13724: 13723: 13720: 13716: 13713: 13711: 13708: 13707: 13706: 13703: 13701: 13698: 13697: 13694: 13682: 13679: 13678: 13677: 13674: 13673: 13671: 13669: 13665: 13659: 13656: 13654: 13651: 13650: 13648: 13646: 13642: 13636: 13633: 13631: 13628: 13626: 13623: 13621: 13618: 13616: 13613: 13611: 13608: 13606: 13603: 13601: 13598: 13596: 13593: 13591: 13588: 13587: 13585: 13581: 13575: 13572: 13570: 13567: 13565: 13562: 13560: 13557: 13556: 13554: 13552: 13548: 13545: 13543: 13539: 13533: 13530: 13526: 13523: 13522: 13521: 13518: 13514: 13511: 13509: 13506: 13504: 13501: 13500: 13499: 13496: 13494: 13491: 13490: 13488: 13486: 13482: 13472: 13469: 13467: 13464: 13462: 13459: 13457: 13454: 13453: 13451: 13449: 13445: 13437: 13434: 13433: 13432: 13429: 13425: 13422: 13421: 13420: 13417: 13416: 13414: 13412: 13408: 13402: 13399: 13397: 13394: 13393: 13391: 13389: 13385: 13377: 13374: 13373: 13372: 13369: 13367: 13364: 13362: 13359: 13357: 13354: 13352: 13349: 13347: 13344: 13342: 13339: 13337: 13334: 13330: 13327: 13326: 13325: 13322: 13318: 13315: 13314: 13313: 13310: 13309: 13307: 13305: 13301: 13298: 13296: 13290: 13285: 13281: 13271: 13268: 13266: 13263: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13251: 13249: 13246: 13244: 13241: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13229: 13226: 13225: 13224: 13221: 13220: 13218: 13216: 13212: 13206: 13203: 13199: 13196: 13194: 13191: 13189: 13186: 13184: 13181: 13180: 13179: 13176: 13174: 13171: 13167: 13164: 13163: 13162: 13159: 13158: 13156: 13154: 13150: 13144: 13143:U.S. attorney 13141: 13139: 13136: 13132: 13129: 13127: 13124: 13123: 13122: 13118: 13115: 13111: 13108: 13107: 13106: 13103: 13099: 13096: 13094: 13091: 13089: 13088:Chief Justice 13086: 13085: 13084: 13083:Supreme Court 13081: 13080: 13078: 13076: 13072: 13066: 13063: 13061: 13058: 13056: 13053: 13051: 13048: 13046: 13043: 13039: 13036: 13034: 13031: 13029: 13026: 13025: 13024: 13021: 13017: 13014: 13012: 13009: 13008: 13007: 13004: 13003: 13001: 12999: 12995: 12989: 12988:Public policy 12986: 12984: 12983:Civil service 12981: 12979: 12976: 12972: 12969: 12967: 12964: 12962: 12959: 12957: 12954: 12952: 12949: 12947: 12944: 12942: 12939: 12937: 12934: 12932: 12929: 12928: 12927: 12924: 12920: 12917: 12915: 12912: 12910: 12907: 12905: 12902: 12901: 12900: 12897: 12895: 12892: 12890: 12887: 12885: 12882: 12880: 12877: 12873: 12870: 12868: 12865: 12864: 12863: 12860: 12859: 12857: 12853: 12850: 12848: 12844: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12831: 12821: 12818: 12816: 12813: 12811: 12808: 12804: 12801: 12799: 12796: 12794: 12791: 12789: 12786: 12784: 12781: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12766: 12765: 12764: 12760: 12756: 12753: 12751: 12748: 12746: 12743: 12741: 12738: 12736: 12733: 12731: 12728: 12726: 12723: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12713: 12711: 12708: 12706: 12703: 12701: 12698: 12696: 12693: 12691: 12688: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12678: 12676: 12673: 12672: 12671: 12668: 12664: 12661: 12660: 12659: 12656: 12652: 12651:Sierra Nevada 12649: 12647: 12644: 12642: 12639: 12637: 12634: 12632: 12629: 12628: 12627: 12624: 12622: 12619: 12617: 12614: 12612: 12609: 12605: 12602: 12600: 12597: 12595: 12592: 12590: 12589:insular zones 12587: 12585: 12582: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12570: 12567: 12565: 12562: 12561: 12560: 12557: 12556: 12553: 12550: 12548: 12544: 12534: 12531: 12529: 12526: 12524: 12521: 12519: 12516: 12514: 12511: 12509: 12506: 12504: 12501: 12499: 12496: 12495: 12493: 12489: 12483: 12480: 12478: 12475: 12471: 12468: 12466: 12463: 12462: 12461: 12460:War on Terror 12458: 12456: 12453: 12451: 12448: 12446: 12443: 12441: 12440:LGBT Movement 12438: 12436: 12433: 12431: 12428: 12426: 12423: 12421: 12418: 12416: 12413: 12409: 12406: 12405: 12404: 12401: 12399: 12396: 12394: 12391: 12389: 12386: 12384: 12381: 12379: 12376: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12364: 12362: 12359: 12358: 12356: 12354: 12351: 12349: 12346: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12336: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12321: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12297: 12294: 12292: 12289: 12288: 12287: 12284: 12282: 12279: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12266: 12265: 12262: 12258: 12255: 12253: 12250: 12249: 12248: 12245: 12243: 12240: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12226: 12223: 12221: 12218: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12192: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12182: 12180: 12176: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12116: 12114: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12101: 12096: 12095:United States 12089: 12084: 12082: 12077: 12075: 12070: 12069: 12066: 12052: 12049: 12047: 12046:United States 12044: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12027: 12024: 12022: 12019: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12004: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11988: 11987: 11986: 11983: 11979: 11978:United States 11976: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11925: 11924: 11923: 11920: 11919: 11917: 11913: 11909: 11902: 11899: 11897: 11894: 11890: 11889:United States 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11871: 11870: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11860: 11858: 11854: 11849: 11845: 11837: 11836:United States 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11823: 11822: 11821: 11818: 11814: 11813:United States 11811: 11809: 11806: 11805: 11804: 11801: 11800: 11798: 11794: 11790: 11784: 11781: 11779: 11776: 11773: 11770: 11767: 11764: 11761: 11758: 11755: 11754: 11752: 11748: 11744: 11738: 11735: 11731: 11730:United States 11728: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11716: 11713: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11697: 11696: 11695: 11692: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11673: 11670: 11669: 11667: 11663: 11659: 11652: 11649: 11646: 11643: 11640: 11639:Panic of 1907 11637: 11634: 11633:Panic of 1901 11631: 11628: 11625: 11624:Panic of 1893 11622: 11619: 11618:Baring crisis 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11604: 11603:United States 11601: 11599: 11595: 11594: 11593: 11590: 11589: 11587: 11583: 11578: 11574: 11567: 11564: 11561: 11560:Panic of 1866 11558: 11555: 11552: 11551:Panic of 1857 11549: 11546: 11543: 11542:Panic of 1847 11540: 11537: 11536: 11534: 11530: 11525: 11521: 11514: 11513:Panic of 1837 11511: 11508: 11505: 11502: 11501:Panic of 1825 11499: 11496: 11493: 11490: 11487: 11484: 11481: 11478: 11475: 11472: 11471:Panic of 1792 11468: 11465: 11462: 11458: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11444: 11443: 11442: 11439: 11438: 11436: 11432: 11428: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11416:Slump of 1706 11414: 11411: 11408: 11407: 11405: 11401: 11397: 11389: 11386: 11385: 11384: 11381: 11377: 11374: 11372: 11369: 11368: 11367: 11364: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11330: 11327: 11325: 11324:Balance sheet 11322: 11321: 11320: 11317: 11313: 11309: 11306: 11304: 11301: 11299: 11296: 11295: 11294: 11293:Interest rate 11291: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11274: 11273: 11272: 11269: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11222: 11221: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11205: 11202: 11200: 11197: 11195: 11192: 11190: 11187: 11185: 11182: 11180: 11177: 11175: 11172: 11171: 11170: 11166: 11163: 11162: 11159: 11155: 11151: 11147: 11140: 11135: 11133: 11128: 11126: 11121: 11120: 11117: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11096: 11093: 11087: 11084: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11061:Harry Hopkins 11059: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11044: 11043: 11041: 11037: 11031: 11028: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11018: 11016: 11013: 11011: 11008: 11005: 11001: 10998: 10996: 10993: 10991: 10988: 10986: 10983: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10971: 10968: 10967: 10965: 10961: 10955: 10952: 10950: 10947: 10945: 10942: 10940: 10937: 10935: 10932: 10930: 10927: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10841: 10839: 10835: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10805: 10803: 10799: 10795: 10788: 10783: 10781: 10776: 10774: 10769: 10768: 10765: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10745: 10744: 10741: 10735: 10732: 10730: 10727: 10726: 10724: 10722:United States 10720: 10714: 10713:United States 10711: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10688:Latin America 10686: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10641: 10639: 10636: 10635: 10633: 10629: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10590: 10589: 10587: 10583: 10579: 10572: 10567: 10565: 10560: 10558: 10553: 10552: 10549: 10542: 10537: 10532: 10530: 10520: 10518: 10513: 10508: 10506: 10505:United States 10496: 10495: 10492: 10484: 10480: 10477: 10473: 10469: 10466: 10462: 10458: 10456: 10452: 10448: 10445: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10432: 10428: 10426: 10422: 10418: 10415: 10411: 10408: 10405: 10402: 10399: 10398: 10393: 10392:Korotayev, A. 10389: 10387: 10383: 10379: 10376: 10372: 10369: 10365: 10362: 10358: 10356: 10352: 10348: 10346: 10342: 10338: 10337: 10329: 10325: 10321: 10318: 10314: 10312: 10308: 10304: 10301: 10297: 10296: 10288: 10284: 10280: 10277: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10264: 10260: 10258: 10254: 10250: 10248: 10244: 10240: 10237: 10233: 10229: 10226: 10222: 10220: 10216: 10212: 10209: 10206: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10193: 10189: 10188: 10179: 10178: 10173: 10171: 10167: 10164: 10160: 10156: 10152: 10148: 10145: 10144: 10140: 10137: 10132: 10129: 10125: 10123: 10119: 10115: 10112: 10108: 10105: 10101: 10098: 10094: 10092: 10088: 10087: 10078: 10074: 10071: 10067: 10064: 10060: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10048: 10044: 10041: 10037: 10035: 10031: 10028:Hodson, H.V. 10027: 10024: 10020: 10017: 10013: 10010: 10006: 10004: 10000: 9997: 9994: 9991: 9987: 9984: 9980: 9979: 9962: 9961: 9956: 9950: 9943: 9939: 9935: 9932: 9926: 9910: 9906: 9905: 9900: 9893: 9877: 9873: 9872: 9867: 9863: 9862:Krugman, Paul 9857: 9849: 9845: 9844: 9839: 9832: 9816: 9812: 9811: 9806: 9799: 9792: 9786: 9779: 9774: 9772: 9765: 9761: 9760:archive.today 9757: 9754: 9753:Worldbank.org 9751: 9745: 9730:. 2 July 2020 9729: 9725: 9719: 9712: 9707: 9699: 9695: 9691: 9687: 9683: 9679: 9672: 9665: 9659: 9643: 9639: 9635: 9629: 9627: 9625: 9608: 9604: 9598: 9594: 9593: 9585: 9569: 9565: 9559: 9555: 9554: 9546: 9530: 9526: 9520: 9516: 9515: 9507: 9491: 9487: 9486: 9478: 9471: 9465: 9458: 9452: 9445: 9439: 9432: 9426: 9419: 9415: 9414: 9408: 9401: 9397: 9392: 9386: 9385:0-618-34087-4 9382: 9378: 9374: 9373:0-618-34086-6 9370: 9366: 9360: 9351: 9344: 9339: 9332: 9327: 9320: 9314: 9298: 9294: 9288: 9282: 9278: 9274: 9273:The Dust Bowl 9269: 9262: 9258: 9254: 9251: 9245: 9238: 9234: 9230: 9226: 9223: 9218: 9211: 9206: 9204: 9195: 9191: 9187: 9183: 9176: 9170: 9166: 9162: 9157: 9150: 9144: 9136: 9132: 9128: 9122: 9115: 9111: 9107: 9104: 9099: 9093: 9089: 9086: 9085:online review 9082: 9076: 9069: 9065: 9061: 9055: 9053: 9046: 9045:0-416-36010-6 9042: 9038: 9034: 9029: 9022: 9018: 9015: 9010: 9004: 9003:1-85728-533-6 9000: 8996: 8990: 8983: 8979: 8976: 8971: 8964: 8958: 8952: 8947: 8939: 8932: 8925: 8921: 8916: 8909: 8903: 8896: 8890: 8874: 8870: 8866: 8860: 8854: 8853:0-19-532487-0 8850: 8846: 8842: 8839: 8838: 8831: 8824: 8818: 8810: 8806: 8802: 8798: 8791: 8784: 8780: 8777: 8772: 8765: 8762:Dan O'Meara, 8759: 8740: 8736: 8729: 8722: 8703: 8699: 8695: 8688: 8681: 8665: 8661: 8659:0-691-02248-8 8655: 8651: 8650: 8642: 8626: 8622: 8618: 8612: 8604: 8597: 8590: 8586: 8582: 8578: 8574: 8570: 8564: 8548: 8545:(in Polish). 8544: 8540: 8534: 8518: 8514: 8510: 8504: 8488: 8484: 8480: 8474: 8472: 8455: 8451: 8447: 8441: 8426: 8422: 8415: 8408: 8404: 8400: 8397: 8391: 8384: 8378: 8371: 8365: 8358: 8352: 8345: 8339: 8332: 8326: 8319: 8313: 8306: 8300: 8294: 8290: 8287: 8281: 8274: 8268: 8261: 8255: 8246: 8238: 8234: 8230: 8226: 8222: 8218: 8214: 8210: 8203: 8196: 8190: 8182: 8175: 8167: 8160: 8158: 8156: 8148: 8145:Kershaw, Ian 8142: 8135: 8131: 8126: 8119: 8115: 8110: 8102: 8096: 8092: 8091: 8083: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8053: 8045: 8039: 8035: 8034: 8029: 8028:Bullock, Alan 8023: 8016: 8012: 8009: 8004: 8002: 7994: 7990: 7987: 7982: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7962: 7955: 7948: 7942: 7934: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7907: 7898: 7893: 7889: 7885: 7881: 7874: 7866: 7862: 7858: 7854: 7850: 7846: 7839: 7832: 7826: 7818: 7814: 7810: 7806: 7802: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7783: 7775: 7771: 7764: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7739: 7731: 7727: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7711: 7704: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7673: 7666: 7660: 7653: 7649: 7646: 7641: 7634: 7628: 7621: 7617: 7611: 7604: 7600: 7597: 7592: 7585: 7579: 7571: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7545: 7538: 7532: 7527: 7519: 7513: 7497: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7479: 7475: 7474: 7466: 7458: 7451: 7443: 7430: 7414: 7410: 7408: 7399: 7383: 7379: 7378: 7370: 7351: 7347: 7340: 7333: 7317: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7304: 7296: 7288: 7287: 7282: 7275: 7267: 7261: 7257: 7256: 7248: 7232: 7228: 7227: 7222: 7215: 7199: 7195: 7194: 7189: 7182: 7166: 7162: 7161: 7156: 7149: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7125: 7123: 7121: 7111: 7107: 7106: 7101: 7097: 7096: 7092: 7085: 7079: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7058: 7051: 7045: 7043: 7033: 7032:10.3386/w3546 7028: 7024: 7020: 7013: 7004: 7003:10.3386/w3546 6999: 6995: 6991: 6984: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6948: 6941: 6939: 6937: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6915: 6913: 6911: 6901: 6900:10.3386/w3546 6896: 6892: 6888: 6881: 6879: 6870: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6833: 6827:, pp. 87–101. 6826: 6822: 6818: 6815:Peter Temin, 6812: 6805: 6801: 6797: 6794: 6788: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6772: 6765: 6757: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6730: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6688: 6681: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6660: 6651: 6635: 6631: 6625: 6623: 6621: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6589: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6533: 6531:0-8078-2315-5 6527: 6523: 6515: 6502: 6494: 6488: 6481: 6480: 6473: 6471: 6462: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6447: 6439: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6414: 6409: 6402: 6386: 6382: 6376: 6372: 6371: 6363: 6356: 6352: 6349: 6343: 6327: 6323: 6321:0-691-01698-4 6317: 6313: 6312: 6304: 6288: 6284: 6278: 6274: 6273: 6265: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6243: 6242: 6235: 6228: 6223: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6167:(1). p. 143. 6166: 6162: 6155: 6148: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6097: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6062:(1): 82–114. 6061: 6057: 6053: 6046: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5990:(1). p. 150. 5989: 5985: 5978: 5971: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5944:Hayes, Adam. 5940: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5910: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5879: 5872: 5867: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5849: 5843: 5828:on 3 May 2016 5827: 5823: 5819: 5813: 5811: 5803: 5799: 5796: 5791: 5784: 5783: 5779: 5776: 5769: 5762: 5758: 5755: 5750: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5707: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5674: 5666: 5662: 5661: 5656: 5655:Daniel Yergin 5651: 5645: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5610: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5575: 5568: 5565:Baillargeon, 5562: 5554: 5550: 5543: 5527: 5523: 5522:trc-leiden.nl 5519: 5512: 5505: 5495: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5449: 5442: 5436: 5429: 5419: 5411: 5405: 5401: 5396: 5395: 5386: 5378: 5372: 5368: 5363: 5362: 5356: 5350: 5334: 5330: 5324: 5320: 5319: 5311: 5304: 5298: 5292:(1953) p. 148 5291: 5285: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5235: 5228: 5222: 5218: 5215: 5211: 5205: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5184: 5177: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5149:(4): 757–84. 5148: 5144: 5137: 5130: 5123: 5117: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5062: 5055: 5051: 5048: 5045: 5039: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5004: 4998: 4994: 4991: 4987: 4981: 4975: 4971: 4968: 4964: 4958: 4951: 4945: 4939: 4935: 4932: 4926: 4924: 4916: 4910: 4908: 4900: 4894: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4859: 4857: 4849: 4843: 4841: 4833: 4827: 4825: 4817: 4811: 4809: 4801: 4797: 4792: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4761: 4753: 4751:0-19-506431-3 4747: 4743: 4742: 4737: 4731: 4723: 4721:0-19-506431-3 4717: 4713: 4712: 4707: 4700: 4696: 4689: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4668: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4647: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4597: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4553: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4523: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4454: 4447: 4445: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4429: 4424: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4383: 4378: 4372: 4365: 4359: 4355: 4348: 4340: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4311: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4280: 4273: 4269: 4262: 4246: 4242: 4236: 4234: 4218: 4214: 4207: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4177: 4170: 4164: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4148:Rondo Cameron 4145: 4140: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4118: 4114: 4107: 4099: 4093: 4089: 4082: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4052: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4029:(2): 145–69. 4028: 4024: 4017: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3987: 3971: 3967: 3961: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3944: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3926: 3920: 3912: 3911: 3903: 3896:. p. 15. 3895: 3891: 3885: 3869: 3865: 3859: 3851: 3845: 3841: 3834: 3832: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3814: 3807: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3768: 3761: 3755: 3751: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3706: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3672: 3667: 3656: 3653: 3642: 3639: 3633: 3628: 3621: 3618: 3611: 3609: 3604: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3581: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3560: 3554: 3544: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3516: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3505:Panic of 1907 3501: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3486:Panic of 1819 3483: 3475: 3471: 3470:Panic of 1873 3466: 3462: 3459: 3455: 3449: 3439: 3437: 3433: 3432:Kit Kittredge 3429: 3425: 3424: 3419: 3415: 3414: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3400:Valerie Tripp 3397: 3396: 3395:American Girl 3391: 3390:Kit Kittredge 3386: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3371: 3370: 3365: 3364: 3359: 3358: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3336: 3328: 3326: 3319: 3308: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3297:Ronald Reagan 3293: 3289: 3288:neoliberalism 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3272:Marshall Plan 3269: 3265: 3261: 3256: 3254: 3245: 3240: 3236: 3233: 3232:durable goods 3228: 3223: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3162:working class 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3138: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3127:bank deposits 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3103: 3101: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3080: 3076: 3071: 3067: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3024: 3020: 3015: 3011: 3009: 3004: 3001: 2996: 2988: 2983: 2979: 2972:United States 2969: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2938: 2936: 2930: 2928: 2927:gold standard 2924: 2915: 2910: 2906: 2896: 2894: 2890: 2879: 2870: 2866: 2863:This section 2861: 2858: 2854: 2853: 2845: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2825: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2814:welfare state 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2794: 2793:Life magazine 2788: 2778: 2776: 2771: 2767: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2746:Burns wrote: 2743: 2741: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2711: 2701: 2697: 2687: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2653: 2652:authoritarian 2649: 2646:to found the 2645: 2641: 2637: 2631: 2621: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2571: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2528: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2509:gold standard 2506: 2502: 2495: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2468: 2459: 2455: 2452:This section 2450: 2447: 2443: 2442: 2434: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2404: 2402: 2397: 2388: 2383: 2373: 2369: 2366: 2361: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2345: 2338:Latin America 2335: 2333: 2329: 2323: 2320: 2317:. This had a 2316: 2311: 2307: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2283: 2281: 2276: 2268: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2249: 2244: 2230: 2229: 2228: 2226: 2220: 2210: 2205: 2195: 2193: 2186: 2176: 2174: 2168: 2165: 2159: 2149: 2147: 2142: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2071: 2064: 2060: 2055: 2051: 2049: 2045: 2039: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2007: 2002: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1980: 1976: 1975:Popular Front 1972: 1967: 1964: 1957: 1952: 1942: 1938: 1935: 1931: 1930:Belgian Congo 1926: 1923: 1913: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1896: 1886: 1884: 1883:protectionism 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1867:Popular Front 1864: 1859: 1857: 1851: 1848: 1844: 1838: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1814: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1790: 1788: 1781: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1754: 1745: 1741: 1738:This section 1736: 1733: 1729: 1728: 1720: 1718: 1714: 1704: 1694: 1691: 1683: 1673: 1669: 1663: 1662: 1657:This section 1655: 1651: 1646: 1645: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1615: 1609: 1599: 1597: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1557: 1553: 1552:Power farming 1549: 1540: 1538: 1537: 1532: 1528: 1519: 1516: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1481:Hans Sennholz 1478: 1476: 1472: 1467: 1464:, after 1970 1463: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1443:capital goods 1439: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1424: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1395: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1375: 1374:Andrew Mellon 1371: 1367: 1363: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1332:central banks 1329: 1325: 1315: 1313: 1308: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1283: 1281: 1280:credit crunch 1277: 1272: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1257: 1256:vicious cycle 1252: 1248: 1242: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1192: 1189: 1188:Irving Fisher 1182: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1142: 1139: 1135: 1134: 1129: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1104:gold standard 1100: 1098: 1092: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1069: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1031: 1026: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1006: 997: 995: 994:Irving Fisher 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 968: 964: 960: 957: 953: 952: 951: 944: 935: 933: 929: 924: 922: 921:Anna Schwartz 918: 914: 910: 904: 902: 897: 893: 889: 880: 871: 862: 853: 846: 842: 838: 837:Black Tuesday 833: 824: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 797:gold standard 794: 788: 777: 767: 765: 764:national debt 759: 756: 751: 749: 744: 742: 734: 729: 720: 716: 712: 709: 703: 700: 694: 690: 686: 677: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 653: 648: 644: 641:According to 639: 636: 632: 628: 624: 619: 614: 610: 605: 596: 587: 585: 584:gold standard 581: 575: 573: 569: 565: 560: 550: 548: 544: 538: 535: 531: 530:gold reserves 527: 523: 518: 516: 515:gold standard 507: 501:Gold standard 498: 496: 491: 489: 485: 480: 479:gold standard 467: 466:gold standard 463: 459: 455: 452: 448: 447: 446: 442: 430: 429: 422: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 399: 391: 387: 383: 378: 368: 366: 362: 354: 349: 345: 343: 338: 334: 321: 317: 312: 298: 295: 292: 289: 287:Unemployment 286: 285: 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The NRA 3133:, and the 3034:– dubbed " 3019:Bonus Army 2876:April 2024 2720:Afrikaners 2608:to keep a 2465:April 2024 2431:Wellington 2083:Nazi Party 2023:Young Plan 2019:Dawes Plan 1751:April 2024 1543:Inequality 1130:argued in 986:Keynesians 967:Keynesians 892:Monetarist 785:See also: 599:1920–1970. 458:depreciate 428:ad valorem 407:Keynesians 403:economists 390:Reed Smoot 320:1929 crash 159:After the 44:Unemployed 17724:Workhouse 17644:Busy work 17458:Recession 17322:Pink slip 17280:Dismissal 17143:Careerism 16737:Singapore 16715:Hong Kong 16578:Schedules 16497:Tradesman 16398:Licensure 16358:Education 16328:Avocation 16269:No-collar 16249:Precariat 16130:Probation 16085:Job fraud 15727:Greenspan 15692:Samuelson 15672:Galbraith 15642:Tinbergen 15582:von Mises 15577:Heckscher 15537:Edgeworth 15416:Stockholm 15411:Socialist 15311:Keynesian 15291:Happiness 15251:Classical 15212:Mutualism 15207:Anarchist 15192:Heterodox 15089:Personnel 15049:Knowledge 15014:Happiness 15004:Financial 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