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one man... He (the boy) takes first a rod containing four bobbins of silk from the twister who stands at his gate or wheel, and having fastened the ends, runs to the 'cross' at the extreme end of the room, round which he passes the threads of each bobbin and returns to the 'gate'. He is despatched on a second expedition of the same kind, and returns as before, he then runs up to the cross and detaches the threads and comes to the roller. Supposing the master to make twelve rolls a day, the boy necessarily runs fourteen miles, and this is barefooted.
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987:. There is an illustration of a circular hand-powered throwing machine drawn in 1487 with 32 spindles. The first evidence of an externally powered filatoio comes from the thirteenth century, and the earliest illustration from around 1500. Filatorios and torcitoios contained parallel circular frames that revolved round each other on a central axis. The speed of the relative rotation determined the twist. Silk would only cooperate in the process if the temperature and humidity were high.
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required. The dishwashing detergent works and does not harm the wool. After washing, let the wool dry (air drying works best). Once it is dry, or just a bit damp, one can stretch it out a bit on a niddy-noddy. Putting the wool back on the niddy-noddy makes for a nicer looking finished skein. Before taking a skein and washing it, the skein must be tied up loosely in about six places. If the skein is not tied up, it will be very hard to unravel when done washing.
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853:. The simplest lazy kate consists of wooden bars with a metal rod running between them. Most hold between three and four bobbins. The bobbin sits on the metal rod. Other lazy kates are built with devices that create an adjustable amount of tension, so that if the yarn is jerked, a whole bunch of yarn is not wound off, then wound up again in the opposite direction. Some spinning wheels come with a built in lazy kate.
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new loop is created and the spinning continues. The process is repeated until the yarn is all plied. The advantage of this method is that only one single is needed and if the single is already dyed this technique allows it to be plied without ruining the colour scheme. This technique also allows the spinner to try to match up thick and thin spots in the yarn, thus making for a smoother end product.
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392:. A Heckling comb is a bed of sharp, long-tapered, tempered, polished steel pins driven into wooden blocks at regular spacing. A good progression is from 4 pins per square inch, to 12, to 25 to 48 to 80. The first three will remove the straw, and the last two will split and polish the fibres. Some of the finer stuff that comes off in the last heckles can be
924:. After about 35 days and 4 moltings, the caterpillars are 10,000 times heavier than when hatched and are ready to begin spinning a cocoon. A straw frame is placed over the tray of caterpillars, and each caterpillar begins spinning a cocoon by moving its head in a pattern. Two glands produce liquid silk and force it through openings in the head called
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For twisting it is necessary to have what are designated shades which are buildings of at least 30 or 35 yards in length, ... the upper storey is generally occupied by children, ... or grown women as 'piecers', 'winders' and 'doublers' attending to their reels and bobbins , driven by the exertions of
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Washing the wool at this stage can be a tedious process. Some people wash it a small handful at a time very carefully, and then set it out to dry on a table in the sun. Others will wash the whole fleece. Lanolin is removed by soaking the fleece in very hot water. If the fleece gets agitated, it will
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Embroidery is the handicraft of decorating fabric or other materials with needle and thread or yarn. Embroidery may also incorporate other materials such as metal strips, pearls, beads, quills, and sequins. Embroidery is most often used on caps, hats, coats, blankets, dress shirts, denim, stockings,
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Silk throwing was originally a hand process relying on a turning a wheel (the gate) that twisted four threads while a helper who would be a child, ran the length of a shade, hooked the threads on stationary pins (the cross)and ran back to start the process again. The shade would be a between 23 and
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are harvested and then cut to a standard size. The leaves are crushed in between two large rollers producing the fibres which are bundled up and dried in the sun over trellises. The dried fibres are combined into rolags. At this point it is ready to spin. The waste, a pulpy liquid that stinks, can
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plying consists of making large loops, similar to crocheting. A loop about 8-inch (20 cm) long is made on the leader the end on the leader (a leader is the string left on the bobbin to spin off.) The three strands together are spun in the opposite direction. When a third of the loop remains, a
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Regular plying consists of taking two or more singles and twisting them together, the against their twist. This can be done on a spinning wheel or on a spindle. If the yarn was spun clockwise (which is called a "Z" twist ), to ply, the wheel must spin counter-clockwise (an "S" twist). This is the
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and often contains extraneous vegetable matter, such as sticks, twigs, burrs and straw. These may all be removed, though lanolin may be left in the wool till after the spinning, a technique known as spinning 'in the grease'. Indeed, if the fabric is to be water repellent, lanolin is not removed at
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native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the
Americas, Africa, and India. The greatest diversity of wild cotton species is found in Mexico, followed by Australia and Africa. Cotton was independently domesticated in the Old and New Worlds. The most favoured cottons are
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Unless the lanolin is to be left in the cloth as a water repellent. When washing a skein it works well to let the wool soak in soapy water overnight, and rinse the soap out in the morning. Dishwashing detergents are commonly used, and a special laundry detergent designed for washing wool is not
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The fibres are then unwound to produce a continuous thread. Since a single thread is too fine and fragile for commercial use, anywhere from three to ten strands are bundled together to form a single thread of silk. Colloquially silk throwing can be used to refer to the whole process: reeling,
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or other type of skein -winder. Yarn is rarely balled directly after spinning, it will be stored in skein form, and transferred to a ball only if needed. Knitting from a skein, is difficult as the yarn forms knots, in this case it is best to ball. Yarn to be plied is left on the bobbin.
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fabric is lightweight openwork fabric, patterned, with open holes in the work. The holes can be formed via removal of threads or cloth from a previously woven fabric, but more often lace is built up from a single thread and the open spaces are created as part of the lace fabric.
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Flax is pulled out of the ground about a month after the initial blooming when the lower part of the plant begins to turn yellow, and when the most forward of the seeds are found in a soft state. It is pulled in handfuls and several handfuls are tied together with
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In 1700, the
Italians were the most technologically advanced throwsters in Europe and had developed two machines capable of winding the silk onto bobbins while putting a twist in the thread. They called the throwing machine, a
845:. This is easier than plying from balls because there is less chance for the yarn to become tangled and knotted if it is simply unwound from the bobbins. So that the bobbins can unwind freely, they are put in a device called a
807:. Traditionally niddy-noddys looked like an uppercase "i", with the bottom half rotated 90 degrees. Hobby spinning wheel manufactures also make niddy-noddys that attach onto the spinning wheel for faster skein winding.
640:, which is a stretched bat; it is very long and often the thickness of a wrist. A pencil roving is a roving thinned to the width of a pencil. It can be used for knitting without any spinning, or for apprentices.
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an Indian species has a short staple. Hand operated methods of processing remained the preferred way of spinning and weaving the very finest threads and fabrics into the third quarter of the nineteenth century.
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At 80 °F (27 °C), the retting process takes 4 or 5 days, it takes longer when colder. When the retting is complete the bundles feel soft and slimy. The process can be overdone, and the fibres rot too.
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The process of breaking breaks up the straw into short segments. The beets are untied and fed between the beater of the breaking machine, the set of wooden blades that mesh together when the upper jaw is
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in Europe and North
America. Traditional practices are also kept alive by artisans in China and Japan, for instance at the Chinese Printed Blue Nankeen Exhibition Hall (Blue Cloth Museum) in Shanghai.
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into moths to breed the next generation of caterpillars. Harvested cocoons are then soaked in boiling water to soften the sericin holding the silk fibres together in a cocoon shape.
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is unwanted, and has not already been washed out, this is done now. The skein is tied in six points and steeped overnight in detergent, it is rinsed and air-dried, and re-skeined.
42:
421:, or from the spinner's lap. Spinners keep their fingers wet when spinning, to prevent forming fuzzy thread. Usually singles are spun with an "S" twist. After flax is spun it is
932:, a water-soluble protective gum, and solidifies on contact with the air. Within 2â3 days, the caterpillar spins about 1 mile of filament and is completely encased in a cocoon.
236:. Textiles are still produced by pre-industrial processes in village communities in Asia, Africa and South America. Creating textiles using traditional manual techniques is an
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needed. Warping boards come in a variety of shapes, from the two nearest door handles to a board with pegs on it, or a device called a warping mill that looks similar to a
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1342:, or "knitting in the round", the knitter knits around a circle, creating a tube. This can be done with a set of four double pointed needles or a single circular needle.
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of flax. This roving is spun in the same manner as above. The rovings may come with very long fibres (4 to 8 inches), or much shorter fibres (2 to 3 inches).
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is the process of rotting away the inner stalk, leaving the outer fibres intact. A standing pool of warm water is needed, into which the beets are submerged. An
636:, a loose woollen roll of fibres. Using a drum carder yields a bat, which is a mat of fibres in a flat, rectangular shape. Carding mills return the fleece in a
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is removed in one piece. Second cuts can be made but produce only short fibres, which are more difficult to spin. Primitive breeds, like the
Scottish
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To prepare to weave, the warp must be made. By hand this is done with the help of a warping board. The length the warp is made is about a quarter to
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Skirting is disposing of all wool that is unsuitable for spinning. Recovering can be attempted. It can also be done at the same time as carding.
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into a 'beet'. The string is tightened as the stalks dry. The seed heads are removed and the seeds collected, by threshing and winnowing.
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like wool and spun. It will produce a coarser yarn than the fibres pulled through the heckles because it will still contain some straw.
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A knitted object will unravel easily if the top has not been secured. Knitted objects also stretch easily in all directions, whereas
1776:. Images of England. Macclesfield Museums Trust (New Pocket Edition 2006 ed.). Stroud, Gloucester: Nonsuch Publishing Limited.
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620:, when done on purpose (with needles, chemicals, or simply rubbing the fibres against each other), can be used to create garments.
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was limited in width by the weaver's reach, because of the need to throw the shuttle from hand to hand. The invention of the
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which will hold the finished material. Because of the tension the warp threads are under, they need to be strong.
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differs largely from knitting in that there is only one loop, not the multitude as knitting has. Also, instead of
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822:(one strand is often called a single) and spins it together with other strands in order to make a thicker yarn.
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have to be plucked, not sheared, as the kemps are still longer than the soft fleece, (a process called rooing).
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running through them are the heddles. Further back, the metal comb with wood on the top and bottom is the
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lay eggs on specially prepared paper. The eggs hatch and the caterpillars (silkworms) are fed on fresh
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It is possible to spin directly from a clean fleece, but it is much easier to spin a carded fleece.
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Combing is another method to align the fibres parallel to the yarn, and thus is good for spinning a
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yarn is lightly spun so it is airy, and is a good insulator and suitable for knitting, while a
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from the fibre a wooden scutching knife is scaped down the fibres while they hang vertically.
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date back to about 5000 B.C. In order to make textiles, the first requirement is a source of
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can either be done "flat" or "in the round". Flat knitting is done on a set of single point
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at either side of the loom with one hand, and across a greater width. The invention of the
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throwing and doubling, and silk throwsters would speak of throwing as twisting or spinning.
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and golf shirts. Embroidery is available with a wide variety of thread or yarn colour.
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yarn is spun tight to exclude air, and has greater strength and is suited to weaving..
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in a pot of boiling water for a couple of hours to set the twist and reduce fuzziness.
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Alternating sets of threads are lifted by connecting them with string or wires called
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Washing the skins and grading the wool, painting of the wool trade in Leiden, c. 1595
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Once the bobbin is full, the hobby spinner either puts on a new bobbin, or forms a
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Australian
Government Office of the Gene Technology Regulator (2 February 2008).
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A picture taken from the back of a loom. The metal rods with holes that have the
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the ones with the longest staple as they can be spun into the finest thread.
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The preparations for spinning is similar across most plant fibres, including
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1566:"The Biology of Gossypium hirsutum L. and Gossypium barbadense L. (cotton)"
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will be used in some hobbies and handicrafts and in the developed world.
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969:'s Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Employment of Children in 1841:
463:, or protective capsule, around the seeds of cotton plants of the genus
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is handled differently since it uses the fruit of the plant and not the
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The silk farmers then kill most caterpillars by heat, leaving some to
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can be done with use of hand-shears or powered shears. Professional
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allowed a weaver to use multiple shuttles to carry different wefts.
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1422:â threads which are added to the surface of a finished textile.
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can shear a sheep in under a minute, without nicking the sheep.
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1757:. London: Royal Commission on Historical Monuments of England.
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In general the supporting structure of the loom is called the
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Textile manufacture during the
British Industrial Revolution
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https://beecker-erlebnismuseen.de/historical-flax-to-linen/
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The wool is cleaned. At this point the fleece is full of
350:. The flax is broken, scutched and hackled in this step.
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The thread that is woven through the warp is called the
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for many things. Currently they are mainly used to make
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is one of the oldest human activities. The oldest known
1338:, and the knitter goes back and forth, adding rows. In
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Textile manufacture during the
Industrial Revolution
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1238:. After passing a weft thread through the warp, a
1179:. The weft is threaded through the warp using a
779:A lazy kate with bobbins on it in preparation for
647:yarn, whereas the rolag from handcards produces a
965:32m long. The process was described in detail to
58:"Textile manufacturing by pre-industrial methods"
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1771:
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759:A niddy noddy ready to have a skein wound on it.
2849:Textile manufacturing by pre-industrial methods
505:fibres were at one time widely used throughout
232:Almost all commercial textiles are produced by
1199:enabled the weaver to pass the shuttle from a
1007:is much the same for any type of fibre, be it
537:is a protein based fibre, being the coat of a
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2092:
1819:
1732:Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge
1671:
1669:
1048:
701:. Spinning turns the carded wool fibres into
2854:Timeline of clothing and textiles technology
1597:, page 12. Crabtree Publishing Company 2007.
1491:Timeline of clothing and textiles technology
1230:(lever to lift the assembly) are called the
799:is either formed by the hobby spinner, on a
1772:Collins, Louanne; Stevenson, Moira (1995).
904:Silk fabric was first developed in ancient
181:The three main types of fibres are natural
2647:
2633:
2099:
2085:
1826:
1812:
1753:Calladine, Anthony; Fricker, Jean (1993).
1666:
1518:
1311:The front side of a plainly knitted object
1589:
1587:
1585:
342:Dressing is removing the fibres from the
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
16:Traditional methods of textile production
1360:
1314:
1306:
1264:. Warping the loom, mean threading each
1152:is the gap between the two sets of yarn.
1135:
955:
873:
818:yarn is when one takes a strand of spun
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1800:(Explanatory videos from flax to linen)
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1618:
326:is produced when retting, and it would
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1582:
388:Fibre is pulled through various sized
2628:
2080:
1807:
1051:Elements of a foot-treadle floor loom
623:
170:to become fabric. The fabric may be
1730:(711). Transcribed by A.W. Bednall.
1424:
1404:
616:, and then spinning is impossible.
337:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
990:
541:. The wool is removed by shearing.
357:Breaking flax in pre-revolutionary
312:Threshing and dressing flax at the
270:. Flax is the fibre used to create
252:
13:
2907:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
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1686:. Interweave Press. Archived from
14:
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1791:
1486:Textile manufacturing terminology
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247:
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2654:
2210:
1897:
1428:
1409:
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721:, or by other means turned into
213:. Animal protein fibres include
23:
1774:Macclesfield: The Silk Industry
1709:
935:
830:from bobbins a device called a
378:In order to remove some of the
34:needs additional citations for
1717:"A Day at The Derby Silk Mill"
1639:
1557:
1548:
1383:
911:
428:Many handspinners will buy a
409:Flax being spun from a distaff
314:Roscheider Hof Open Air Museum
1:
1506:
1414:
1356:
1349:fabric stretches only on the
837:Most hobby spinners (who use
654:
346:and cleaning it enough to be
285:
2985:Conservation and restoration
2507:Thomas Ferguson & Co Ltd
1833:
1661:Calladine & Fricker 1993
1646:Collins & Stevenson 1995
1634:Calladine & Fricker 1993
1607:Calladine & Fricker 1993
1511:
1226:). Heddles, shafts and the
983:, and called the doubler, a
834:is often used to hold them.
803:or some other type of skein
7:
3048:Textile manufacturing terms
2106:
1755:East Cheshire Textile Mills
1464:
1397:may be crocheted tatted,or
1302:
1214:to another bar, called the
947:
928:. Liquid silk is coated in
705:which can then be directly
598:
590:1595 painting illustrating
578:
469:. The fibre is almost pure
400:
142:. The yarn is processed by
10:
3101:
3012:Mathematics and fiber arts
1526:"Designing for Fair Trade"
1324:
1295:. The weft is measured in
1246:(compact) the woven weft.
1085:Rods â used to make a shed
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174:, printed or decorated by
138:can be made, primarily by
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2006:Cotton-spinning machinery
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1734:: 161 to 168. July 2008 .
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521:be used as a fertilizer.
455:is a soft, fluffy staple
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166:by what are described as
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158:used for weaving is the
1274:sleying it through the
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693:can be done by using a
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2547:Brigitta Scherzenfeldt
2026:Magnetic ring spinning
2021:DREF friction spinning
1744:: CS1 maint: others (
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849:, or sometimes simply
826:most common way. When
792:
784:
760:
686:
670:
595:
554:
449:
410:
362:
316:
2887:Australian Aboriginal
2817:Clothing and textiles
2802:
2567:Margaretha Zetterberg
2253:Barber-Colman knotter
2031:Mule spinners' cancer
1595:The Biography of Silk
1501:Textile manufacturing
1364:
1318:
1310:
1139:
999:has been turned into
971:
959:
877:
790:
778:
758:
676:
662:
589:
553:A half sheared sheep.
552:
525:Animal protein fibres
443:
408:
356:
311:
240:craft practised as a
187:animal protein fibres
178:with coloured yarns.
124:Textile manufacturing
3022:Units of measurement
2576:Employment practices
2537:Margaretha Reichardt
2527:Maria Elisabet Ăberg
2492:Micheline Beauchemin
2246:Tools and techniques
2066:Wool combing machine
1365:Irish crocheted lace
1268:through an eye in a
43:improve this article
3066:Clothing portal
2863:Regional and ethnic
2837:Indian subcontinent
2588:Kissing the shuttle
1999:Industrial spinning
1953:Hand spinning tools
1327:History of knitting
1082:Back beam or platen
1033:was done without a
1025:History of knitting
448:, USA, in the 1890s
413:Flax can either be
330:a metal container.
2995:wearable fiber art
2804:
2461:Warp-weighted loom
1724:The Penny Magazine
1684:Handwoven Magazine
1440:. You can help by
1367:
1323:
1313:
1154:
962:
880:
793:
785:
761:
687:
671:
624:Carding or combing
596:
555:
489:are two of these.
450:
444:Picking cotton in
411:
363:
317:
234:industrial methods
3072:
3071:
2622:
2621:
2614:Queen Street Mill
2512:Elisabeth Forsell
2074:
2073:
2016:Open-end spinning
1693:on 2 January 2010
1636:, pp. 22â26.
1536:on 28 August 2008
1458:
1457:
1405:Textile finishing
1340:circular knitting
1134:
1133:
1119:Batten adjustment
960:1843 Illustration
632:by hand yields a
338:Dressing the flax
309:
191:artificial fibres
119:
118:
111:
93:
3092:
3064:
3063:
2780:Textile printing
2649:
2642:
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2626:
2625:
2497:Johanna Brunsson
2214:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2078:
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1990:Spinner's weasel
1901:
1828:
1821:
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1804:
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1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1593:Carrie Gleason:
1591:
1580:
1579:
1578:on 25 June 2008.
1577:
1571:. Archived from
1570:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1532:. Archived from
1522:
1481:Textile industry
1453:
1450:
1432:
1425:
1374:knitting needles
1336:knitting needles
1320:Knitting needles
1287:. It then has a
1242:comb is used to
1106:Completed fabric
1063:
1054:
1053:
1045:
991:Fabric formation
967:Lord Shaftesbury
459:that grows in a
310:
253:Vegetable fibres
195:vegetable fibres
183:vegetable fibres
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
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2597:
2593:Piece-rate list
2571:
2465:
2436:Lancashire loom
2421:Hattersley loom
2391:
2268:Chilkat weaving
2241:
2215:
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2110:
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2070:
2036:Piece-rate list
1994:
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1677:"Weaving Terms"
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1549:
1539:
1537:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1467:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1438:needs expansion
1417:
1412:
1407:
1386:
1359:
1329:
1305:
1183:. The original
1073:Seat for weaver
1043:
1027:
1021:
993:
950:
938:
922:mulberry leaves
914:
902:
896:
872:
866:
839:spinning wheels
813:
657:
626:
601:
594:textile workers
581:
547:
532:
527:
507:Central America
500:
476:The plant is a
438:
403:
340:
303:
301:
288:
260:
255:
250:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3098:
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3070:
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3057:
3054:
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2999:
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2810:History of ...
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2517:Dorothy Liebes
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2350:Tablet weaving
2347:
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2343:Sizing machine
2335:
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2323:Salish weaving
2320:
2315:
2310:
2308:Navajo weaving
2305:
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2295:
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2278:Flying shuttle
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2056:Throstle frame
2053:
2048:
2046:Spinning jenny
2043:
2041:Spinning frame
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
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1985:Spinning wheel
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1944:Twist per inch
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1792:External links
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1325:Main article:
1304:
1301:
1297:picks per inch
1279:. The warp is
1197:picking sticks
1189:flying shuttle
1132:
1131:
1130:
1129:
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1120:
1117:
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1107:
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1100:with weft yarn
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898:Main article:
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791:S and Z twists
734:spinning wheel
699:spinning wheel
679:spinning wheel
656:
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562:sheep shearers
546:
545:Sheep Shearing
543:
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399:
398:
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390:heckling combs
383:
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249:
248:Yarn formation
246:
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15:
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2:
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3008:
3007:Manufacturing
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2735:Passementerie
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2726:
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2678:
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2657:
2650:
2645:
2643:
2638:
2636:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2609:Bancroft Shed
2607:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
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2553:
2552:Clara Sherman
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2538:
2535:
2533:
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2528:
2525:
2523:
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2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
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2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2441:Northrop loom
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2431:Jacquard loom
2429:
2427:
2426:Horrocks loom
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2394:
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2368:
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2336:
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2329:
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2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2293:Inkle weaving
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2273:Fingerweaving
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2232:Warp and weft
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2218:
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2088:
2083:
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2052:
2051:Spinning mule
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2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2011:Ring spinning
2009:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1960:Hand spinning
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1810:
1809:
1806:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1785:
1783:1-84588-294-6
1779:
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1770:
1766:
1764:1-873592-13-2
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1733:
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1718:
1714:
1713:
1689:
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1678:
1672:
1670:
1663:, p. 19.
1662:
1657:
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1642:
1635:
1630:
1628:
1621:, p. 12.
1620:
1615:
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1567:
1560:
1554:Atlas Obscura
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1449:February 2009
1443:
1439:
1436:This section
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1421:
1410:Wet processes
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1332:Hand knitting
1328:
1321:
1317:
1309:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1293:ends per inch
1290:
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1285:ends per inch
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1029:The earliest
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736:collects the
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700:
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684:
681:used to make
680:
675:
669:
665:
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99:February 2009
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60: â
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3043:Sewing terms
3038:Dyeing terms
2848:
2663:Fundamentals
2656:Textile arts
2557:Gunta Stölzl
2542:John Rylands
2522:Ethel Mairet
2456:Roberts loom
2406:Air-jet loom
2142:Double weave
1773:
1754:
1740:cite journal
1727:
1723:
1710:Bibliography
1695:. Retrieved
1688:the original
1683:
1641:
1619:Bednall 2008
1614:
1602:
1594:
1573:the original
1559:
1550:
1538:. Retrieved
1534:the original
1529:
1520:
1476:Narrow cloth
1459:
1446:
1442:adding to it
1437:
1418:
1387:
1378:crochet hook
1368:
1344:
1330:
1291:(noun) of X
1288:
1283:(verb) at X
1280:
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1200:
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1192:
1184:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1157:
1155:
1112:Batten with
1079:Warp threads
1050:
1028:
994:
984:
980:
977:
972:
963:
951:
942:metamorphose
939:
915:
903:
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341:
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318:
289:
261:
231:
180:
176:embroidering
122:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2943:Indonesian
2725:NĂ„lebinding
2532:Lilly Reich
2487:Otti Berger
2482:Anni Albers
2451:Rapier loom
2182:Plain weave
2122:Basketweave
2061:Water frame
1970:Niddy noddy
1648:, p. 8
1540:12 February
1530:People Tree
1471:Bleachfield
1384:Lace making
1272:, and then
1109:Breast beam
912:Cultivation
841:) ply from
801:niddy noddy
769:niddy noddy
608:any stage.
168:wet process
162:. Cloth is
3031:Glossaries
2760:Rug making
2730:Needlework
2690:Embroidery
2583:More looms
2446:Power loom
2416:Dobby loom
2411:Dandy loom
2220:Components
2172:Pile weave
2162:Leno weave
2147:Even-weave
1975:Nostepinne
1939:Short draw
1907:Techniques
1507:References
1420:Embroidery
1415:Embroidery
1370:Crocheting
1357:Crocheting
1220:heddle bar
1170:cloth beam
1128:Cloth roll
1088:Heddle bar
1070:Wood frame
936:Harvesting
926:spinnerets
868:See also:
573:Soay sheep
483:Sea Island
286:Harvesting
193:. Natural
150:to create
69:newspapers
3017:Recycling
2990:Fiber art
2832:Byzantine
2740:Patchwork
2502:Ada Dietz
2396:Types of
2152:Gabardine
1934:Scutching
1929:Long draw
1842:Materials
1512:Citations
1380:is used.
1191:with its
1185:hand-loom
1166:warp beam
1094:- the eye
1076:Warp beam
995:Once the
985:torcitoio
847:lazy kate
832:lazy kate
719:crocheted
713:(flat or
471:cellulose
466:Gossypium
376:Scutching
293:slip knot
227:polyester
3085:Textiles
3079:Category
3002:Industry
2980:Blocking
2947:Balinese
2891:Burmese
2822:Quilting
2770:Spinning
2750:Quilting
2710:Knitting
2675:Beadwork
2670:Appliqué
2365:Tapestry
2313:Pibiones
2227:Textiles
2132:Coverlet
1924:Heckling
1835:Spinning
1465:See also
1303:Knitting
1236:treadles
1205:drop box
1193:fly cord
1125:Treadles
981:filatoio
948:Throwing
715:circular
691:spinning
655:Spinning
599:Cleaning
579:Skirting
558:Shearing
487:Egyptian
446:Oklahoma
401:Spinning
386:Heckling
370:lowered.
367:Breaking
361:, Russia
197:include
164:finished
144:knitting
140:spinning
128:textiles
2973:Related
2937:Oaxacan
2927:Mexican
2917:Mapuche
2870:African
2785:Weaving
2720:Macramé
2700:Felting
2680:Crochet
2470:Weavers
2333:Shuttle
2127:Charvet
2108:Weaving
1980:Spindle
1965:Distaff
1919:Combing
1914:Carding
1889:Worsted
1697:1 March
1399:knitted
1232:harness
1212:heddles
1181:shuttle
1098:shuttle
1031:weaving
1019:Weaving
930:sericin
884:lanolin
882:If the
870:Fulling
864:Washing
843:bobbins
750:worsted
746:woollen
727:garment
711:knitted
697:or the
695:spindle
668:distaff
664:Spindle
645:worsted
630:Carding
618:Felting
612:become
605:lanolin
419:distaff
417:from a
328:corrode
320:Retting
299:Retting
238:artisan
156:machine
148:weaving
83:scholar
2959:Korean
2932:Navajo
2912:Andean
2895:Acheik
2775:Stitch
2765:Sewing
2745:Plying
2695:Fabric
2685:Dyeing
2477:Acesas
2380:Wicker
2375:Wattle
2370:Temple
2360:TÄniko
2338:Sizing
2298:Kasuri
2283:Heddle
2258:Beamer
2197:Swivel
2167:Oxford
2157:Lampas
2115:Weaves
1884:Woolen
1869:Staple
1864:Sliver
1859:Roving
1780:
1761:
1270:heddle
1228:couper
1148:. The
1092:heddle
1009:animal
857:Navajo
828:plying
816:Plying
811:Plying
805:winder
781:plying
742:bobbin
723:fabric
651:yarn.
649:woolen
638:roving
592:Leiden
569:fleece
518:leaves
453:Cotton
436:Cotton
430:roving
423:washed
394:carded
276:Cotton
199:cotton
154:. The
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2964:MÄori
2952:Sumba
2902:Hmong
2875:Kongo
2705:Fiber
2602:Mills
2398:looms
2385:Resin
2355:Talim
2263:Braid
2202:Twill
2187:Satin
2177:Piqué
2137:Dobby
1854:Rolag
1720:(PDF)
1691:(PDF)
1680:(PDF)
1576:(PDF)
1569:(PDF)
1347:woven
1262:swift
1258:cloth
1224:heald
1216:shaft
1158:frame
1122:Lathe
1013:plant
1005:cloth
997:fibre
918:moths
916:Silk
906:China
797:skein
765:skein
740:on a
725:or a
707:woven
689:Hand
634:rolag
539:sheep
515:Yucca
511:twine
503:Yucca
498:Yucca
491:Surat
478:shrub
457:fibre
380:straw
344:straw
272:linen
242:hobby
223:nylon
203:linen
152:cloth
132:fibre
90:JSTOR
76:books
2922:Maya
2880:Kuba
2827:Silk
2790:Yarn
2755:Rope
2715:Lace
2328:Shed
2318:Reed
2303:Loom
2288:Ikat
2237:Yarn
2192:Shot
1849:Noil
1778:ISBN
1759:ISBN
1746:link
1699:2008
1542:2009
1395:Lace
1390:lace
1376:, a
1351:bias
1289:sett
1276:reed
1254:yard
1251:half
1244:beat
1240:reed
1218:(or
1195:and
1177:weft
1162:warp
1150:shed
1146:reed
1142:yarn
1116:comb
1114:reed
1103:Shed
1041:Loom
1035:loom
1001:yarn
900:silk
894:Silk
851:kate
820:yarn
744:. A
738:yarn
732:The
703:yarn
683:yarn
666:and
614:felt
567:The
535:Wool
530:Wool
485:and
461:boll
415:spun
359:Perm
348:spun
324:acid
280:stem
268:hemp
266:and
264:flax
258:Flax
219:silk
217:and
215:wool
211:hemp
209:and
207:jute
189:and
172:dyed
160:loom
136:yarn
62:news
1879:Tow
1874:Top
1728:XII
1444:.
1281:set
1266:end
1222:or
1201:box
1011:or
717:),
146:or
45:by
3081::
1742:}}
1738:{{
1726:.
1722:.
1682:.
1668:^
1653:^
1626:^
1584:^
1528:.
1401:.
1388:A
1353:.
1299:.
1037:.
1015:.
795:A
729:.
709:,
677:A
473:.
282:.
274:.
225:,
205:,
201:,
185:,
2648:e
2641:t
2634:v
2100:e
2093:t
2086:v
1827:e
1820:t
1813:v
1786:.
1767:.
1748:)
1701:.
1609:.
1544:.
1451:)
1447:(
783:.
685:.
513:.
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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