Tewodros II - Knowledge

1233: 1272:, Woizero Alitash was among the first of the nobility to travel to Were Illu to pay homage to her former husband as the new Emperor. Rumors persist that Alitash and Emperor Menelik may have rekindled their relationship and that Alitash found that she was pregnant by the Emperor in the following months. The rumors continue that upon hearing about this pregnancy of the Emperor's first wife, the childless and barren Empress Taytu Bitul had Alitash poisoned. Yet a different version of these rumors state that she gave birth to a boy and handed him over to a friend to be raised as a common farmer in Shewa. The eldest descendant of this line now resides in Kenya married to the daughter of a Jegna, some Ethiopians believe them to be the only legitimate heirs to the line of Tewedros II and Menelik II. Regardless of the veracity of these rumors, Woizero Alitash Tewodros, daughter of Tewodros II, died within the first few months of the reign of her ex-husband Menelik II. 1119: 503:

ideas and language are clear and precise; hesitation is not known to him; and has no counsellors or go-between. He is fond of splendour, and received in state even on a campaign. He is unsparing in punishment – necessary in a wilderness as Abyssinia (at that time). He salutes his meanest (poor) subjects with courtesy, is sincerely though often mistakenly religious, and will acknowledge a fault committed to his poorest follower in a moment of compassion with sincerity and grace. He is generous to excess, and free from all cupidity, regarding nothing with pleasure or desire but munitions of war for his soldiers. He has exercised the utmost clemency towards the vanquished, treating them more like friends than enemies. His faith is signal: without Christ I am nothing.

1264:, who wrote of his death in her journal: "It is too sad! All alone in a strange country, without a single person or relative belonging to him... His was no happy life". Emperor Tewodros II had an elder son born outside of wedlock, named Meshesha Tewodros. Meshesha was frequently at odds with his father, especially after it was learned that he had assisted Menelik of Shewa in his escape from Magdala. When Menelik became Emperor of Ethiopia, Meshesha Tewodros was raised to the title of Ras and given Dembia as his fief. Ras Meshesha would remain a loyal friend of Emperor Menelik II until his death, and his descendants were regarded as among the highest nobility and the leading representatives of Tewodros' line. 822: 1151:, because if Gobeze were in control of the fortress, he would be able to halt the Oromos advance and assume responsibility for over 30,000 Christian refugees from Tewodros's camp. Yet as Gobeze was unresponsive to these overtures, much preferring to acquire Tewodros's cannons, and the two Oromo queens could not reach an arrangement, Napier decided to destroy the fortress. After a thorough medical examination which confirmed Tewodros' death as the result of suicide, the body was dressed and laid out in a hut. By the request of the Emperor's widow, the body was later buried in the Church of Magdala. Lieutenant Stumm, an eyewitness, described the discovery of Tewodros's body: 1104:, on the plain facing Magdala, on 10 April 1868. With Tewodros' army so decisively defeated, many of his men began to desert and the emperor was left with only 4,000 soldiers. Tewodros II attempted to make peace. Napier responded with a message thanking him for this peace offering and stating that he would treat the Emperor and his family with every dignity. Tewodros II furiously responded that he would never be taken prisoner. The British shelled Magdala, which killed most of Tewodros's remaining soldiers. Tewodros released all the Europeans unharmed but ordered 300 Ethiopian prisoners to be flung over the cliff. 2711: 947:

hand in marriage was seen by her family as an opportunity to get Dejazmatch Wube and his sons freed from imprisonment, and so they prevailed on her to marry the Emperor. However, while the conditions of their imprisonment were eased, Dejazmatch Wube and his sons were not released, deeply imbittering Empress Tiruwork against Tewodros. Already feeling that she had married far beneath her dignity to a usurper, the failure of the Emperor to free her family did not help their marital relationship. The marriage was very far from a happy one, and was extremely stormy. They did have a son, Dejazmatch

474:, rather than depending on local lords to provide soldiers for his expeditions. He introduced the collection of books in the form of a library, tax codes, as well as a centralized political system with respective administrative districts. He also intended to reform the church but he was confronted by strong opposition when he tried to impose a tax on church lands to help finance government activities. Tewodros confiscation of these lands gained him enemies in the church and little support elsewhere. Essentially, Tewodros was a talented military campaigner. 768: 690: 852:

Empress Menen sent an army after him into north of Lake Tana. Kassa easily defeated the army and took the Empress as prisoner. Her son, Ras Ali of Begemder, chose to negotiate with Kassa; he gave Kassa all lands west and north of Lake Tana and Kassa in return released his mother (Prouty and Rosenfeld 1982, 60). The reconciled relationship with Empress Menen led him to join up with Ras Ali and Ras Goshu Zewde of Gojam. However, when conflict re-emerged yet again in 1852, Kassa retreated back to Qwara to re-strengthen his troops.

927: 1055: 872: 1097:. He traveled from India, then a British colony, with more than 30,000 personnel (a force of 13,000 troops and 26,000 camp followers), which consisted of not only soldiers but also specialists such as engineers. Tewodros had become increasingly unpopular over the years due to his harsh methods, and many regional figures had rebelled against him. Several readily assisted the British by providing guides and food as the expeditionary force marched towards Magdala, where the Emperor had fortified the mountaintop. 1022: 1040:, who had previously published a book in Europe describing Tewodros as a barbaric, cruel, unstable usurper. When Tewodros saw this book, he became violently angry, pulled a gun on Stern, and had to be restrained from killing the missionary. He then beat to death the two servants Stern had brought with him. Tewodros also received reports from abroad that foreign papers had quoted these European residents of Ethiopia as having said many negative things about him and his reign. 982:, to carry a letter to Queen Victoria requesting skilled workers to come to teach his subjects how to produce firearms, and other technical skills. Cameron traveled to the coast with the letter, but when he informed the Foreign Office of the letter and its contents, he was instructed to simply send the letter to London rather than take it himself. He was to proceed to Sudan to make inquiries about the slave trade there. After doing this, Cameron returned to Ethiopia. 1284: 1063: 291: 883:. However, since he was nearly always away on campaign during his tenure as emperor, disloyal leaders frequently tried to dislodge him while he was away fighting. Within a few years, he had forcibly brought back under direct Imperial rule the Kingdom of Shewa and the province of Gojjam. He crushed the many lords and princes of Wollo and Tigray and brought recalcitrant regions of Begemder and Simien under his direct rule. 57: 1180:, "fifteen elephants and almost 200 mules were required to carry away the booty". These became dispersed in museums and state collections across Europe, though some looted artifacts have been returned to Ethiopia. Tewodros II's family later moved the Emperor's remains to the Mahedere Selassie Monastery in his native Qwara, where they remain to this day. Tewodros had asked his wife, the Empress 1169: 1085:, who bore a letter from the Queen (in response to Tewodros' now three-year-old letter requesting aid). He did not bring the skilled workers as Tewodros had requested. Deeply insulted by the British failure to do exactly as they were asked, Tewodros had the members of the Rassam mission added to his other European prisoners. This last breach of 1204:. However, both the Queen and Napier were later concerned with the subsequent development of the young prince who became increasingly lonely, unhappy and depressed during this time. In 1879, the prince died at the age of 19. He was buried near the royal chapel in Windsor with a funeral plaque placed to his memory by Queen Victoria. 749:. Moreover, he gained popular support by his benevolent treatment of the inhabitants in the areas he controlled: according to Sven Rubenson, Kassa "shared out captured grain and money to the peasants in Qwara and told them to buy hoes and plant." This garnered notice of the nobleman in control of Gondar, 848:, one who refuses to recognize his feudal lord. Kassa Hailu organized his own army in the plains of Qwara. When he became too powerful to ignore, as a way to deal with him without using force, he was named Dajazmach of Qwara and given the hand of Tawabach, the daughter of Ras Ali of Begemder, in 1845. 1259:

was appointed as his guardian. He developed a very strong attachment to Captain Speedy and his wife. However, Prince Alemayehu grew increasingly lonely as the years went by, and his compromised health made things even harder. He died in October 1879 at the age of 19 without seeing his homeland again.

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Climbing a narrow rock stairway, we advanced quickly toward a second gate, through which we passed without meeting resistance. About a hundred paces beyond it lay the half-naked body of the Emperor himself, who had taken his own life with a pistol shot. A strange smile was on the remarkably young and

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In the first six years of his reign, the new ruler managed to put down these rebellions, and the empire was relatively peaceful from about 1861 to 1863, but the energy, wealth, and manpower necessary to deal with regional opposition limited the scope of Tewodros's other activities. Tewodros II never

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was a proud and haughty woman, very aware of her illustrious Solomonic ancestry. She is said to have intended on the religious life and becoming a nun, especially after the fall of her father and his imprisonment along with her brothers at the hands of Tewodros II. However, Tewodros' request for her

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Although all sources and authorities believe that Kassa truly loved and respected his wife, his relationship with his new in-laws deteriorated largely because of the disdainful treatment he repeatedly received from the Empress Menen. By 1852, he rebelled against Ras Ali and, in a series of victories

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Theodore, the new King of Kings of Ethiopia, was certainly the most remarkable man that has appeared in Africa for some centuries. At the date of his assumption of the regal title, Theodore was thirty-seven years of age, of medium stature but possessing a well-knit muscular frame capable of ensuring

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He has been said to have used a pistol which he had used during fighting for unification during the era, though in reality he used a duelling pistol gifted to him by Queen Victoria and presented by Consul Cameron. Tewodros II was buried by the British troops at Magdala's Medhane Alem (Savior of the

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have stated outright that it was a false rumor spread by her detractors. Evidence indicates that Woizero Atitegeb was fairly well-to-do, and indeed had inherited considerable land holdings from her own illustrious relatives from which to lead a comfortable life. Kassa's youth was probably not lived

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Atitegeb moved back to Gondar taking her son with her. Not long after their departure, however, news reached them that Kassa's father had died. Popular legend states that Kassa's paternal relatives split up the entire paternal inheritance, leaving young Kassa and his mother with nothing and in very

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Most of them, instead of thanking Providence for their final rescue – were not all happy with the new turn of events. They were indignant, upset, at having to leave Abyssinia. "What" they said, "are we supposed to do in Europe now, what are we supposed to do now with our wives and children back in

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under the direct administration of the Imperial throne after they had been ruled by local branches of the Imperial dynasty (in Gojjam and Shewa) or other noblemen (Wollo). With all of his rivals apparently subdued, he imprisoned them and their relatives at Magdala. Among the royal and aristocratic

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in the place of the hapless Yohannes III who had acknowledged Kassa immediately. Yohannes III was treated well by Kassa who seems to have had some personal sympathy for him. His views on Sahle Dengel are not known but are not likely to have been sympathetic. Following the defeat of Dejazmach Wube,

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and to achieve great conquests: of untiring energy, both mental and bodily, his personal and moral daring is boundless... When aroused his wrath is terrible, and all tremble; but at all moments he possesses a perfect self-control. Indefatigable in business, he takes little repose night or day: his

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On a curious side note, many of the hostages were unhappy with Napier's demand that they leave the country. Several hostages argued that they had long since become alienated from their old homeland in Europe and would no longer have any chance of building a new life for their families there. The

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or "Age of the Princes". During this era, regional princes, and noble lords of diverse ethnic and religious backgrounds vied with each other for power and control of the Gondarine Emperor. A puppet Emperor of the Solomonic dynasty was enthroned in Gondar by one nobleman, only to be dethroned and

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On Cameron's return, the Emperor became enraged when he found out that Cameron had not taken the letter to London personally, had not brought a response from the Queen, and most of all, had spent time traveling through enemy Egyptian and Turkish territories. Cameron tried to appease the Emperor

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The death of his beloved wife, Empress Tewabech, marked the start of a deterioration in Tewodros II's behavior. Increasingly erratic and vengeful, he gave full rein to some of his more brutal tendencies now that the calming influence of his wife was absent. For instance, after the murder of the

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Kassa was very close to Tawabach and devoted to his marriage but his submission to Empress Menen was short-lived. In October 1846, he attacked and plundered Dembea, a city located due south of Gondar, and in January 1847 he went on to occupy Gondar. When Kassa unoccupied Gondar later that year,

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Tewodros II's much loved daughter, Woizero Alitash Tewodros, was the first wife of Menelik of Shewa who eventually became Emperor Menelik II of Ethiopia. Woizero Alitash was abandoned by her husband when Menelik escaped from Magdala to return and reclaim his Shewan throne. She was subsequently

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Kassa passed for being twenty-eight. His face was more black than red. Like almost all Ethiopians, he had a slender body and seemed to owe his great agility less to his muscles than to his powerful will. His forehead is high and almost domed; his slightly aquiline nose is a common trait among

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Wodajo, was a powerful and highly influential figure. It is thought that Tewodros II's paternal side of the family carried with it a slim margin of Solomonic pedigree, however insignificant it proved when compared to the more prominently illustrious ancestries of some of his highborn rivals.

1143:; however Tewodros had won it back from them some years earlier. Two rival Oromos queens, Werkait and Mostiat, had both allied themselves with the British and claimed control of the conquered fortress as a reward. Napier much preferred to hand Magdala over to the Christian ruler of 935:

English traveller, John Bell, who had become the emperor's close friend and confidante, the emperor, in revenge, had 500 prisoners beheaded in Debarek. Then, in February 1863, after defeating the rebel, Tedla Gwalu, Tewodros ordered the killing of the 7,000 prisoners he had taken.

1251:, were also to be taken to England. However, Empress Tiruwork died on the journey to the coast, and little Alemayehu made the journey alone. The Empress was buried at Sheleqot monastery in Tigray where her ancestors ruled. Although Queen Victoria subsidised the education at 792:– over the next three years he defeated every army the Ras and the Empress sent against him. At Ayshal he captured the Empress Menen, and Ras Ali fled. Kassa announced that he was deposing Emperor Yohannes III, and then marched on his greatest remaining rival, Dejazmach 1937: 1035:

After two years had passed and Tewodros had not received a reply, he imprisoned Cameron, together with all the British subjects in Ethiopia and various other Europeans, in an attempt to get the queen's attention. His prisoners included an Anglican missionary named

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The King Theodorus is young in years, vigorous in all manly exercises, of a striking countenance, peculiarly polite and engaging when pleased, and mostly displaying great tact and delicacy. He is persuaded that he is destined to restore the glories of the

724:, competing royal powerful Oromo and Muslim dynasties also vied for power. Nevertheless, a semblance of order and unity was maintained in northern Ethiopia during the era of the Princes by the powerful Rases of the Were Sheik dynasty of Wollo such as 1188:, under the protection of the British. This decision was apparently made in fear that his life would be taken by any aspirant for the empire of Abyssinia. In accordance with these wishes, Alemayehu was taken to London where he was presented to 1114:

A modern commentator states "When Tewodros preferred self-inflicted death to captivity, he deprived the British of this ultimate satisfaction and laid the foundation for his own resurrection as a symbol of the defiant independence of the

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Waldmeier describes the Empress and John Bell as being Tewodros' "two angels". Following their deaths "even the moderate use of drink seemed to inflame his naturally excitable disposition, and caused him to be guilty of injustice and

1001:'s interests in Northeast Africa were quite different from those of Tewodros. The British did not want to conduct a Christian "crusade" against Islam but instead to cooperate politically, strategically and commercially with the 1005:, Egypt and the Sudan. This was not only to protect the route to India but also to ensure that the Ottoman Empire continued to act as a buffer against Russia's plans for expansion into Central Asia. More so, as a result of the 470:

realized his dream of restoring a strong monarchy, although he took many important initial steps. He sought to establish the principle that governors and judges must be salaried appointees. He also established a professional

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to the British textile industry were cut off entirely, making the British increasingly dependent on Egyptian-Sudanese cotton. The British did not wish to see a conflagration in the region which would upset the status quo.

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Although Tewodros II's origins were in the Era of the Princes, his ambitions were not those of the regional nobility. He sought to re-establish a cohesive Ethiopian state and to reform its administration and church.

990:. There the letter stayed for a year. Then the Foreign Office sent the letter to India, because Abyssinia came under the Raj's remit. It is alleged that when the letter arrived in India, officials filed it under 1367:

John Pridham composed and published a piano solo piece, "Abyssinian Expedition", commemorating the Battle of Magdala. The digitized (scanned) sheet music can be found at the National Library of Australia's

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chronicles the life and times of Emperor Tewodros's quest for power and his reign. Marsden remarks that Tewodros's violence makes him ambiguous to be a true hero worthy of a bronze statue like Napier in

1336:(Medallion Press, 2006) depicts the rise and fall of Tewodros as seen through the eyes of his European captives, using primary sources from eyewitnesses to create an unbiased portrait of the Emperor. 898:. Tewodros ended the division of Ethiopia among the various regional lords and princes that had vied among each other for power for almost two centuries. He forcibly re-incorporated the regions of 582:

after Kenfu's death (though Kenfu also wanted to give the land to his own sons). When Kenfu died, however, neither his sons nor Kassa inherited control of the territory because Empress Menen Liben

2485:); chap. III ("La restauration de l'État éthiopien dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle"), partie I ("L'ascension de Tewodros II et la restauration de la monarchie (1855–1868)"), pp. 92–97 813:

on February 11, 1855. He took the throne name of Tewodros II, attempting to fulfill a prophecy that a man named Tewodros would restore the Ethiopian Empire to greatness and rule for 40 years.

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where he helped defeat an Egyptian raid. His uncle, Dejazmach Kenfu died in 1839 and Qwara was lost to the family and claimed by Empress Menen of Gondar. Kassa Hailu resorted to become a

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Emperor Tewodros has come to occupy a high regard amongst many Ethiopians. Examples of his influence are seen in plays, literature, folklore, songs and art works (such as a 1974 book by

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Molvaer, Reidulf K. (9 February 1998). "The Achievement of Emperor Téwodros II of Ethiopia (1855-1868): From an Unpublished Manuscript by Aleqa Tekle-Ïyesus ("Aleqa Teklé") of Gojjam".

450:, the title for King. In the course of subduing the Shewans, Tewodros took with him a Shewan prince, Sahle Maryam, who he brought up as his own son, who would later become Emperor (or 2400: 1213:

our homeland – which has become alien to us? How are we supposed to live now among people who have alien to us and whom we no longer like? What are we supposed to live on?

863:, effectively ending his invasion. The defeat at Dabarki led to Tewodros taking efforts to modernize his military, incorporating firearm drills and more modern artillery. 833: 561:, which translates as "the taste of the honey" or literally "What has been tasted by Maru". This name was given to the territory because it was the personal fief of 2677: 458:. Despite his success against Shewa, Tewodros faced constant rebellions by nobles in other regions resisting modernization. He ultimately committed suicide at the 745:), but after amassing a sizable force of followers, was able to not only restore himself to his father's previous fiefdom of Qwara but was able to control all of 954:

By October 1862, Emperor Tewodros' position as ruler had become precarious, much of Ethiopia was in revolt against him, except for a small area stretching from

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any amount of fatigue – a noble bearing and a majestic walk – and he was the best shot, the best spearmen, the best runner, and the best horseman in Abyssinia.

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wrote his play 'Tewodros' in 1963. Chronicles of his life have been seen to be significant in the formation of Amharic and Ethiopian literature in English.

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saying that a reply to the letter would arrive shortly. The Foreign Office in London did not pass the letter to Queen Victoria, but simply filed it under

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replaced by another member of the Imperial dynasty when a different regional prince was able to seize Gondar and the reins of power. Regions such as

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Biography of the Rev. Henry Aaron Stern, D.D.: For More than Forty Years a Missionary amongst the Jews: Containing an Account of his Labours and ...

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remarried to Dejazmatch Bariaw Paulos of Adwa. When Menelik II was proclaimed Emperor of Ethiopia at Were Illu in Wollo shortly after the death of

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under his control. During the Era of the Princes, Shewa was, even more than most provinces, an independent entity, its ruler even styling himself

2699: 2112: 2083: 962:. He was engaged in constant military campaigns against a wide array of rebels. Likewise, Abyssinia was also threatened by the encroachment of 665:. He also received instruction on the techniques of Ethiopian warfare from Kenfu. When Kenfu died, and his two sons were defeated by another 2226: 2396: 1372: 1135:

announced the return to Ethiopia of a lock of Tewodros' hair, taken after his death in battle. Magdala was in the territory of the Muslim

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for publishing during his reign. There is actually no evidence that Woizero Atitegeb was ever a Kosso seller, and several writers such as

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were ruled by their own branches of the Imperial dynasty and, in Shewa, the local prince went as far as assuming the title of King. In

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knew well the political events of Ethiopia during the 1850s and had foretold the rising star of Kassa the freelance warrior from

17: 1859:(2019). Module for history of Ethiopia and the horn for HLIS. Department of Science and Higher Education – Ethiopia. Addis Ababa 832:

Tewodros II's military career started when he served in his relative, Kenfu Haile Giorgis', army. In 1837, he led a successful

1435: 3465: 2514: 2482: 1905: 1724: 2551:) Lettre du Negussa Negest Téwodros II à un destinataire inconnu, sur le site des archives nationales d'Addis Abeba በኢንተርኔት 1491: 1461: 1176:

After Tewodros has been buried, Napier allowed his troops to loot the citadel as a punitive measure; according to historian

1118: 570:, a powerful warlord, and relative of Kassa. When Maru died in October 1827, his fiefdom was given (albeit begrudgingly) to 2012:

The Fuzzy Logic of Encounter: New Perspectives on Cultural Contact (Cultural Encounters and the Discourses of Scholarship)

2429: 2175: 1689: 3455: 2692: 2019: 1620: 2542:); partie II ("Unification and Independence – 1855–1896"), chap. I ("The first response: Kasa – Tewodros"), pp. 27–42. 1342:

by Mason McCann Smith is another work of historical fiction based around the rise, reign and fall of Emperor Tewodros.

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An Historical Study of the Shawan – Amhara Conquest of the Oromo and Sidama Regions of Southern Ethiopia 1865–1900

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dire circumstances financially. In hard times, his enemies came up with a rumour that she was reduced to selling

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Bechtinger reported that many of them eventually returned to their adopted country from Suez by way of Massawa.

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A Narrative of Captivity in Abyssinia; With Some Account of the Late Emperor Theodore, His Country and People

as Muslim Turks and Egyptians repeatedly invaded Ethiopia from the Red Sea and from Sudan while the Muslim

508: 760:, wife of Emperor Yohannes III, and the mother of Ras Ali, arranged for Kassa to marry her granddaughter, 557:

Woldegiorgis, was a widely respected figure of his time. Dembiya was part of the large territory known as

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Henze, Paul B. (2000). "The Empire from Atrophy to Revival: The Era of the Princes and Tewodros II". IN:

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Following some short squabbles for the throne after his death, Tewodros II was eventually succeeded by

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On 15 April 1868, as the British troops stormed the citadel of Magdala, Emperor Tewodros committed

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Ten Years in Abyssinia and Sixteen Years in Syria being the Autobiography of Theophilus Waldmeier

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attractive-looking face, and I was struck particularly by the finely drawn, boldly aquiline nose.

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In 1842 Tewodros invaded Egyptian-controlled Sudan from western Ethiopia, successfully capturing

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Atitegeb Wondbewossen, was from Gondar and belonged to a noble family. However, According to

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from 1855 until his death in 1868. His rule is often placed as the beginning of modern

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prisoners at Magdala was the young Prince of Shewa, Sahle Maryam, the future Emperor

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Pankhurst, Rita (1973). "The Library of Emperor Tewodros II at Mäqdäla (Magdala)".

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The Abyssinian Difficulty: The Emperor Theodorus and the Magdala Campaign, 1867–68

1870:"The Origins of the Ethiopian-Egyptian Border Problem in the Nineteenth Century." 871: 614:

Tewodros, in his reign, indeed claimed that his father was descended from Emperor

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assistance in the region. Tewodros asked the British Consul in Ethiopia, Captain

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Tewodros II's first task after having reunited the other provinces was to bring

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Pankhurst, Richard (1985). "The Napier Expedition and The Loot From Maqdala".

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tribe was expanding throughout Central Ethiopia. Tewodros wrote a letter to

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German observer Josef Bechtinger, who accompanied the expedition, wrote:

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Emperor Tewodros commits suicide – as depicted by the media. As drawn by

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Tewodros II remarried, this time to the daughter of his imprisoned enemy

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The Siege of Magdala: The British Empire Against the Emperor of Ethiopia

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The Siege of Magdala: The British Empire Against the Emperor of Ethiopia

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Institute of Development and Education for Africa (IDEA), Inc. 1–8. PDF.

800:. Kassa refused to acknowledge an attempt to restore the former Emperor 3341: 3088: 2982: 2953: 2911: 2869: 2827: 2792: 2610:

Ethiopian Treasures – Emperor Tewodros II, Battle of Meqdala – Ethiopia

2563:"A study of the career of Theodore II, Emperor of Ethiopia, 1855–1868." 2230: 1312:). Emperor Tewodros has come to symbolise Ethiopian unity and identity. 916: 455: 85: 56: 2055:

Prelude to Magdala: Emperor Theodore of Ethiopia and British Diplomacy

1795: 507:

The French explorer, geographer, ethnologist, linguist and astronomer

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Ost-Afrika: Erinnerungen Und Miscellen Aus Dem Abessinischen Feldzuge

1869: 955: 826: 729: 704: 647: 615: 571: 563: 2227:"UK museum to return lock of hair of Ethiopia's Emperor Tewodros II" 1062: 553:

district named Hailegiorgis Woldegiorgis. His paternal grandfather,

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Kassa was sent to school at the convent of Tekla Haymanot, between

606: 428: 290: 2198:"Ethiopian Emperor Tewodros II's stolen hair to be returned by UK" 1131:

World) Orthodox Church under the name of Theodore II. In 2019 the

630: – a claim for which Kassa would go on to imprison 3355: 3038: 3024: 2989: 2820: 1192:, who took a liking to the young boy. Alemayehu later studied at 1108: 856: 746: 546: 231: 771:

Location of the four main battles of Ras Kassa from 1853 to 1855

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the German botanist had mentioned the following about Tewodros:

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Thoroughbred Amharas. His beard is very light and his lip thin.

1313: 3221: 3207: 3151: 2946: 2932: 2477:(sous la direction de Gérard Prunier), Karthala, 440 pages, ( 1247:

The widowed Empress Tiruwork and the young heir of Tewodros,

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Emperor Tewodros appears as the leader of the Ethiopians in

951:, whom the Emperor adored and whom he regarded as his heir. 1329:, where he is portrayed as a volatile, bloodthirsty madman. 1168: 1066:

Departure of the British expeditionary force from Magdala (

859:. However, he suffered a major defeat in March 1848 at the 493:

When being crowned as King, Plowden described him as such:

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Narrative of the British Mission to Theodore of Abyssinia

997:

Britain had several reasons for ignoring the letter. The

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Jesman, Czeslaw (April 1972). "Theodore II of Ethiopia"

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Revolutionary Ethiopia: from empire to people's republic

2224: 1938:

http://khartoumspace.uofk.edu/bitstream/handle/123456789

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Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society

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Ethiopian insurgents paying homage to Emperor Tewodros,

2383:(1867) "Herzoglicher Haus-orden Albrecht des Bären" p. 2249: 2247: 1997:

Narrative of the Mission to Theodore, King of Abyssinia

1836:. Addis Ababa: Haile Selassie I University. p. 36. 589:

According to the Ethiopian chronicles, Kassa's mother,

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Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

1659:(2nd ed.). Oxford : James Curry. pp. 27–28. 1694:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 179. 3403:

During that time, the imperial title was claimed by

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The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844–1913

1740: 1738: 1736: 1455:"The Great Unifier: Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia" 621:

When Kassa was very young, his parents divorced and

1516: 1514: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1504: 578:. Kassa was in line to potentially take control of 2615:The Great Unifier: Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia 2042:. Princeton, New Jersey: Markus Weiner Publishers. 1487:The Great Unifier: Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia 1100:The British force defeated the Abyssinian army at 650:. He took refuge when it was sacked by a defeated 2337: 1932:El Amin, Abdel Karim, Ahmed, Abdel Karim (2009). 1733: 1615:. Africa Institute of South Africa. p. 189. 1449: 1447: 1445: 3427: 2143:The March to Magdala: The Abyssinian War of 1868 1719:(Reissue ed.). Cambridge University Press. 1501: 1426: 1424: 1422: 1420: 1418: 1416: 1414: 825:Emperor Tewodros II supervising crossing of the 3397:, Haile Selassie went into exile following the 1323:'s fictionalised account of the 1868 conflict, 574:Hailu by the governor of the province, Empress 46: 2605:Tewodros II at the Imperial Ethiopia Homepages 1442: 1319:Tewodros, under the name Theodore, appears in 1043: 703:Kassa Hailu was born into a country rife with 63:Histoire de l'Ethiopie d'Axoum à la révolution 2693: 2381:Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Herzogtum Anhalt 1591: 1552: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1411: 1184:, in the event of his death, to put his son, 1139:tribes who had long before taken it from the 886:He moved the capital city of the Empire from 875:Theodore giving audience, surrounded by lions 2565:Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University 2057:. London: Bellew Publishing. pp. 80–81. 1767: 1765: 1763: 1400:, 2nd edition , p. 30), Paul B. Henze ( 2033: 2031: 2009: 1654: 1608: 511:describes him during his stay in Ethiopia: 2700: 2686: 2527:, Addis Ababa, Haile Selassie I University 2462: 2325: 2119: 2111:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2082:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1982:The Barefoot Emperor: An Ethiopian Tragedy 1967:The Barefoot Emperor: An Ethiopian Tragedy 1537: 1255:of Dejazmatch Alemayehu Tewodros, Captain 1089:was the catalyst to Britain launching the 974:as a fellow Christian monarch, asking for 605:Tishal, was a member of a noble family of 408:, once referred to by the English cognate 55: 2265: 2225:Abdur Rahman Alfa Shaban (4 March 2019). 1984:. London: Harper Collins. pp. 84–85. 1969:. London: Harper Collins. pp. 75–76. 1887: 1885: 1771: 1760: 1746:"Emperor Tewodros II – Imperial Ethiopia" 1520: 2502: 2253: 2125: 2037: 2028: 1831: 1231: 1167: 1161: 1117: 1061: 1053: 1020: 925: 870: 820: 766: 735:Kassa began his career in this era as a 688: 639:lavishly, but he was far from a pauper. 431:and brought an end to the decentralized 2532:A History of Modern Ethiopia, 1855–1991 2422:"Music – National Library of Australia" 2155: 1979: 1964: 1657:A History of Modern Ethiopia, 1855-1991 1556: 1404:, p. 135), and Richard Pankhurst ( 1260:Prince Alemayehu left an impression on 879:Tewodros sought to unify and modernise 732:who controlled Gondar and the Emperor. 14: 3428: 2052: 1994: 1920: 1891: 1882: 1821:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 13. 1816: 1714: 1687: 1373:Age of Empires III: Definitive Edition 2681: 2490:Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia 2140: 2096: 2070:A Narrative of Captivity in Abyssinia 2067: 1650: 1648: 1302: 27:Emperor of Ethiopia from 1855 to 1868 2587:History of the Abyssinian Expedition 2446:d'Abbadie d'Arrast, Antoine (1868). 1634: 1632: 1077:The British sent a mission under an 2525:King of Kings: Tewodros of Ethiopia 2190: 2160:. London: Sampson Low. p. 449. 1834:King of Kings: Tewodros of Ethiopia 1432:"Tewodros II - emperor of Ethiopia" 1392:Authorities who put the end of the 1332:Karen Mercury's historical fiction 24: 3481:Heads of state who died by suicide 2555: 2397:"'Mad king Tewodros' of Abyssinia" 2218: 2178:from the original on 23 April 2009 2145:. London: Leo Cooper. p. 164. 2128:King of Kings Tewodros of Ethiopia 1681: 1645: 816: 609:, while her paternal grandfather, 25: 3492: 3446:19th-century emperors of Ethiopia 2598: 2534:, London, 2002, pp. 64–111 ( 1629: 1356:Tewodros features prominently in 1224:as the next Emperor of Ethiopia. 930:The Cross of Emperor Tewodros II. 836:on Ottoman forces in the town of 2709: 2432:from the original on 2014-02-11. 1756:from the original on 2017-01-07. 1715:Isaacs, Albert Augustus (2012). 1533:from the original on 2016-12-31. 1438:from the original on 2017-01-07. 1282: 1202:Royal Military Academy Sandhurst 684: 289: 80:11 February 1855 – 13 April 1868 3471:Suicides by firearm in Ethiopia 2440: 2414: 2403:from the original on 2016-10-08 2389: 2374: 2331: 2308:from the original on 2016-10-05 2290: 2259: 2164: 2149: 2134: 2090: 2061: 2046: 2003: 1988: 1973: 1958: 1942: 1926: 1862: 1853: 1840: 1825: 1810: 1708: 1642:(London, 1869), vol. 1, p. 279. 1467:from the original on 2007-07-04 693:Italian depiction of Ras Kassa 464:British Expedition to Abyssinia 2449:L'Abyssinie et le roi Théodore 2270:. 133–134 (133/134): 233–240. 1898:University of California Press 1872:The Journal of African History 1602: 1595:L'Abyssinie et le roi Théodore 1585: 1478: 1386: 1334:The Four Quarters of the World 1293:Grand Cross of Albert the Bear 477: 36:Pope Tawadros II of Alexandria 13: 1: 1874:8, no. 3 (1967): pp. 443–461. 1379: 1236:The End of King Tewodros II ( 1058:European prisoners in Magdala 1026: 805:Kassa was crowned Emperor by 694: 532: 417: 122: 3466:People of the Abyssinian War 2530:Zewde, Bahru; James Currey, 1609:Esterhuysen, Pieter (2013). 1527:www.ethiopiantreasures.co.uk 1398:A History of Modern Ethiopia 1091:1868 Expedition to Abyssinia 7: 2870:Zara Yaqob (Kwestantinos I) 2469:. Vienna: C. Gerold's sohn. 2072:. London. pp. 388–390. 2014:. Waxmann Verlag Gmbh Mrz. 2010:Juterczenka, Sünne (2009). 1592:d'Abbadie, Antoine (1868). 1044:Conflict with Great Britain 266:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo 246:Haile Giorgis Wolde Giorgis 173:(originally called Magdala) 10: 3497: 3399:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 2884:Eskender (Kwestantinos II) 2338:Keller, Edmond J. (1988). 2156:Stanley, Henry M. (1874). 1892:Marcus, Harold G. (2002). 1688:Levine, Donald N. (1974). 1484:Ghelawdewos Araia (2006). 1275: 1047: 597:, she was originally from 586:it under her own control. 405: 176:Mahbere Selassie Convent, 47: 29: 3456:People from Amhara Region 3379: 3308: 3048: 2963: 2756:Yagbe'u Seyon (Salomon I) 2736: 2727: 2666: 2657: 2649: 2622: 2591:Myatt, Frederick (1970). 2503:Matthies, Volker (2012). 2473:Bekele, Shiferaw (2007). 2459:, Oxford University Press 2141:Myatt, Frederick (1970). 2038:Matthies, Volker (2010). 1999:. pp. 238–240 vol i. 1788:10.1017/S0041977X00097974 1559:Northeast African Studies 1406:The Ethiopians, A History 509:Antoine Thomson D'Abbadie 375: 361: 342: 328: 315: 297: 288: 275: 261: 250: 242: 230: 221: 216: 212: 200: 186: 164: 143: 118: 114: 104: 94: 84: 76: 69: 54: 43: 2475:L'Éthiopie contemporaine 2463:Bechtinger, Jos (1870). 2346:Indiana University Press 2302:www.africanholocaust.net 1995:Rassam, Hormuzd (1869). 1980:Marsden, Philip (2007). 1965:Marsden, Philip (2007). 1227: 1111:rather than surrender. 958:east to his fortress at 866: 537:Kassa Hailu was born in 61:Tewodros II depicted in 2585:Markham, C. R. (1869). 2561:Anderson, Ruth (1967). 2523:Rubenson, Sven (1966). 2455:Bates, Darrell (1979). 2126:Rubenson, Sven (1966). 1832:Rubenson, Sven (1966). 1817:Marcus, Harold (1975). 1321:George MacDonald Fraser 1240:Illustrated London News 1126:after an English sketch 1081:-born British subject, 1070:Illustrated London News 282:Tewodros II of Ethiopia 18:Tewodros II of Ethiopia 2492:. New York: Palgrave. 2276:10.3917/presa.133.0233 2101:. London. p. 389. 2053:Arnold, Percy (1991). 1244: 1215: 1173: 1166: 1127: 1074: 1059: 1032: 980:Charles Duncan Cameron 931: 876: 829: 772: 700: 618:by way of a daughter. 530: 521:Georg Wilhelm Schimper 518: 505: 435:(Era of the Princes). 2568:Blanc, Henry (1868). 2451:, Ch. Douniol, Paris. 2158:Coomassie and Magdala 2097:Henty, G. A. (1868). 2068:Blanc, Henry (1868). 1750:www.haileselassie.net 1571:10.1353/nas.1998.0012 1521:Teklehaimanot, Teum. 1396:include Bahru Zewde ( 1375:– The African Royals. 1360:'s historical survey 1340:When the Emperor Dies 1326:Flashman on the March 1235: 1210: 1171: 1153: 1121: 1065: 1057: 1024: 929: 874: 824: 770: 692: 525: 513: 495: 423:– 13 April 1868) was 335:Your Imperial Majesty 257:Atitegeb Wondbewossen 169:Medhane Alem Church, 3461:Emperors of Ethiopia 2716:Emperors of Ethiopia 2593:The March to Mandala 2099:The March to Magdala 1655:Bahru Zewde (2001). 1350:The Barefoot Emperor 1314:Tsegaye Gebre-Medhin 1133:National Army Museum 842:Battle of Wadkaltabu 663:Ethiopian literature 545:, his father was an 307:His Imperial Majesty 3408:Victor Emmanuel III 2660:Emperor of Ethiopia 1894:History of Ethiopia 1087:diplomatic immunity 942:. The new Empress, 482:The British Consul 425:Emperor of Ethiopia 368:Our Lord (familiar) 71:Emperor of Ethiopia 3050:Era of the Princes 2582:, pp. 255–264 2268:Présence Africaine 1494:2007-07-04 at the 1408:, pp. 142ff). 1303:In popular culture 1245: 1194:Cheltenham College 1174: 1128: 1075: 1060: 1033: 1007:American Civil War 949:Alemayehu Tewodros 932: 877: 840:and fought in the 830: 773: 756:of Wollo. Empress 701: 222:Kassa (birth name) 160:, Ethiopian Empire 3476:Solomonic dynasty 3423: 3422: 3415:Emperor-in-exile. 3328:Tekle Giyorgis II 3082:Tekle Haymanot II 3068:Tekle Haymanot II 2738:Solomonic dynasty 2676: 2675: 2670:Tekle Giyorgis II 2667:Succeeded by 2574:Project Gutenberg 2516:978-1-55876-552-8 2509:. Markus Wiener. 2483:978-2-84586-736-9 1907:978-0-520-22479-7 1726:978-1-108-05350-1 1178:Richard Pankhurst 1050:Battle of Magdala 960:Magdala, Ethiopia 861:Battle of Dabarki 809:in the church of 794:Wube Haile Maryam 758:Menen Liben Amede 726:Ras Ali the Great 632:Henry Aaron Stern 576:Menen Liben Amede 460:Battle of Magdala 395: 394: 362:Alternative style 271: 270: 226: 225: 151:(aged 49–50) 134:Begemder Province 109:Tekle Giyorgis II 16:(Redirected from 3488: 3416: 3411: 3389: 3372: 3365: 3358: 3351: 3344: 3337: 3330: 3323: 3301: 3294: 3287: 3280: 3273: 3266: 3259: 3252: 3245: 3238: 3231: 3224: 3217: 3215:Baeda Maryam III 3210: 3203: 3196: 3189: 3182: 3180:Tekle Giyorgis I 3175: 3168: 3161: 3159:Tekle Giyorgis I 3154: 3147: 3140: 3138:Tekle Giyorgis I 3133: 3126: 3124:Tekle Giyorgis I 3119: 3112: 3110:Tekle Giyorgis I 3105: 3098: 3096:Tekle Giyorgis I 3091: 3084: 3077: 3070: 3063: 3041: 3034: 3027: 3020: 3013: 3006: 2999: 2997:Tekle Haymanot I 2992: 2985: 2978: 2965:Gondarine period 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Rassam. 1636: 1627: 1626: 1606: 1600: 1599: 1589: 1583: 1582: 1554: 1535: 1534: 1518: 1499: 1482: 1476: 1475: 1473: 1472: 1466: 1459: 1451: 1440: 1439: 1428: 1409: 1390: 1289:Ascanian duchies 1287: 1286: 1285: 1186:Prince Alemayehu 1164: 1031: 1028: 1009:, deliveries of 992:Not Even Pending 921:Alitash Tewodros 807:Abuna Salama III 699: 696: 549:nobleman of the 500:Ethiopian Empire 422: 419: 407: 377: 344: 317: 293: 283: 278: 273: 272: 237:House of Solomon 214: 213: 207:Prince Alemayehu 181: 150: 138:Ethiopian Empire 127: 124: 90:11 February 1855 59: 50: 49: 41: 40: 21: 3496: 3495: 3491: 3490: 3489: 3487: 3486: 3485: 3426: 3425: 3424: 3419: 3414: 3402: 3392: 3383: 3375: 3368: 3361: 3354: 3347: 3340: 3333: 3326: 3319: 3312: 3310:Modern Ethiopia 3304: 3297: 3290: 3283: 3276: 3269: 3262: 3255: 3248: 3241: 3234: 3227: 3220: 3213: 3206: 3199: 3192: 3185: 3178: 3171: 3164: 3157: 3150: 3143: 3136: 3131:Baeda Maryam II 3129: 3122: 3115: 3108: 3101: 3094: 3087: 3080: 3073: 3066: 3059: 3052: 3044: 3037: 3030: 3023: 3016: 3009: 3002: 2995: 2990:Iyasu the Great 2988: 2981: 2974: 2967: 2959: 2952: 2945: 2938: 2931: 2924: 2917: 2910: 2903: 2896: 2889: 2882: 2875: 2868: 2861: 2854: 2847: 2840: 2833: 2826: 2819: 2812: 2805: 2798: 2791: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2765:: Senfa Ared IV 2761: 2754: 2747: 2740: 2732: 2723: 2708: 2706: 2672: 2663: 2655: 2639: 2633: 2632: 2625: 2601: 2572:, available at 2558: 2556:Further reading 2517: 2443: 2438: 2437: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2406: 2404: 2395: 2394: 2390: 2379: 2375: 2360: 2336: 2332: 2326:Bechtinger 1870 2324: 2320: 2311: 2309: 2296: 2295: 2291: 2264: 2260: 2252: 2245: 2235: 2233: 2223: 2219: 2209: 2207: 2196: 2195: 2191: 2181: 2179: 2170: 2169: 2165: 2154: 2150: 2139: 2135: 2124: 2120: 2104: 2103: 2095: 2091: 2075: 2074: 2066: 2062: 2051: 2047: 2036: 2029: 2022: 2008: 2004: 1993: 1989: 1978: 1974: 1963: 1959: 1947: 1943: 1931: 1927: 1919: 1915: 1908: 1890: 1883: 1867: 1863: 1858: 1854: 1845: 1841: 1830: 1826: 1815: 1811: 1770: 1761: 1744: 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Stern 1015:American South 1003:Ottoman Empire 999:British Empire 972:Queen Victoria 940:Dejazmach Wube 868: 865: 818: 815: 811:Derasge Maryam 686: 683: 636:Paulos Ngo Ngo 601:. Her mother, 595:Hormuzd Rassam 534: 531: 484:Walter Plowden 479: 476: 412:; baptized as 393: 392: 390: 389: 382: 369: 365: 363: 359: 358: 356: 355: 349: 336: 332: 330: 326: 325: 323: 322: 309: 303: 301: 295: 294: 286: 285: 269: 268: 263: 259: 258: 252: 248: 247: 244: 240: 239: 234: 228: 227: 224: 223: 219: 218: 210: 209: 204: 198: 197: 188: 184: 183: 168: 166: 162: 161: 158:Wollo Province 145: 141: 140: 120: 116: 115: 112: 111: 106: 102: 101: 96: 92: 91: 88: 82: 81: 78: 74: 73: 67: 66: 60: 52: 51: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3493: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3433: 3431: 3413: 3409: 3406: 3400: 3396: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3381: 3378: 3371: 3370:Amha Selassie 3367: 3364: 3360: 3357: 3353: 3350: 3346: 3343: 3339: 3336: 3332: 3329: 3325: 3322: 3318: 3317: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3300: 3296: 3293: 3289: 3286: 3282: 3279: 3275: 3272: 3268: 3265: 3261: 3258: 3254: 3251: 3250:Gebre Krestos 3247: 3244: 3240: 3237: 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2661: 2654: 2648: 2644:13 April 1868 2643: 2636: 2631: 2630: 2621: 2616: 2613: 2611: 2608: 2606: 2603: 2602: 2594: 2590: 2588: 2584: 2581: 2580:History Today 2577: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2564: 2560: 2559: 2550: 2549: 2544: 2541: 2540:0-8214-1440-2 2537: 2533: 2529: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2512: 2508: 2507: 2501: 2499: 2498:0-312-22719-1 2495: 2491: 2487: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2467: 2461: 2458: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2445: 2444: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2417: 2402: 2398: 2392: 2386: 2382: 2377: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2342: 2334: 2327: 2322: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2293: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2262: 2255: 2254:Matthies 2012 2250: 2248: 2232: 2228: 2221: 2205: 2204: 2199: 2193: 2177: 2173: 2172:"Tewodros II" 2167: 2159: 2152: 2144: 2137: 2129: 2122: 2114: 2108: 2100: 2093: 2085: 2079: 2071: 2064: 2056: 2049: 2041: 2034: 2032: 2023: 2017: 2013: 2006: 1998: 1991: 1983: 1976: 1968: 1961: 1953: 1951: 1945: 1939: 1935: 1929: 1923:, p. 60. 1922: 1917: 1909: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1888: 1886: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1865: 1856: 1849: 1848:King of Kings 1843: 1835: 1828: 1820: 1813: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1776: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1728: 1722: 1718: 1711: 1703: 1701:9780226229676 1697: 1693: 1692: 1684: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1666:9780821445723 1662: 1658: 1651: 1649: 1641: 1635: 1633: 1624: 1618: 1614: 1613: 1612:Africa A to Z 1605: 1598:. p. 26. 1597: 1596: 1588: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1553: 1551: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1517: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1507: 1505: 1497: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1481: 1463: 1456: 1450: 1448: 1446: 1437: 1433: 1427: 1425: 1423: 1421: 1419: 1417: 1415: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1389: 1385: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1363: 1362:The Blue Nile 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1331: 1328: 1327: 1322: 1318: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1306: 1298: 1297:15 March 1863 1294: 1290: 1280: 1279: 1273: 1271: 1265: 1263: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1242: 1241: 1234: 1225: 1223: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1182:Tiruwork Wube 1179: 1170: 1163: 1162:Matthies 2012 1157: 1152: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1141:Amhara people 1138: 1134: 1125: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1110: 1105: 1103: 1098: 1096: 1095:Robert Napier 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1072: 1071: 1064: 1056: 1051: 1041: 1039: 1023: 1019: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 995: 993: 989: 983: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 952: 950: 945: 944:Tiruwork Wube 941: 936: 928: 924: 922: 918: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 884: 882: 873: 864: 862: 858: 853: 849: 847: 843: 839: 835: 828: 823: 814: 812: 808: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 769: 765: 763: 759: 755: 752: 748: 744: 740: 739: 733: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 710: 706: 691: 685:Rise to power 682: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 657: 653: 649: 645: 640: 637: 633: 629: 624: 619: 617: 612: 608: 604: 600: 599:Amhara Sayint 596: 592: 587: 585: 581: 580:Ye Maru Qemas 577: 573: 569: 566: 565: 560: 559:Ye Maru Qemas 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 529: 524: 522: 517: 512: 510: 504: 501: 494: 491: 489: 485: 475: 473: 472:standing army 467: 465: 462:, during the 461: 457: 454:) himself as 453: 449: 445: 440: 436: 434: 430: 426: 415: 411: 403: 399: 387: 383: 381: 373: 370: 367: 366: 364: 360: 354: 350: 348: 340: 337: 334: 333: 331: 327: 321: 313: 310: 308: 305: 304: 302: 300: 296: 292: 287: 284: 274: 267: 264: 260: 256: 253: 249: 245: 241: 238: 235: 233: 229: 220: 215: 211: 208: 205: 203: 199: 196: 195:Tiruwork Wube 192: 189: 185: 179: 172: 167: 163: 159: 155: 147:13 April 1868 146: 142: 139: 135: 131: 121: 117: 113: 110: 107: 103: 100: 97: 93: 89: 87: 83: 79: 75: 72: 68: 64: 58: 53: 42: 37: 33: 19: 3436:1810s births 3405:Italian King 3320: 3299:Sahle Dengel 3292:Yohannes III 3285:Sahle Dengel 3278:Yohannes III 3271:Sahle Dengel 3264:Yohannes III 3257:Sahle Dengel 3243:Sahle Dengel 3194:Egwale Seyon 2926:Sarsa Dengel 2856:Sarwe Iyasus 2849:Takla Maryam 2800:Amda Seyon I 2749:Yekuno Amlak 2658: 2653:Sahle Dengel 2641: 2634: 2627: 2624:Tewodros II 2592: 2586: 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Retrieved 2391: 2380: 2376: 2340: 2333: 2321: 2310:. Retrieved 2301: 2292: 2267: 2261: 2234:. Retrieved 2220: 2208:. Retrieved 2201: 2192: 2180:. Retrieved 2166: 2157: 2151: 2142: 2136: 2127: 2121: 2098: 2092: 2069: 2063: 2054: 2048: 2039: 2011: 2005: 1996: 1990: 1981: 1975: 1966: 1960: 1949: 1944: 1933: 1928: 1916: 1893: 1876: 1871: 1864: 1855: 1850:, pp. 36–39. 1847: 1842: 1833: 1827: 1818: 1812: 1782:(1): 15–42. 1779: 1773: 1749: 1716: 1710: 1690: 1683: 1656: 1639: 1611: 1604: 1594: 1587: 1562: 1558: 1526: 1486: 1480: 1469:. Retrieved 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1388: 1361: 1349: 1339: 1333: 1324: 1296: 1266: 1246: 1237: 1219: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1198:Rugby School 1175: 1154: 1129: 1124:Emile Bayard 1113: 1106: 1099: 1076: 1067: 1034: 996: 991: 987: 984: 953: 937: 933: 885: 878: 854: 850: 831: 802:Sahle Dengel 790:Amba Jebelli 774: 762:Tewabech Ali 736: 734: 702: 666: 655: 641: 622: 620: 610: 602: 588: 579: 562: 558: 536: 526: 519: 514: 506: 496: 492: 481: 468: 441: 437: 413: 409: 397: 396: 386:"Our master" 385: 379: 352: 346: 329:Spoken style 319: 280: 254: 191:Tewabech Ali 149:(1868-04-13) 99:Sahle Dengel 62: 3441:1868 deaths 3335:Yohannes IV 3321:Tewodros II 3313:(1855–1974) 3166:Salomon III 3145:Salomon III 3075:Susenyos II 3061:Yohannes II 3053:(1769–1855) 2968:(1632–1769) 2863:Amda Iyasus 2775:Qedma Asgad 2770:Hezba Asgad 2741:(1270–1632) 2730:Family tree 2348:. pp. 1921:Marcus 2002 1565:(3): 7–79. 1270:Yohannes IV 1222:Yohannes IV 1115:Ethiopian." 1030: 1868 892:Debre Tabor 890:, first to 698: 1850 659:Kenfu Hailu 478:Description 421: 1818 398:Tewodros II 180:(currently) 171:Amba Mariam 154:Amba Mariam 126: 1818 95:Predecessor 44:Tewodros II 32:Coptic Pope 3430:Categories 3342:Menelik II 3089:Salomon II 2983:Yohannes I 2954:Susenyos I 2912:Gelawdewos 2828:Tewodros I 2793:Wedem Arad 2785:Saba Asgad 2664:1855–1868 2637:circa 1818 2407:2016-10-04 2359:025335014X 2312:2016-10-04 2231:Africanews 1955:iniquity." 1846:Rubenson. 1471:2007-06-22 1380:References 917:Menelik II 584:re-annexed 555:Dejazmatch 533:Early life 456:Menelik II 406:ዳግማዊ ቴዎድሮስ 353:"O royal" 86:Coronation 48:ዳግማዊ ቴዎድሮስ 3395:1936–1941 3349:Lij Iyasu 3103:Iyasu III 3018:Dawit III 2976:Fasilides 2940:Za Dengel 2780:Jin Asgad 2107:cite book 2078:cite book 1877:jstor.org 1868:Abir, M. 1804:162788005 1579:145000065 1249:Alemayehu 1013:from the 956:Lake Tana 827:Blue Nile 778:Gur Amaba 730:Ras Gugsa 705:civil war 667:dajazmach 656:Dejazmach 648:Lake Tana 616:Fasilides 572:Dejazmach 564:Dejazmach 277:Styles of 105:Successor 3393:Between 3229:Iyasu IV 3201:Iyoas II 3187:Demetros 3173:Demetros 3117:Hezqeyas 3032:Iyasu II 3004:Tewoflos 2905:Dawit II 2842:Andreyas 2835:Yeshaq I 2430:Archived 2401:Archived 2368:17674937 2306:Archived 2284:24351450 2203:BBC News 2182:22 April 2176:Archived 1952:, p. 79. 1754:Archived 1675:70782212 1531:Archived 1492:Archived 1462:Archived 1436:Archived 1368:website. 1200:and the 1159:— 1079:Assyrian 881:Ethiopia 838:Gallabat 669:(earl), 607:Begemder 541:west of 429:Ethiopia 410:Theodore 262:Religion 30:For the 3386:crowned 3356:Zewditu 3039:Iyoas I 3025:Bakaffa 2821:Dawit I 2236:4 March 2210:4 March 1353:London. 1276:Honours 1243:, 1868) 1109:suicide 1073:, 1868) 988:Pending 976:British 896:Magdala 857:Metemma 747:Dembiya 623:Woizero 603:Woizero 591:Woizero 380:getochu 372:Amharic 347:djānhoi 339:Amharic 320:girmāwī 312:Amharic 255:Woizero 232:Dynasty 3384:Never 3011:Yostos 2640: 2538: 2513: 2496: 2481: 2366: 2356: 2282: 2018: 1904: 1802: 1796:613105 1794: 1723: 1698: 1673: 1663: 1619: 1577: 1196:, the 1102:Arogye 1093:under 1011:cotton 900:Gojjam 888:Gondar 846:shifta 834:attack 798:Semien 788:, and 786:Ayshal 782:Takusa 743:outlaw 738:shifta 714:Gojjam 679:Gojjam 644:Gondar 547:Amhara 543:Gondar 251:Mother 243:Father 187:Spouse 165:Burial 34:, see 3222:Gigar 3208:Gigar 3152:Yonas 2947:Yaqob 2933:Yaqob 2919:Menas 2898:Na'od 2642:Died: 2635:Born: 2280:JSTOR 1800:S2CID 1792:JSTOR 1575:S2CID 1465:(PDF) 1458:(PDF) 1253:Rugby 1228:Heirs 1145:Lasta 1137:Oromo 968:Oromo 964:Islam 912:Wollo 908:Shewa 904:Tigre 867:Reign 722:Wollo 718:Shewa 675:Damot 628:Kosso 551:Qwara 539:Qwara 488:Qwara 448:Negus 444:Shewa 414:Kassa 402:Ge'ez 388:(pl.) 384:lit. 351:lit. 217:Names 202:Issue 178:Qwara 130:Qwara 77:Reign 2763:Sons 2720:List 2536:ISBN 2511:ISBN 2494:ISBN 2479:ISBN 2364:OCLC 2354:ISBN 2238:2019 2212:2019 2184:2009 2113:link 2084:link 2016:ISBN 1902:ISBN 1721:ISBN 1696:ISBN 1671:OCLC 1661:ISBN 1617:ISBN 1238:The 1068:The 910:and 728:and 716:and 677:and 646:and 568:Maru 452:Atse 343:ጃንሆይ 316:ግርማዊ 144:Died 119:Born 2272:doi 1784:doi 1567:doi 1348:'s 796:of 751:Ras 673:of 611:Ras 376:ጌቶቹ 3432:: 2428:. 2424:. 2385:18 2362:. 2352:. 2350:27 2304:. 2300:. 2278:. 2246:^ 2229:. 2200:. 2174:. 2109:}} 2105:{{ 2080:}} 2076:{{ 2030:^ 1936:. 1900:. 1896:. 1884:^ 1798:. 1790:. 1780:36 1778:. 1762:^ 1752:. 1748:. 1735:^ 1669:. 1647:^ 1631:^ 1573:. 1561:. 1539:^ 1529:. 1525:. 1503:^ 1460:. 1444:^ 1434:. 1413:^ 1295:, 1291:: 1147:, 1027:c. 994:. 906:, 902:, 784:, 780:, 776:– 695:c. 490:. 466:. 418:c. 416:, 404:: 378:; 374:: 345:; 341:: 318:; 314:: 156:, 136:, 132:, 123:c. 3410:. 3401:. 3388:. 2722:) 2718:( 2701:e 2694:t 2687:v 2545:( 2519:. 2410:. 2370:. 2328:. 2315:. 2286:. 2274:: 2256:. 2240:. 2214:. 2186:. 2115:) 2086:) 2024:. 1910:. 1879:. 1806:. 1786:: 1729:. 1704:. 1677:. 1625:. 1581:. 1569:: 1563:5 1489:. 1474:. 1364:. 741:( 400:( 38:. 20:)

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