3234:
3066:
172:
1207:
neither combinable with other roots nor affixable. Non-isolated free roots are roots that are combinable with other roots and/or are affixable. A limited non-isolated free root is one which can combine only with affixes, but not with other roots. A universal non-isolated free root is one which can combine both with other roots and affixes.
2066:
However, Tewa also appears to group its nouns into two categories: those of "sets" and "entities", with sets being marked by the affix /-n/ and entities the lack of said affix. Because of this, when creating plurality out of an entity, the affix /-n/ must be removed and the base root will be one not
1805:
Class Z words are neither particles, verbs, or nouns. They are affixable with suffixes like /-á/, /-ân/, /-bo/, and /-ho'/, /-reʔ/, /-an/, /-we/, and /-ge/, but unlike nouns and verbs they do not occur with the specific affixes which delineate those classes (/wé:-/ or /pi-/ and /-ví/ respectively).
1189:
In two-syllable nouns with the pattern CVCV and the tone pattern high-high or low-low, there is heavier stress placed on the first syllable. Roots also tend to show heavier stress than affixes if each is the same syllable and tone type. A stronger stress is associated with a higher tone and greater
2042:
However, unlike in other languages with a noun hierarchy, such as Navajo, Tewa also marks the subject with the postposition -dí, meaning that there is not a concrete need to adhere to the noun hierarchy as that information is already morphologically encoded into sentences. Because of this, younger
1206:
Free roots are defined as those roots which can be converted directly into a word, sometimes be the addition of a word superfix. Within free roots, there are two additional types, isolated and non-isolated free roots. There is a very small number of isolated free roots, as these are roots that are
310:
estimates a total of 1,500 speakers worldwide, with 1,200 of them in the New Mexico pueblos and 300 in the
Arizona village of Hano. Of these speakers, few are fluent with the vast majority being semi-speakers, and only in a few places, like Hano, are children acquiring Tewa. The largest New Mexico
286:
or Tée-wah (archaic). There is some disagreement among the Tewa people about whether or not Tewa should have a written form, as some Pueblo elders believe that their language should be preserved by oral tradition alone. Because of this, it was not until the 1960s that the language was written down
1166:
N here stands for nasal, and as seen, there are some constructions where the only consonants available are :, h, or nasals, and as such these have been specified in order to create maximum specificity, instead of just referring to these constructions with just the C for consonant.
1406:
Verbs can be divided into two classes, S and A, standing for stative and active, based of the pronomial prefixes which they contain. In general, S verbs deal with identity, quality, feeling, condition, position, and motion. Class A verbs are, in general, transitive verbs.
290:
The language has struggled to maintain a healthy speaker base; however, because of efforts to preserve the language starting in the 1980s—both by native speakers and linguists—this problem is not as dire as it for some other indigenous languages.
377:
In two-syllable word bases, words that have a short /u/ in the initial syllable have a long /u/ in the Santa Clara dialect. In the Santa Clara dialect, where other pueblos have a high tone on this syllable, there will instead be a glide tone.
2038:
Tewa has a noun hierarchy in order to determine which noun phrase goes in which position, however this only influences passive sentences. In Tewa, this is a simple binary distinction between animate and nonanimate noun phrases.
2580:
Jacobs, Sue - Ellen; Tuttle, Siri G.; Martinez, Esther (August 29, 1998). "Multimedia
Technology in Language and Culture Restoration Efforts at San Juan Pueblo: A Brief History of the Development of the Tewa Language Project".
294:
Tewa has a fairly large phoneme inventory with 45 distinct individual sounds. Twelve of these are vowels, which can be either long or short. Tewa, like other Tanoan languages, also makes use of tones, of which it has four.
373:
Another important dialectical difference aligns Santa Clara, Tesuque, and San
Ildefonso Tewa against San Juan and Nambe Tewa. The former use /d/ in the same environments where the latter use a nasal plus /d/.
2656:
369:
One of the main dialectical delineations of the Santa Clara dialect is the use of /j/ in words where only /y/ is heard in other pueblos, although some Santa Clara speakers use /y/ and /j/ sporadically.
2156:
Tewa language programs are available for children in most of the Tewa-speaking pueblos. The Santa Clara Pueblo Tewa
Language Revitalization Program also sponsors cultural activities, such as visiting
287:
for the first time. However, many Tewa speakers have decided that Tewa literacy is an important aspect in passing down the language and so orthographies have been created for this purpose.
1858:
There are also many ways to say what would be translated as the same thing in
English in Tewa. For example, there are three ways to say the sentence "The man and the woman are entering":
2055:, which means that nouns can be counted through different syntactic constructions in three ways. In English, with morphosyntactic differences exist only for two numbers: singular and
3380:
2070:
Tewa also has what is called "inverse" numbering, which is a feature of many Tanoan languages. A chart of the indefinite articles for "a, some" can help show this phenomenon:
2830:
3385:
2147:
is named for her, and as of
September 15, 2012, members of the New Mexico congressional delegation have introduced legislation to extend the program for another five years.
2143:, who lived to be 94 years old, was nationally known for her commitment to preserving the Tewa language. Her San Juan Pueblo Tewa Dictionary was published in 1982. The
2144:
1797:/-n2/ is different from /-n/ because of the occurrence of /-n2/ with singular, dual, and plural situations involving the same root, which is never the case for /-n/.
366:). Because alphabet systems have been developed in the different pueblos, Tewa has a variety of orthographies rather than a single standardized alphabet.
3104:
2551:
2453:
2861:
2616:
3370:
2323:
182:
3272:
2178:
as they learn the Tewa language in a self-study program with the help of a mentor, seventh grade literature teacher Laura Kaye Jagles.
1630:
Nouns are divided into two classes: class N, which is affixed with set marker /-n/, and class non-N, which does not have this affix.
2817:
2827:
2506:
2477:
3375:
1190:
vowel length. However, because of the complex use of tone, syllable type, and contour segments more research does need to be done.
1835:
Contraction: Certain suffixes occur preceding /-á/ series marker, /-á/ emphasizer, /-ân/ emphasizer, and /-an/ question marker.
1633:
Class non-N is the larger of the two, containing almost all nouns in Tewa, which are, for the most part, mono- or di-syllabic.
2243:"Tewa (Tano) Language and the Tewa Indian Tribes (Nambe, Pojoaque, San Ildefonso, San Juan, Santa Clara, and Tesuque Pueblos)"
3097:
2768:
1415:
All known verb affixes are included in the chart below, showing where the affixes fall in particular constructions of words.
2812:
1636:
Class N nouns are mostly designations for age-sex differentiation, kinship terms, and forms which translate as pronouns.
1014:
794:
204:
2854:
550:
2617:"American Indians in Children's Literature (AICL): Pueblo Stories--in Tewa--Digitized at the University of New Mexico"
2157:
250:
2637:
3238:
3090:
3070:
2425:
Kroskrity, Paul V. (1978). "Aspects of
Syntactic and Semantic Variation within the Arizona Tewa Speech Community".
2043:
Tewa speakers tend to not use the noun hierarchy and instead rely on the morphology present in passive sentences.
652:
491:
2195:
2878:
1112:
1102:
894:
886:
630:
194:
3265:
2961:
3147:
2946:
2847:
809:
599:
162:
980:
972:
902:
689:
645:
484:
307:
144:
2682:. (1982). San Juan Pueblo Tewa Dictionary. San Juan Pueblo Bilingual Program, San Juan Pueblo, New Mexico.
326:
3162:
3047:
2979:
2175:
1092:
675:
543:
325:
In the names "Pojoaque" and "Tesuque", the element spelled "que" (pronounced something like in Tewa, or
2559:
1178:
Within two-syllable words, the only combinations found are high-high, low-low, low-high, and high-low.
1149:
928:
920:
784:
637:
469:
3365:
3258:
2060:
1849:
Tewa sentences follow subject-object-verb order, however there are simple sentences in Tewa such as "
1809:
These compromise words whose
English equivalents involve time, location, manner, interrogation, etc.
1147:
1136:
1126:
1118:
1110:
1100:
1090:
1012:
1004:
996:
988:
986:
978:
970:
960:
954:
952:
946:
944:
934:
926:
918:
908:
900:
892:
884:
870:
860:
852:
844:
832:
824:
807:
660:
2164:
1138:
936:
872:
476:
156:
3113:
2900:
2779:
862:
834:
589:
582:
499:
2132:
As seen, that which marks singular for one class marks plural for another class and vice versa.
3319:
3219:
3167:
2485:
2150:
854:
536:
529:
2338:
3142:
2928:
1128:
1120:
998:
772:
754:
722:
715:
1218:
Tewa has 15 types of verbs, and a few example verbs and their conjugations are shown below.
3313:
2887:
2870:
846:
826:
731:
607:
275:
2302:
8:
3203:
3198:
2510:
962:
910:
619:
558:
2941:
2398:
Naranjo, George; Naranjo, Christine; Curran, Mary; Speirs, Randall (1960). "Tewa text".
3132:
2974:
2598:
2434:
2052:
1210:
Bound roots are defined as those roots which cannot be converted directly into a word.
1006:
409:
399:
315:
2400:
Work Papers of the Summer
Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session
1163:
There are 9 types of syllables in Tewa: CV, CV:, CVN, CVh, CVʔ, CV', CVʔN, V, and VN.
303:
The 1980 census counted 1,298 speakers, almost all of whom are bilingual in
English.
136:
3137:
2984:
2764:
424:
414:
200:
3307:
3281:
3042:
2999:
2994:
2969:
2910:
2737:
2706:
2590:
2407:
1827:/n/ becomes /m/, with the latter occurring before labials and the latter elsewhere.
878:
404:
227:
92:
2710:
2219:
3157:
3152:
2989:
2895:
2834:
2783:
2741:
2719:
2694:
2679:
2224:
2140:
1058:
746:
709:
419:
259:
84:
149:
3346:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3127:
2951:
840:
818:
453:
24:
20:
322:
As of 2012, Tewa is defined as "severely endangered" in New Mexico by UNESCO.
3390:
3359:
3324:
3182:
3015:
2936:
1089:
In syllables closed by nasal consonants or in final weak stressed syllables,
839:
are dorso-prevelar before front vowels and dorso-velar before back vowels.
667:
565:
506:
263:
41:
2411:
2282:
2262:
3172:
2807:
2657:"Santa Fean's film captures Native teens' effort to help preserve language"
2242:
1622:
This affixes are used to delineate tense, subject, negation, and emphasis.
514:
333:
3082:
120:
2822:
1045:
1033:
65:
2552:"Language preservation educators, students, and staff visit Crow Canyon"
2438:
1107:
is when long, but is when short and when closed by a nasal consonant.
2839:
2602:
1071:
1038:
271:
267:
51:
1855:" (that's how we got in) which are simply a subject and a predicate.
458:
311:
pueblo, San Juan, there are only 30 fluent speakers left as of 2008.
129:
113:
2594:
1821:/d/ becomes /r/, /d/ being the initial occurrence and following /n/.
171:
3250:
1832:
Augmentation: Some suffixes occur with a longer form following /n/.
212:
2507:"Saving the Tewa Stories: A Model for Preserving Native Languages"
279:
208:
55:
1824:/b/ becomes /v/ in similar vowels to the /d/ ~ /r/ substitution.
2777:
2056:
179:
2761:
Winds from the North: Tewa Origins and Historical Anthropology
2373:(PhD dissertation). State University of New York at Buffalo.
2059:. Tewa, on the other hand differentiates between singular,
242:
236:
2397:
2145:
Esther Martinez Native American Languages Preservation Act
211:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2531:
1203:
Tewa has what are called both "free" and "bound" roots.
1644:
All known noun affixes are included in the chart below.
336:; this is occasionally used for such purposes as signs (
1186:
The use of stress in Tewa is still relatively unknown.
3381:
Indigenous languages of the Southwestern United States
2163:
Children's stories in Tewa have been digitized by the
2558:. Vol. 4, no. 9. 2009-09-25. Archived from
1143:
is realized as in syllables closed by a nasal vowel.
251:
239:
3386:
Indigenous languages of the North American Southwest
2579:
2051:
Tewa, like other Tanoan languages, has a trepartite
1972:
man-EMPH-ASSOC woman-EMPH-ASSOC 3:DU:STAT-enter:come
233:
2736:
230:
178:Tewa is classified as Definitely Endangered by the
2237:
2235:
1086:Vowels have both length and nasal differentiation.
2303:"UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger"
2196:"UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger"
3357:
2674:Some aspects of the structure of Rio Grande Tewa
2371:Some Aspects of the Structure of Rio Grande Tewa
1850:
386:The phonemes of Rio Grande Tewa are as follows:
352:
337:
16:Tanoan language spoken in New Mexico and Arizona
2478:"Legislation aims to preserve native languages"
2232:
3266:
3098:
2855:
2813:OLAC resources in and about the Tewa language
2554:. American Indian Student Education Project.
1175:Tewa has three tones, high, low, and glide.
1125:is realized a bit raised, and when following
3112:
2315:
1011:if proceeding velar or glottal consonants,
3273:
3259:
3105:
3091:
2862:
2848:
2717:
2695:"A brief description of the Tewa language"
2692:
2135:
1812:
170:
2424:
2027:man woman-EMPH-ASSOC 3:DU:STAT-enter:come
1910:man-EMPH-ASSOC woman 3:DU:STAT-enter:come
2869:
2676:. (Doctoral dissertation, SUNY Buffalo).
2321:
183:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
205:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
3358:
2758:
2721:The ethnogeography of the Tewa Indians
2654:
2452:Lamb, Yvonne Shinhoster (2006-09-19).
2383:
2368:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2067:seen outside of plurality or duality.
3254:
3086:
2843:
2782:; Freire-Marreco, Barbara W. (1916).
2046:
1158:
396:
298:
3280:
2451:
2174:, follows a group of teenagers from
2009:
1954:
1892:
2740:; Harrington, John Peabody (1914).
2355:
2331:Santa Barbara Papers in Linguistics
2324:"On Nanbé Tewa Language Ideologies"
2013:
1999:
1969:sen-ná-dí kwiyo-wá-dí da-cu:de-ʔeʔe
1958:
1944:
1929:
1896:
1874:
1154:is, in some speakers, realized as .
13:
3371:Indigenous languages of New Mexico
2686:
2655:Wright, Margaret (July 10, 2015).
2386:An Orthography for Rio Grande Tewa
2384:Speirs, Randall Hannaford (1974),
2369:Speirs, Randall Hannaford (1966).
2153:efforts were underway as of 1995.
814:occurs in the Santa Clara dialect.
806:The voiced postalveolar affricate
14:
3402:
2801:
2746:. U.S. Government Printing Office
2718:Harrington, John Peabody (1916).
2556:Crow Canyon Archaeological Center
2033:
793:
783:
753:
730:
721:
714:
688:
674:
666:
659:
651:
644:
636:
629:
606:
598:
588:
581:
564:
557:
549:
542:
535:
528:
513:
505:
498:
490:
483:
475:
468:
329:in English) is Tewa for "place".
3233:
3232:
3065:
3064:
2743:Ethnozoology of the Tewa Indians
1995:
1940:
1925:
1870:
1800:
226:
3376:Indigenous languages of Arizona
2785:Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians
2648:
2630:
2609:
2573:
2544:
2524:
2499:
2470:
2445:
2418:
2391:
2017:
1962:
1900:
1639:
1410:
2377:
2295:
2283:"Endangered languages project"
2275:
2255:
2225:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
2212:
2188:
2151:Digital language documentation
1146:The long nasalized variety of
1:
2711:10.1525/aa.1910.12.4.02a00030
2181:
2024:sen kwiyo-wá-dí da-cu:de-ʔeʔe
1907:sen-ná-dí kwiyó da-cu:de-ʔeʔe
1844:
1193:
389:
332:Tewa can be written with the
3143:Keresan Pueblo Sign Language
2763:. University of Utah Press.
2724:. Government Printing Office
2693:Harrington, John P. (1910).
2484:. 2012-09-15. Archived from
2167:, and are available online.
2115:
2101:
2087:
1069:
1056:
1043:
1019:, or an external transition.
770:
744:
707:
681:
617:
574:
521:
451:
381:
308:Endangered Languages Project
7:
2427:Anthropological Linguistics
2263:"Tano/Tewa Indian Language"
2176:Santa Fe Preparatory School
10:
3407:
2778:Robbins, Wilfred William;
18:
3340:
3288:
3228:
3212:
3191:
3120:
3060:
3035:
3028:
3008:
2960:
2927:
2909:
2886:
2877:
2808:Tano/Tewa Indian Language
2759:Ortman, Scott G. (2012).
2672:Speirs, Randall. (1966).
2170:A 2012 documentary film,
1839:
1181:
1023:
925:ranges from apico-dental
771:
745:
708:
618:
452:
423:
418:
413:
403:
398:
191:
169:
155:
143:
127:
111:
106:
81:
71:
61:
47:
37:
32:
2818:Tewa Language-SantaFedia
2780:Harrington, John Peabody
2482:The Santa Fe New Mexican
2165:University of New Mexico
1625:
1213:
1198:
843:can also occur, causing
817:All alveolars shown are
19:Not to be confused with
3114:Languages of New Mexico
2788:. Govt. Printing Office
2699:American Anthropologist
2412:10.31356/silwp.vol04.04
2322:Ashworth, Evan (2006).
2136:Language revitalization
1851:
1813:Morphological processes
1170:
353:
338:
3220:American Sign Language
2828:Research paper on Tewa
851:to be pronounced like
282:. It is also known as
193:This article contains
2823:New Testament in Tewa
2454:"Esther Martinez, 94"
2063:, and plural nouns.
318:: 207 speakers (1980)
3148:Mescalero-Chiricahua
2871:Languages of Arizona
2661:Santa Fe New Mexican
3204:New Mexican Spanish
3199:New Mexican English
2642:Lake Forest College
2172:The Young Ancestors
2833:2018-04-07 at the
2228:. Merriam-Webster.
2047:Grammatical number
1159:Syllable structure
316:Santa Clara Pueblo
299:Dialects and usage
262:spoken by sevaral
3353:
3352:
3347:extinct languages
3248:
3247:
3080:
3079:
3056:
3055:
3024:
3023:
3009:Language isolates
2770:978-1-60781-172-5
2738:Henderson, Junius
2130:
2129:
1795:
1794:
1620:
1619:
1404:
1403:
1117:, when following
1083:
1082:
1003:is pronounced as
803:
802:
685:
626:
578:
525:
465:
448:
443:
438:
433:
219:
218:
201:rendering support
197:phonetic symbols.
77:1,600 (2007)
3398:
3366:Tanoan languages
3282:Tanoan languages
3275:
3268:
3261:
3252:
3251:
3236:
3235:
3163:Plains Sign Talk
3107:
3100:
3093:
3084:
3083:
3068:
3067:
3033:
3032:
2884:
2883:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2841:
2840:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2774:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2714:
2680:Martinez, Esther
2665:
2664:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2583:Wíčazo Ša Review
2577:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2509:. Archived from
2503:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2366:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2343:
2337:. Archived from
2328:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2239:
2230:
2229:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2192:
2073:
2072:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2001:
1997:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1946:
1942:
1931:
1927:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1876:
1872:
1854:
1852:handiriho gi-c'u
1647:
1646:
1418:
1417:
1221:
1220:
1153:
1142:
1133:is realized as .
1132:
1124:
1116:
1106:
1096:
1028:
1027:
1018:
1010:
1002:
992:
984:
976:
966:
958:
950:
940:
932:
924:
914:
906:
898:
890:
876:
866:
858:
850:
838:
830:
813:
797:
787:
757:
734:
725:
718:
692:
683:
678:
670:
663:
655:
648:
640:
633:
624:
610:
602:
592:
585:
576:
568:
561:
553:
546:
539:
532:
523:
517:
509:
502:
494:
487:
479:
472:
463:
446:
441:
436:
431:
394:
393:
365:
362:
359:
356:
350:
347:
344:
341:
328:
254:
249:
248:
245:
244:
241:
238:
235:
232:
185:
174:
165:
139:
123:
116:
87:
30:
29:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3336:
3284:
3279:
3249:
3244:
3224:
3208:
3187:
3116:
3111:
3081:
3076:
3052:
3020:
3004:
2956:
2947:Southern Paiute
2923:
2905:
2873:
2868:
2835:Wayback Machine
2804:
2791:
2789:
2771:
2749:
2747:
2727:
2725:
2689:
2687:Further reading
2669:
2668:
2653:
2649:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2622:
2620:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2595:10.2307/1409145
2578:
2574:
2565:
2563:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2516:
2514:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2491:
2489:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2462:
2460:
2458:Washington Post
2450:
2446:
2423:
2419:
2396:
2392:
2382:
2378:
2367:
2356:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2326:
2320:
2316:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2233:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2204:
2202:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2141:Esther Martinez
2138:
2049:
2036:
2031:
2022:
2003:
1988:
1980:
1976:
1967:
1948:
1933:
1918:
1914:
1905:
1886:
1878:
1863:
1847:
1842:
1815:
1803:
1642:
1628:
1413:
1301:get (pl. obj.)
1216:
1201:
1196:
1184:
1173:
1161:
1026:
457:
408:
392:
384:
363:
360:
357:
348:
345:
342:
301:
260:Tanoan language
252:
229:
225:
199:Without proper
187:
186:
177:
161:
135:
119:
112:
102:
88:
85:Language family
83:
74:
73:Native speakers
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3404:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3351:
3350:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3310:
3300:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3278:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3255:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3110:
3109:
3102:
3095:
3087:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3039:
3037:
3030:
3029:Non-Indigenous
3026:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2966:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2933:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2915:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2901:Western Apache
2898:
2892:
2890:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2867:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2803:
2802:External links
2800:
2799:
2798:
2775:
2769:
2756:
2734:
2715:
2705:(4): 497–504.
2688:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2677:
2667:
2666:
2647:
2629:
2619:. 6 March 2012
2608:
2572:
2543:
2523:
2498:
2469:
2444:
2433:(6): 235–257.
2417:
2390:
2376:
2354:
2314:
2294:
2274:
2254:
2231:
2211:
2200:www.unesco.org
2186:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2137:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2048:
2045:
2035:
2034:Noun hierarchy
2032:
2004:
1989:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1949:
1934:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1887:
1879:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1818:Substitution:
1814:
1811:
1802:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1641:
1638:
1627:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1412:
1409:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1215:
1212:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1183:
1180:
1172:
1169:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1144:
1134:
1108:
1098:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1020:
994:
968:
942:
916:
882:
868:
841:Spirantization
822:
819:apico-alveolar
815:
801:
800:
798:
791:
789:
781:
779:
777:
775:
769:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
751:
749:
743:
742:
740:
738:
736:
728:
726:
719:
712:
706:
705:
703:
701:
699:
697:
695:
693:
686:
680:
679:
672:
664:
657:
649:
642:
634:
627:
622:
616:
615:
613:
611:
604:
595:
593:
586:
579:
573:
572:
570:
562:
555:
547:
540:
533:
526:
520:
519:
511:
503:
496:
488:
481:
473:
466:
461:
450:
449:
444:
439:
434:
428:
427:
422:
417:
412:
402:
397:
391:
388:
383:
380:
320:
319:
300:
297:
264:Pueblo nations
217:
216:
203:, you may see
189:
188:
176:
175:
167:
166:
159:
153:
152:
147:
141:
140:
133:
125:
124:
117:
109:
108:
107:Language codes
104:
103:
101:
100:
91:
89:
82:
79:
78:
75:
72:
69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
49:
45:
44:
39:
38:Native to
35:
34:
25:Tiwa languages
21:Teiwa language
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3403:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3320:Southern Tiwa
3318:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3276:
3271:
3269:
3264:
3262:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3241:
3240:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3168:Southern Tiwa
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3108:
3103:
3101:
3096:
3094:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3073:
3072:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3036:Indo-European
3034:
3031:
3027:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2962:Yuman-Cochimí
2959:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2865:
2860:
2858:
2853:
2851:
2846:
2845:
2842:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2723:
2722:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2690:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2662:
2658:
2651:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2618:
2612:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2576:
2562:on 2014-02-22
2561:
2557:
2553:
2547:
2533:
2532:"Poeh Center"
2527:
2513:on 2012-09-30
2512:
2508:
2502:
2488:on 2013-01-05
2487:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2459:
2455:
2448:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2421:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2372:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2344:on 2013-04-12
2340:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2304:
2298:
2284:
2278:
2264:
2258:
2244:
2238:
2236:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2215:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2187:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2166:
2161:
2159:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2133:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2053:number system
2044:
2040:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2007:
2006:da-cu:de-ʔeʔe
2002:
1992:
1987:
1984:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1952:
1951:da-cu:de-ʔeʔe
1947:
1937:
1932:
1922:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1890:
1889:da-cu:de-ʔeʔe
1885:
1882:
1877:
1867:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1834:
1831:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1810:
1807:
1801:Class Z words
1798:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1623:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1408:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1176:
1168:
1164:
1151:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1122:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1016:
1008:
1000:
995:
990:
982:
974:
969:
964:
956:
948:
943:
938:
930:
922:
917:
912:
904:
896:
888:
883:
880:
874:
869:
864:
856:
848:
842:
836:
828:
823:
820:
816:
811:
805:
804:
799:
796:
792:
790:
786:
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
767:
765:
763:
761:
759:
756:
752:
750:
748:
741:
739:
737:
733:
729:
727:
724:
720:
717:
713:
711:
704:
702:
700:
698:
696:
694:
691:
687:
682:
677:
673:
669:
665:
662:
658:
654:
650:
647:
643:
639:
635:
632:
628:
623:
621:
614:
612:
609:
605:
601:
596:
594:
591:
587:
584:
580:
575:
571:
567:
563:
560:
556:
552:
548:
545:
541:
538:
534:
531:
527:
522:
516:
512:
508:
504:
501:
497:
493:
489:
486:
482:
478:
474:
471:
467:
462:
460:
455:
445:
440:
435:
430:
429:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
395:
387:
379:
375:
371:
367:
355:
340:
335:
330:
323:
317:
314:
313:
312:
309:
304:
296:
292:
288:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
256:
247:
223:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
196:
190:
184:
181:
173:
168:
164:
160:
158:
154:
151:
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
132:
131:
126:
122:
118:
115:
110:
105:
99:
96:
95:
94:
90:
86:
80:
76:
70:
67:
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1405:
1230:Progressive
1217:
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977:ranges from
951:ranges from
891:ranges from
879:apico-dental
385:
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354:sen-ge-de-ho
334:Latin script
331:
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305:
302:
293:
289:
283:
221:
220:
192:
157:Linguasphere
128:
97:
2929:Uto-Aztecan
2158:Crow Canyon
2020:-enter:come
1991:kwiyo-wá-dí
1965:-enter:come
1936:kwiyo-wá-dí
1903:-enter:come
1239:Imperative
1233:Completive
1097:occurs as .
773:Approximant
339:Be-pu-wa-ve
306:Today, the
207:instead of
66:Tewa people
3360:Categories
3121:Indigenous
2888:Athabaskan
2879:Indigenous
2623:2012-09-27
2566:2012-09-27
2537:2012-09-27
2517:2012-09-27
2492:2012-09-27
2463:2012-09-27
2348:2012-09-27
2308:2012-09-29
2288:2022-04-11
2268:2023-01-29
2248:2012-09-27
2205:2018-05-24
2182:References
2117:Class III
1845:Word order
1242:Combining
1236:Potential
1194:Morphology
390:Consonants
272:New Mexico
270:valley in
268:Rio Grande
52:New Mexico
3345:indicate
3133:Jicarilla
2975:Havasupai
2792:25 August
2750:25 August
2728:25 August
2103:Class II
2078:Singular
1921:sen-ná-dí
1866:sen-ná-dí
1282:curemaen
1256:wiyende'
1253:wiyende'
1227:Habitual
1059:Close-mid
625:voiceless
620:Fricative
464:voiceless
459:Affricate
382:Phonology
278:, and in
274:north of
130:Glottolog
114:ISO 639-3
62:Ethnicity
3239:Category
3192:European
3071:Category
2985:Maricopa
2980:Hualapai
2831:Archived
2439:30027410
2089:Class I
1245:Stative
1224:Meaning
524:ejective
437:sibilant
410:Alveolar
276:Santa Fe
213:Help:IPA
163:64-CAB-a
137:tewa1261
3343:Italics
3308:Picuris
3158:Picuris
3138:Keresan
3048:Spanish
3043:English
3000:Yavapai
2995:Quechan
2970:Cocopah
2942:Oʼodham
2603:1409145
2084:Plural
1400:xu'gin
1397:xu:gi:
1388:xu:gi:
1385:xunde'
1382:xunde'
1359:bummá:
1356:bunde'
1353:return
1333:wí:re'
1330:wí:re'
1322:xo'gin
1307:hónde'
1304:hónde'
1291:cuwave
1279:cʔuyaʔ
1271:wiʔyen
1250:divide
454:Plosive
425:Glottal
415:Palatal
346:Welcome
280:Arizona
266:in the
258:) is a
209:Unicode
56:Arizona
3153:Navajo
2990:Mojave
2911:Tanoan
2896:Navajo
2767:
2638:"Tewa"
2601:
2437:
2220:"Tewa"
2057:plural
1994:woman-
1939:woman-
1840:Syntax
1394:xú'gí
1374:buʔun
1348:wíʔin
1316:hó'gí
1276:enter
1182:Stress
1024:Vowels
684:voiced
603:) ⟨j⟩
577:voiced
569:⟨kw'⟩
554:⟨ch'⟩
405:Dental
400:Labial
180:UNESCO
93:Tanoan
48:Region
3293:Kiowa
3213:Other
3128:Jemez
2952:Yaqui
2599:JSTOR
2435:JSTOR
2342:(PDF)
2327:(PDF)
2081:Dual
2000:ASSOC
1945:ASSOC
1930:ASSOC
1884:woman
1881:kwiyó
1875:ASSOC
1774:waen
1747:waen
1652:Root
1626:Nouns
1572:waen
1544:waen
1439:Root
1391:xu:n
1379:bite
1365:bu:n
1327:stir
1310:hógi
1294:cure
1288:cʔún
1268:wiye
1265:wíyé
1262:wiyé
1259:wiye
1214:Verbs
1199:Roots
1076:æ æ̃
1046:Close
1034:Front
1009:]
1005:[
991:]
987:[
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979:[
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961:[
957:]
953:[
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935:[
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927:[
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909:[
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901:[
897:]
893:[
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861:[
857:]
853:[
747:Trill
710:Nasal
671:⟨xw⟩
656:⟨sh⟩
641:⟨th⟩
510:⟨kw⟩
495:⟨ch⟩
442:plain
432:plain
420:Velar
351:, or
284:Tano,
3391:Tewa
3332:Tewa
3325:Taos
3314:Piro
3303:Tiwa
3183:Zuni
3178:Tewa
3173:Taos
3016:Zuni
2937:Hopi
2919:Tewa
2794:2012
2765:ISBN
2752:2012
2730:2012
2123:wên
2109:wên
2106:wên
2098:wên
2095:wên
2061:dual
2018:STAT
1996:EMPH
1963:STAT
1941:EMPH
1926:EMPH
1924:man-
1901:STAT
1871:EMPH
1869:man-
1791:há'
1750:há'
1725:ho'
1722:kun
1716:raʔ
1701:gí'
1616:há'
1578:há'
1528:ri'
1509:ho'
1506:kun
1500:raʔ
1488:ri:
1483:wé:
1371:bun
1368:bun
1362:bun
1345:wí:
1342:wí:
1339:wí:
1336:wí:
1319:xon
1313:hón
1285:cʔú
1171:Tone
1079:a ã
1072:Open
1066:o õ
1063:e ẽ
1053:u ũ
1050:i ĩ
1039:Back
831:and
788:⟨y⟩
735:⟨ñ⟩
518:⟨'⟩
480:⟨t⟩
447:lab.
327:/ki/
222:Tewa
150:Tewa
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33:Tewa
2707:doi
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2408:doi
2406:4.
2126:wí
2120:wí
2112:wí
2092:wí
1986:man
1983:sen
1761:ví
1742:á2
1739:ví
1736:n2
1719:ân
1713:bo
1710:bá
1707:rí
1695:ge
1690:ti
1685:11
1682:10
1583:an
1575:bo
1547:bo
1535:an
1503:ân
1497:ri
1494:pí
1480:ra
1477:pi
1474:VP
1471:wí
1468:ti
985:to
959:to
933:to
907:to
899:to
877:is
859:or
566:kʷʼ
551:tʃʼ
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361:Bye
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253:TAY
195:IPA
145:ELP
121:tew
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