36:
240:
be, that prediction may subsequently be mistaken for the actual crush depth of the submarine. Such misunderstandings, compounded by errors in translation and general confusion as to what the various depth ratings mean, have resulted in multiple erroneous accounts of submarines not being crushed at
248:
submarines reported that, due to flooding or mechanical failure, they had gone below crush depth, before successfully resurfacing after having the failure repaired or the water pumped out. In these cases, the "crush depth" is always either a mistranslated official "safe" or design depth (i.e. the
151:
The hull of a submarine must be able to withstand the forces created by the outside water pressure being greater than the inside air pressure. The outside water pressure increases with depth and so the stresses on the hull also increase with depth. Each 10 metres (33 feet) of depth puts another
232:
due to water pressure. Technically speaking, the crush depth should be the same as the design depth, but in practice is usually somewhat deeper. This is the result of compounding safety margins throughout the production chain, where at each point an effort is made to at least slightly exceed the
152:
atmosphere (1 bar, 14.7 psi, 101 kPa) of pressure on the hull, so at 300 metres (1,000 feet), the hull is withstanding thirty atmospheres (30 bar, 441 psi, 3,000 kPa) of water pressure.
236:
A submarine, by definition, cannot exceed crush depth without being crushed. However, when a prediction is made as to what a submarine's crush depth
100:
72:
53:
249:
test depth, or the maximum operating depth) or a prior (incorrect) estimate of what the crush depth might be. World War II German
212:
The nominal depth listed in the submarine's specifications. From it the designers calculate the thickness of the hull metal, the
79:
86:
119:
160:
This is the maximum depth at which a submarine is permitted to operate under normal peacetime circumstances, and is
68:
139:'s ability to operate underwater. The depths to which submarines can dive are limited by the strengths of their
229:
57:
233:
required specifications to account for imperceptible material defects or variations in machining tolerances.
17:
373:
358:
93:
46:
276:
8:
254:
169:
368:
258:
213:
363:
302:
327:
140:
196:), this is the maximum depth at which a submarine is allowed to operate under
352:
245:
228:" in the United States, this is the submerged depth at which the submarine
177:
261:
generally imploded at depths of 200 to 280 m (660 to 920 ft).
173:
328:"Joint Publication 1-02: Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms"
168:. The test depth is set at two-thirds (0.66) of the design depth for
165:
136:
35:
300:
283:– a submarine that likely imploded after reaching its crush depth
250:
270:
176:
sets test depth at 4/7 (0.57) the design depth, and the
27:
Measures of a submarine's ability to operate underwater
301:
Federation of
American Scientists (8 December 1998).
180:
sets it at exactly one-half (0.50) of design depth.
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
350:
135:are primary design parameters and measures of a
294:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
333:. Department of Defense. 19 August 2009
14:
351:
320:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
24:
216:, and many other related factors.
183:
25:
385:
34:
207:
45:needs additional citations for
224:Sometimes referred to as the "
219:
13:
1:
287:
155:
7:
264:
10:
390:
146:
307:Military Analysis Network
69:"Submarine depth ratings"
190:maximum operating depth
303:"Run Silent, Run Deep"
172:submarines, while the
241:their crush depth.
204:battle) conditions.
54:improve this article
214:boat's displacement
194:never-exceed depth
188:Also known as the
170:United States Navy
244:Notably, several
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
381:
374:Submarine design
359:Pressure vessels
343:
342:
340:
338:
332:
324:
318:
317:
315:
313:
298:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
389:
388:
384:
383:
382:
380:
379:
378:
349:
348:
347:
346:
336:
334:
330:
326:
325:
321:
311:
309:
299:
295:
290:
267:
222:
210:
186:
184:Operating depth
158:
149:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
387:
377:
376:
371:
366:
361:
345:
344:
319:
292:
291:
289:
286:
285:
284:
274:
266:
263:
226:collapse depth
221:
218:
209:
206:
185:
182:
157:
154:
148:
145:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
386:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
356:
354:
329:
323:
308:
304:
297:
293:
282:
280:
275:
272:
269:
268:
262:
260:
256:
253:of the types
252:
247:
242:
239:
234:
231:
227:
217:
215:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
153:
144:
142:
138:
134:
133:Depth ratings
124:
121:
113:
110:November 2020
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
335:. Retrieved
322:
310:. Retrieved
306:
296:
278:
246:World War II
243:
237:
235:
225:
223:
211:
208:Design depth
201:
197:
193:
189:
187:
161:
159:
150:
132:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
220:Crush depth
178:German Navy
353:Categories
288:References
174:Royal Navy
166:sea trials
156:Test depth
80:newspapers
18:Test depth
281:(SSN-593)
137:submarine
369:Pressure
279:Thresher
265:See also
230:implodes
192:(or the
364:Failure
251:U-boats
164:during
147:Ratings
94:scholar
337:10 May
312:10 May
162:tested
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
331:(PDF)
273:steel
271:HY-80
238:might
141:hulls
101:JSTOR
87:books
339:2010
314:2010
277:USS
257:and
202:e.g.
73:news
255:VII
198:any
56:by
355::
305:.
259:IX
143:.
341:.
316:.
200:(
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
