Template:Harvard citation no brackets/sandbox

59: 124: 1666:...by the fact itself.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2018|p=1}}</ref> ==Family Tree== He's his own grandpa.{{efn-lg|{{harvnb|Latham|1947|p=9}} }} ===FT notes=== {{notelist-lg}} ===FT references=== *{{citation |last=Latham |first=Dwight |date=1947 |title=The Adams family}} ==See also== ]<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2018|p=2}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * {{citation |last=Smith |date=2018 |title=Smith's other book}} 90: 31: 2106:

Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994|p=25}}</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1994 | title = Scientific paper written by many

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Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> More article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref> Still more article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=26}}</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2020

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Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith et al.|1995|p=25}}</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | last2 = Jones | last3 = Brown | last4 = Black | last5 = Davis | last6 = Martinez | last7 = Hsu | date = 1995 | title = Another paper by many scientists | journal

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Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Knowledge or among citation styles) about how to format author–date citations for works that do not have a specific author. Several choices are:

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Typical usage is shown in the example below. The text and the footnote are connected by a bi-directional link – clicking on the superscript takes the reader to the footnote, clicking on the footnote number takes them back to the superscript. The clicking on the short citation takes them to the full

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Article text.<ref name=Smith2008p25>{{harvnb|Smith|2008|p=25}}.</ref> More article text.<ref name=Smith2008p25/> Still more article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2008|p=26}}.</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date =

1974:

Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1993a|p=25}} More text.{{sfn|Smith|1993b|p=32}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=January 1993a |title=Smith's first paper |journal=Important Journal }} * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Karen |date=Spring–Summer 1993b

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to make the anchor. (As of November 2010, there are only approximately 100 articles that require this technique.) It is also possible that (3) local editors would prefer not to use citation templates. In this case, it is important to discuss what the local editors would like to do about the bad

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Article text.{{sfn |Big Government Agency|1999}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = {{cite report | title=Important Government Report | publisher=Big Government Agency | date=1999 }} | ref = {{harvid|Big Government Agency|1999}} }}

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Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=25}} More article text.{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=25}} Still more article text.{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=26}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2007 | title = Smith's Book }}

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There are several other templates that are designed for use with shortened footnotes. They differ slightly in the way they format the author-date citation and how much of their functionality is automated. A full list of these related templates is

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Article text.{{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{wikicite | reference = A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all. | ref = {{harvid|A particularly unusual citation}} }}

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Sometimes there is a need to create two or more separate lists of inline footnotes. For example some family trees are contained in templates, they are transluded into several biographies, and they have their own self contained citations (see

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of a citation template can be matched—the template logic can extract the year from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both

5077:== References == * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1936 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1937 | ...}} * {{citation | last1 = Murray | first1 = F. J. | date = 1943 | ...}} 2808:

Article text.{{sfn|Morrison|1987}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite comic |writer=Morrison, Grant |artist=Yeowell, Steve |title=2000 AD |date=August 15, 1987 |publisher=] |ref={{sfnref|Morrison|1987}}

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Interesting fact.{{efn|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2018}}}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2018 | title = Smith's other book }}

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There are several templates used to create short citations; they differ in the use and placement of parentheses, in the separator before the page or location, and in whether a terminal full stop (period) is present:

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since 2022. This usage has not been deprecated within internal pages such as Knowledge documentation, user pages, or wikiprojects, though there is rarely a practical use for it instead of just using normal

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template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. Any kind of unusual link can also be constructed using the idiom

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Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = 11 May 1997 | title = Smith's 1997 paper | journal= Important Journal

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Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Karen | date = May 1998 | title = Smith's 1998 paper | journal= Important Journal }}

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Interesting fact.{{#tag:ref|Clarification of interesting fact.{{sfn|Smith|2017}}}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | date = 2017 | title = Smith's other book }}

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Note that the use (or even non-use) of these templates is an element of citation "style", and adding or removing them in articles with an established style should be consistent with that style. See

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Names must be unique. You may not use the same name to define different groups or footnotes. Try to avoid picking a name that someone else is likely to choose for a new citation, such as

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Article text.<ref>{{harv|Smith|2006|p=25}}</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last = Smith | first = John | title = Smith's book | date = 2006 }}

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The theory was developed by {{harvs|txt|first=F. J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}}.

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can be used to create internal wikilinks with either small superscript-style labels (like this) or plain free-text labels to such anchors. It can be used inside of other citations.

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Names should have semantic value, so that they can be more easily distinguished from each other by human editors who are looking at the wikitext. This means that ref names like

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To facilitate this, while the main page uses the standard 1,2,3 footnote counting, it is common for family trees to use the efn template with a group parameter set—for example

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In a few very rare cases, it may be impossible for the citation templates to create an anchor. Either (1) the citation is formatted with a template that does not support the

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Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1999|p=101}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{vcite book | author = Smith K | date = 1999 | title = Smith's 1999 Book | harvid = Smith1999 }}

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error may be displayed even when the short-cite template is valid and the link works. That is a "false positive" error. The error message can be suppressed by adding

3286:: Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, tag the citation with 6418: 6413: 953:

is used to create an unusually named link from the short citation to the full citation. This parameter is usually not necessary, and it is more common to use

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can be used to create separate explanatory footnotes from short citations, as shown in the first example. An article that uses this technique extensively is

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parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date.

3587: 720: 6408: 973:, no hyperlink is created. However, if one does not want the link, it is always possible to simply use plain text instead of the template. The parameter 5778: 5495: 3672: 3655: 3548: 3405: 2892:

to create an anchor for the Harvard citation templates. This must be set to a concatenation of the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template.

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given in the error message will identify the wrong list-defined reference in the first false-positive error message on the page; this is tracked in

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with a link to the full citation. It should only be used within footnotes or on internal pages. Use of inline parenthetical referencing within the

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According to {{harvtxt|Smith|2009|p=25}} ... ==References== * {{citation | last = Smith | first = John | date = 2009 | title = Smith's Book }}

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You may optionally provide reference names even when the reference name is not required. This makes later re-use of the sourced reference easier.

1063:"A quote in a secondary source."<ref>{{harvtxt|Smith|2011|p=2}} quoted in {{harvtxt|Jones|2010|p=343}}</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} 1627:(lower-greek). The efn templates are text templates, to link some or all of the content of the efn template to a long citation template such as 6479: 4309:; please see their documentation pages. Editors editing one of these templates are requested to make parallel changes to the other versions. 2054:

The above solution to add a letter suffix after the year element also works for multiple authors with the same last name. For example, both

131: 3330:: check the source for the correct spelling, and use the same spelling, spacing, and capitalization in both the short and full citations. 2062:

published books in 2006. To differentiate between the two books, the first one can be given the year "2006a" and the second one "2006b".

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This template creates a short author–date citation with a one-directional link to the first matching citation template on the same page.

4758:==References== * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = John ... Smith's book}} * {{cite book |last = Jones |first = Mary ... Jones' book}} 6464: 6332: 148: 6786:

Usual not used. Reference value that links the short citation to the full citation. If you specify |ref=none, no hyperlink is created.

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All of these templates have the same parameters and basic functionality. This page describes all of them except the parameters of

3158:, which does not use a trailing period (full stop) when rendering full citations. The postscript is only effective the first time 6236: 3955: 1027:

Some information.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2011|p=2}}: "A quote verifying the information."</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}}

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parameter or (2) the source can't be described using our citation templates at all. In these cases, it is possible to use

189:). This citation style is used to reduce clutter in the edit window and to combine multiple citations to the same source. 6568: 6294: 6196: 3146:

removes the final period. Compare the two examples. Suppressing the default period (full stop) ensures consistency with

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from a Harvard style citation to a full citation at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If:

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appropriately, if necessary). Otherwise consult with local editors on the talk page about how to proceed. Either add

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can be used to specify a location in the source in another way, such as section numbers or chapters. The parameters

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When a short-cite template links to a full citation that is rendered by a template that wraps a CS1 template, like

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citation templates are used liberally throughout the article, then reformat the full citation with the appropriate

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making it easier to consistently create such internal links in small superscript or plain-text label styles.)

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has been advised to hold this additional information, but it is not suitable for this purpose. Two or more

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The citation does not have an author's, or an editor's, last name (authors take precedence over editors).

7073: 6380: 6284: 3493:: remove the cite span (these are deprecated) and proceed following the recommendation immediately above. 3289: 162: 2141:

Smith; Jones; Brown; Black; Davis; Martinez; Hsu (1994). "Scientific paper written by many scientists".

299:> – positional parameters; surnames of next three authors; required if available in the full citation 6428: 6241: 4950: 3920: 3609: 3174:

is recommended in order to make it clear that an editor intended there to be no terminal punctuation.

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in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor.

2078:) are required by the template. Listing more authors is not supported. It is also possible to use the 1796:, the standard way to disambiguate such works is to add a letter suffix after the year element of the 6357: 6289: 6274: 3788: 3647: 3337:: check the source for the correct year, and use the same year in both the short and full citations. 6375: 6304: 6253: 4358: 4340: 1174: 368: 178: 107: 6155: 4635: 3723:

associated with embedding footnotes in list-defined references are known. One of them is that the

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can be used to change the text which appears at the end of the note in the reference list. (See

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can be used to indicate the location in the source, such as page numbers. For single pages, use

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templates, or remove all templates, depending on what local editors prefer. A few articles use

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This covers the most common templates. Information about all of the templates is available at

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and the error message cannot be suppressed, try testing in a sandbox or user subpage instead.

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Smith; Jones; Brown; Black; Davis; Martinez; Hsu (1995). "Another paper by many scientists".

1943:. If month and day should be part of the citation as well, both parameters need to be given: 1841: 3270:

If an article is using this template, and nothing happens when you click on the highlighted

5845: 5480: 1613: 8: 6449: 5822:|last=Smith|first=John|date=27 January 2006|title=My Life}} 5509: 5186: 5159: 3850: 2763: 2751: 6107:, so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with 5914:

and numerals. If spaces are used, the following technical restrictions become relevant:

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can be used to add quotes or additional comments into the footnote. Examples are below.

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The ref name becomes more complicated when the page (p) parameter includes a URL, e.g.

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The first four author surnames (or all authors if fewer than four; use the values from

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Please consider keeping reference names short, simple, and restricted to the standard

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Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}</ref>

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with a one-directional link to the first matching citation template on the same page.

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Cite error: The named reference ... was defined multiple times with different content

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in the citation template, which allows a more concise citation in the article text.

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If there are more than four authors, the first four authors' surnames (the value in

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Quotation marks are preferred but optional if the only characters used are letters

5911: 5170: 5143: 5053: 5018: 4976: 4543: 4526: 3876: 3824: 3711: 1814:). Make sure to add the disambiguation letter to the matching full citation, (e.g. 1438: 1007: 376: 306:> – required; four-digit year; may have a lowercase disambiguation letter, like 229: 103: 6164:. The "p=" and the characters |,:,.,/,?,=; are therefore stripped out of the URL. 6054:

To avoid the sometimes difficult to remember syntax for links to CITEREF anchors,

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template will work correctly inside the footnote, as shown in the second example.

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harvnb generates an "author-date" style short-cite from the following parameters:

181:, a citation style which pairs a short, author-date citation in a footnote with a 6509: 6170: 6133: 6036: 5957: 5139: 4986: 4954: 4935: 4809: 4629: 4606: 4348: 4327: 3771: 3514: 3373: 2843: 2784: 2776: 2248: 2084: 2055: 1638: 1622: 1156: 999: 964: 956: 233: 171: 3700: 1338: 647:

Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|2020|p=25}}</ref>

6365: 5427: 5312: 4962: 4941: 4859: 4304: 4235: 3990: 3981: 3964: 3929: 2876: 2221:

For a newspaper or periodical, you may use the name of the paper and the date.

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to create an anchor for the Harvard citation templates. This can be set with

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that is linked to the full citation at the bottom of the article. Template

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The name is spelled or capitalized differently here than in the citation.

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Alternatively, some style guides recommend using the title of the article.

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Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|Jones|Brown|2020|p=25}}</ref>

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templates with the same authors, same year, and same page, but different

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section below describes workarounds for various common problems, such as

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The quote marks must be the standard, straight, double quotation marks (

4249: 4210: 5948:. But quote-enclosed reference names may not include a less-than sign ( 5944:, requires that the reference name be enclosed in quotes; for example, 3075: 1725: 860:

Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|loc=section 7}}</ref>

5984:); curly or other quotes will be parsed as part of the reference name. 5304: 1387:

Sometimes an explanatory footnote requires a citation. Templates like

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A source that can't be described using our citation templates at all.

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tag will be different. A workaround is to convert one or some of the

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Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|loc=chpt. 3}}</ref>

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with the anchor ID(s) to the article. If you are testing changes in

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Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|Jones|2020|p=25}}</ref>

507:). Authors past the fourth must be omitted or an error will result. 5870:

Names are case-sensitive. Please do not use raNdOM capitalization.

5801: 5476: 3583: 3271: 2855: 6143:<ref name="FOOTNOTESmith200626">], p. 26</ref> 4661:

Article text ({{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2010}}).

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Important Government Report (Report). Big Government Agency. 1999.

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Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|pp=25–26}}</ref>

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and changes may be widely noticed. Test changes in the template's

3028: 1975:|title=Smith's second paper |journal=Another Important Journal }} 527: 499: ) are required, followed by the year of publication (from 185:

in the references section at the end of the article (see example

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Article text.{{sfnm|la1=Smith|y1=2010|p1=25|la2=Jones|y2=2010}}

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Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011|ps=none}} == Notes == {{reflist}}

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to achieve the same effect, but this may not be compatible with

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An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Using

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in the citation template. A custom ID must follow these rules:

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The correct citation appears at the bottom of the article, and

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message. This message happens because the reference names that

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Common problems and known workarounds are given in the section

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is used for a particular author, year, and location. An empty

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Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref>

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Article text.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2020|p=25}}</ref>

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If the Harvard citation uses a handwritten wikilink, such as

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plus the parameters passed to the Harvard citation template.

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puts parentheses around the year. Compare the two examples.

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to create an anchor as an alternative to standard templates.

3356:: Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add 2029:

Smith, Karen (Spring–Summer 1993b). "Smith's second paper".

1382: 288:> – required; surname of first author or corporate author 5877:

be purely numeric; the software will accept something like

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followed by the concatenation of the following parameters:

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More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the

4604: 3094: 3081: 2157:= Important Journal | ref = {{harvid|Smith et al.|1995}} }} 1848:

for all accepted date formats except year-initial numeric (

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Article text. More article text. Still more article text.

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Article text. More article text. Still more article text.

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If a specific link to the page or section is available, a

920:, below.) The postscript is only effective the first time 401:

Article text. More article text. Still more article text.

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Also note that inline use of these templates, i.e. use of

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Some other description of the location. Can be a URL in .

5881:(which is punctuation plus a number), but it will ignore 5858:, either in place of the Harvard citation template (e.g. 5343:

Article text.{{sfnp|Smith|2011}} == Notes == {{reflist}}

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Article text. More article text. Even more article text.

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Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon."

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Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011}} == Notes == {{reflist}}

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use a colon to indicate the page number(s) or location.

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Full citations can be created manually or by templates:

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Article text.{{sfn|Smith|2011}} == Notes == {{reflist}}

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is used for citation display and metadata purposes, and

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range of page numbers or multiple separate page numbers

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This template prefers inline formatting of parameters.

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tags, because the following message will be produced:

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creates will be the same, but the content between the

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The citation uses a citation template which supports

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to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.)

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Smith, Karen (January 1993a). "Smith's first paper".

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Category:All articles with broken links to citations

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is used for a particular author, year and location.

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Knowledge:Citing sources § In-text attribution

4524: 4417: 4402: 4175: 4140: 3400:The citation uses a template that does not support 2749: 6162:<ref name="FOOTNOTEJoyce1903" /> 5779:Knowledge:Citation templates and reference anchors 5496:Knowledge:Citation templates and reference anchors 4622:Knowledge:Citing sources § Bundling citations 4312: 3695:This is a false-positive: list-defined references 3549:Knowledge:Citation templates and reference anchors 3406:Knowledge:Citation templates and reference anchors 2681:Smith, Karen (11 May 1997). "Smith's 1997 paper". 2397: 913: 5933:. That is, all printable ASCII characters except 5393: 5357: 5103: 5095: 5087: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5030: 5026: 5022: 3642:Harvnb embedded in list-defined ref does not work 3238: 3203: 2255:in the citation template can handle these cases. 2224:For a publication by an institution, use either: 1811:{{sfn|Smith|2006b}} 1805:{{sfn|Smith|2006a}} 1792:Where there is a need to cite more than one work 1552: 1502: 1050:, p. 2: "A quote verifying the information." 523: 355:; information such as a section or figure number. 315:– specific page referenced in the source (alias: 7065: 6586:Category:Pages using sfn with unknown parameters 6111:followed by a concatenation of the arguments to 4552:to the full citation at the bottom of the page. 3697:do not work correctly when references are nested 3586:using these templates are added to the category 3416:. Alternatively, an anchor can be created using 2582: 2566: 1844:templates, a year-suffix letter may be added to 4474: 4472: 4337:Knowledge:Citing sources § Short citations 4255: 4216: 2729:Smith, Karen (May 1998). "Smith's 1998 paper". 1787: 631: 6141:which, in turn, has the same functionality as 6127:should have exactly the same functionality as 5792:parameter in citation templates is preferred. 3333:The year is different here than the citation. 3319:The citation uses a template from the list at 3300:The Harvard citation uses a template (such as 3126: 2983:links. It is always possible to simply remove 2874: 1872:anchor to be compliant with legacy citations. 686: 6725:4th author's last name or year of publication 6696:3rd author's last name or year of publication 6667:2nd author's last name or year of publication 6197: 5042:The theory was developed by ] and ] (],],]). 4825: 3412:: Consider modifying the template to support 3170:will also suppress terminal punctuation, but 1794:by the same author published in the same year 1177:can be added to the location or page number. 347:are inappropriate; may be used to supplement 6079:) to detect that a link goes to a citation. 5795: 4806:is inappropriate for bundled citations; use 4469: 4085: 4014: 2190: 2177: 2050:More than one author with the same last name 515: 6125:|Smith|2006|p=26}} 5810:|Smith|2006|p=25}} 5486: 4060:. United States Department of Agriculture. 3624:to the template, or by adding the template 3431:The full citation does not use a template: 2107:scientists | journal = Important Journal }} 1108: 707:; for multiple pages (such as ranges), use 327:individual pages and / or range(s) of pages 7027:Editors can experiment in this template's 6979:Used to add quotes or additional comments. 6204: 6190: 6129:<ref name="FOOTNOTESmith200626"> 2961:Citation format does not support anchors: 2065: 1348: 1226: 1203: 597: 56: 7012:Template:Harvard citation no brackets/doc 6211: 5831: 5128: 5104:Murray, F. J.; von Neumann, John (1943), 5096:Murray, F. J.; von Neumann, John (1937), 5088:Murray, F. J.; von Neumann, John (1936), 4104: 4091: 4078: 4053: 3594:Link works but displays a no target error 1383:A citation inside an explanatory footnote 969:in the reference section. If you specify 6160:, which, once defined, can be called by 5977:field must be replaced with underscores 5854:A few articles create a custom ID using 5800:The Harvard citation templates create a 4098: 4026: 3562:Otherwise, check that the reference has 3434:It has no wikicode to create an anchor. 2841: 2828: 931: 5973:If CITEREF is used, then spaces in the 5500:The most common citation templates are 5470: 3895:Harvard citation with colon no brackets 1939:: not supported, the template must use 1909:: month or season ranges and year dates 1852:). It is not necessary to include both 1816:{{cite book|...|last=Smith|date=2006b}} 14: 7066: 6580: 4072: 4057:Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 4038: 3671:" is not used in the content (see the 2028: 2019: 2006: 1994: 1822:Templates that use Module:Citation/CS1 1710: 1694: 917: 914:§ Adding additional comments or quotes 6465:Converting between references formats 6185: 6082: 6077:MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js 5952:) or a double straight quote symbol ( 5453: 5399: 5363: 5287: 5268: 5249: 5231: 5213: 4912: 4898: 4854:deprecated by the Knowledge community 4777: 4768: 4744: 4740: 4707: 4703: 4672: 4668: 4584: 4574: 4503: 4490: 4478: 4436: 4423: 4411: 4259: 4220: 4181: 4146: 3971: 3941: 3937: 3910: 3884: 3857: 3831: 3805: 3778: 3282:appear at the bottom of the article. 3244: 3209: 2939: 2926: 2728: 2715: 2680: 2667: 2583:"An Article by an Anonymous Author". 1767: 1753: 1741: 1581: 1558: 1522: 1508: 1361: 1344: 1222: 1199: 1169:Adding a URL for the page or location 1087: 1083: 1047: 878: 844: 810: 776: 563: 478: 453: 441: 429: 417: 147:. Consider discussing changes on the 42:Template:Harvard citation no brackets 18:Template:Harvard citation no brackets 5956:), which may however be included by 5475:These templates use two elements: a 3735:Other author–date citation templates 2999:, leaving plain text without links. 2444:''Popular Magazine'' 992:Adding additional comments or quotes 528:multiple authors with same last name 511: 360:citation in the references section. 193: 118: 84: 25: 6480:Guidance on source reviewing at FAC 6419:Referencing without using templates 6414:Referencing with citation templates 5940:Inclusion of any other characters, 5479:in the body of the article, and an 2420:. Big Government Institution. 1996. 2416: 2403: 2212:No author name in citation template 1404:Cite error references missing group 1397:can't be directly imbedded between 23: 6941: 5432:puts parentheses around the year. 5280:{{harvcol|Smith|2011|loc=chpt. 3}} 3266:Wikilink to citation does not work 2888:family of templates use parameter 2506:An Article by an Anonymous Author 1907:|date=Winter–Spring 2013c 1603:Multiple lists of inline citations 1570:Clarification of interesting fact. 1490:Clarification of interesting fact. 1141:<ref name="FOOTNOTE..."> 984: 899: 329:referenced in the source (alias: 24: 7085: 6993: 6964: 6909: 6886: 6854: 6823: 6800: 6768: 6739: 6710: 6681: 6652: 6051:is a name such as the publisher. 4646:also produces bundled citations. 1069:"A quote in a secondary source." 363:Template harvnb is placed inside 177:is designed to be used to create 4453:2008 | title = Smith's Book }} 3842:Harvard citation with colon text 3654:, you may get a false-positive " 3487:<cite>...</cite> 1897:|date=November 9, 2013b 1889:: month or season and year dates 377:was deprecated in September 2020 230:was deprecated in September 2020 122: 88: 57: 29: 6470:Reference display customization 6108: 6068: 5855: 5825: 5813: 4934:More exotic Harvard citations: 4891: 4734: 4697: 4484: 4313:Applications of these templates 4256:Smith, Jones & Brown (2005) 4054:Stefferud, Alfred, ed. (1957). 4032: 3082:A particularly unusual citation 2227:The initials of the institution 2170: 2120: 1893:|date=9 November 2013b 1747: 1735: 1688: 1564: 1484: 1437:It is also possible to use the 1077: 1041: 872: 838: 524:multiple works in the same year 132:approximately 48,000 pages 5261:{{harvcol|Smith|2011|p=25–26}} 5243:{{harvcoltxt|Smith|2011|p=25}} 4086:Stout, P. R.; Johnson, C. M. " 3956:Harvard citation year brackets 1923:|date=Summer 2024–25e 1903:|date=June–July 2013c 1399:<ref>...</ref> 1163:<ref>...</ref> 804: 770: 659: 625: 591: 557: 435: 423: 411: 373:<ref>...</ref> 365:<ref>...</ref> 226:<ref>...</ref> 13: 1: 6970:Quotes or additional comments 6237:Biographies of living persons 6154:|Joyce|1903|p= 5931:!$ %&()*,-.:;<@^_`{|}~ 5420:Similarly, in order to mimic 5305:Parentheses around the year: 5225:{{harvcolnb|Smith|2011|p=25}} 5134: 5123:Some articles use this idiom 5106:Yet Another Mathematics Paper 4357:span can be used to create a 4217:Smith, Jones & Brown 2005 3397:is set correctly (see below). 3380:is set correctly (see below). 3348:field, but the format of the 632:Smith, Jones & Brown 2020 473: 276:> }}</ref> 6179:'ed for quicker load times. 6071:prefix is necessary for the 5892:are preferred to names like 5517:<a name="CITEREF"> 5048:The theory was developed by 5013:The theory was developed by 3763:Harvard citation no brackets 2854: (August 15, 1987). 2846:), Yeowell, Steve ( 2769:template uses the parameter 1861: 1788:More than one work in a year 1610:Template:Houston family tree 7: 6475:References and page numbers 6409:Introduction to referencing 6119:. E.g.: this template call 5804:to the anchor. For example 5206:{{harvcol|Smith|2011|p=25}} 4129:Shortened footnote template 3868:Harvard citation with colon 3582:Templates that have broken 3111:It is also possible to use 2353:Big Government Institution 2230:The name of the institution 1887:|date=Winter 2013b 1829:{{sfn}} 1799:{{sfn}} 1150:{{sfn}} 1136:{{sfn}} 1120:{{sfn}} 719:for single pages can cause 687:Location in the source text 395:| title = Smith's Book }} 371:. (Using harvnb outside of 10: 7090: 7001: 6424:Referencing dos and don'ts 5835: 5788:parameter in place of the 5493: 4951:Template:Harvard citations 4948: 4619: 4533: 4334: 3679: 3489:span to create an anchor. 3278:The correct citation does 3035:Big Government Agency 1999 1936:|date=2013g-11-09 1113:: In the past, the use of 339:– in-source location when 325:– comma-separated list of 248:<ref>{{harvnb | < 186: 7058:Subpages of this template 6612: 6569:Parenthetical referencing 6559: 6543: 6488: 6437: 6404:Citations quick reference 6389: 6371:Punctuation and footnotes 6356: 6303: 6267: 6219: 6073:reference tooltips gadget 5796:Harvard citation wikilink 5447:{{harvp|Smith|2011|p=25}} 5440: 5437: 5336: 5333: 5199: 5196: 5098:Another Mathematics Paper 5000: 4997: 4870: 4867: 4654: 4651: 4560: 4557: 4381: 4378: 3508:: Check that the text in 3182: 3179: 3007: 3004: 2900: 2897: 2801: 2798: 2640: 2637: 2263: 2260: 2099: 2096: 2031:Another Important Journal 1981:Article text. More text. 1967: 1964: 1945:|date=2013-11-09 1919:|date=2024–2025e 1864:). If both are included, 1659: 1656: 1651:within the efn template. 1462: 1459: 1185: 1182: 1020: 1017: 751: 748: 538: 535: 387: 384: 151:before implementing them. 143:subpages, or in your own 130:This template is used on 6323:Citation Style Vancouver 4341:Help:Shortened footnotes 4015:Stout & Johnson 1957 3650:an Harvnb template in a 3622:|ignore-err=yes 3559:is set to a matching id. 3387:Citation Style Vancouver 2886:Citation Style Vancouver 2431: 2270: 1958:for link disambiguation. 1883:|date=Jan 2013b 1879:: simple year only dates 1238: 1215:{{harv|Smith|2011|loc=}} 1192:{{harv|Smith|2011|loc=}} 691:The optional parameters 239: 6220:Policies and guidelines 4845:parenthetical reference 4548:can be used to link an 3658:which looks like this: 3636:Special:ExpandTemplates 3418:{{wikicite|id={{harvid| 2066:Large number of authors 1913:|date=c. 2013d 1711:Latham, Dwight (1947), 1672:...by the fact itself. 1320:Smith's other book 1086:, p. 2) quoted in 949:The optional parameter 904:The optional parameter 516:large number of authors 7052:Add categories to the 6638:1st author's last name 6489:Template documentation 5832:Using CITEREF directly 5129:implementation details 3946:(and many other forms) 3665:list-defined reference 3652:list-defined reference 3454:template (and set the 2842:Morrison, Grant ( 2060:Claudia Lauper Bushman 1678:He's his own grandpa. 1109: 945:and similar templates. 715:for multiple pages or 598:Smith & Jones 2020 62:Template documentation 6213:Knowledge referencing 4851:of articles has been 4525:In text attribution: 3936:John Smith ( 3816:Harvard citation text 932:Hard-coded link names 906:|postscript= 735:exist as aliases for 6934:124–27 or 42,47,A113 6259:Scientific citations 6232:No original research 5862:) or as a value for 5824:produces the anchor 5471:Implementation notes 5424:citations, template 5140:Using colon format: 4913:Smith, John (2006). 4778:Jones, Mary (2010). 4769:Smith, John (2010). 4585:Smith, John (2009), 4504:Smith, John (2008). 4437:Smith, John (2007). 4369:(without the use of 4320:Shortened footnote: 3521:matches the text in 3385:The citation uses a 1948:|year=2013x 1941:|year=2013g 1929:|date=n.d.f 1877:|date=2013a 1614:Margaret Lea Houston 454:Smith, John (2020). 163:author–date citation 95:This template uses 6999: 6754:Year of publication 6609: 6602:Template parameters 6581:Tracking categories 6376:Shortened footnotes 5510:Module:Citation/CS1 4550:in-text attribution 3745: 3574:with a matching id. 3340:The template has a 3127:No closing period: 918:§ No closing period 369:shortened footnotes 179:shortened footnotes 7074:Template sandboxes 6872:Single page number 6600: 6598: 6593: 6391:Help for beginners 6343:Citation templates 6295:Referencing styles 5929:, and the symbols 5876: 5812:produces the link 5487:Citation template 4860:citation footnotes 4826:Harvard citation: 4605:Bundled citation: 4577:, p. 25) ... 4359:shortened footnote 3744:In-text templates 3743: 3707:is possible using 3656:missing key" error 3352:field is unusual. 3290:citation not found 2875:Using harvnb with 2750:Using harvnb with 1915:: circa year dates 1770:Smith's other book 1584:Smith's other book 1544:Interesting fact. 1525:Smith's other book 1476:Interesting fact. 1405: 1364:Smith's other book 1131: 1033:Some information. 971:|ref=none 479:Author(s) and year 6998: 6997: 6625: 6594: 6577: 6576: 6551:Knowledge Library 6381:Nesting footnotes 6285:Combining sources 6019:|ref=CITEREF 5946:name="John Smith" 5885:(purely numeric). 5874: 5814:#CITEREFSmith2006 5468: 5467: 5418: 5417: 5302: 5301: 5121: 5120: 5090:Mathematics Paper 4982:is a wrapper for 4931: 4930: 4796: 4795: 4602: 4601: 4522: 4521: 4271: 4270: 4099:Wadleigh, C. 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3662: 3644: 3631: 3625: 3621: 3616: 3615: 3607: 3599: 3596: 3564:{{wikicite|ref= 3563: 3556: 3544: 3537: 3522: 3517: 3511: 3509: 3497: 3486: 3475: 3467: 3459: 3455: 3447: 3439: 3422:}}|reference={{ 3417: 3413: 3401: 3394: 3376: 3370: 3368: 3358:|year= 3357: 3350:|date= 3349: 3346:|year= 3345: 3342:|date= 3341: 3309: 3301: 3287: 3268: 3253: 3252: 3251: 3243: 3239: 3234: 3225: 3217: 3216: 3215: 3208: 3204: 3199: 3190: 3171: 3167: 3159: 3151: 3139: 3135: 3132: 3128: 3112: 3099: 3091: 3088: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3063: 3054: 3048: 3044: 3041: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3016: 2992: 2984: 2975: 2971: 2968: 2963: 2948: 2936: 2933: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2908: 2889: 2882: 2877: 2862: 2838: 2835: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2810: 2790: 2782: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2760: 2757: 2752: 2737: 2725: 2722: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2697: 2689: 2677: 2674: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2649: 2630:|year= 2629: 2626:|date= 2625: 2621:|year= 2620: 2617:|date= 2616: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2591: 2579: 2576: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2548: 2547: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2424: 2413: 2410: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2385: 2384: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2333:Important Book 2330: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2251: 2245: 2243: 2214: 2199: 2187: 2184: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2158: 2149: 2137: 2134: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2108: 2087: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2072:|last= 2071: 2068: 2056:Richard Bushman 2052: 2037: 2016: 2013: 2005: 2001: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1976: 1956:|year= 1955: 1952:|date= 1951: 1947: 1944: 1940: 1935: 1928: 1922: 1918: 1912: 1906: 1902: 1896: 1892: 1886: 1882: 1876: 1869: 1866:|year= 1865: 1860:(see exception 1858:|year= 1857: 1854:|date= 1853: 1849: 1846:|date= 1845: 1833: 1828: 1827: 1824: 1815: 1810: 1809: 1804: 1803: 1802:template (e.g. 1798: 1797: 1790: 1775: 1764: 1761: 1760: 1752: 1748: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1723: 1719: 1706: 1702: 1701: 1693: 1689: 1683: 1676: 1667: 1644: 1636: 1628: 1620: 1605: 1590: 1578: 1575: 1574: 1569: 1565: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1539: 1531: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1495: 1494: 1489: 1485: 1480: 1471: 1451: 1445: 1441: 1427: 1421: 1417: 1411: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1388: 1385: 1370: 1358: 1355: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1326: 1325: 1324: 1321: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1231: 1216: 1208: 1193: 1171: 1162: 1154: 1149: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1135: 1134: 1128: 1124: 1119: 1118: 1114: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1064: 1056: 1055: 1054: 1046: 1042: 1037: 1028: 1005: 997: 994: 987: 985:Possible issues 978: 974: 970: 962: 954: 950: 938: 934: 921: 909: 905: 902: 900:Additional text 887: 886: 885: 877: 873: 867: 861: 853: 852: 851: 843: 839: 833: 827: 819: 818: 817: 809: 805: 799: 793: 785: 784: 783: 775: 771: 765: 759: 740: 736: 732: 729:|page= 728: 724: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 689: 674: 673: 672: 664: 660: 654: 648: 640: 639: 638: 630: 626: 620: 614: 606: 605: 604: 596: 592: 586: 580: 572: 571: 570: 562: 558: 552: 546: 512:possible issues 505:|date= 504: 501:|year= 500: 492: 484: 481: 476: 461: 451: 448: 440: 436: 428: 424: 416: 412: 408: 404: 396: 372: 367:tags to create 364: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 330: 322: 317:|page= 316: 312: 307: 305: 298: 294: 287: 278: 275: 271: 268:*> | p= < 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 242: 225: 221: 215: 196:section below. 194:possible issues 174: 168: 123: 113: 89: 83: 64: 58: 30: 22: 21: 20: 12: 11: 5: 7087: 7077: 7076: 7042:and testcases 6996: 6995: 6992: 6989: 6988: 6987: 6984: 6976: 6971: 6967: 6966: 6963: 6960: 6959: 6956:no description 6953: 6948: 6944: 6943: 6940: 6937: 6936: 6935: 6932: 6924: 6916: 6912: 6911: 6908: 6905: 6904: 6901:no description 6898: 6893: 6889: 6888: 6885: 6882: 6881: 6880: 6877: 6869: 6861: 6857: 6856: 6853: 6850: 6849: 6848: 6846: 6838: 6830: 6826: 6825: 6822: 6819: 6818: 6815:no description 6812: 6807: 6803: 6802: 6799: 6796: 6795: 6794: 6791: 6783: 6775: 6771: 6770: 6767: 6764: 6763: 6762: 6759: 6751: 6746: 6742: 6741: 6738: 6735: 6734: 6733: 6730: 6722: 6717: 6713: 6712: 6709: 6706: 6705: 6704: 6701: 6693: 6688: 6684: 6683: 6680: 6677: 6676: 6675: 6672: 6664: 6659: 6655: 6654: 6651: 6648: 6647: 6646: 6643: 6635: 6630: 6624: 6623: 6620: 6617: 6614: 6582: 6579: 6575: 6574: 6572: 6571: 6565: 6563: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6553: 6547: 6545: 6541: 6540: 6538: 6537: 6526: 6515: 6504: 6492: 6490: 6486: 6485: 6483: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6450:Citation tools 6447: 6441: 6439: 6435: 6434: 6432: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6399:Reference-tags 6395: 6393: 6387: 6386: 6384: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6362: 6360: 6354: 6353: 6351: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6309: 6307: 6305:Citing sources 6301: 6300: 6298: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6271: 6269: 6268:General advice 6265: 6264: 6262: 6261: 6256: 6254:Citing sources 6251: 6250: 6249: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6223: 6221: 6217: 6216: 6209: 6208: 6201: 6194: 6186: 6105:named footnote 6092: 6081: 6067:Note that the 6048: 6045: 6044: 6025: 6020: 6012: 6007: 6003: 5991: 5990: 5987: 5986: 5985: 5975:|ref= 5971: 5970: 5969: 5943: 5938: 5908: 5897: 5886: 5871: 5864:|ref= 5850: 5849: 5841: 5836: 5833: 5830: 5797: 5794: 5775: 5774: 5765: 5743: 5721: 5699: 5680:editor-surname 5665: 5635: 5605: 5575: 5552:author-surname 5508:. By default, 5491: 5485: 5472: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5459: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5443: 5442: 5439: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5409: 5405: 5404: 5391: 5390: 5387: 5385:Article text. 5383: 5381: 5378: 5375: 5374: 5369: 5368: 5355: 5354: 5351: 5349:Article text. 5347: 5345: 5342: 5339: 5338: 5335: 5317: 5303: 5300: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5293: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5276: 5275: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5257: 5256: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5202: 5201: 5198: 5164: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5109: 5101: 5093: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5073: 5072: 5054:J. von Neumann 5046: 5044: 5041: 5038: 5037: 5019:J. von Neumann 5011: 5009: 5006: 5003: 5002: 4999: 4946: 4932: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4919: 4907: 4904: 4903: 4889: 4888: 4885: 4883:Article text. 4881: 4879: 4876: 4873: 4872: 4869: 4832: 4824: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4787: 4785: 4784: 4775: 4763: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4754: 4753: 4749: 4748: 4743:, p. 25; 4732: 4729: 4727:Article text. 4725: 4723: 4720: 4717: 4716: 4712: 4711: 4706:, p. 25; 4695: 4692: 4690:Article text. 4688: 4686: 4683: 4680: 4679: 4671:, p. 25; 4667:Article text ( 4665: 4663: 4660: 4657: 4656: 4653: 4617: 4603: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4593: 4591: 4590: 4579: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4563: 4562: 4559: 4531: 4523: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4510: 4498: 4496: 4495: 4483: 4467: 4464: 4457: 4455: 4451: 4448: 4447: 4444: 4443: 4431: 4429: 4428: 4416: 4400: 4397: 4393: 4391: 4387: 4384: 4383: 4380: 4332: 4318: 4314: 4311: 4291: 4290: 4281: 4269: 4268: 4265: 4264: 4258:, p. 15; 4247: 4246: 4244:Article text. 4242: 4240: 4230: 4229: 4226: 4225: 4219:, p. 15; 4208: 4207: 4205:Article text. 4203: 4201: 4191: 4190: 4187: 4186: 4173: 4172: 4170:Article text. 4168: 4166: 4156: 4155: 4152: 4151: 4138: 4137: 4135:Article text. 4133: 4124: 4114: 4113: 4112: 4111: 4110: 4109: 4096: 4088:Trace Elements 4083: 4073:Stefferud, A. 4043: 4042: 4039:Stefferud 1957 4031: 4019: 4006: 4005: 3995: 3986: 3976: 3975: 3969: 3960: 3950: 3949: 3934: 3925: 3915: 3914: 3908: 3899: 3889: 3888: 3881: 3872: 3862: 3861: 3855: 3846: 3836: 3835: 3834:, p. 25) 3829: 3820: 3810: 3809: 3808:, p. 25) 3802: 3793: 3783: 3782: 3776: 3767: 3757: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3736: 3733: 3725:reference name 3678: 3677: 3643: 3640: 3595: 3592: 3580: 3579: 3578: 3577: 3576: 3575: 3560: 3557:|ref= 3545:|ref= 3534: 3533: 3532: 3531: 3530: 3494: 3483: 3466:templates and 3456:|ref= 3429: 3414:|ref= 3402:|ref= 3398: 3383: 3382: 3381: 3369:|ref= 3361: 3338: 3331: 3295: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3254: 3250: 3249: 3236: 3235: 3232: 3230:Article text. 3228: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3219: 3214: 3213: 3201: 3200: 3197: 3195:Article text. 3193: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3184: 3181: 3131: 3125: 3107: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3100: 3098: 3097: 3089: 3087: 3086: 3073: 3070: 3068:Article text. 3066: 3064: 3060: 3057: 3056: 3053: 3052: 3042: 3040: 3039: 3026: 3023: 3021:Article text. 3019: 3017: 3013: 3010: 3009: 3006: 2972:|ref= 2967: 2959: 2956: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2947: 2946: 2934: 2932: 2931: 2929:, p. 101. 2918: 2915: 2913:Article text. 2911: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2902: 2899: 2881: 2873: 2870: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2863: 2861: 2860: 2836: 2834: 2833: 2820: 2817: 2815:Article text. 2813: 2811: 2807: 2804: 2803: 2800: 2771:|ref= 2756: 2753:{{cite comic}} 2748: 2745: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2738: 2736: 2735: 2723: 2721: 2720: 2718:, p. 101. 2707: 2704: 2702:Article text. 2700: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2691: 2688: 2687: 2675: 2673: 2672: 2670:, p. 101. 2659: 2656: 2654:Article text. 2652: 2650: 2646: 2643: 2642: 2639: 2612: 2602: 2599: 2598: 2596: 2593: 2592: 2590: 2589: 2577: 2575: 2574: 2558: 2555: 2553:Article text. 2551: 2549: 2476:==References== 2432: 2430: 2427: 2426: 2423: 2422: 2418:Important Book 2411: 2409: 2408: 2406:, p. 429. 2395: 2392: 2390:Article text. 2388: 2386: 2313:==References== 2271: 2269: 2266: 2265: 2262: 2244:|ref= 2240: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2232: 2231: 2228: 2222: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2200: 2198: 2197: 2185: 2183: 2182: 2168: 2165: 2163:Article text. 2161: 2159: 2155: 2152: 2151: 2148: 2147: 2135: 2133: 2132: 2118: 2115: 2113:Article text. 2111: 2109: 2105: 2102: 2101: 2098: 2080:|ref= 2067: 2064: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2038: 2036: 2035: 2026: 2014: 2012: 2011: 1999: 1986: 1983: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1970: 1969: 1966: 1960: 1959: 1932: 1926: 1916: 1910: 1900: 1890: 1880: 1823: 1820: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1776: 1774: 1773: 1768:Smith (2018), 1762: 1759: 1758: 1746: 1733: 1732: 1729: 1721: 1717: 1716: 1704: 1700: 1699: 1686: 1685: 1681: 1674: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1658: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1589: 1588: 1582:Smith (2017). 1576: 1573: 1572: 1563: 1550: 1549: 1546: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1530: 1529: 1523:Smith (2018). 1517: 1514: 1513: 1500: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1492: 1482: 1481: 1478: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1461: 1410:The templates 1384: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1369: 1368: 1362:Smith (2011). 1356: 1354: 1353: 1336: 1333: 1331:Article text. 1329: 1327: 1280:==References== 1239: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1170: 1167: 1104: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1093: 1092: 1090:, p. 343) 1075: 1074: 1071: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1053: 1052: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1019: 996:The templates 993: 990: 986: 983: 979:|ref= 975:|Ref= 951:|ref= 933: 930: 901: 898: 895: 894: 892: 889: 888: 884: 883: 870: 869: 864: 862: 859: 856: 855: 850: 849: 836: 835: 830: 828: 825: 822: 821: 816: 815: 802: 801: 796: 794: 791: 788: 787: 782: 781: 768: 767: 762: 760: 757: 754: 753: 750: 725:|loc= 701:|loc= 688: 685: 682: 681: 679: 676: 675: 671: 670: 657: 656: 651: 649: 646: 643: 642: 637: 636: 623: 622: 617: 615: 612: 609: 608: 603: 602: 589: 588: 583: 581: 578: 575: 574: 569: 568: 555: 554: 549: 547: 544: 541: 540: 537: 520:no author name 480: 477: 475: 472: 469: 468: 466: 463: 462: 449: 447: 446: 434: 422: 409: 406: 399: 397: 393: 390: 389: 386: 357: 356: 337:|loc= 334: 320: 310: 303: 300: 296: 292: 289: 285: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 246: 241: 238: 153: 152: 127: 115: 114: 112: 111: 100: 93: 55: 54: 50: 49: 34: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7086: 7075: 7072: 7071: 7069: 7059: 7055: 7047: 7039: 7035: 7030: 7023: 7019: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7004:documentation 6990: 6985: 6982: 6981: 6980: 6977: 6972: 6969: 6968: 6961: 6958: 6957: 6954: 6949: 6946: 6945: 6938: 6933: 6930: 6929: 6928: 6925: 6917: 6914: 6913: 6906: 6903: 6902: 6899: 6894: 6891: 6890: 6883: 6878: 6875: 6874: 6873: 6870: 6862: 6859: 6858: 6851: 6847: 6844: 6843: 6842: 6839: 6831: 6828: 6827: 6820: 6817: 6816: 6813: 6808: 6805: 6804: 6797: 6792: 6789: 6788: 6787: 6784: 6776: 6773: 6772: 6765: 6760: 6757: 6756: 6755: 6752: 6747: 6744: 6743: 6736: 6732:Brown or 2004 6731: 6728: 6727: 6726: 6723: 6718: 6715: 6714: 6707: 6703:Jones or 2003 6702: 6699: 6698: 6697: 6694: 6689: 6686: 6685: 6678: 6673: 6670: 6669: 6668: 6665: 6660: 6657: 6656: 6649: 6644: 6641: 6640: 6639: 6636: 6631: 6628: 6627: 6621: 6618: 6615: 6611: 6608: 6603: 6597: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6570: 6567: 6566: 6564: 6562: 6558: 6552: 6549: 6548: 6546: 6542: 6533: 6527: 6522: 6516: 6511: 6505: 6500: 6494: 6493: 6491: 6487: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6460:Cite messages 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6442: 6440: 6438:Advanced help 6436: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6396: 6394: 6392: 6388: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6359: 6355: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6310: 6308: 6306: 6302: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6270: 6266: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6248: 6245: 6244: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6227:Verifiability 6225: 6224: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6207: 6202: 6200: 6195: 6193: 6188: 6187: 6184: 6180: 6178: 6172: 6165: 6157: 6153: 6146: 6135: 6124: 6116: 6106: 6100: 6091: 6087: 6080: 6078: 6074: 6065: 6060: 6052: 6038: 6031: 6026: 6021:cite_nameyear 6018: 6013: 6001: 5996: 5995: 5994: 5988: 5979: 5978: 5972: 5968:respectively. 5959: 5941: 5939: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5909: 5898: 5890:"Nguyen 2010" 5887: 5872: 5869: 5868: 5867: 5847: 5843: 5842: 5839: 5829: 5821: 5809: 5803: 5793: 5791: 5787: 5782: 5780: 5773: 5769: 5766: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5744: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5722: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5700: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5666: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5636: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5606: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5576: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5522: 5521: 5520: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5497: 5490: 5484: 5482: 5478: 5464: 5462: 5461: 5457: 5456:, p. 25 5455: 5450: 5445: 5444: 5436: 5433: 5429: 5423: 5414: 5412: 5411: 5401: 5396: 5392: 5386: 5382: 5377: 5376: 5365: 5360: 5356: 5350: 5346: 5341: 5340: 5332: 5329: 5325: 5316: 5310: 5298: 5296: 5295: 5291: 5289: 5283: 5278: 5277: 5272: 5270: 5264: 5259: 5258: 5253: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5240: 5235: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5222: 5217: 5215: 5209: 5204: 5203: 5195: 5192: 5188: 5180: 5172: 5161: 5153: 5145: 5132: 5130: 5117: 5115: 5114: 5107: 5102: 5099: 5094: 5091: 5086: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5074: 5069: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5045: 5040: 5039: 5034: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5017: and 5016: 5010: 5005: 5004: 4996: 4993: 4988: 4978: 4964: 4956: 4952: 4945: 4939: 4927: 4925: 4924: 4916: 4911: 4910: 4901:, p. 25) 4900: 4894: 4890: 4884: 4880: 4875: 4874: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4856: 4855: 4850: 4846: 4840: 4831: 4823: 4819: 4811: 4803: 4792: 4790: 4789: 4781: 4776: 4772: 4767: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4755: 4746: 4742: 4737: 4733: 4728: 4724: 4719: 4718: 4709: 4705: 4700: 4696: 4691: 4687: 4682: 4681: 4676: 4674: 4670: 4664: 4659: 4658: 4650: 4647: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4623: 4616: 4610: 4598: 4596: 4595: 4588: 4583: 4582: 4578: 4576: 4573:According to 4570: 4565: 4564: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4545: 4537: 4530: 4518: 4516: 4515: 4507: 4502: 4501: 4493:, p. 26. 4492: 4487: 4481:, p. 25. 4480: 4475: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4460: 4456: 4450: 4449: 4440: 4435: 4434: 4426:, p. 26. 4425: 4420: 4414:, p. 25. 4413: 4408: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4392: 4386: 4385: 4377: 4374: 4366: 4360: 4350: 4342: 4338: 4331: 4325: 4317: 4310: 4306: 4298: 4287: 4282: 4279: 4276: 4275: 4274: 4262:, p. 50. 4261: 4257: 4252: 4248: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4232: 4231: 4223:, p. 50. 4222: 4218: 4213: 4209: 4204: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4192: 4184:, p. 25. 4183: 4178: 4174: 4169: 4167: 4163: 4158: 4157: 4149:, p. 25. 4148: 4143: 4139: 4134: 4130: 4125: 4121: 4116: 4115: 4106: 4102: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4071: 4070: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4050: 4049: 4040: 4035: 4028: 4027:Wadleigh 1957 4023: 4016: 4011: 4007: 4004: 4003: 3996: 3992: 3987: 3983: 3978: 3977: 3974:, p. 25 3973: 3970: 3966: 3961: 3957: 3952: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3926: 3922: 3917: 3916: 3912: 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