236:
141:. The premise is that every system in a datacentre can be equipped with a shared water infrastructure which is divided into multiple stages with different temperatures. The different temperatures are achieved by setting up different liquid cooling technologies with different temperature tolerances in a serial cooling setup as opposed to a single parallel circuit. This creates high temperature differences with a low water volume. This results in a datacentre environment which is capable of supplying constant temperature water to a re-user, thus transforming the facility from an electrical energy consumer into a thermal energy producer.
431:
418:
22:
248:
output of a liquid cooled rack should not be routed to a cooling installation, but to a different type of liquid cooling environment. By chaining the segmented liquid circuits in larger environments, very high return temperatures can be achieved, which enables the practical and effective reusability of thermal energy and decreases investments needed to make large scale heat reuse a viable option.
220:
directly by liquid due to the low energy production and the common dependency on moving parts. These can be set up in water cooled racks. High volumes of servers which require the least maintenance can best be positioned in a Total Liquid
Cooling environment. Varying specialised server systems which require constant physical access are best situated in Direct Liquid Cooled environments.
411:
not only reject the heat, but also the water which contains the heat to allow an external party to transport and use the warmed-up liquid. This results in a complete lack of cooling installations and the datacentre effectively acts like a large water heater. Water flows into the datacentre and comes out at high temperatures.
404:
This example only provides insight into optimised liquid infrastructures to explain the concepts of
Temperature Chaining and how different liquid technologies can fit into this concept. For simplification purposes, there are no redundant scenarios outlined. Return loops, buffer tanks and intermediate
136:
Temperature chaining has been introduced as a new concept at
Datacentre Transformation in Manchester by the company Asperitas as part of a vision on a Datacentre of the Future. It is a method of transforming electrical consumption in datacentres into usable heat. The concept is based on creating high
410:
The open circuit heat reuse infrastructure is the most sustainable infrastructure by far. In this situation, the datacentre receives water of a certain temperature and all the heat generated by the IT equipment is delivered to another user with this water circuit. This means that the facility does
208:
effectively cools parts of the IT with purpose built coolers which combine cold plates and pumps that are mounted directly onto the chips instead of a traditional heat sink. This generates energy efficiency on the IT side due to the reduced amount of fan energy. Although the water circuit captures
178:
The higher heat capacity of liquids allows for more dense IT environments and higher IT capacity. With most liquid technologies, the IT itself becomes more efficient. This is caused by the reduced or eliminated dependence on air handling within the IT chassis. Individual components are cooled more
170:
Introducing water into the datacentre whitespace is most beneficial within a purpose-built set-up. This means that the focus for the design of the datacentre must be on absorbing all the thermal energy with water. This calls for a hybrid environment in which different liquid based technologies are
219:
Since there is no such thing as one solution for all, any platform should be designed with the optimal technology for its different elements. Therefore, each part of a platform should be set up with a mix of optimised technologies. For example, storage environments are least suitable to be cooled
215:
completely immerses the IT components in liquid. There is hardly any energy loss and IT equipment is made very energy efficient, eliminating kinetic energy (fans) from being used by the IT. Since water conducts electricity, an intermediate dielectric substance is required which requires forced or
438:
In smaller footprints, temperature chaining can be achieved by creating a small water circuit with a mixing valve and buffer tank. This allows the output of the liquid installation to be routed back to the cooling input to gradually increase the cooling circuit and achieve a constant high output
247:
This means that the water infrastructure becomes segmented. Instead of feeding each cooling setup in a parallel infrastructure, the inlets of different technologies or different parts of the infrastructure are connected to the return circuit of another part of the infrastructure. In essence, the
386:
Liquid
Temperature Chaining can be implemented by adopting intermediate cooling circuits with different temperature ranges. Segmented environments can be connected with supply and return loops, mixing valves and buffer tanks to stabilise and optimise the return temperatures and volumes of each
201:
involves water cooled racks with (active) rear door or in-row heat exchangers which are water cooled. The advantage of the active rear doors is that all the heat from air cooled IT is immediately absorbed by the water circuit when it leaves the rack which eliminates the need for CRACs, also in
243:
By adopting a hybrid model, systems can be connected to different parts of a cooling circuit with different temperatures. Each liquid technology has different temperature tolerances. Especially where the liquid penetrates the chassis, the stability of temperatures becomes less of a concern.
251:
The different liquid technologies can be applied with different temperature levels. There is a difference between normal optimised environments and more “extreme” environments where the solutions and IT equipment are more compatible or specialised for high temperature operation.
179:
effectively and can therefore be used with higher amounts of energy and closer to each other. When liquid penetrates the IT space, internal fans are reduced or completely eliminated which saves energy. This also reduces the emergency power requirements within the facility.
603:
622:
390:
A major advantage of this strategy is the fact that temperature differences (dT) within a cooling circuit can be drastically increased. This reduces the volume of liquid required in a facility and reduces the cooling overhead installations.
174:
The adoption of liquid cooled IT in datacentres allows for more effective utilisation or reduction of the datacentre footprint. This means that an existing facility can be better utilised to allow for more IT.
209:
all of the heat from the largest heat sources inside the chassis, this approach may still require CRAC units or combinations with ILC for rejection of thermal energy from the rest of the IT components.
155:
The
Amsterdam Economic Board has presented the 4th generation of district heating networks which will adopt thermal cascading to increase flexibility and to make the district networks future proof.
216:
convective transfer of heat. This dielectric can be oil or chemically based. The infrastructure and power advantages are maximised with this approach and the energy footprint is fully optimised.
158:
Within datacentres, the traditional approach towards the critical IT load is cooling. Temperature chaining works on the basic premise that the IT is a heating source. To harvest this heat,
414:
The ILC racks in this setup effectively function as air handlers which maintain the entire room temperature and absorb all thermal energy leakage from the DLC and TLC environments.
235:
244:
Therefore, different technologies can be set up in an optimised order of tolerance to allow a multi-step increase in temperature within the cooling circuit.
750:
439:
temperature. Although this is not the multi-stage approach, it is a common and well proven practice for achieving constant input or output temperatures.
637:
202:
partial ILC implementations. This makes cooling systems very efficient, and supports limited efficiency on the IT itself by assisting ventilation.
46:
of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be
620:, Schlom, Leslie A. & Becwar, Andrew J., "Multi-stage hybrid evaporative cooling system", published August 3, 2010
187:
Liquid cooling technologies can be roughly divided into four different categories: cooling at the room, rack or chip level and immersion.
442:
The advantage of this approach is the compatibility with variable input temperatures which are common with dry cooling installations.
98:
70:
149:
Temperature or energy chaining is applied in heating systems where hydraulic designs allow for return loops and serial heaters.
394:
After all, it is much more efficient to cool a large dT in a small volume of water than a small dT in a large volume of water.
77:
223:
A prerequisite for each technology before it can be applied in a temperature chaining scenario is a level of control (by
601:, Lieberman, Daniel, "CASCADED MULTICIRCUIT, MULTIREFRIGERANT REFRIGERATION SYSTEM", published May 22, 1973
84:
117:
171:
co-existing to allow for the full range of datacentre and platform services, regardless of the type of datacentre.
66:
224:
43:
553:
227:) over its own cooling infrastructure and compatibility in the sense of fittings and liquid compatibility.
152:
The temperature chaining principle is also used in refrigeration systems which adopt cascading circuits.
39:
617:
598:
55:
658:
91:
515:
645:
405:
pumps to deal with volumetric and pressure aspects within different stages are not detailed.
672:
32:
8:
51:
430:
162:
is used, which allows the application of hydraulic heating designs to the datacentre.
503:
47:
159:
417:
580:
744:
459:
138:
720:
638:"Presentatie 4TH GENERATION THERMAL NETWORKS AND THERMAL CASCADING"
38:
Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing
165:
133:
can mean temperature, thermal or energy chaining or cascading.
485:
137:
temperature differences in a water based cooling circuit in a
256:
Example of temperature tolerances for different technologies
190:
192:
696:
529:
673:"ColdLogik Rear of Cabinet Cooling Solution | USystems"
554:"The datacentre of the future by Asperitas – Asperitas"
635:
697:"Data Center, Server, and PC Liquid Cooling - Asetek"
397:
182:
742:
434:Micro datacentre temperature chaining for reuse
425:
239:Example of temperature chaining in a datacentre
616:
234:
166:Liquid cooling infrastructure in datacentres
421:Temperature chaining concept for heat reuse
751:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
483:
597:
118:Learn how and when to remove this message
429:
416:
230:
743:
486:"DATACENTRE TRANSFORMATION MANCHESTER"
636:AmsterdamEconomicBoard (2016-02-22).
575:
573:
15:
13:
14:
762:
570:
398:Heat reuse infrastructure example
581:"Hydraulics in building systems"
484:Communications, Angel Business.
20:
713:
689:
665:
629:
610:
591:
546:
522:
477:
460:"Cascaderen – DatacenterWorks"
452:
183:Liquid datacentre technologies
1:
445:
199:Indirect Liquid cooling (ILC)
426:Micro infrastructure example
33:general notability guideline
7:
206:Direct Liquid Cooling (DLC)
10:
767:
213:Total Liquid Cooling (TLC)
144:
40:reliable secondary sources
29:The topic of this article
275:
270:
265:
260:
31:may not meet Knowledge's
653:Cite journal requires
435:
422:
408:
240:
67:"Temperature chaining"
433:
420:
401:
238:
195:can be water cooled.
490:www.dtmanchester.com
387:individual segment.
231:Temperature chaining
131:Temperature chaining
721:"AIC24 – Asperitas"
257:
677:www.usystems.co.uk
514:has generic name (
464:datacenterworks.nl
436:
423:
277:Maximum delta/rack
255:
241:
35:
384:
383:
128:
127:
120:
102:
30:
758:
735:
734:
732:
731:
717:
711:
710:
708:
707:
693:
687:
686:
684:
683:
669:
663:
662:
656:
651:
649:
641:
633:
627:
626:
625:
621:
614:
608:
607:
606:
602:
595:
589:
588:
577:
568:
567:
565:
564:
550:
544:
543:
541:
540:
526:
520:
519:
513:
509:
507:
499:
497:
496:
481:
475:
474:
472:
471:
456:
364:TLC (Asperitas)
320:ILC (U-Systems)
258:
254:
123:
116:
112:
109:
103:
101:
60:
24:
23:
16:
766:
765:
761:
760:
759:
757:
756:
755:
741:
740:
739:
738:
729:
727:
719:
718:
714:
705:
703:
695:
694:
690:
681:
679:
671:
670:
666:
654:
652:
643:
642:
634:
630:
623:
615:
611:
604:
596:
592:
579:
578:
571:
562:
560:
552:
551:
547:
538:
536:
528:
527:
523:
511:
510:
501:
500:
494:
492:
482:
478:
469:
467:
458:
457:
453:
448:
428:
400:
298:CRAC (generic)
233:
185:
168:
147:
124:
113:
107:
104:
61:
59:
37:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
764:
754:
753:
737:
736:
712:
701:www.asetek.com
688:
664:
655:|journal=
628:
609:
590:
569:
545:
521:
476:
450:
449:
447:
444:
427:
424:
399:
396:
382:
381:
378:
375:
374:22-48 °C
372:
369:
368:18-40 °C
366:
360:
359:
356:
353:
352:24-55 °C
350:
347:
346:18-45 °C
344:
338:
337:
334:
331:
330:23-28 °C
328:
325:
324:18-23 °C
322:
316:
315:
312:
309:
308:12-25 °C
306:
303:
300:
294:
293:
290:
287:
284:
280:
279:
274:
269:
264:
232:
229:
184:
181:
167:
164:
160:liquid cooling
146:
143:
126:
125:
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
763:
752:
749:
748:
746:
726:
725:asperitas.com
722:
716:
702:
698:
692:
678:
674:
668:
660:
647:
639:
632:
619:
613:
600:
594:
587:. 2017-07-04.
586:
582:
576:
574:
559:
558:asperitas.com
555:
549:
535:
534:asperitas.com
531:
525:
517:
505:
491:
487:
480:
465:
461:
455:
451:
443:
440:
432:
419:
415:
412:
407:
406:
395:
392:
388:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
365:
362:
361:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
343:
342:DLC (Asetek)
340:
339:
335:
332:
329:
326:
323:
321:
318:
317:
313:
310:
307:
304:
302:6-18 °C
301:
299:
296:
295:
291:
288:
285:
282:
281:
278:
273:
268:
263:
259:
253:
249:
245:
237:
228:
226:
221:
217:
214:
210:
207:
203:
200:
196:
194:
193:
188:
180:
176:
172:
163:
161:
156:
153:
150:
142:
140:
134:
132:
122:
119:
111:
100:
97:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69: –
68:
64:
63:Find sources:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
34:
27:
18:
17:
728:. Retrieved
724:
715:
704:. Retrieved
700:
691:
680:. Retrieved
676:
667:
646:cite journal
631:
612:
593:
584:
561:. Retrieved
557:
548:
537:. Retrieved
533:
524:
512:|first=
493:. Retrieved
489:
479:
468:. Retrieved
463:
454:
441:
437:
413:
409:
403:
402:
393:
389:
385:
363:
341:
319:
297:
276:
272:Outlet range
271:
266:
261:
250:
246:
242:
222:
218:
212:
211:
205:
204:
198:
197:
191:
189:
186:
177:
173:
169:
157:
154:
151:
148:
135:
130:
129:
114:
105:
95:
88:
81:
74:
62:
530:"Asperitas"
380:10 °C
377:65 °C
371:55 °C
358:15 °C
355:65 °C
349:45 °C
336:12 °C
333:32 °C
327:28 °C
311:30 °C
305:21 °C
267:Inlet range
44:independent
730:2017-07-25
706:2017-07-25
682:2017-07-25
618:US 7765827
599:US 3733845
563:2017-07-25
539:2017-07-25
495:2017-07-25
470:2018-02-12
466:(in Dutch)
446:References
262:Technology
139:datacentre
78:newspapers
52:redirected
108:July 2017
42:that are
745:Category
504:cite web
292:Extreme
286:Extreme
585:Siemens
289:Normal
283:Normal
145:History
92:scholar
56:deleted
624:
605:
94:
87:
80:
73:
65:
48:merged
99:JSTOR
85:books
54:, or
659:help
516:help
314:N/A
71:news
225:PLC
747::
723:.
699:.
675:.
650::
648:}}
644:{{
583:.
572:^
556:.
532:.
508::
506:}}
502:{{
488:.
462:.
50:,
733:.
709:.
685:.
661:)
657:(
640:.
566:.
542:.
518:)
498:.
473:.
121:)
115:(
110:)
106:(
96:·
89:·
82:·
75:·
58:.
36:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
