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signals from satellites due to their rocking motion rendering reception impossible. The SeaTel antenna however was stabilized using electrically driven gyroscopes and thus made it possible to point to the satellite accurately enough, that is to within 2°, in order to receive a signal. The successful implementation of stabilised TVRO systems on ships immediately led to the development of maritime
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term was regional, known mostly to those living in West
Virginia and surrounding areas. Another reason was the large sizes of the dishes. The first satellite systems consisted of "BUDs" twelve to sixteen feet in diameter. They became much more popular in the mid-1980s when dish sizes decreased to about six to ten feet, but have always been a source of much consternation (even local
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option at the time for receiving such channels. As required by the Cable
Communications Policy act of 1984, HBO allowed dish owners to subscribe directly to their service, although at a price ($ 12.95 per month) higher than what cable subscribers were paying. This sentiment, and a collapse in the sales of TVRO equipment in early 1986, led to the
675:. Dish sales went down from 600,000 in 1985 to 350,000 in 1986, but pay television services were seeing dishes as something positive since some people would never have cable service, and the industry was starting to recover as a result. Through 1986, other channels that began full time encryption included
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TVRO systems were originally marketed in the late 1970s. On
October 18, 1979, the FCC began allowing people to have home satellite earth stations without a federal government license. The dishes were nearly 20 feet (6.1 m) in diameter, were remote controlled, and could only pick up HBO signals
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instead of fiberglass. New systems usually include a universal LNB that is switched electronically between horizontal and vertical polarization, obviating the need for a failure-prone polar rotor. As a complete system they have a much lower noise temperature than old BUDs, and are generally better
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frequencies) very difficult. From the late 1970s to the early 1990s DBS systems were not available, and cable television systems of the time only carried a few channels, resulting in a boom in sales of systems in the area, which led to the systems being termed the "West
Virginia state flower". The
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By the end of 1987, 16 channels had employed encryption with another 7 planned in the first half of 1988. Packages that offered reduced rates for channels in bulk had begun to appear. At this time, the vast majority of analog satellite TV transponders still were not encrypted. On
November 1, 1988,
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12 hours a day early in 1985, then did the same with their east coast feeds by August. The two networks began scrambling full time on
January 15, 1986, which in many contemporary news reports was called "S-Day". This met with much protest from owners of big-dish systems, most of which had no other
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This created a framework for the wide deployment of encryption on analog satellite signals. It further created a framework (and implicit mandate to provide) subscription services to TVRO consumers to allow legal decryption of those signals. HBO and
Cinemax became the first two services to announce
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reception. The prices of these dishes have fallen dramatically since the first BUDs were produced for several thousand dollars to as little as $ 200 for an 8 ft mesh started BUD sold on eBay or amazon as of 2014. Typical uses for these systems include receiving free-to-air and subscription
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The term TVRO has been in use on ships since it was introduced in the 1980s. One early provider of equipment was SeaTel with its first generation of stabilized satellite antennas that was launched in 1985, the TV-at-Sea 8885 system. Until this time ships had not been able to receive television
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The retail price for satellite receivers soon dropped, with some dishes costing as little as $ 2,000 by mid-1984. Dishes pointing to one satellite were even cheaper. Once a user paid for a dish, it was possible to receive even premium movie channels, raw feeds of news broadcasts or television
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Most of the free analogue channels that BUDs were built to receive have been taken offline. Due to the number of systems in existence, their lack of usefulness, and because many people consider them an eyesore, used BUDs can be purchased for very little money. As of 2009, there are 23 C-band
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intent to encrypt their satellite feeds late in 1984. Others were strongly considering doing so as well. Where cable providers could compete with TVRO subscription options, it was thought this would provide sufficient incentive for competition.
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As of 2010, SeaTel continues to dominate the market for stabilized TVRO systems and has according to the Comsys group, a market share of 75%. Other established providers of stabilised satellite antennas are
Intellian, KNS, Orbit, EPAK and KVH.
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stations from other areas. People in areas without local broadcast stations, and people in areas without cable television, could obtain good-quality reception with no monthly fees. Two open questions existed about this practice: whether the
407:. Early dishes cost more than $ 5,000, and sometimes as much as $ 10,000. The wider the dish was, the better its ability to provide adequate channel reception. Programming sent from ground stations was relayed from 18 satellites in
303:), the majority of services are encrypted and require proprietary decoder hardware. TVRO systems relied on feeds being transmitted unencrypted and using open standards, which heavily contrasts to DBS systems in the region.
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where viewers lose signal during a heavy downpour. C-band's immunity to rain fade is one of the major reasons the system is still used as the preferred method for television broadcasters to distribute their signal.
1018:. BUDs are also still useful for picking-up weak signals at the edge of a satellite's broadcast "footprint" – the area at which a particular satellite is aimed. For this reason, BUDs are helpful in places like
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throat at the command of the receiver (commonly called a "polarotor" setup). Higher-end receivers did this transparently, switching polarization and moving the dish automatically as the user changed channels.
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systems. The second generation of SeaTel TVRO systems came in 1994 and was the 2494 antenna, which got its gyro signal from the ship rather than its own gyros, improving accuracy and reducing maintenance.
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applied as a case of "unauthorized reception" by TVRO consumers; and to what it extent it was legal for a service provider to encrypt their signals in an effort to prevent its reception.
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signal unencrypted in order for affiliates to not lose viewers who could not see their advertising. Most of the two million satellite dish users in the United States still used C-band.
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will pass through them. Solid fiberglass dishes usually contain metal mesh with large-diameter perforations as a reflector and are usually unsuitable for anything other than C band.
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similar to BUDs are still in production. New dishes differ in their construction and materials. New mesh dishes have much smaller perforations and solid dishes are now made with
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to sweep the dish across the horizon to receive channels from multiple satellites. Switching between horizontal and vertical polarization was accomplished by a small electric
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located 22,300 miles above the Earth. The dish had to be pointed directly at the satellite, with nothing blocking the signal. Weaker signals required larger dishes.
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signals. Several companies market LNBs, LNBFs, and adaptor collars for big-dish systems. For receiving FTA signals the replacement should be capable of dual C/K
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used by TVRO systems. BUDs range from 4 to 16 feet in diameter, with the most popular large size being 10 feet. The name comes from their perception as an
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had been reducing the popularity for TVRO systems since the early 1990s. Signals from DBS satellites (operating in the more recent K
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By Spring of 1984, 18 C-Band satellites were in use for United States domestic communications, owned by five different companies.
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usually still prohibit this size of dish, except where such restrictions are illegal. Support for systems dried up when strong
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at microwave frequencies have also had an effect. However, a consequence of the higher frequency used for DBS services is
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Stecklow, Steve (October 25, 1984). "Research Needed in Buying Dish: High Cost Is
Important Consideration for Consumer".
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on the satellite, and each satellite had a fixed number of transponders, dishes were usually equipped with a modified
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Reception of encrypted satellite signals by a consumer, when they have received authorization to legally decrypt it
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There were over 150 channels for people who want to receive subscription channels on a C-band dish via
Motorola's
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333:, although the TVRO nomenclature was never used there. Free-to-air satellite signals are also very common in the
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and DBS signals. The stock LNBs fitted to typical BUDs will usually need to be replaced with one of a lower
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were considering scrambling, though CBS was reluctant due to the number of people unable to receive local
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2012:
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703:. Channels scrambled (encrypted) with VideoCipher and VideoCipher II could be defeated, and there was a
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Originally, the dishes used for satellite TV reception were 12 to 16 feet in diameter and made of solid
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Nye, Doug (February 4, 1988). "Newest Technology Could Become a Major Threat to Local Cable Firms".
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was introduced around 1994. Many long-disconnected dishes still occupy their original spots.
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310:" feeds from FSS-type satellites. Reception of free-to-air satellite signals, generally
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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signal directly from the original distribution satellite – the same signal received by
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to receive digital broadcasts. With a suitable replacement LNB (provided there is no
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of modern satellites) and therefore require much smaller dishes than C-band, and the
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Dawidziak, Mark (December 30, 1984). "Satellite TV Dishes Getting Good Reception".
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Reibstein, Larry (September 27, 1981). "Watching TV Via Satellite Is Their Dish".
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signals. While these services are at least theoretically based on open standards (
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with an embedded metal coating, with later models being 4 to 10 feet and made of
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and solely rely on satellites to deliver television signals to individual homes.
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Wolf, Ron (January 20, 1985). "Direct-Broadcast TV Is Still Not Turned On".
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1273:"S.66 - 98th Congress (1983-1984): Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984"
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967:. Older mesh dishes with perforations larger than 5mm are inefficient at K
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band) are higher in both frequency and power (due to improvements in the
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The back side of a C-Band satellite dish showing the pole, mount, motor,
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provider. TVRO was the main means of consumer satellite reception in the
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Satellite Charts and Forum for C-Band Satellite users in North America
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North American seller of 8ft, 10ft, 12ft and 13.5ft mesh TVRO antennas
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HBO and Cinemax began encrypting their west coast feeds services with
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of the reflector) a BUD can be used to receive free-to-air (FTA) and
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The dishes worked by receiving a low-power C-Band (3.7–4.2 GHz)
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can be used to transmit signals as well. BUDs can still be seen at
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The term is also used to refer to receiving digital television "
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990:, virtually eliminating rain fade. Restored dishes fitted with
982:, which can be an advantage when used with DBS signals such as
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789:. Each satellite also can carry up to 32 transponders in the K
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932:. The 4DTV subscription system shutdown on August 16, 2016.
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on July 1. Scrambling would also lead to the development of
647:
clarified all of these matters, making the following legal:
3122:
1705:
1523:
1396:. United Press International. November 3, 1988. p. E3.
1163:
Stecklow, Steve (July 7, 1984). "America's Favorite Dish".
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802:
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1379:. National Cable Television Association. February 5, 1988.
1302:"Satellite Tv Skies Brighten As War With Programmers Ends"
16:
Reception of satellite television from FSS-type satellites
1720:
1573:
1533:
1518:
1425:"Installing Consumer-Owned Antennas and Satellite Dishes"
728:
712:
695:, as demonstrated by the early adoption of encryption by
684:
651:
Reception of unencrypted satellite signals by a consumer
1528:
805:) on a single transponder. General advances, such as
1539:
Satellite charts for C/Ku-Band Satellites world-wide
1529:
Canadian satellite TV subscription provider for BUDs
90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1509:C/Ku Band Satellite Systems – Tuning, Tracking...
935:The dishes themselves can be modified to receive
742:band signals in North America was limited by the
3316:
1390:"Scrambled NBC Bad News for Satellite Pirates".
715:began scrambling its C-band signal but left its
1524:US satellite TV subscription provider for BUDs
2238:
1559:
1102:"Tiny Satellite Dishes Sprout in Rural Areas"
793:band, but only 24 in the C band, and several
425:. Because analog channels took up an entire
344:
3253:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3289:
2245:
2231:
1566:
1552:
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1293:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1270:
1260:. Knight-Ridder News Service. p. 6C.
1207:
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337:, as many rural locations cannot receive
204:Learn how and when to remove this message
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
1993:Output power of an analog TV transmitter
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1177:
1162:
1014:, without interruption due to inclement
866:disputes) due to their perception as an
371:
259:until the mid-1990s with the arrival of
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1201:
1199:
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1127:
645:Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984
3317:
2252:
1325:
1299:
1247:
785:at the receiver, resulting in a lower
669:April 1986 attack on HBO's transponder
321:, for home viewing is still common in
2226:
2023:Direct-broadcast satellite television
1547:
1371:
1369:
1271:Goldwater, Barry (October 30, 1984).
1058:Direct-broadcast satellite television
1029:
261:direct-broadcast satellite television
3299:
1331:
1194:
1100:Giarrusso, Michael (July 28, 1996).
959:, for DBS it will need a high band K
441:motor that moved a probe inside the
349:The term "BUD" (big ugly dish) is a
161:
88:adding citations to reliable sources
59:
18:
1913:Vestigial sideband modulation (VSB)
1449:. December 15, 2009. Archived from
1406:
13:
1366:
1093:
1075:
849:, for example, makes reception of
826:TVRO systems were most popular in
781:signals now used require far less
14:
3361:
1480:
1472:6.5' Fortec Star with Polar Mount
1300:Takiff, Jonathan (May 22, 1987).
971:frequencies, because the smaller
34:This article has multiple issues.
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3288:
3279:
3278:
3267:
2888:Free-space optical communication
885:
738:The growth of dishes receiving K
247:and unconnected to a commercial
166:
64:
23:
1908:Quadrature amplitude modulation
1465:
1439:
1417:
1400:
1383:
1340:
903:
239:-type satellites, generally on
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
2072:Television channel frequencies
1377:"Scrambling Information: 1988"
1264:
1218:
801:(MCPC) or carried separately (
1:
3335:Radio frequency antenna types
2043:Digital television transition
1872:Multichannel television sound
1514:How to set up and align a BUD
1082:The "Glory Days" of Satellite
1068:
926:Satellite Receivers Ltd (SRL)
821:
754:band satellites were in use.
231:to refer to the reception of
3274:Telecommunication portal
3055:Telecommunications equipment
2115:Field strength in free space
1816:Horizontal blanking interval
1487:rec.video.satellite.tvro FAQ
1447:"SatelliteGuys.US - TheList"
1006:can be sent to and from the
385:from one of two satellites.
380:, and structure of the dish.
223:) is a term used chiefly in
7:
2791:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
2013:Superheterodyne transmitter
1413:. Columbia, South Carolina.
1348:"CNN shuts out dish owners"
1235:. April 9, 1984. p. 48
1051:
998:for these reasons, so that
757:In addition to encryption,
10:
3366:
2495:Telecommunications history
1851:Vertical blanking interval
1354:. July 1, 1986. p. 10
1171:Knight-Ridder News Service
1130:"Stealing Free TV, Part 2"
924:equipment via two vendors
857:(especially in the higher
707:for illegal descramblers.
638:Communications Act of 1934
367:
335:People's Republic of China
319:Digital Video Broadcasting
3262:
3204:
3141:
3103:Public Switched Telephone
3063:
3027:
2984:
2925:
2915:telecommunication circuit
2876:Fiber-optic communication
2859:
2621:Francis Blake (telephone)
2568:
2416:Optical telecommunication
2260:
2189:
2153:
2090:
2051:
1921:
1895:
1864:
1826:Nominal analogue blanking
1749:
1698:
1584:
1334:The Philadelphia Inquirer
1187:The Philadelphia Inquirer
1128:Keating, Stephen (1999).
978:Large dishes have higher
601:
540:
518:
471:
423:cable television headends
175:This article needs to be
99:"Television receive-only"
3014:Orbital angular-momentum
2451:Satellite communications
2290:Communications satellite
1312:Knight-Ridder Newspapers
1010:with which a station is
2893:Molecular communication
2716:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
2545:Undersea telegraph line
2280:Cable protection system
2145:Television interference
2018:Television receive-only
1393:San Francisco Chronicle
217:Television receive-only
3350:Television terminology
3035:Communication protocol
2821:Charles Sumner Tainter
2636:Walter Houser Brattain
2581:Edwin Howard Armstrong
2389:Information revolution
2067:Microwave transmission
2033:Terrestrial television
2028:Television transmitter
1988:Intermediate frequency
1781:Chrominance subcarrier
1087:March 3, 2014, at the
519:Hughes Communications
381:
3330:Broadcast engineering
3325:Television technology
3009:Polarization-division
2741:Narinder Singh Kapany
2706:Erna Schneider Hoover
2626:Jagadish Chandra Bose
2606:Alexander Graham Bell
2337:online video platform
1939:Broadcast transmitter
1226:"Where the Birds Are"
965:circular polarization
876:restrictive covenants
750:program. Only seven K
375:
3345:Satellite television
2851:Vladimir K. Zworykin
2811:Almon Brown Strowger
2781:Charles Grafton Page
2436:Prepaid mobile phone
2364:Electrical telegraph
2181:Zero reference pulse
2166:Field strength meter
1903:Frequency modulation
1811:Horizontal scan rate
1453:on December 15, 2009
1211:Akron Beacon-Journal
463:(degrees longitude)
233:satellite television
84:improve this article
2801:Johann Philipp Reis
2560:Wireless revolution
2522:The Telephone Cases
2379:Hydraulic telegraph
2120:Noise (electronics)
1983:Intercarrier method
1943:Transmitter station
1578:broadcasting topics
957:linear polarization
909:satellites and 38 K
836:television stations
795:digital subchannels
744:Challenger disaster
416:frequency-modulated
409:geostationary orbit
2999:Frequency-division
2976:Telephone exchange
2846:Charles Wheatstone
2776:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
2751:Innocenzo Manzetti
2686:Reginald Fessenden
2421:Optical telegraphy
2254:Telecommunications
2008:Split sound system
1958:Differential phase
1036:parabolic antennas
1030:Modern equivalents
1022:, or parts of the
1008:television network
992:block upconverters
830:areas, beyond the
733:network affiliates
697:Request Television
382:
3312:
3311:
3050:Store and forward
3045:Data transmission
2959:Network switching
2910:Transmission line
2756:Guglielmo Marconi
2721:Internet pioneers
2586:Mohamed M. Atalla
2555:Whistled language
2220:
2219:
2135:Radiation pattern
1953:Differential gain
1575:Analog television
1107:Los Angeles Times
941:noise temperature
917:band satellites.
775:energy efficiency
761:services such as
689:CNN Headline News
681:The Movie Channel
633:
632:
461:Orbital location
273:Bell Satellite TV
263:services such as
214:
213:
206:
196:
195:
160:
159:
152:
134:
57:
3357:
3340:Antennas (radio)
3302:
3301:
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3281:
3272:
3271:
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3143:Notable networks
3133:Wireless network
3073:Cellular network
3065:Types of network
3040:Computer network
2927:Network topology
2841:Thomas A. Watson
2696:Oliver Heaviside
2681:Philo Farnsworth
2656:Daniel Davis Jr.
2631:Charles Bourseul
2591:John Logie Baird
2300:Data compression
2295:Computer network
2247:
2240:
2233:
2224:
2223:
2062:Frequency offset
2003:Residual carrier
1948:Cavity amplifier
1846:Television lines
1568:
1561:
1554:
1545:
1544:
1474:
1469:
1463:
1462:
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1318:
1297:
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1287:
1285:
1283:
1277:www.congress.gov
1268:
1262:
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1230:
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1216:
1215:
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1192:
1191:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1166:The Miami Herald
1160:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1097:
1091:
1079:
472:Comsat/AT&T
452:
451:
358:satellite dishes
339:cable television
209:
202:
191:
188:
182:
170:
169:
162:
155:
148:
144:
141:
135:
133:
92:
68:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3359:
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3356:
3355:
3354:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3268:
3266:
3258:
3200:
3137:
3059:
3023:
2980:
2929:
2921:
2862:
2855:
2761:Robert Metcalfe
2616:Tim Berners-Lee
2564:
2384:Information Age
2256:
2251:
2221:
2216:
2185:
2161:Distortionmeter
2149:
2086:
2047:
1978:Frequency mixer
1934:Antenna (radio)
1917:
1891:
1860:
1801:Composite video
1745:
1694:
1580:
1572:
1483:
1478:
1477:
1470:
1466:
1456:
1454:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1430:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1405:
1401:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1375:
1374:
1367:
1357:
1355:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1330:
1326:
1316:
1314:
1307:Chicago Tribune
1298:
1291:
1281:
1279:
1269:
1265:
1252:
1248:
1238:
1236:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1206:
1195:
1182:
1178:
1161:
1150:
1140:
1138:
1135:The Denver Post
1126:
1122:
1112:
1110:
1098:
1094:
1089:Wayback Machine
1080:
1076:
1071:
1054:
1046:
1032:
970:
962:
955:reception with
954:
916:
912:
906:
888:
832:broadcast range
824:
811:noise reduction
792:
783:signal strength
768:
753:
741:
720:
701:Viewer's Choice
683:on May 27, and
455:Satellite name
370:
347:
345:"Big ugly dish"
315:
290:
287:that transmit K
210:
199:
198:
197:
192:
186:
183:
180:
171:
167:
156:
145:
139:
136:
93:
91:
81:
69:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3363:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3310:
3309:
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3296:
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3259:
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3214:
3208:
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3199:
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3037:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2994:Space-division
2990:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2972:
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2966:
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2895:
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2884:
2883:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2831:Camille Tissot
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2806:Claude Shannon
2803:
2798:
2796:Tivadar Puskás
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2766:Antonio Meucci
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2736:Charles K. Kao
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2711:Harold Hopkins
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2611:Emile Berliner
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2550:Videotelephony
2547:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2525:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2453:
2448:
2446:Radiotelephone
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2332:Internet video
2324:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2266:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2250:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2227:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2157:
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2142:
2137:
2132:
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2117:
2112:
2107:
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2096:
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2079:
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2069:
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2058:
2056:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1968:Dipole antenna
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1936:
1931:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1882:Sound-in-Syncs
1879:
1874:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1771:Blanking level
1768:
1763:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
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1696:
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1636:
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1596:
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1571:
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1563:
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1542:
1541:
1536:
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1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1489:
1482:
1481:External links
1479:
1476:
1475:
1464:
1438:
1416:
1399:
1382:
1365:
1339:
1336:. p. C01.
1324:
1289:
1263:
1246:
1217:
1214:. p. F-1.
1193:
1190:. p. E01.
1176:
1148:
1120:
1092:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1053:
1050:
1044:
1031:
1028:
968:
960:
952:
914:
910:
905:
902:
887:
884:
834:of most local
823:
820:
790:
766:
751:
739:
718:
664:VideoCipher II
656:
655:
652:
631:
630:
627:
623:
622:
619:
615:
614:
611:
607:
606:
603:
602:Western Union
600:
594:
593:
590:
586:
585:
582:
578:
577:
574:
570:
569:
566:
562:
561:
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531:
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511:
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497:
493:
492:
489:
485:
484:
481:
477:
476:
473:
470:
466:
465:
459:
456:
369:
366:
346:
343:
313:
288:
212:
211:
194:
193:
174:
172:
165:
158:
157:
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3362:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3305:
3297:
3295:
3287:
3285:
3277:
3275:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3254:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
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3230:
3226:
3223:
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3218:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3194:
3192:
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3177:
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3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
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3146:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
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3068:
3066:
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3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3020:
3019:Code-division
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3004:Time-division
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:and switching
2928:
2924:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2882:
2881:optical fiber
2879:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2871:Coaxial cable
2869:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2786:Radia Perlman
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2676:Lee de Forest
2674:
2672:
2671:Thomas Edison
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2661:Donald Davies
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2646:Claude Chappe
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2490:Smoke signals
2488:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2468:Semiconductor
2466:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
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2397:
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2355:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2327:Digital media
2325:
2321:
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2313:
2311:
2308:
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2301:
2298:
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2205:
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2200:
2198:
2195:
2194:
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2179:
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2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2089:
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2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
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2054:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
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1937:
1935:
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1930:
1927:
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1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
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1900:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1856:White clipper
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1806:Frame (video)
1804:
1802:
1799:
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1714:
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1709:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:Color systems
1697:
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1686:
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1679:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
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1473:
1468:
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1448:
1442:
1426:
1420:
1412:
1411:
1403:
1395:
1394:
1386:
1378:
1372:
1370:
1358:September 22,
1353:
1349:
1343:
1335:
1328:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1296:
1294:
1282:September 22,
1278:
1274:
1267:
1259:
1258:
1257:Wichita Eagle
1250:
1234:
1227:
1221:
1213:
1212:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1189:
1188:
1180:
1173:. p. 1C.
1172:
1168:
1167:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1124:
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1043:for digital K
1041:
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996:antenna farms
993:
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886:TVRO on ships
883:
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872:Neighborhoods
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847:West Virginia
844:
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787:cost of entry
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749:
748:Space Shuttle
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378:counterweight
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351:colloquialism
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101: –
100:
96:
95:Find sources:
89:
85:
79:
78:
73:This article
71:
67:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
2986:Multiplexing
2861:Transmission
2826:Nikola Tesla
2816:Henry Sutton
2771:Samuel Morse
2701:Robert Hooke
2666:Amos Dolbear
2601:John Bardeen
2520:
2500:Telautograph
2404:Mobile phone
2359:Edholm's law
2342:social media
2275:Broadcasting
2207:Hanover bars
2017:
1998:Pre-emphasis
1922:Transmission
1887:Zweikanalton
1791:Color killer
1716:Clear-Vision
1467:
1455:. Retrieved
1451:the original
1441:
1431:November 21,
1429:. Retrieved
1419:
1408:
1402:
1391:
1385:
1356:. Retrieved
1352:The Dispatch
1351:
1342:
1333:
1327:
1315:. Retrieved
1305:
1280:. Retrieved
1276:
1266:
1255:
1249:
1237:. Retrieved
1233:Broadcasting
1232:
1220:
1209:
1185:
1179:
1164:
1139:. Retrieved
1133:
1123:
1111:. Retrieved
1105:
1095:
1077:
1033:
984:Dish Network
980:antenna gain
977:
934:
919:
907:
904:Current uses
898:
889:
851:over-the-air
825:
771:solar panels
756:
737:
709:
705:black market
693:pay-per-view
661:
657:
642:
634:
462:
448:
413:
387:
383:
348:
305:
281:Dish Network
220:
216:
215:
200:
187:January 2023
184:
176:
146:
137:
127:
120:
113:
106:
94:
82:Please help
77:verification
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
3186:NPL network
2898:Radio waves
2836:Alfred Vail
2746:Hedy Lamarr
2731:Dawon Kahng
2691:Elisha Gray
2651:Yogen Dalal
2576:Nasir Ahmed
2510:Teleprinter
2374:Heliographs
2176:VIT signals
2171:Vectorscope
2110:Earth bulge
2092:Propagation
2055:& bands
2053:Frequencies
1836:Raster scan
1776:Chrominance
1766:Black level
1761:front porch
1457:January 23,
1063:Polar mount
973:wavelengths
963:LNBF using
937:free-to-air
853:television
840:mountainous
799:multiplexed
505:Telstar 301
431:polar mount
427:transponder
245:free-to-air
3319:Categories
3232:Antarctica
3191:Toasternet
3113:Television
2596:Paul Baran
2528:Television
2512:(teletype)
2505:Telegraphy
2483:transistor
2461:Phryctoria
2431:Photophone
2409:Smartphone
2399:Mass media
2105:Distortion
2038:Transposer
1973:Dummy load
1929:Amplifiers
1896:Modulation
1786:Colorburst
1757:Back porch
1069:References
1048:services.
1012:affiliated
880:encryption
855:broadcasts
822:Popularity
573:Satcom 3R
565:Satcom 2R
549:Satcom 1R
496:Comstar 4
488:Comstar 3
480:Comstar 2
469:Comstar 1
399:and solid
390:fiberglass
110:newspapers
39:improve it
3216:Americas
3205:Locations
3176:Internet2
2937:Bandwidth
2641:Vint Cerf
2538:streaming
2516:Telephone
2456:Semaphore
2347:streaming
2212:Sparklies
2197:Dot crawl
2190:Artifacts
2130:Path loss
2125:Null fill
2100:Beam tilt
1841:Safe area
1410:The State
1317:April 10,
1024:Caribbean
1004:backhauls
930:Skyvision
815:rain fade
763:PrimeStar
626:Westar 5
618:Westar 4
610:Westar 3
589:Satcom 5
581:Satcom 4
557:Satcom 2
527:Galaxy 2
331:Australia
265:PrimeStar
140:July 2014
45:talk page
3284:Category
3171:Internet
3161:CYCLADES
3078:Ethernet
3028:Concepts
2952:terminal
2903:wireless
2726:Bob Kahn
2569:Pioneers
2394:Internet
2285:Cable TV
2202:Ghosting
1963:Diplexer
1831:Overscan
1796:Color TV
1689:System F
1685:System E
1681:819-line
1675:System N
1671:System L
1667:System K
1663:System I
1659:System H
1655:System G
1651:System D
1647:System C
1643:System B
1639:625-line
1633:System M
1629:525-line
1624:455-line
1619:441-line
1613:System A
1609:405-line
1604:375-line
1599:343-line
1594:180-line
1085:Archived
1052:See also
677:Showtime
673:Galaxy 1
598:Westar 1
515:Galaxy 1
443:feedhorn
435:actuator
405:aluminum
308:backhaul
243:analog;
3304:Commons
3294:Outline
3247:Oceania
3166:FidoNet
3151:ARPANET
2964:circuit
2533:digital
2262:History
2154:Testing
1736:PALplus
1586:Systems
1239:June 9,
1141:July 3,
1113:July 1,
1016:weather
988:DirecTV
945:warping
868:eyesore
843:terrain
797:can be
779:digital
368:History
362:eyesore
277:DirecTV
177:updated
124:scholar
3242:Europe
3212:Africa
3196:Usenet
3156:BITNET
3093:Mobile
2969:packet
2478:MOSFET
2473:device
2270:Beacon
1711:NTSC-J
1504:Part 4
1500:Part 3
1496:Part 2
1492:Part 1
1034:Large
1020:Alaska
864:zoning
838:. The
699:, and
536:Satcom
458:Owner
419:analog
355:C-Band
323:Europe
301:MPEG-4
297:MPEG-2
285:Sky TV
257:Canada
241:C-band
126:
119:
112:
105:
97:
3225:South
3220:North
3181:JANET
3118:Telex
3108:Radio
2947:Nodes
2942:Links
2863:media
2441:Radio
2426:Pager
2354:Drums
2320:video
2315:image
2305:audio
1877:NICAM
1865:Sound
1750:Video
1741:SECAM
1731:PAL-S
1726:PAL-M
1427:. FCC
1229:(PDF)
1040:steel
1000:video
874:with
828:rural
809:, in
439:servo
401:steel
327:India
293:DVB-S
235:from
131:JSTOR
117:books
3237:Asia
3123:UUCP
3083:ISDN
2140:Skew
1821:Luma
1759:and
1706:NTSC
1459:2023
1433:2008
1360:2020
1319:2014
1284:2020
1241:2015
1143:2014
1115:2014
1002:and
986:and
928:and
922:4DTV
893:VSAT
807:HEMT
803:SCPC
773:and
727:and
721:band
687:and
679:and
643:The
629:123
592:143
576:131
560:131
552:139
544:139
541:RCA
522:134
499:127
433:and
397:mesh
394:wire
353:for
329:and
316:band
269:USSB
255:and
221:TVRO
103:news
3128:WAN
3098:NGN
3088:LAN
2369:Fax
2310:DCT
2082:VHF
2077:UHF
1721:PAL
949:DBS
859:UHF
845:of
759:DBS
729:CBS
725:ABC
713:NBC
685:CNN
671:on
621:99
613:91
605:79
584:84
568:72
530:74
509:96
491:87
483:76
475:76
403:or
249:DBS
237:FSS
86:by
3321::
1687:,
1673:,
1669:,
1665:,
1661:,
1657:,
1653:,
1649:,
1645:,
1502:,
1498:,
1494:,
1368:^
1350:.
1310:.
1304:.
1292:^
1275:.
1231:.
1196:^
1169:.
1151:^
1132:.
1104:.
1026:.
913:/K
870:.
735:.
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325:,
299:,
295:,
283:,
279:,
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