Technology during World War II

122: 265:. Some of the technologies used during the war were developed during the interwar years of the 1920s and 1930s, much was developed in response to needs and lessons learned during the war, while others were beginning to be developed as the war ended. Many wars have had major effects on the technologies that we use in our daily lives, but World War II had the greatest effect on the technology and devices that are used today. Technology also played a greater role in the conduct of World War II than in any other war in history, and had a critical role in its outcome. 7028: 929:, air power became crucial throughout the war, both in tactical and strategic operations (respectively, battlefield and long-range). Superior German aircraft, aided by ongoing introduction of design and technology innovations, allowed the German armies to overrun Western Europe with great speed in 1940, assisted by lack of Allied aircraft, which in any case lagged in design and technical development during the slump in research investment after the 2321: 2127: 1340: 733: 367: 25: 1113:(Me 262). However, despite their seeming technological edge, German jets were often hampered by technical problems, such as short engine lives, with the Me 262 having an estimated operating life of just ten hours before failing. German jets were also overwhelmed by Allied air superiority, frequently being destroyed on or near the airstrip. The first and only operational Allied jet fighter of the war, the British 1097:. Accuracy was poor and Allied airmen frequently could not find their targets at night. The bombs used by the Allies were very technologically advanced devices, and mass production meant that the precision bombs were often made sloppily and so failed to explode. German industrial production actually rose continuously. Significantly, the bomber offensive kept the revolutionary 999:"—had become very popular with politicians and military leaders seeking an alternative to the carnage of trench warfare, and as a result, the air forces of Britain, France, and Germany had developed fleets of bomber planes to enable this (France's bomber wing was severely neglected, whilst Germany's bombers were developed in secret as they were explicitly forbidden by the 2188: 1412:, and other devices) were as diverse as the participants and objectives. A large array were developed during the war to meet specific needs that arose, but many traced their early development to prior to World War II. Torpedoes began to use magnetic detonators; compass-directed, programmed and even acoustic guidance systems; and improved propulsion. 1025:(1936–1939), further demonstrated the power of strategic bombing, and so air forces in Europe and the United States came to view bomber aircraft as extremely powerful weapons which, in theory, could bomb an enemy nation into submission on their own. The resulting fear of bombers triggered major developments in aircraft technology. 1062:.) The air defense was well organized and equipped with effective radar that survived the bombing. As a result, German bombers were shot down in large numbers, and were unable to inflict enough damage on cities and military-industrial targets to force Britain out of the war in 1940 or to prepare for the planned invasion. 1219:

and were protected by thick armour. This suited trench warfare, but made the tanks painfully slow in open battles. Their light armament was usually unable to inflict serious damage on German vehicles. The exposed caterpillar tracks were easily broken by gunfire, and the Matilda tanks had a tendency

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was introduced. The Fubuki class set a new standard not only for Japanese vessels, but for destroyers around the world. At a time when British and American destroyers had changed little from their un-turreted, single-gun mounts and light weaponry, the Japanese destroyers were bigger, more powerfully

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fielded in lesser numbers was largely invulnerable to German gunfire and its gun was able to punch through the German tanks. However French and British tanks were at a disadvantage compared to the air supported German armoured assaults, and a lack of armoured support contributed significantly to the

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Aircraft saw rapid and broad development during the war to meet the demands of aerial combat and address lessons learned from combat experience. From the open cockpit airplane to the sleek jet fighter, many different types were employed, often designed for very specific missions. Aircraft were used

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on the course of the war. The development of new ships during the war was somewhat limited due to the protracted time period needed for production, but important developments were often retrofitted to older vessels. Advanced German submarine types came into service too late and after nearly all the

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Only a handful of French tanks had radios, and these often broke as the tank lurched over uneven ground. German tanks were, on the contrary, all equipped with radios, allowing them to communicate with one another throughout battles, whilst French tank commanders could rarely contact other vehicles.

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was a major concern of Germany and Britain between the wars. The trade in aircraft engines continued, with Britain selling hundreds of its best to German firms – which used them in the first generation of aircraft and much improved them for use in later German aircraft. These new inventions led the

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mechanization. For them it was a way to enhance an otherwise limited manpower reserve. America as well sought to create a mechanized army. For the United States, it was not so much a matter of limited troops, but instead a strong industrial base that could afford such equipment on a great scale.

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for shells, bombs and rockets. This fuze is designed to detonate an explosive automatically when close enough to the target to destroy it, so a direct hit is not required and time/place of closest approach does not need to be estimated. Magnetic torpedoes and mines also had a sort of proximity

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French and British Generals believed that a future war with Germany would be fought under very similar conditions as those of 1914–1918. Both invested in thickly armoured, heavily armed vehicles designed to cross shell-damaged ground and trenches under fire. At the same time the British also

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to land tanks on beaches. Increased organization and coordination of amphibious assaults coupled with the resources necessary to sustain them caused the complexity of planning to increase by orders of magnitude, thus requiring formal systematization giving rise to what has become the modern

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relied heavily on non-motorised support and flank units in large operations. While Germany recognized and demonstrated the value of concentrated use of mechanized forces, they never had these units in enough quantity to supplant traditional units. However, the British also saw the value in

1655:. Other Weapons commonly found during World War II include the American, Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR), M1 Carbine Rifle, as well as the Colt M1911 A-1; The Japanese Type 11, the Type 96 machine gun, and the Arisaka bolt-action rifles all were significant weapons used during the war. 2419:. At its peak, more than one hundred V-1s a day were fired at south-east England, 9,521 in total, decreasing in number as sites were overrun until October 1944, when the last V-1 site in range of Britain was overrun by Allied forces. After this, the V-1s were directed at the port of 545:

which was supposed to hold a line at the border with Germany. The Maginot Line did achieve its political objective of ensuring that any German invasion had to go through Belgium, ensuring that France would have Britain as a military ally. France and Russia had more, and much better,

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had been built before the war as the only adequate long-range bombers in the world, designed to patrol the long American coastlines. With six machine-gun turrets providing 360° cover, the B-17s were still vulnerable without fighter protection even when used in large formations.

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declared the government should not expect another war within ten years. Consequently, they conducted very little military R & D. In contrast, Germany and the Soviet Union were dissatisfied powers who, for different reasons, cooperated with each other on military R & D.

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were produced as a result of lessons learned from the First World War, with the designs of a number of bolt-action infantry rifles being modified in order to speed production and to make the rifles more compact and easier to handle. Examples include the German

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cooperated extensively in the development and manufacture of existing and new technologies to support military operations and intelligence gathering during the Second World War. There were various ways in which the allies cooperated, including the American

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joined Manhattan Project's sites in the United States. The Manhattan Project began modestly, but grew to employ nearly 130,000 people at its peak. Due to high turnover, over 500,000 people worked on the project. Three entire secret cities were built at

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The most important shipboard advances were in the field of anti-submarine warfare. Driven by the desperate necessity of keeping Britain supplied, technologies for the detection and destruction of submarines was advanced at high priority. The use of

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were used primarily for stopping/destroying the resources from the United States and Canada coming across the Atlantic. Submarines were critical in the Pacific Ocean as well as in the Atlantic Ocean. Advances in submarine technology included the

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to its aviation fuel, with which it supplied Britain and other Allies. This octane enhancing additive allowed higher compression ratios, allowing higher efficiency, giving more speed and range to Allied Airplanes, and reducing the cooling load.

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Despite being overshadowed by self-loading/automatic rifles and sub-machine guns, bolt-action rifles remained the mainstay infantry weapon of many nations during World War II. When the United States entered World War II, there were not enough

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was a very efficient way of destroying enemy troops concentrations, and so resources and money had been devoted to the development of smaller bomber craft. As a result, the Luftwaffe was forced to attack London in 1940 with heavily overloaded

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New production methods for weapons such as stamping, riveting, and welding came into being to produce the number of arms needed. Design and production methods had advanced enough to manufacture weapons of reasonable reliability such as the

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from entering service during the war. Moreover, Allied air raids had a serious propaganda impact on the German government, all prompting Germany to begin serious development of air defense technology—in the form of fighter planes.

1785:. During the course of World War II, bolt-action rifles and carbines were modified even further to meet new forms of warfare the armies of certain nations faced e.g. urban warfare and jungle warfare. Examples include the Soviet 1085:, the RAF's most-used bomber, was defended by only one hydraulically operated machine-gun turret, which was soon revealed to be incapable of defending against squadrons of German fighter planes. American bomber planes such as the 1057:

to guard the bombers on both the outbound and return journeys, and the longer-range Bf 110s could be outmaneuvered by the short-range British fighters. (A bizarre feature of the war was how long it took to conceive of the

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on ships and aircraft established networked computing, later essential to civilian life. While prior to the war few electronic devices were seen as important to war, by the middle of the war instruments such as the

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in general, until its dispersal after the Allied victory. This contributed to the German development of jet aircraft and of submarines with improved underwater performance. Meanwhile, the RAF secretly developed the

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failed for a variety of reasons, most notably insufficient resources, time, and a lack of official interest in a project unlikely to yield results before the war ended. The leading nuclear physicist in Germany was

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were destroyed fairly quickly. Subsequently, the Luftwaffe was able to achieve air superiority over France in 1940, giving the German military an immense advantage in terms of reconnaissance and intelligence.

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and the United States provided many surplus, World War II-era small arms to a number of nations and political movements during the Cold War era as a pretext to providing more modern infantry weapons.

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for building and testing arms and for military training, well away from Treaty inspectors' eyes. In return, they asked for access to German technical developments, and for assistance in creating the

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weapon. The latter of these was the first step into the space age as its trajectory took it through the stratosphere, higher and faster than any aircraft. This later led to the development of the

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When World War II ended in 1945, the small arms that were used in the conflict still saw action in the hands of the armed forces of various nations and guerrilla movements during and after the

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The Axis countries had serious shortages of petroleum from which to make liquid fuel. The Allies had much more petroleum production. Germany, long before the war, developed a process to make

1957:, with less than 10 percent for development and production of the weapons. It was the second most expensive weapons project undertaken by the United States in World War II, behind only the 1184:

The Treaty of Versailles had imposed severe restrictions upon Germany constructing vehicles for military purposes, and so throughout the 1920s and 1930s, German arms manufacturers and the

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was highly effective early in the war, with all German tanks having a radio. Enemy forces quickly learned from their defeats, discarded their obsolete tactics, and installed radios.

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Military weapons technology experienced rapid advances during World War II, and over six years there was a disorientating rate of change in combat in everything from aircraft to

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Aiming devices for bombs, torpedoes, artillery and machine guns, using special purpose mechanical and electronic analog and (perhaps) digital "computers". The mechanical analog

1192:. As these vehicles were produced in secret, their technical specifications and battlefield potentials were largely unknown to the European Allies until the war actually began. 1953:. The Manhattan Project cost nearly US$ 2 billion (equivalent to about $ 27 billion in 2023). Over 90 percent of the cost was for building factories and to produce 1932:; this name gradually superseded the official codename, Development of Substitute Materials, for the entire project. The British and American projects were merged with the 7148: 3258: 620:(and expatriate Jews in Sweden), but many of the scientists needed to develop nuclear power had already been lost, due to Nazi anti-Jewish and anti-intellectual policies. 2303:

would spend hours solving these equations. However, there were not enough mathematicians to handle the many ballistic equations that needed to be solved. The resulting

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in anti-submarine warfare against German U-boats, by the Germans to mine shipping lanes and by the Japanese against previously formidable Royal Navy battleships such as

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had been designed before 1939 for strategic flights and given a large armament, but their technology still suffered from numerous flaws. The smaller and shorter ranged

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armed, and faster than any similar class of vessel in the other fleets. The Japanese destroyers of World War II are said to be the world's first modern destroyer.

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Americans also used electronic computers for equations, such as battlefield equations, ballistics, and more. The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (

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Atomic Energy for Military Purposes: the Official Report on the Development of the Atomic Bomb under the Auspices of the United States Government, 1940–1945

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already existed, it was smaller than the British, and not as far advanced. Oliphant flew to the United States in late August 1941 and spoke persuasively to

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to fight another World War I-style war. As a result, by 1940, the French Air Force had only 1562 planes and was together with 1070 RAF planes facing 5,638

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to get around constraints imposed by the Treaty of Versailles. Innovations included the use of diesel engines, and welded rather than riveted hulls.

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medium bombers, and even with the unsuitable Junkers Ju 87. These bombers were painfully slow—engineers had been unable to develop sufficiently large

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than Germany at the outbreak of their hostilities in 1940. As in World War I, the French generals expected that armour would mostly serve to help

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In the late 1920s, Germany helped the Soviet industry begin to modernize and to assist in the establishment of tank production facilities at the

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World War II was the first war where military operations often targeted the research efforts of the enemy. This included the exfiltration of

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were woefully undersized. As German bombers had not been designed for long-range strategic missions, they lacked sufficient defenses. The

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and other targets in Belgium, with 2,448 V-1s being launched. The attacks stopped when the last launch site was overrun on 29 March 1945.

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that arranged to transfer U.K. military technology to the U.S. in case of the successful invasion of the U.K. that Hitler was planning as

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Self-guiding weapons: torpedoes (sound-seeking, compass-guided and looping), V1 missile (compass- and timer-guided), and the U.S. Navy's

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During the war the Germans produced various glide bombs, which were the first "smart" weapons; the V-1 flying bomb, which was the first

7143: 5437: 4169: 2232:. Half of the German theoretical physicists were Jewish and had emigrated or otherwise been lost to Germany long before WW II started. 969: 968:, but these were not useful for attacking ground troops on a battlefield, and the small number of planes dispatched to France with the 776: 410: 68: 6943: 5571: 3961: 3919: 2388:, which is also known as the buzz bomb. This automatic aircraft would be known as a "cruise missile" today. The V-1 was developed at 2251:, were widespread. By the end of 1940, the Germans had broken most American and all British military ciphers except the Enigma-based 2082: 2292:

was for the most part successful but success in cryptanalysis depended in large part on loose discipline in enemy radio operations.

523:. In turn, the Red Army gained access to these training facilities, as well as military technology and theory from Weimar Germany. 6792: 4611: 4385: 4148: 4014: 3825: 1117:, saw combat against German V-1 flying bombs but did not significantly distinguish from top-line, late-war piston-driven aircraft. 175: 2220:

had become invaluable. Germany started the war ahead in some aspects of radar, but lost ground to research and development of the

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Rocketry was used greatly in World War II. There were many different inventions and advances in rocketry, such as the following.

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during the Second World War. During initial development it was known by the codename "Cherry Stone". The first of the so-called

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Many types of technology were customized for military use, and major developments occurred across several fields including:

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aircraft engines (those that were produced tended to explode through extreme overheating), and so the bombers used for the

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based on fast, coordinated movement using concentrated armour attacks, against which the only effective defense was mobile

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Weaponry: ships, vehicles, submarines, aircraft, tanks, artillery, small arms; and biological, chemical, and atomic weapons

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tactic in which men would advance on the enemy position showering it with a hail of lead. The Germans first developed the

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German aircraft rapidly achieved air superiority over France in early 1940, allowing the Luftwaffe to begin a campaign of

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designs, came from its system of operation. The United States military meshed the operating system of the FG 42 with the

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led the V-2 development team and later emigrated to the United States where he contributed to the development of the

816: 450: 186: 108: 4114: 2350: 2156: 1369: 837:. The early war bombers that caused such carnage would almost all have been shot down in 1945, many by radar-aimed, 6996: 6154: 6091: 5226: 5062: 4185: 2922: 2556: 926: 4739: 3326: 6520: 6361: 6350: 6186: 5945: 5904: 5797: 5735: 5122: 4392: 4261: 4229: 2986: 2506:

were also among the chief wartime medical advancements. Advances in the treatment of burns, including the use of

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Guided weapons (by radio or trailing wires): glide bombs, crawling bombs and rockets – the precursors of today's

678: 4909: 4477: 3292: 7067: 6906: 6878: 6756: 6549: 5786: 5237: 5163: 4959: 4330: 3954: 3839: 2346: 2152: 2053:. The Manhattan Project pursued the development of two types of atomic bombs concurrently: a relatively simple 1677: 1365: 754: 388: 338: 278:: vehicles necessary for transporting soldiers and supplies, such as trains, trucks, tanks, ships, and aircraft 234: 201: 46: 1928:. The Army component of the project was designated the "Manhattan District" as its first headquarters were in 7223: 6966: 6899: 6850: 6781: 6606: 6112: 6063: 5827: 5820: 5423: 5184: 4975: 4028: 3642: 2621:

The Red Army and the Wehrmacht. How the Soviets Militarized Germany, 1922–1933, and Paved the Way for Fascism

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of 10 kilograms (22 lb), which was small enough to be carried by a bomber of the day. Their March 1940

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to incinerate their crews if hit, as the petrol tanks were located on the top of the hull. By contrast the

1165: 850: 722: 535: 492: 218: 196: 2271: 1797:, developed for British and Commonwealth forces fighting the Japanese in South-East Asia and the Pacific. 7118: 7003: 6327: 6279: 5897: 5869: 5722: 5337: 5316: 4837: 4500: 4406: 3896: 3353: 2536: 1109:, the first true turbojet. Late in the war, the Germans brought in the first operational Jetfighter, the 1006: 1765:

rifles in order to act as a "stop gap" measure until sufficient quantities of M1 Garands were produced.

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Shapley, Deborah (13 January 1978). "Nuclear Weapons History: Japan's Wartime Bomb Projects Revealed".

2300: 1982:, and has almost the same mass, separating the two proved challenging. Three methods were employed for 1847: 1529: 585: 558:

nests. They thus spread the armour among their infantry divisions, ignoring the new German doctrine of

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also took place during the war. The use of metal plates to help heal fractures began during the war.

2274:, which had been decoding early versions of Enigma before the war. Later, they also accomplished the 2244: 2208: 1958: 1543: 1098: 635:), "the Allies won the War because our German scientists were better than their German scientists". 134: 4470: 2744:

James Phinney Baxter III (Official Historian of the Office of Scientific Research and Development),

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In July 1940, Britain offered to give the United States access to its scientific research, and the

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had been badly neglected, as military leaders preferred to spend money on ground armies and static

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Macintyre, Ben (10 December 2010). "Bravery of thousands of Poles was vital in securing victory".

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played a significant role. Most nations did not begin the war equipped for this. Even the vaunted

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The practical jet aircraft age began just before the start of the war with the development of the

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Scientists have been at the heart of warfare and their contributions have often been decisive. As

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of the late war. Earlier renditions that hinted at this idea were that of the employment of the

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and other key American physicists about the feasibility and potential power of an atomic bomb.

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These two rocketry advances took the lives of many civilians in London during 1944 and 1945.

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continued to develop for ships' guns and came into use for torpedoes and anti-aircraft fire.

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Communications and intelligence: devices used for remote sensing, navigation, communication,

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Critical Assembly: A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years, 1943–1945

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Despite the abilities of Allied bombers, though, Germany was not quickly crippled by Allied

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became widespread and so did the installation of shipboard and airborne radar. The Allies

1294: 1110: 1086: 1050: 1000: 961: 905: 883:, a six-wheel-drive amphibious truck, amphibious tanks to enable beach landing attacks and 834: 302:. Indeed, the war began with most armies utilizing technology that had changed little from 3765:(Ballantine's Illustrated History of World War II / the Violent Century: Weapons Book #19) 693:, containing details and examples of British technological developments in fields such as 534:. This cooperation would break down when Hitler rose to power in 1933. The failure of the 8: 7243: 7163: 6989: 6763: 6641: 6597: 6119: 5253: 5019: 4546: 4376: 4360: 4309: 3758:(Ballantine's Illustrated History of World War II / the Violent Century: Weapons Book #5) 3580: 2642: 2098: 1920:

Between 1942 and 1946, the American project was under the direction of Brigadier General

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anti-shipping missile, had wire or radio remote control; the world's first jet fighter (

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also floundered due to lack of resources despite gaining interest from the government.

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at the end of the war easily outflew any of the leading aircraft of 1939, such as the

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Engineers of Victory: The Problem Solvers Who Turned The Tide in the Second World War

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The Tizard Mission: the Top-Secret Operation that Changed the Course of World War II

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briefed American scientists on British developments. He discovered that although an

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Rocketry: guided missiles, medium-range ballistic missiles, and automatic aircraft

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became an important application, and the newly developed machine ciphers, mostly

2015: 1794: 1778: 1746: 1730: 1681: 1663: 1652: 1584: 1551: 1483: 1468: 1401: 1290: 981: 957: 846: 663: 632: 613: 306:, and in some cases, had remained unchanged since the 19th century. For instance 7027: 2967: 2073:, so effort was concentrated on the implosion design. A simpler gun-type called 1874:

of uranium-235 in June 1939. Their calculations indicated that it was within an

1761:

rifles available to American forces which forced the US to start producing more

318:

were normal in 1940, but six years later, armies around the world had developed

6922: 6458: 6384: 4436: 4295: 3637: 3352:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Foreign Policy Research Institute. Archived from 2972: 2279: 2267: 2259: 2192: 2027: 1906: 1902: 1883: 1859: 1742: 1535: 1506: 1487: 1429: 1252:

Naval warfare changed dramatically during World War II, with the ascent of the

1133: 1114: 1106: 1078: 1071: 1067: 949: 941: 923: 838: 713:, was later described as "the most valuable cargo ever brought to our shores". 690: 648: 606: 597: 589: 567: 520: 327: 311: 7268: 6733: 4658: 4507: 4346: 3700: 3629: 3602: 3572: 3460: 3399: 2519: 2495: 2412: 2299:) machine was the first general purpose computer, built in 1945. Previously, 2263: 2248: 2236: 2102: 1895: 1871: 1863: 1774: 1699: 1667: 1518: 1514: 1417: 1216: 842: 563: 488: 464: 346: 3661: 3527: 3505: 7032: 6836: 5136: 5041: 4672: 4035: 3799: 3730: 3716: 3391: 2511: 2499: 2393: 2106: 1851: 1835: 1805: 1686: 1441: 1256:

to the premier vessel of the fleet, and the impact of increasingly capable

1212: 1208: 1197: 1063: 960:

of the United Kingdom possessed some very advanced fighter planes, such as

901: 876: 861: 682: 542: 319: 282: 262: 148: 3740: 3425: 670:

nuclear weapons research project which was absorbed into the American-led

6671: 6657: 6319: 4995: 4816: 4801: 4155: 2198: 1979: 1968: 1887: 1843: 1839: 1750: 1710: 1672: 1233: 897: 889: 864: 706: 702: 667: 571: 555: 7059: 2601: 2270:

for decoding Enigma benefiting from information given to Britain by the

7188: 6026: 5779: 5758: 4651: 3984: 3912: 3708: 2507: 2479: 2436: 2202: 2074: 2010:, which was theorised to also be fissile, and could be produced by the 1726: 1594: 1495: 1452: 1445: 1265: 1221: 868: 857: 757: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 698: 659: 602: 559: 391: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 334: 315: 299: 138: 130: 2411:

of London, the V-1 was fired from launch facilities along the French (

631:, famously remarked on the influx of refugee scientists (including 19 6289: 5694: 5491: 5302: 5100: 5055: 2487: 2461: 2403: 2397: 2070: 2046: 2007: 1929: 1827: 1758: 1644: 1603: 1479: 1464: 1405: 1257: 1185: 1066:

put into production only one large, long-range strategic bomber (the

1059: 989: 945: 624: 617: 577: 500: 286: 4576: 2320: 2126: 1339: 956:, and were quickly overrun in the early stages of the campaign. The 732: 366: 24: 4560: 4288: 3522:. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. 2503: 2217: 1987: 1801: 1722: 1149: 1010: 551: 3152: 2996: 2460:

engine was developed during the Second World War in Germany as a "

1850:

would develop one first alarmed scientists who were refugees from

1725:

and is still used by some armies to this day including the German

1028:

The Spanish Civil War had proved that tactical dive-bombing using

291:

Medicine: surgical innovations, chemical medicines, and techniques

2515: 2491: 2420: 2066: 1978:. Because it is chemically identical to the most common isotope, 1975: 1971: 1965: 1855: 1617: 1587:

was invented and produced in Germany, but wasn't used as a weapon

1547: 1456: 1322:

code breaking allowed convoys to be steered around German U-boat

1034: 496: 337:

from German-occupied Denmark to Britain in 1943; the sabotage of

307: 3044: 2866: 2806: 5170: 3768: 2258:

The Germans in turn widely relied on their own variants of the

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In addition to aircraft carriers, its assisting counterpart of

1042: 985: 677:

The origin of the cooperation stemmed from a 1940 visit by the

3474: 3134: 3122: 3110: 1164:

from coal. Synthesis factories were principal targets of the

980:

against British cities. Utilizing France's airfields near the

5358: 2296: 2262:

coding machine for encrypting operations communications, and

2252: 2213: 1691: 1633: 1559: 1315: 1029: 709:. One of the devices brought to the U.S. by the Mission, the 694: 508: 484: 3008: 541:

In France the lesson of World War I was translated into the

3289:"Nursing History: The History of WWII Medicine for Schools" 3164: 2704:

James W. Brennan, "The Proximity Fuze: Whose Brainchild?,"

2278:. The meticulous work of code breakers based at Britain's 1991: 1718: 1625: 1555: 1409: 1189: 880: 547: 473: 3176: 2721:

Nuclear Rivals: Anglo-American Atomic Relations, 1941–1952

1554:

anti-ship ordnance designs, which along with the American

3092: 2890: 2854: 2842: 2830: 2794: 2777:

Shattered Sword: The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway

2187: 995:

After World War I, the concept of massed aerial bombing—"

3445:. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. 3068: 3032: 3020: 2575: 2286:

German radio intelligence operations during World War II

3080: 3056: 2757:"Jet Fighters: Inside & Out", Jim Winchester, 2012. 1467:), the world's first operational military helicopters ( 689:. Tizard led a British technical mission, known as the 538:

marked the beginnings of the arms race leading to war.

4430:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

3406:

Now It Can Be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project

2878: 2282:

played a crucial role in the final defeat of Germany.

1562:

radio-guided ordnance designs in World War II service.

581:

way to major success for the Germans in World War II.

3735:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 3140: 2818: 2307:

later became the basis of general-purpose computers.

2069:. The gun-type design proved impractical to use with 2902: 867:, handily outclassed the best tanks of 1939 such as 645:

Allied technological cooperation during World War II

16:

Role and use of available technology in World War II

3552:

Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics

2945:"The secret cities where the atomic bomb was built" 2782: 2569: 2097:. Other key figures in the German project included 1658:World War II saw the establishment of the reliable 1228:World War II marked the first full-scale war where 952:. Most French airfields were located in north-east 49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3483: 3403: 2965: 2923:"How many people worked on the Manhattan Project?" 1694:for its paratroopers in the assault and later the 1593:was developed, but did not see wide use until the 1532:(HESH) for anti-armour and anti-fortification use. 2748:(Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1946), page 142. 1070:Greif, with many delays and problems), while the 845:fire, just as the 1941 "invincible fighter", the 7266: 2717: 2602:The Russian Overture to Germany of December 1924 2266:for strategic messages. The British developed a 1892:Department of Scientific and Industrial Research 1666:and, more importantly, of the first widely used 3432: 3050: 3002: 2966:Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). 2959: 2872: 2812: 2632: 1846:a theoretical possibility. The prospect that a 487:was soon active in the south of the USSR, near 3194: 2766:"Meteor I vs V1 Flying Bomb", Nijboer, Donald. 853:. The best late-war tanks, such as the Soviet 137:on July 16, 1945, marked the beginning of the 7075: 3784: 2671:"British Technology and the Second World War" 2576:Roberts, Susan A.; Calvin A. Roberts (2006). 1898:to pursue the development of an atomic bomb. 1569:air-launched anti-ship glide ordnance, using 1546:existed between 1942 and 1945, in the German 1471:), the world's first rocket-powered fighter ( 1077:British long-range bomber planes such as the 470:The Soviets offered Weimar Germany facilities 242: 2117:Electronics, communications and intelligence 1834:in 1938, and its theoretical explanation by 1152:rocket, which took men to the moon in 1969. 3579: 3014: 2920: 2349:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2155:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1368:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 584:As always, Germany was at the forefront of 7280:Science and technology during World War II 7082: 7068: 3791: 3777: 3312: 3310: 2594: 2441:, "Retribution Weapon 2"), technical name 1502:rocket artillery and air-launched rockets. 1055:had not been equipped to carry enough fuel 249: 235: 7089: 3763:Allied Secret Weapons: The War of Science 3756:German Secret Weapons: Blueprint for Mars 3587:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3211:"The Brief History of the ENIAC Computer" 2369:Learn how and when to remove this message 2175:Learn how and when to remove this message 2045:Work on weapon design was carried out by 1610: 1388:Learn how and when to remove this message 984:the Germans were able to launch raids on 849:, had by 1944 become the "turkey" of the 817:Learn how and when to remove this message 596:was the world center of aerodynamics and 499:to train the first pilots for the future 451:Learn how and when to remove this message 109:Learn how and when to remove this message 3541: 3490:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 3170: 2186: 1870:, made a breakthrough investigating the 1768:During the conflict, many new models of 554:break the static trench lines and storm 261:Technology played a significant role in 120: 3668: 3516:Manhattan: The Army and the Atomic Bomb 3478:; Henriksen, Paul W.; Meade, Roger A.; 3316: 3307: 3182: 2668: 2542:Military production during World War II 2006:. In parallel was an effort to produce 1886:to investigate. A directorate known as 1455:– the first "smart bombs", such as the 503:. Since 1926, the Reichswehr used the 7267: 5638: 5616:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 3636: 3609: 3398: 3378: 3348:Tobey, Raymond E. (23 February 2018). 3158: 3146: 3098: 3086: 3062: 2896: 2860: 2848: 2836: 2824: 2800: 2547:List of equipment used in World War II 2486:during the war. The widespread use of 2288:were extensive. The intercept part of 1196:developed faster but lightly armoured 1136:weapon; and the V-2 rocket, the first 662:scheme and hybrid weapons such as the 7063: 6487:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 5919:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 5565:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 5521:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 4626:Rape during the occupation of Germany 3772: 3725: 3512: 3347: 3074: 3038: 3026: 2921:Wellerstein, Alex (1 November 2013). 2908: 2884: 2788: 2619:Dyakov, Yu. L. & T. S. Bushueva. 2552:List of ships of the Second World War 2230:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2224:in Britain and to later work at the " 2049:at Los Alamos under the direction of 1974:makes up only 0.7 percent of natural 1926:United States Army Corps of Engineers 1606:, Hexoplast 75, Compositions C and C2 1095:Strategic bombing during World War II 1074:concept resulted only in prototypes. 879:, a primary troop landing craft; the 638: 616:was discovered in Germany in 1939 by 5609:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 4641:Rape during the liberation of France 3614:. Yardley, Pennsylvania: Westholme. 3384:Britain and Atomic Energy, 1935–1945 2449:), was the world's first long-range 2347:adding citations to reliable sources 2314: 2153:adding citations to reliable sources 2120: 1366:adding citations to reliable sources 1333: 755:adding citations to reliable sources 726: 627:, the wartime military secretary of 609:for defending against enemy planes. 389:adding citations to reliable sources 360: 47:adding citations to reliable sources 18: 2623:. New York: Prometheus Books, 1995. 2243:of communications became critical. 1998:. This work was carried out at the 1240:The most visible vehicles were the 992:, with varying degrees of success. 356: 13: 7275:Military equipment of World War II 5835:German invasion of the Netherlands 4115:Weather events during World War II 3748: 3646:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 3350:"Advances in Medicine During Wars" 2580:. University of New Mexico Press. 2276:cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher 2085:against the Japan in August 1945. 1858:countries. In Britain, Frisch and 1142:Intercontinental ballistic missile 997:The bomber will always get through 936:Since the end of World War I, the 330:in the case of the United States. 14: 7296: 7229:History of electrical engineering 6466:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 3291:. NurseGroups.com. Archived from 2638:"The man who invented poison gas" 2484:developed, mass-produced and used 1745:system of the MG42 to create the 1261:experienced crews had been lost. 1200:to range behind the enemy lines. 570:were ineffective against the new 483:The great artillery manufacturer 7026: 3798: 3386:. London: Macmillan Publishing. 2724:. Ohio State U.P. pp. 1–5. 2706:U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 2600:Gasiorowski, Zygmunt J. (1958). 2557:List of aircraft of World War II 2319: 2125: 1585:first generation of nerve agents 1338: 1306:The Kriegsmarine introduced the 1268:were advanced as well. From the 1179: 927:European Theatre of World War II 766:"Technology during World War II" 731: 588:development. The laboratory of 400:"Technology during World War II" 365: 339:Norwegian heavy water production 58:"Technology during World War II" 23: 3341: 3281: 3251: 3227: 3203: 3188: 2987:Gross Domestic Product deflator 2937: 2914: 2769: 2760: 2751: 2669:Roberts, Eric (16 March 2004). 2390:Peenemünde Army Research Center 2111:Japanese nuclear weapon program 1225:rapid Allied collapse in 1940. 742:needs additional citations for 679:Aeronautical Research Committee 376:needs additional citations for 34:needs additional citations for 7102:History of technology cultures 6713:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 4423:Territorial changes of Germany 4331:Indonesian National Revolution 3544:"Getting even with Heisenberg" 3542:Landsman, Nicolaas P. (2002). 2738: 2711: 2698: 2685: 2662: 2626: 2613: 1811: 1188:had begun secretly developing 1: 7249:History of nuclear technology 7224:History of computing hardware 7202:History of technology domains 6113:Japanese invasion of Thailand 6064:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 5828:German invasion of Luxembourg 4209:Mediterranean and Middle East 3643:The Making of the Atomic Bomb 3565:10.1016/S1355-2198(02)00015-1 3436:; Anderson, Oscar E. (1962). 3372: 3317:Trueman, C.N. (16 Jun 2019). 2968:"What Was the U.S. GDP Then?" 2607:The Journal of Modern History 2090:German nuclear weapon project 2077:was then developed that used 2063:implosion-type nuclear weapon 1882:prompted the creation of the 1842:, made the development of an 1713:technology culminated in the 7234:History of materials science 6020:Invasion of the Soviet Union 5709:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 5027:Independent State of Croatia 3693:10.1126/science.199.4325.152 3319:"Medicine And World War Two" 3161:, pp. 315–322, 341–346. 2201:rose to prominence quickly. 1911:American atomic bomb project 1824:discovery of nuclear fission 1698:(StG 44), the world's first 1573:for the first time anywhere. 1166:Oil Campaign of World War II 723:List of World War II weapons 536:World Disarmament Conference 493:Lipetsk fighter-pilot school 7: 7004:End of World War II in Asia 6844:Western invasion of Germany 6351:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 6328:Second Battle of El Alamein 5898:Hundred Regiments Offensive 5870:Battle of the Mediterranean 5723:Italian invasion of Albania 3897:Air warfare of World War II 3051:Hewlett & Anderson 1962 3003:Hewlett & Anderson 1962 2873:Hewlett & Anderson 1962 2813:Hewlett & Anderson 1962 2537:Military funding of science 2525: 2474: 2310: 1007:Air warfare of World War II 970:British Expeditionary Force 911: 896:by which almost all modern 716: 528:Leningrad Bolshevik Factory 463:In August 1919 the British 10: 7301: 6930:Naval bombardment of Japan 6298:First Battle of El Alamein 6217:Battle of Christmas Island 6162:Japanese invasion of Burma 5926:Italian invasion of Greece 5842:German invasion of Belgium 5814:German invasion of Denmark 5787:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 5656:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 3920:Comparative military ranks 2209:Combat Information Centers 1848:German atomic bomb project 1815: 1787:Mosin–Nagant M1944 carbine 1544:precision-guided munitions 1530:high-explosive squash head 1400:The actual weapons (guns, 1329: 1021:. The bombings during the 1009:began with the bombing of 915: 720: 642: 586:internal combustion engine 532:Kharkiv Locomotive Factory 135:White Sands Proving Ground 7197: 7097: 7019: 6851:Bratislava–Brno offensive 6791: 6782:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 6519: 6406:Allied invasion of Sicily 6360: 6266:Aleutian Islands campaign 6238:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 6185: 6176:Greek famine of 1941–1944 6071:Second Battle of Changsha 5976:German invasion of Greece 5944: 5821:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 5796: 5734: 5629: 5510: 5236: 5146: 4994: 4697: 4688: 4446: 4271: 4163:North and Central Pacific 4124: 3886: 3879: 3806: 3323:The History Learning Site 3263:American Chemical Society 2718:Septimus H. Paul (2000). 2417:Allied landings in Europe 2245:World War II cryptography 2193:Enigma encryption machine 1959:Boeing B-29 Superfortress 1880:Frisch–Peierls memorandum 1670:, named after the German 1017:on January 28, 1932, and 711:resonant cavity magnetron 7214:History of communication 7209:History of biotechnology 6443:Allied invasion of Italy 6420:Solomon Islands campaign 6169:Third Battle of Changsha 5766:First Battle of Changsha 5672:Second Sino-Japanese War 4612:German military brothels 4478:United States war crimes 3610:Phelps, Stephen (2010). 3581:O'Brien, Phillips Payson 3439:The New World, 1939–1946 2562: 2458:liquid-propellant rocket 2305:Von Neumann architecture 2020:Metallurgical Laboratory 1868:University of Birmingham 1795:Lee–Enfield No.5 carbine 1678:Browning Automatic Rifle 1580:is a well-known example. 1526:high-explosive anti-tank 1448:, and amphibious designs 1440:including mine clearing 1247: 1222:Infantry tank Matilda II 988:and other cities during 918:Aviation in World War II 6865:Second Guangxi campaign 6720:Philippines (1944–1945) 6224:Battle of the Coral Sea 6127:Fall of the Philippines 5773:Battle of South Guangxi 5679:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 5085:Italian Social Republic 3761:Ford, Brian J. (1970). 3754:Ford, Brian J. (1969). 3513:Jones, Vincent (1985). 2746:Scientists Against Time 2235:Equipment designed for 2079:highly enriched uranium 2055:gun-type fission weapon 2030:. A pilot reactor, the 1890:was established in the 1662:, such as the American 1649:Thompson submachine gun 1494:progressed enormously: 1428:Armoured vehicles: The 1215:were also designed for 1155: 851:"Marianas Turkey Shoot" 666:as well as the British 594:University of Göttingen 7239:History of measurement 7109:Prehistoric technology 6450:Armistice of Cassibile 6252:Battle of Dutch Harbor 6203:Battle of the Java Sea 6106:Attack on Pearl Harbor 6006:Syria–Lebanon campaign 5999:Battle of South Shanxi 5969:Invasion of Yugoslavia 5752:Battle of the Atlantic 5366:Korean Liberation Army 5079:(until September 1943) 5036:(until September 1944) 5014:(until September 1944) 3480:Westfall, Catherine L. 2490:for the prevention of 2195: 2036:Hanford Engineer Works 2000:Clinton Engineer Works 1951:Los Alamos, New Mexico 1936:in August 1943, and a 1804:era. Nations like the 1704:intermediate cartridge 1611:Small arms development 1524:Specialised warheads: 1486:was the world's first 1274:Fubuki-class destroyer 1270:Imperial Japanese Navy 1015:Imperial Japanese Navy 703:early British research 655:Allies of World War II 566:, as the old infantry 478:Red Army General Staff 314:, and World War I-era 142: 129:, which took place at 7184:Industrial Revolution 7091:History of technology 6614:Second Battle of Guam 6510:Bengal famine of 1943 6480:Second Battle of Kiev 6436:Battle of the Dnieper 6141:Battle of Wake Island 6013:East African campaign 5955:Battle of South Henan 5600:atrocities by Germans 5373:Korean Volunteer Army 4354:Occupation of Germany 4108:Music in World War II 3199:. London. p. 27. 2708:(1968) 94#9 pp 72–78. 2673:. Stanford University 2190: 2032:X-10 Graphite Reactor 2026:with the start up of 2024:University of Chicago 2012:nuclear transmutation 1735:Heckler & Koch G3 1424:were also developed. 1242:tanks of World War II 906:software developments 495:was established near 349:for German radar and 341:; and the bombing of 124: 7254:History of transport 7219:History of computing 6900:Surrender of Germany 6378:Battle of West Hubei 6335:Guadalcanal campaign 6305:Battle of Stalingrad 6231:Battle of Madagascar 5005:Albania protectorate 4792:(formerly Swaziland) 4501:Wehrmacht war crimes 4317:Expulsion of Germans 4101:Art and World War II 3999:British contribution 3948:Governments in exile 3410:. New York: Harper. 3261:. Washington, D.C.: 3215:Smithsonian Magazine 3135:Hoddeson et al. 1993 3123:Hoddeson et al. 1993 3111:Hoddeson et al. 1993 2775:Parshall and Tully, 2518:and improvements in 2488:mepacrine (Atabrine) 2407:series designed for 2343:improve this section 2290:signals intelligence 2272:Polish Cipher Bureau 2226:Radiation Laboratory 2149:improve this section 2081:. Atomic bombs were 2004:Oak Ridge, Tennessee 1947:Richland, Washington 1943:Oak Ridge, Tennessee 1922:Leslie R. Groves Jr. 1791:Battle of Stalingrad 1660:semi-automatic rifle 1461:Messerschmitt Me 262 1414:Fire-control systems 1362:improve this section 1295:Japanese Archipelago 1234:German Panzer forces 1111:Messerschmitt Me 262 1087:B-17 Flying Fortress 1051:Messerschmitt Bf 109 1001:Treaty of Versailles 751:improve this article 385:improve this article 353:for the German V-2. 43:improve this article 7285:Technological races 7244:History of medicine 6990:Potsdam Declaration 6879:Italy (Spring 1945) 6642:Liberation of Paris 6099:Siege of Sevastopol 5117:(until August 1944) 5020:Wang Jingwei regime 4842:from September 1943 4802:from September 1944 4740:from September 1944 4600:Romanian war crimes 4591:Persecution of Jews 4577:Croatian war crimes 4547:Japanese war crimes 4361:Occupation of Japan 4310:First Indochina War 4022:Military production 3934:Declarations of war 3727:Smyth, Henry DeWolf 3685:1978Sci...199..152S 3585:How the War Was Won 3434:Hewlett, Richard G. 3185:, pp. 152–157. 3173:, pp. 301–303. 3137:, pp. 245–249. 3125:, pp. 245–248. 3113:, pp. 226–229. 3101:, pp. 149–150. 3077:, pp. 204–206. 3041:, pp. 158–163. 3029:, pp. 154–156. 3005:, pp. 723–724. 2989:figures follow the 2899:, pp. 174–177. 2863:, pp. 372–374. 2851:, pp. 282–283. 2839:, pp. 126–128. 2803:, pp. 322–325. 2636:(29 January 2014). 2456:. The missile with 2109:and Otto Hahn. The 2099:Manfred von Ardenne 2061:and a more complex 1826:by German chemists 1783:Springfield M1903A3 1571:active radar homing 1505:Specialised bombs: 885:Landing Ship, Tanks 517:Tomka gas test site 304:that of World War I 6983:Surrender of Japan 6816:Battle of Iwo Jima 6665:Belgrade offensive 6078:Siege of Leningrad 5962:Battle of Shanggao 5891:British Somaliland 5856:Dunkirk evacuation 5807:Norwegian campaign 5745:Invasion of Poland 5572:Japanese prisoners 4540:Italian war crimes 4471:British war crimes 4386:Soviet occupations 4170:South-West Pacific 4057:Allied cooperation 4015:Military equipment 3235:"Computer History" 2650:on 2 February 2014 2532:Military invention 2196: 2051:Robert Oppenheimer 1984:uranium enrichment 1915:Ernest O. Lawrence 1876:order of magnitude 1793:, and the British 1739:Heckler & Koch 1715:Maschinengewehr 42 1600:Plastic explosives 1463:) and jet bomber ( 1438:combat engineering 894:project management 687:Operation Sea Lion 639:Allied cooperation 351:Operation Most III 324:ballistic missiles 276:Logistical support 143: 7262: 7261: 7057: 7056: 7015: 7014: 6858:Battle of Okinawa 6757:Burma (1944–1945) 6591:Mariana and Palau 6371:Tunisian campaign 6196:Fall of Singapore 6120:Fall of Hong Kong 5863:Battle of Britain 5716:Operation Himmler 5625: 5624: 5289:Dutch East Indies 4932:Southern Rhodesia 4684: 4683: 4584:Genocide of Serbs 4487:German war crimes 4464:Soviet war crimes 4457:Allied war crimes 4303:Division of Korea 4282:Chinese Civil War 4080:Strategic bombing 3992:Manhattan Project 3679:(4325): 152–157. 3621:978-1-59416-116-2 3594:978-1-107-01475-6 3497:978-0-521-44132-2 3476:Hoddeson, Lillian 3089:, pp. 85–89. 3065:, pp. 53–55. 3053:, pp. 89–91. 3017:, pp. 47–48. 2925:. Restricted Data 2887:, pp. 41–44. 2875:, pp. 43–44. 2815:, pp. 39–42. 2466:boundary of space 2454:ballistic missile 2404:Vergeltungswaffen 2379: 2378: 2371: 2185: 2184: 2177: 2095:Werner Heisenberg 1818:Manhattan Project 1770:bolt-action rifle 1737:, and many other 1578:Norden bomb sight 1511:blockbuster bombs 1473:Messerschmitt 163 1398: 1397: 1390: 1308:pocket battleship 1146:Wernher Von Braun 1138:ballistic missile 1047:Battle of Britain 1023:Spanish Civil War 978:strategic bombing 827: 826: 819: 801: 672:Manhattan Project 629:Winston Churchill 574:and heavy tanks. 461: 460: 453: 435: 259: 258: 127:Trinity explosion 119: 118: 111: 93: 7292: 7179:Great Divergence 7084: 7077: 7070: 7061: 7060: 7050: 7043: 7036: 7033:World portal 7031: 7030: 7006: 6999: 6992: 6985: 6976: 6969: 6962: 6953: 6946: 6939: 6932: 6925: 6918: 6909: 6902: 6895: 6893:Prague offensive 6888: 6886:Battle of Berlin 6881: 6874: 6867: 6860: 6853: 6846: 6839: 6832: 6830:Vienna offensive 6825: 6818: 6811: 6809:Battle of Manila 6804: 6784: 6775: 6766: 6759: 6750: 6743: 6736: 6729: 6722: 6715: 6708: 6699: 6690: 6683: 6674: 6667: 6660: 6653: 6644: 6637: 6630: 6623: 6616: 6609: 6602: 6593: 6586: 6577: 6568: 6559: 6552: 6550:Korsun–Cherkassy 6545: 6534: 6512: 6503: 6496: 6489: 6482: 6475: 6468: 6461: 6452: 6445: 6438: 6431: 6422: 6415: 6408: 6401: 6394: 6392:Bombing of Gorky 6387: 6380: 6373: 6353: 6346: 6337: 6330: 6323: 6314: 6307: 6300: 6293: 6282: 6275: 6268: 6261: 6259:Battle of Midway 6254: 6247: 6245:Battle of Gazala 6240: 6233: 6226: 6219: 6212: 6205: 6198: 6178: 6171: 6164: 6157: 6155:Battle of Borneo 6150: 6148:Malayan campaign 6143: 6136: 6129: 6122: 6115: 6108: 6101: 6094: 6092:Bombing of Gorky 6087: 6085:Battle of Moscow 6080: 6073: 6066: 6059: 6052: 6045: 6029: 6022: 6015: 6008: 6001: 5994: 5985: 5978: 5971: 5964: 5957: 5937: 5928: 5921: 5914: 5907: 5900: 5893: 5886: 5879: 5872: 5865: 5858: 5851: 5849:Battle of France 5844: 5837: 5830: 5823: 5816: 5809: 5789: 5782: 5775: 5768: 5761: 5754: 5747: 5725: 5718: 5711: 5704: 5702:Munich Agreement 5697: 5690: 5681: 5674: 5667: 5658: 5651: 5636: 5635: 5618: 5611: 5602: 5595: 5588: 5587:Soviet prisoners 5581: 5574: 5567: 5558: 5551: 5542: 5535: 5528: 5527:German prisoners 5523: 5503: 5494: 5487: 5480: 5475: 5468: 5461: 5454: 5447: 5440: 5433: 5426: 5419: 5412: 5405: 5398: 5391: 5384: 5375: 5368: 5361: 5354: 5347: 5340: 5333: 5326: 5319: 5312: 5305: 5298: 5291: 5284: 5277: 5270: 5263: 5256: 5249: 5229: 5222: 5215: 5208: 5201: 5194: 5187: 5180: 5173: 5166: 5159: 5139: 5132: 5125: 5118: 5110: 5103: 5096: 5087: 5080: 5072: 5065: 5063:French Indochina 5058: 5051: 5044: 5037: 5029: 5022: 5015: 5007: 4987: 4978: 4971: 4962: 4955: 4948: 4941: 4934: 4927: 4920: 4913: 4910:from August 1944 4901: 4894: 4887: 4880: 4873: 4866: 4859: 4852: 4845: 4833: 4826: 4819: 4812: 4805: 4793: 4785: 4778: 4771: 4764: 4757: 4750: 4743: 4731: 4724: 4717: 4710: 4695: 4694: 4675: 4668: 4661: 4654: 4647: 4636: 4621: 4614: 4607: 4602: 4593: 4586: 4579: 4570: 4563: 4556: 4554:Nanjing Massacre 4549: 4542: 4533: 4531:Nuremberg trials 4524: 4517: 4510: 4503: 4496: 4489: 4480: 4473: 4466: 4459: 4439: 4432: 4425: 4416: 4409: 4402: 4395: 4388: 4381: 4372: 4363: 4356: 4349: 4342: 4333: 4326: 4319: 4312: 4305: 4298: 4291: 4284: 4264: 4255: 4248: 4241: 4232: 4225: 4218: 4211: 4202: 4195: 4188: 4179: 4172: 4165: 4158: 4151: 4144: 4137: 4135:Asia and Pacific 4117: 4110: 4103: 4096: 4089: 4082: 4075: 4066: 4064:Mulberry harbour 4059: 4052: 4045: 4038: 4031: 4024: 4017: 4010: 4001: 3994: 3987: 3978: 3971: 3964: 3957: 3950: 3943: 3936: 3929: 3922: 3915: 3906: 3899: 3884: 3883: 3872: 3865: 3856: 3849: 3842: 3835: 3828: 3821: 3814: 3793: 3786: 3779: 3770: 3769: 3744: 3720: 3665: 3633: 3606: 3576: 3548: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3521: 3509: 3489: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3444: 3429: 3409: 3395: 3380:Gowing, Margaret 3366: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3345: 3339: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3325:. Archived from 3314: 3305: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3265:. Archived from 3255: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3245: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3222: 3221: 3207: 3201: 3200: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3138: 3132: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3060: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3030: 3024: 3018: 3012: 3006: 3000: 2994: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2941: 2935: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2876: 2870: 2864: 2858: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2834: 2828: 2822: 2816: 2810: 2804: 2798: 2792: 2786: 2780: 2773: 2767: 2764: 2758: 2755: 2749: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2715: 2709: 2702: 2696: 2689: 2683: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2646:. Archived from 2630: 2624: 2617: 2611: 2598: 2592: 2591: 2573: 2462:vengeance weapon 2437:Vergeltungswaffe 2374: 2367: 2363: 2360: 2354: 2323: 2315: 2222:cavity magnetron 2180: 2173: 2169: 2166: 2160: 2129: 2121: 2040:Washington state 2014:of uranium in a 1955:fissile material 1934:Quebec Agreement 1862:, working under 1832:Fritz Strassmann 1779:Lee–Enfield No.4 1709:Developments in 1630:Beretta Model 38 1434:specialist tanks 1393: 1386: 1382: 1379: 1373: 1342: 1334: 1254:aircraft carrier 1217:infantry support 1173:tetra ethyl lead 1083:Bristol Blenheim 1053:fighter escorts 938:French Air Force 931:Great Depression 873:aircraft carrier 822: 815: 811: 808: 802: 800: 759: 735: 727: 513:chemical weapons 505:Kama tank school 491:. In 1925, the 472:deep inside the 456: 449: 445: 442: 436: 434: 393: 369: 361: 357:Between The Wars 251: 244: 237: 145: 144: 114: 107: 103: 100: 94: 92: 51: 27: 19: 7300: 7299: 7295: 7294: 7293: 7291: 7290: 7289: 7265: 7264: 7263: 7258: 7193: 7164:Medieval Europe 7093: 7088: 7058: 7053: 7046: 7039: 7025: 7023: 7011: 7002: 6995: 6988: 6981: 6972: 6965: 6958: 6949: 6944:Atomic bombings 6942: 6935: 6928: 6921: 6914: 6905: 6898: 6891: 6884: 6877: 6870: 6863: 6856: 6849: 6842: 6835: 6828: 6821: 6814: 6807: 6800: 6787: 6780: 6769: 6762: 6755: 6746: 6739: 6732: 6725: 6718: 6711: 6702: 6693: 6686: 6677: 6670: 6663: 6656: 6647: 6640: 6635:Eastern Romania 6633: 6628:Warsaw Uprising 6626: 6621:Tannenberg Line 6619: 6612: 6607:Western Ukraine 6605: 6596: 6589: 6580: 6571: 6562: 6555: 6548: 6537: 6528: 6515: 6508: 6499: 6492: 6485: 6478: 6471: 6464: 6457: 6448: 6441: 6434: 6425: 6418: 6411: 6404: 6399:Battle of Kursk 6397: 6390: 6383: 6376: 6369: 6356: 6349: 6340: 6333: 6326: 6317: 6310: 6303: 6296: 6287: 6278: 6271: 6264: 6257: 6250: 6243: 6236: 6229: 6222: 6215: 6210:St Nazaire Raid 6208: 6201: 6194: 6181: 6174: 6167: 6160: 6153: 6146: 6139: 6132: 6125: 6118: 6111: 6104: 6097: 6090: 6083: 6076: 6069: 6062: 6055: 6048: 6034: 6025: 6018: 6011: 6004: 5997: 5992:Anglo-Iraqi War 5990: 5983:Battle of Crete 5981: 5974: 5967: 5960: 5953: 5940: 5931: 5924: 5917: 5912:Eastern Romania 5910: 5903: 5896: 5889: 5882: 5875: 5868: 5861: 5854: 5847: 5840: 5833: 5826: 5819: 5812: 5805: 5792: 5785: 5778: 5771: 5764: 5757: 5750: 5743: 5730: 5721: 5714: 5707: 5700: 5693: 5686: 5677: 5670: 5663: 5654: 5647: 5621: 5614: 5607: 5598: 5591: 5586: 5577: 5570: 5563: 5554: 5547: 5538: 5531: 5526: 5519: 5506: 5499: 5490: 5483: 5478: 5473:Western Ukraine 5471: 5464: 5457: 5450: 5443: 5436: 5429: 5422: 5417:Northeast China 5415: 5408: 5401: 5394: 5387: 5380: 5371: 5364: 5357: 5350: 5343: 5336: 5329: 5322: 5315: 5308: 5301: 5294: 5287: 5280: 5273: 5266: 5259: 5252: 5245: 5232: 5225: 5218: 5211: 5204: 5197: 5190: 5183: 5176: 5169: 5162: 5155: 5142: 5135: 5128: 5123:Slovak Republic 5121: 5113: 5106: 5099: 5094:Empire of Japan 5092: 5083: 5075: 5068: 5061: 5054: 5047: 5040: 5032: 5025: 5018: 5010: 5003: 4990: 4983: 4974: 4967: 4958: 4951: 4944: 4937: 4930: 4923: 4916: 4904: 4897: 4890: 4883: 4876: 4869: 4862: 4855: 4848: 4836: 4829: 4822: 4815: 4808: 4796: 4788: 4781: 4774: 4767: 4760: 4753: 4746: 4734: 4727: 4720: 4713: 4706: 4680: 4671: 4664: 4657: 4650: 4639: 4624: 4617: 4610: 4606:Sexual violence 4605: 4598: 4589: 4582: 4575: 4566: 4559: 4552: 4545: 4538: 4529: 4520: 4513: 4506: 4499: 4492: 4485: 4476: 4469: 4462: 4455: 4442: 4435: 4428: 4421: 4412: 4405: 4398: 4391: 4384: 4375: 4366: 4359: 4352: 4345: 4336: 4329: 4324:Greek Civil War 4322: 4315: 4308: 4301: 4294: 4287: 4280: 4267: 4260: 4251: 4244: 4237: 4228: 4221: 4214: 4207: 4198: 4191: 4184: 4175: 4168: 4161: 4154: 4149:South-East Asia 4147: 4140: 4133: 4120: 4113: 4106: 4099: 4092: 4085: 4078: 4071: 4062: 4055: 4048: 4041: 4034: 4027: 4020: 4013: 4008:Military awards 4006: 3997: 3990: 3983: 3974: 3967: 3960: 3953: 3946: 3939: 3932: 3925: 3918: 3911: 3902: 3895: 3875: 3868: 3861: 3852: 3845: 3838: 3833: 3824: 3817: 3810: 3802: 3797: 3751: 3749:Further reading 3654: 3638:Rhodes, Richard 3622: 3595: 3546: 3532: 3530: 3519: 3498: 3465: 3463: 3453: 3442: 3418: 3375: 3370: 3369: 3359: 3357: 3356:on 15 July 2019 3346: 3342: 3332: 3330: 3329:on 15 July 2019 3315: 3308: 3298: 3296: 3295:on 15 July 2019 3287: 3286: 3282: 3272: 3270: 3269:on 28 June 2019 3257: 3256: 3252: 3243: 3241: 3239:www.cs.kent.edu 3233: 3232: 3228: 3219: 3217: 3209: 3208: 3204: 3193: 3189: 3181: 3177: 3169: 3165: 3157: 3153: 3145: 3141: 3133: 3129: 3121: 3117: 3109: 3105: 3097: 3093: 3085: 3081: 3073: 3069: 3061: 3057: 3049: 3045: 3037: 3033: 3025: 3021: 3013: 3009: 3001: 2997: 2978: 2976: 2964: 2960: 2950: 2948: 2943: 2942: 2938: 2928: 2926: 2919: 2915: 2907: 2903: 2895: 2891: 2883: 2879: 2871: 2867: 2859: 2855: 2847: 2843: 2835: 2831: 2823: 2819: 2811: 2807: 2799: 2795: 2787: 2783: 2774: 2770: 2765: 2761: 2756: 2752: 2743: 2739: 2732: 2716: 2712: 2703: 2699: 2690: 2686: 2676: 2674: 2667: 2663: 2653: 2651: 2634:Dominic Selwood 2631: 2627: 2618: 2614: 2610:30 (2), 99–117. 2599: 2595: 2588: 2574: 2570: 2565: 2528: 2477: 2375: 2364: 2358: 2355: 2340: 2324: 2313: 2301:human computers 2181: 2170: 2164: 2161: 2146: 2130: 2119: 2016:nuclear reactor 1988:electromagnetic 1938:British mission 1820: 1814: 1747:M60 machine gun 1682:Fedorov Avtomat 1653:M1 Garand rifle 1613: 1552:Henschel Hs 293 1484:V-1 flying bomb 1469:Flettner Fl 282 1418:Human torpedoes 1394: 1383: 1377: 1374: 1359: 1343: 1332: 1291:Empire of Japan 1250: 1182: 1158: 1125:Prince of Wales 1099:Type XXI U-Boat 982:English Channel 958:Royal Air Force 950:fighter-bombers 920: 914: 908:are organized. 835:Spitfire Mark I 823: 812: 806: 803: 760: 758: 748: 736: 725: 719: 664:Sherman Firefly 651: 643:Main articles: 641: 633:Nobel laureates 614:nuclear fission 568:antitank rifles 457: 446: 440: 437: 394: 392: 382: 370: 359: 255: 223: 206: 180: 115: 104: 98: 95: 52: 50: 40: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7298: 7288: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7260: 7259: 7257: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7205: 7204: 7198: 7195: 7194: 7192: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7159:Medieval Islam 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7105: 7104: 7098: 7095: 7094: 7087: 7086: 7079: 7072: 7064: 7055: 7054: 7052: 7051: 7044: 7037: 7020: 7017: 7016: 7013: 7012: 7010: 7009: 7008: 7007: 7000: 6993: 6979: 6978: 6977: 6963: 6960:South Sakhalin 6956: 6955: 6954: 6940: 6933: 6926: 6919: 6912: 6911: 6910: 6896: 6889: 6882: 6875: 6868: 6861: 6854: 6847: 6840: 6833: 6826: 6819: 6812: 6805: 6797: 6795: 6789: 6788: 6786: 6785: 6778: 6777: 6776: 6760: 6753: 6752: 6751: 6737: 6730: 6723: 6716: 6709: 6700: 6691: 6684: 6675: 6668: 6661: 6654: 6645: 6638: 6631: 6624: 6617: 6610: 6603: 6594: 6587: 6578: 6569: 6560: 6553: 6546: 6535: 6525: 6523: 6517: 6516: 6514: 6513: 6506: 6505: 6504: 6497: 6483: 6476: 6469: 6462: 6455: 6454: 6453: 6439: 6432: 6423: 6416: 6409: 6402: 6395: 6388: 6385:Battle of Attu 6381: 6374: 6366: 6364: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6354: 6347: 6338: 6331: 6324: 6315: 6308: 6301: 6294: 6285: 6284: 6283: 6276: 6262: 6255: 6248: 6241: 6234: 6227: 6220: 6213: 6206: 6199: 6191: 6189: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6179: 6172: 6165: 6158: 6151: 6144: 6137: 6134:Battle of Guam 6130: 6123: 6116: 6109: 6102: 6095: 6088: 6081: 6074: 6067: 6060: 6057:Battle of Kiev 6053: 6046: 6032: 6031: 6030: 6016: 6009: 6002: 5995: 5988: 5987: 5986: 5972: 5965: 5958: 5950: 5948: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5938: 5929: 5922: 5915: 5908: 5901: 5894: 5887: 5880: 5873: 5866: 5859: 5852: 5845: 5838: 5831: 5824: 5817: 5810: 5802: 5800: 5794: 5793: 5791: 5790: 5783: 5776: 5769: 5762: 5755: 5748: 5740: 5738: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5728: 5727: 5726: 5719: 5712: 5705: 5698: 5684: 5683: 5682: 5675: 5661: 5660: 5659: 5644: 5642: 5633: 5627: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5619: 5612: 5605: 5604: 5603: 5596: 5584: 5583: 5582: 5568: 5561: 5560: 5559: 5556:United Kingdom 5552: 5545: 5544: 5543: 5524: 5516: 5514: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5504: 5497: 5496: 5495: 5488: 5476: 5469: 5462: 5455: 5448: 5441: 5434: 5427: 5420: 5413: 5406: 5399: 5392: 5385: 5378: 5377: 5376: 5369: 5355: 5348: 5341: 5334: 5327: 5320: 5313: 5306: 5299: 5292: 5285: 5278: 5271: 5264: 5257: 5250: 5242: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5230: 5223: 5216: 5209: 5202: 5195: 5188: 5181: 5174: 5167: 5160: 5152: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5140: 5133: 5126: 5119: 5111: 5104: 5097: 5090: 5089: 5088: 5073: 5066: 5059: 5052: 5045: 5038: 5030: 5023: 5016: 5008: 5000: 4998: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4988: 4981: 4980: 4979: 4965: 4964: 4963: 4960:British Empire 4953:United Kingdom 4949: 4942: 4935: 4928: 4921: 4914: 4902: 4895: 4888: 4881: 4874: 4867: 4860: 4853: 4846: 4834: 4827: 4820: 4813: 4806: 4794: 4786: 4779: 4772: 4769:Czechoslovakia 4765: 4758: 4751: 4744: 4732: 4725: 4718: 4711: 4703: 4701: 4692: 4686: 4685: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4678: 4677: 4676: 4669: 4666:Rape of Manila 4662: 4655: 4648: 4637: 4622: 4615: 4603: 4596: 4595: 4594: 4587: 4573: 4572: 4571: 4564: 4557: 4543: 4536: 4535: 4534: 4527: 4526: 4525: 4518: 4504: 4497: 4483: 4482: 4481: 4474: 4467: 4452: 4450: 4444: 4443: 4441: 4440: 4437:United Nations 4433: 4426: 4419: 4418: 4417: 4410: 4403: 4396: 4382: 4373: 4364: 4357: 4350: 4343: 4334: 4327: 4320: 4313: 4306: 4299: 4296:Decolonization 4292: 4285: 4277: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4265: 4258: 4257: 4256: 4242: 4235: 4234: 4233: 4226: 4219: 4205: 4204: 4203: 4196: 4182: 4181: 4180: 4173: 4166: 4159: 4152: 4145: 4130: 4128: 4122: 4121: 4119: 4118: 4111: 4104: 4097: 4090: 4083: 4076: 4069: 4068: 4067: 4060: 4046: 4039: 4032: 4025: 4018: 4011: 4004: 4003: 4002: 3988: 3981: 3980: 3979: 3972: 3969:United Kingdom 3965: 3951: 3944: 3937: 3930: 3923: 3916: 3909: 3908: 3907: 3892: 3890: 3881: 3877: 3876: 3874: 3873: 3866: 3859: 3858: 3857: 3850: 3843: 3831: 3830: 3829: 3815: 3807: 3804: 3803: 3796: 3795: 3788: 3781: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3759: 3750: 3747: 3746: 3745: 3722: 3721: 3666: 3652: 3634: 3620: 3607: 3593: 3577: 3559:(2): 297–325. 3539: 3510: 3496: 3472: 3451: 3430: 3416: 3400:Groves, Leslie 3396: 3374: 3371: 3368: 3367: 3340: 3306: 3280: 3250: 3226: 3202: 3187: 3175: 3163: 3151: 3149:, p. 541. 3139: 3127: 3115: 3103: 3091: 3079: 3067: 3055: 3043: 3031: 3019: 3007: 2995: 2991:MeasuringWorth 2985:United States 2973:MeasuringWorth 2958: 2936: 2913: 2911:, p. 344. 2901: 2889: 2877: 2865: 2853: 2841: 2829: 2827:, p. 109. 2817: 2805: 2793: 2781: 2768: 2759: 2750: 2737: 2730: 2710: 2697: 2691:Paul Kennedy, 2684: 2661: 2625: 2612: 2593: 2586: 2567: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2560: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2527: 2524: 2476: 2473: 2409:terror bombing 2377: 2376: 2327: 2325: 2318: 2312: 2309: 2280:Bletchley Park 2249:rotor machines 2237:communications 2183: 2182: 2133: 2131: 2124: 2118: 2115: 2028:Chicago Pile-1 1907:John Cockcroft 1903:Tizard Mission 1884:MAUD Committee 1860:Rudolf Peierls 1816:Main article: 1813: 1810: 1777:, the British 1696:Sturmgewehr 44 1668:assault rifles 1612: 1609: 1608: 1607: 1597: 1588: 1581: 1574: 1563: 1540: 1536:Proximity fuze 1533: 1522: 1519:bunker busters 1515:bouncing bombs 1503: 1488:cruise missile 1478:Missiles: The 1476: 1449: 1430:tank destroyer 1396: 1395: 1346: 1344: 1337: 1331: 1328: 1249: 1246: 1181: 1178: 1171:The USA added 1162:synthetic fuel 1157: 1154: 1134:cruise missile 1115:Gloster Meteor 1107:Heinkel He 178 1079:Short Stirling 1072:America Bomber 1068:Heinkel He 177 942:fortifications 916:Main article: 913: 910: 860:or the German 839:proximity fuse 825: 824: 739: 737: 730: 721:Main article: 718: 715: 699:jet propulsion 691:Tizard Mission 649:Tizard Mission 640: 637: 607:Dowding system 598:fluid dynamics 590:Ludwig Prandtl 564:anti-tank guns 521:Saratov Oblast 459: 458: 373: 371: 364: 358: 355: 328:atomic weapons 296: 295: 292: 289: 279: 273: 257: 256: 254: 253: 246: 239: 231: 228: 227: 226: 225: 222: 221: 216: 210: 207: 205: 204: 202:Historiography 199: 194: 189: 183: 181: 179: 178: 173: 168: 162: 157: 156: 152: 151: 117: 116: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7297: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7272: 7270: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7206: 7203: 7200: 7199: 7196: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7134:Ancient Greek 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7119:Ancient Egypt 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7106: 7103: 7100: 7099: 7096: 7092: 7085: 7080: 7078: 7073: 7071: 7066: 7065: 7062: 7049: 7045: 7042: 7038: 7035: 7034: 7029: 7022: 7021: 7018: 7005: 7001: 6998: 6994: 6991: 6987: 6986: 6984: 6980: 6975: 6971: 6970: 6968: 6967:Kuril Islands 6964: 6961: 6957: 6952: 6948: 6947: 6945: 6941: 6938: 6934: 6931: 6927: 6924: 6920: 6917: 6913: 6908: 6904: 6903: 6901: 6897: 6894: 6890: 6887: 6883: 6880: 6876: 6873: 6869: 6866: 6862: 6859: 6855: 6852: 6848: 6845: 6841: 6838: 6834: 6831: 6827: 6824: 6820: 6817: 6813: 6810: 6806: 6803: 6799: 6798: 6796: 6794: 6790: 6783: 6779: 6774: 6773: 6768: 6767: 6765: 6761: 6758: 6754: 6749: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6738: 6735: 6734:Syrmian Front 6731: 6728: 6724: 6721: 6717: 6714: 6710: 6707: 6706: 6701: 6698: 6697: 6692: 6689: 6685: 6682: 6681: 6680:Market Garden 6676: 6673: 6669: 6666: 6662: 6659: 6655: 6652: 6651: 6646: 6643: 6639: 6636: 6632: 6629: 6625: 6622: 6618: 6615: 6611: 6608: 6604: 6601: 6600: 6595: 6592: 6588: 6585: 6584: 6579: 6576: 6575: 6570: 6567: 6566: 6561: 6558: 6554: 6551: 6547: 6544: 6540: 6539:Monte Cassino 6536: 6533: 6532: 6527: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6518: 6511: 6507: 6502: 6498: 6495: 6491: 6490: 6488: 6484: 6481: 6477: 6474: 6470: 6467: 6463: 6460: 6456: 6451: 6447: 6446: 6444: 6440: 6437: 6433: 6430: 6429: 6424: 6421: 6417: 6414: 6410: 6407: 6403: 6400: 6396: 6393: 6389: 6386: 6382: 6379: 6375: 6372: 6368: 6367: 6365: 6363: 6359: 6352: 6348: 6345: 6344: 6339: 6336: 6332: 6329: 6325: 6322: 6321: 6316: 6313: 6309: 6306: 6302: 6299: 6295: 6292: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6277: 6274: 6270: 6269: 6267: 6263: 6260: 6256: 6253: 6249: 6246: 6242: 6239: 6235: 6232: 6228: 6225: 6221: 6218: 6214: 6211: 6207: 6204: 6200: 6197: 6193: 6192: 6190: 6188: 6184: 6177: 6173: 6170: 6166: 6163: 6159: 6156: 6152: 6149: 6145: 6142: 6138: 6135: 6131: 6128: 6124: 6121: 6117: 6114: 6110: 6107: 6103: 6100: 6096: 6093: 6089: 6086: 6082: 6079: 6075: 6072: 6068: 6065: 6061: 6058: 6054: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6042: 6037: 6033: 6028: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6017: 6014: 6010: 6007: 6003: 6000: 5996: 5993: 5989: 5984: 5980: 5979: 5977: 5973: 5970: 5966: 5963: 5959: 5956: 5952: 5951: 5949: 5947: 5943: 5936: 5935: 5930: 5927: 5923: 5920: 5916: 5913: 5909: 5906: 5905:Baltic states 5902: 5899: 5895: 5892: 5888: 5885: 5881: 5878: 5874: 5871: 5867: 5864: 5860: 5857: 5853: 5850: 5846: 5843: 5839: 5836: 5832: 5829: 5825: 5822: 5818: 5815: 5811: 5808: 5804: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5795: 5788: 5784: 5781: 5777: 5774: 5770: 5767: 5763: 5760: 5756: 5753: 5749: 5746: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5733: 5724: 5720: 5717: 5713: 5710: 5706: 5703: 5699: 5696: 5692: 5691: 5689: 5685: 5680: 5676: 5673: 5669: 5668: 5666: 5662: 5657: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5646: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5628: 5617: 5613: 5610: 5606: 5601: 5597: 5594: 5590: 5589: 5585: 5580: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5569: 5566: 5562: 5557: 5553: 5550: 5549:United States 5546: 5541: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5530: 5529: 5525: 5522: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5509: 5502: 5498: 5493: 5489: 5486: 5485:Quốc dân Đảng 5482: 5481: 5477: 5474: 5470: 5467: 5463: 5460: 5456: 5453: 5449: 5446: 5442: 5439: 5435: 5432: 5428: 5425: 5421: 5418: 5414: 5411: 5407: 5404: 5400: 5397: 5393: 5390: 5386: 5383: 5379: 5374: 5370: 5367: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5356: 5353: 5349: 5346: 5342: 5339: 5335: 5332: 5328: 5325: 5321: 5318: 5314: 5311: 5307: 5304: 5300: 5297: 5293: 5290: 5286: 5283: 5279: 5276: 5272: 5269: 5265: 5262: 5258: 5255: 5251: 5248: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5235: 5228: 5224: 5221: 5217: 5214: 5210: 5207: 5203: 5200: 5196: 5193: 5189: 5186: 5185:Liechtenstein 5182: 5179: 5175: 5172: 5168: 5165: 5161: 5158: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5145: 5138: 5134: 5131: 5127: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5109: 5105: 5102: 5098: 5095: 5091: 5086: 5082: 5081: 5078: 5074: 5071: 5067: 5064: 5060: 5057: 5053: 5050: 5046: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5028: 5024: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5006: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4993: 4986: 4982: 4977: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4969:United States 4966: 4961: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4950: 4947: 4943: 4940: 4936: 4933: 4929: 4926: 4922: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4900: 4896: 4893: 4889: 4886: 4882: 4879: 4875: 4872: 4868: 4865: 4861: 4858: 4854: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4832: 4828: 4825: 4821: 4818: 4814: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4784: 4780: 4777: 4773: 4770: 4766: 4763: 4759: 4756: 4752: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4730: 4726: 4723: 4719: 4716: 4712: 4709: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4687: 4674: 4670: 4667: 4663: 4660: 4659:Comfort women 4656: 4653: 4649: 4646: 4643: / 4642: 4638: 4635: 4632: / 4631: 4628: / 4627: 4623: 4620: 4619:Camp brothels 4616: 4613: 4609: 4608: 4604: 4601: 4597: 4592: 4588: 4585: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4574: 4569: 4565: 4562: 4558: 4555: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4544: 4541: 4537: 4532: 4528: 4523: 4519: 4516: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4508:The Holocaust 4505: 4502: 4498: 4495: 4494:forced labour 4491: 4490: 4488: 4484: 4479: 4475: 4472: 4468: 4465: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4454: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4445: 4438: 4434: 4431: 4427: 4424: 4420: 4415: 4411: 4408: 4404: 4401: 4397: 4394: 4390: 4389: 4387: 4383: 4380: 4379: 4374: 4371: 4370: 4365: 4362: 4358: 4355: 4351: 4348: 4347:Marshall Plan 4344: 4341: 4340: 4335: 4332: 4328: 4325: 4321: 4318: 4314: 4311: 4307: 4304: 4300: 4297: 4293: 4290: 4286: 4283: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4270: 4263: 4259: 4254: 4250: 4249: 4247: 4243: 4240: 4236: 4231: 4227: 4224: 4220: 4217: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4206: 4201: 4200:Eastern Front 4197: 4194: 4193:Western Front 4190: 4189: 4187: 4183: 4178: 4174: 4171: 4167: 4164: 4160: 4157: 4153: 4150: 4146: 4143: 4139: 4138: 4136: 4132: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4123: 4116: 4112: 4109: 4105: 4102: 4098: 4095: 4091: 4088: 4087:Puppet states 4084: 4081: 4077: 4074: 4070: 4065: 4061: 4058: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4047: 4044: 4040: 4037: 4033: 4030: 4029:Naval history 4026: 4023: 4019: 4016: 4012: 4009: 4005: 4000: 3996: 3995: 3993: 3989: 3986: 3982: 3977: 3976:United States 3973: 3970: 3966: 3963: 3959: 3958: 3956: 3952: 3949: 3945: 3942: 3938: 3935: 3931: 3928: 3924: 3921: 3917: 3914: 3910: 3905: 3901: 3900: 3898: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3885: 3882: 3878: 3871: 3867: 3864: 3860: 3855: 3851: 3848: 3844: 3841: 3837: 3836: 3832: 3827: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3816: 3813: 3809: 3808: 3805: 3801: 3794: 3789: 3787: 3782: 3780: 3775: 3774: 3771: 3764: 3760: 3757: 3753: 3752: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3733: 3728: 3724: 3723: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3673: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3653:0-671-44133-7 3649: 3645: 3644: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3617: 3613: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3553: 3545: 3540: 3529: 3525: 3518: 3517: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3493: 3488: 3487: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3452:0-520-07186-7 3448: 3441: 3440: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3417:0-306-70738-1 3413: 3408: 3407: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3376: 3355: 3351: 3344: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3313: 3311: 3294: 3290: 3284: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3254: 3240: 3236: 3230: 3216: 3212: 3206: 3198: 3191: 3184: 3179: 3172: 3171:Landsman 2002 3167: 3160: 3155: 3148: 3143: 3136: 3131: 3124: 3119: 3112: 3107: 3100: 3095: 3088: 3083: 3076: 3071: 3064: 3059: 3052: 3047: 3040: 3035: 3028: 3023: 3016: 3011: 3004: 2999: 2992: 2988: 2975: 2974: 2969: 2962: 2946: 2940: 2924: 2917: 2910: 2905: 2898: 2893: 2886: 2881: 2874: 2869: 2862: 2857: 2850: 2845: 2838: 2833: 2826: 2821: 2814: 2809: 2802: 2797: 2791:, p. 12. 2790: 2785: 2778: 2772: 2763: 2754: 2747: 2741: 2733: 2731:9780814208526 2727: 2723: 2722: 2714: 2707: 2701: 2694: 2688: 2672: 2665: 2649: 2645: 2644: 2643:The Telegraph 2639: 2635: 2629: 2622: 2616: 2609: 2608: 2603: 2597: 2589: 2587:9780826340030 2583: 2579: 2572: 2568: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2529: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2496:sulfanilamide 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2438: 2433: 2429: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2413:Pas-de-Calais 2410: 2406: 2405: 2400: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2373: 2370: 2362: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2338: 2337: 2333: 2328:This section 2326: 2322: 2317: 2316: 2308: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2293: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2264:Lorenz cipher 2261: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2218:ASDIC (sonar) 2215: 2210: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2194: 2189: 2179: 2176: 2168: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2144: 2143: 2139: 2134:This section 2132: 2128: 2123: 2122: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2103:Walther Bothe 2100: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2084: 2083:then employed 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1962: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1899: 1897: 1896:Wallace Akers 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1872:critical mass 1869: 1865: 1864:Mark Oliphant 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1819: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1775:Mauser Kar98k 1771: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1700:assault rifle 1697: 1693: 1689: 1688: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1674: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1641: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1605: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1582: 1579: 1575: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1507:cluster bombs 1504: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1426: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1392: 1389: 1381: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1357: 1356: 1352: 1347:This section 1345: 1341: 1336: 1335: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1316:ASDIC (SONAR) 1311: 1309: 1304: 1302: 1301: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1262: 1259: 1255: 1245: 1243: 1238: 1235: 1231: 1230:mechanization 1226: 1223: 1218: 1214: 1211:tanks of the 1210: 1205: 1201: 1199: 1198:Cruiser tanks 1193: 1191: 1187: 1180:Land vehicles 1177: 1174: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1130: 1128: 1126: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1002: 998: 993: 991: 987: 983: 979: 974: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 948:fighters and 947: 943: 939: 934: 932: 928: 925: 919: 909: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 863: 859: 856: 852: 848: 844: 843:anti-aircraft 840: 836: 832: 821: 818: 810: 807:December 2020 799: 796: 792: 789: 785: 782: 778: 775: 771: 768: – 767: 763: 762:Find sources: 756: 752: 746: 745: 740:This section 738: 734: 729: 728: 724: 714: 712: 708: 704: 701:and also the 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 675: 673: 669: 665: 661: 656: 650: 646: 636: 634: 630: 626: 621: 619: 615: 610: 608: 604: 599: 595: 591: 587: 582: 579: 575: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 544: 539: 537: 533: 529: 524: 522: 518: 514: 511:, and tested 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 489:Rostov-on-Don 486: 481: 479: 475: 471: 466: 465:Ten Year Rule 455: 452: 444: 441:December 2020 433: 430: 426: 423: 419: 416: 412: 409: 405: 402: – 401: 397: 396:Find sources: 390: 386: 380: 379: 374:This section 372: 368: 363: 362: 354: 352: 348: 347:Bruneval Raid 344: 340: 336: 331: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 293: 290: 288: 284: 280: 277: 274: 271: 270: 269: 266: 264: 252: 247: 245: 240: 238: 233: 232: 230: 229: 224: 220: 217: 215: 212: 211: 208: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 184: 182: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 163: 161: 160: 159: 158: 154: 153: 150: 147: 146: 140: 136: 132: 128: 123: 113: 110: 102: 91: 88: 84: 81: 77: 74: 70: 67: 63: 60: – 59: 55: 54:Find sources: 48: 44: 38: 37: 32:This article 30: 26: 21: 20: 7201: 7101: 7041:Bibliography 7024: 6837:Project Hula 6802:Vistula–Oder 6771: 6704: 6695: 6679: 6649: 6598: 6582: 6573: 6564: 6530: 6427: 6342: 6318: 6288: 6039: 5932: 5877:North Africa 5579:Soviet Union 5533:Soviet Union 5459:Soviet Union 5227:Vatican City 5137:Vichy France 5042:German Reich 4939:Soviet Union 4925:South Africa 4918:Sierra Leone 4871:Newfoundland 4690:Participants 4673:Marocchinate 4377: 4368: 4338: 4216:North Africa 4177:Indian Ocean 4049: 4036:Nazi plunder 3927:Cryptography 3800:World War II 3762: 3755: 3731: 3676: 3670: 3641: 3611: 3584: 3556: 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Technology during World War II

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