689:
1718:
132:
1732:
742:. Scientific studies indicate that schools of tarpon have routinely migrated through the Panama Canal from the Atlantic to the Pacific and back for over 70 years. However, they have not been found to breed in the Pacific Ocean. Nevertheless, anecdotal evidence from tarpon fishing guides and anglers would tend to validate this notion, as over the last 60 years, many small juvenile tarpon as well as mature giants have been caught and documented principally on the Pacific side of Panama at the
1725:
2148:
507:
112:
655:"breathes". This trait is essential due to the mangrove and marsh ecosystems the fish use as nursery habitats, which often have stagnant waters low in oxygen. The young fish will also ride the water into remote semi-landlocked ponds during storms and king tides, where they will stay from one to three years. These ponds, some of which are brackish or freshwater, often become so low in oxygen that tarpons and
636:
602:. Stage-two and -three juveniles feed primarily on zooplankton, insects, and small fish. As they progress in juvenile development, especially those developing in freshwater environments, their consumption of insects, fish, crabs, and grass shrimp increases. Adults are strictly carnivorous and feed on midwater prey; they hunt nocturnally and swallow their food whole.
651:, which, in addition to controlling the buoyancy, can be used as an accessory respiratory organ. It arises dorsally from the posterior pharynx, and the respiratory surface is coated with blood capillaries with a thin epithelium over the top. This is the basis of the alveolar tissue found in the swim bladder and is believed to be one of the primary methods by which
762:. Since tarpon tolerate wide ranges of salinity throughout their lives and eat almost anything dead or alive, their migrations seemingly are only limited by water temperatures. Tarpon prefer water temperatures of 72 to 82 °F (22 to 28 °C); below 60 °F (16 °C) they become inactive, and temperatures under 40 °F (4 °C) can be lethal.
482:, which they use primarily to breathe. They can also rise to the surface and take gulps of air, giving them a short burst of energy. The habitats of tarpon vary greatly with their developmental stages. Stage-one larvae are usually found in clear, warm, oceanic waters, relatively close to the surface. Stage-two and -three larvae are found in
659:
are the only fish able to survive in these environments. The juveniles therefore face fewer competitors and predators, but need to breathe atmospheric oxygen to survive. The ability to breathe air is retained in the adults. Even if they live in more oxygenated marine coastal habitats, they have high
589:
stage, is completed after 20–30 days. It occurs in clear, warm oceanic waters, usually within 10–20 m of the surface. The leptocephalus shrinks as it develops into a larva; the most shrunken larva, stage two, develops by day 70. This is due to a negative growth phase followed by a sluggish growth
664:
air breathers and will die without sufficient access to the surface. Gas exchange occurs at the surface through a rolling motion commonly associated with tarpon sightings. This "breathing" is believed to be mediated by visual cues, and the frequency of breathing is inversely correlated to the
584:
Tarpon breed offshore in warm, isolated areas. Females have high fecundity and can lay up to 12 million eggs at once. They reach sexual maturity once they are about 75–125 cm (30–50 in) in length. Spawning usually occurs in late spring to early summer. Their three distinct levels of
498:. Their habitats are characteristically warm, shallow, dark bodies of water with sandy mud bottoms. Tarpon commonly ascend rivers into fresh water. As they progress from the juvenile stage to adulthood, they return to the ocean's open waters, though many remain in freshwater habitats.
571:
Tarpon grow to about 4–8 ft (1.2–2.4 m) long and weigh 60–280 lb (27–127 kg). They have dorsal and anal soft rays and bluish or greenish backs. Tarpons possess shiny, silvery scales that cover most of their bodies, excluding the head. They have large eyes with
700:
took responsibility for fly fishing records in salt water (1978), fly fishing for tarpon became increasingly popular, despite declining populations (correlated with the decline of freshwater rivers flowing into the seas around
Florida.) Tarpon meat is not desirable, so most are
717:
Since tarpon are not commercially valuable as a food fish, very little has been documented concerning their geographical distribution and migrations. They inhabit both sides of the
Atlantic Ocean, and their range in the eastern Atlantic has been reliably established from
626:
when they come to the surface for air due to the rolling manner in which they move to take in air, as well as the silver scales lining their sides. Adults occasionally fall prey to sharks, porpoises, crocodiles, and alligators.
726:. Tarpon inhabiting the western Atlantic are principally found to populate warmer coastal waters, primarily in the Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, Florida, and the West Indies. Nonetheless, tarpon are regularly caught by anglers at
932:
Martin-Medrano, L.; Garcia-Barrera, P. (2006). "Fossil
Ophiuroids of Mexico". In F. J. Vega; T. G. Nybor; M. D. C. Perrillat; M. Montellano-Ballesteros; S. R. S. Cevallos-Ferriz; S. A. Quiroz-Barroso (eds.).
974:
Tsukamoto Y., Okiyama, M. "Metamorphosis of the
Pacific Tarpon, Megalops Cyprinoides (Elopiformes, Megalopidae) with Remarks on Development Patterns in the Elopomorpha." Bulletin of Marine Science, 1997.
708:
The
Atlantic tarpon adapts well to water bodies in urban and suburban environments due to their tolerance for boat traffic and low water quality. Around humans, Atlantic tarpon are primarily nocturnal.
696:
Tarpon are considered some of the greatest saltwater game fishes, prized not only because of their great size but also because of their fight and spectacular leaping ability. After the
1029:
Daniels, C., et al. "The Origin and
Evolution of the Surfactant System in Fish: Insights into the Evolution of Lungs and Swim Bladders." Physiological and Biochemical Zoology. 2004.
599:
892:
Zale, Alexander and
Merrifield, Susan G. " Life History and Environmental Requirements of Coastal Fishes and Invertebrates." U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services. 1989.
1826:
1983:
1876:
1575:
1515:
904:
Wade, Richard Archer. "Ecology of
Juvenile Tarpon and Effects of Dieldrin on Two Associated Species." Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. 1969.
2492:
1973:
1926:
1471:
1916:
1816:
1796:
1756:
1635:
1381:
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during stage-one and early stage-two development are other fish, depending on their size. Juveniles are subject to predation by other juvenile
458:. Both species are found in marine and freshwater habitats, usually ascending rivers to access freshwater marshes. They are able to survive in
2518:
2319:
1956:
1491:
1431:
1087:"The Panama Canal as a Passageway for Fishes, with Lists and Remarks on the Fishes and Invertebrates Observed" by Samuel F. Hildebrand (1939)
1993:
1866:
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1806:
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1936:
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1120:
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1151:
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697:
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959:
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828:
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phase. By day 70, the juvenile growth phase (stage three) begins, and the fish grows rapidly until sexual maturity.
2570:
2358:
2523:
2324:
1234:
544:(Woodward 1901): A species also from the Ypresian stage of the Eocene, 56-47 Mya. It lived in England along with
263:
997:
Nursery
Habitat Characteristics of Juvenile Tarpon, Megalops atlanticus, in the northern Indian River Lagoon, FL
780:
914:
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2246:
1108:
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1062:
2575:
2363:
1144:
131:
1007:
598:
Stage-one developing tarpon do not forage for food but instead absorb nutrients from seawater using
1724:
1717:
20:
2549:
688:
2350:
2168:
810:
2544:
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2405:
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2337:
2608:
2598:
2453:
2267:
2215:
2151:
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1137:
576:
and broad mouths with prominent lower jaws that jut out farther than the rest of the face.
316:
Browne 1756 ex Browne 1789 non Gronow 1763 ex Gray 1854 non
Meuschen 1781 non Linnaeus 1766
257:
249:
227:
660:
rates of aerobic metabolism and also occasionally occur in hypoxic waters. These fish are
8:
2127:
407:
244:
755:
2206:
1288:
1117:
747:
301:
208:
126:
2531:
2440:
2332:
2254:
1963:
955:
702:
2220:
987:, in a Georgia Salt Marsh." Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Miami. 1968.
2419:
2259:
2084:
2047:
2015:
1008:
The silver lining to storm surge: How some baby fish ride out hurricanes to success
2445:
2390:
2077:
1552:
1461:
1124:
1112:
399:
119:
2233:
1019:
Body size and the air-breathing organ of the Atlantic tarpon Megalops atlanticus
954:. Special Papers. Vol. 43. The Geological Society of America. p. 120.
370:. They are the only members of the family Megalopidae. Of the two species, one (
2191:
2000:
1391:
1219:
1191:
1040:
Lords of the Fly: Madness, Obsession, and the Hunt for the World-Record Tarpon
759:
692:
A speared tarpon leaps from the water in an 1894 illustration by Hermann Simon.
573:
459:
443:
427:
173:
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2024:
1896:
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623:
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69:
1018:
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743:
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383:
311:
836:
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2040:
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1441:
1371:
1355:
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1300:
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1160:
731:
723:
511:
193:
183:
44:
2285:
2091:
1887:
1836:
1766:
1672:
1411:
1401:
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and piscivorous birds. They are especially vulnerable to birds such as
555:
524:
487:
331:
89:
54:
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2033:
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1501:
739:
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94:
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163:
84:
79:
64:
59:
49:
1051:"Tarpon (Megalops atlanticus)." www.tpwd.state.tx.us. 2 June 2009.
111:
2272:
1946:
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1203:
1100:
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development usually occur in varying habitats. Stage one, or the
559:
431:
341:
99:
74:
1179:
619:
491:
451:
435:
419:
153:
37:
430:. Tarpon are also found along the eastern Atlantic coast from
2557:
2458:
1582:
983:
Rickards, William L. "Ecology and Growth of Juvenile Tarpon,
495:
447:
931:
874:" Megalops cyprinoides", www.fishbase.org, 11 February 2010.
1105:
862:" Megalops atlanticus", www.fishbase.org, 11 February 2010.
833:
Collection of genus-group names in a systematic arrangement
712:
635:
2116:
937:. Topics in Geobiology. Vol. 24. pp. 115–131.
527:
during the Albian stage 113.0 million years ago (Mya).
463:
870:
868:
705:
Numerous tournaments are focused on catching tarpon.
442:
is found along the eastern African coast, throughout
2097:
2073:
1989:
1979:
1969:
1952:
1942:
1932:
1922:
1912:
1902:
1872:
1862:
1852:
1842:
1832:
1822:
1812:
1802:
1792:
1782:
1772:
1762:
1752:
1698:
1688:
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1668:
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1641:
1631:
1608:
1598:
1588:
1571:
1512:
1497:
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1457:
1447:
1437:
1427:
1417:
1407:
1397:
1387:
1377:
1367:
858:
856:
854:
865:
851:
2590:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
1118:Tarpon Geographical Distribution and Migration
1218:
1145:
900:
898:
781:"A compendium of fossil marine animal genera"
579:
877:
414:is found on the western Atlantic coast from
566:
1152:
1138:
895:
811:"Megalops Lacépède 1803 (ray-finned fish)"
110:
677:content of the water in which they live.
778:
687:
634:
505:
713:Geographical distribution and migration
389:
2591:
680:
2167:
2166:
1172:
1159:
1133:
947:
554:(Jordan 1927): A fossil species from
523:Fossils of this genus go back to the
2563:FD1087D9-FFA2-4A53-FF67-A31C4DABFAAF
948:David, Lore Rose (16 January 1943).
534:(Woodward 1901): A species from the
698:International Game Fish Association
13:
2604:Early Cretaceous first appearances
1060:
785:Bulletins of American Paleontology
466:, and habitats with low dissolved
14:
2620:
1094:
501:
2147:
2146:
1730:
1723:
1716:
951:Miocene Fishes of South Carolina
130:
42:
1081:
1054:
1045:
1032:
1023:
1012:
1001:
990:
977:
968:
941:
935:Studies on Mexican Paleontology
630:
538:stage of the Eocene, 56-47 Mya.
336:Hamilton 1822 non Lacépède 1803
925:
907:
821:
803:
772:
519:) hunting a prehistoric tarpon
394:The two species of tarpon are
16:Family of fishes (Megalopidae)
1:
915:"Megalops Tarpon Information"
765:
643:One of the unique features of
1042:(Pegasus, 2020) pp. 77, 165.
703:released after being caught.
605:
7:
10:
2625:
580:Reproduction and lifecycle
354:Jordan & Evermann 1896
346:Commerson ex Lacépède 1803
18:
2374:
2175:
2142:
2115:
2057:
2023:
2014:
1886:
1748:
1739:
1714:
1622:
1562:
1511:
1363:
1354:
1350:
1331:
1299:
1281:
1272:
1254:
1245:
1227:
1214:
1168:
1101:Bonefish and Tarpon Trust
307:
300:
240:
235:
127:Scientific classification
125:
118:
109:
30:
600:integumentary absorption
567:Physical characteristics
779:Sepkoski, Jack (2002).
758:, and Piñas Bay in the
593:
21:Tarpon (disambiguation)
1067:saltwatersportsman.com
693:
640:
610:The main predators of
520:
366:are fish of the genus
2545:Paleobiology Database
2346:Paleobiology Database
1069:. Saltwater Sportsman
1063:"Urban Tarpon on Fly"
829:"Part 7- Vertebrates"
750:and its tributaries,
691:
638:
509:
478:content due to their
426:and the coast of the
1123:15 June 2012 at the
730:and as far north as
462:, waters of varying
390:Species and habitats
19:For other uses, see
1111:12 May 2019 at the
985:Megalops atlanticus
408:Indo-Pacific tarpon
374:) is native to the
748:Gulf of San Miguel
694:
641:
521:
2586:
2585:
2532:Open Tree of Life
2333:Open Tree of Life
2169:Taxon identifiers
2160:
2159:
2138:
2137:
2111:
2110:
2010:
2009:
1712:
1711:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1318:
839:on 5 October 2016
422:, throughout the
378:, and the other (
361:
360:
355:
347:
337:
327:
326:de Castelnau 1878
317:
294:
285:
276:
267:
253:
231:
212:
2616:
2579:
2578:
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2553:
2552:
2540:
2539:
2527:
2526:
2514:
2513:
2501:
2500:
2488:
2487:
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2474:
2462:
2461:
2449:
2448:
2436:
2435:
2423:
2422:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2395:
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2393:
2367:
2366:
2354:
2353:
2341:
2340:
2328:
2327:
2315:
2314:
2302:
2301:
2289:
2288:
2276:
2275:
2263:
2262:
2250:
2249:
2237:
2236:
2224:
2223:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2164:
2163:
2150:
2149:
2099:
2075:
2048:Polyacanthonotus
2021:
2020:
2016:Notacanthiformes
1991:
1981:
1971:
1954:
1944:
1934:
1924:
1914:
1904:
1874:
1864:
1854:
1844:
1834:
1824:
1814:
1804:
1794:
1784:
1774:
1764:
1754:
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1728:
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1720:
1700:
1690:
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1670:
1653:
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1610:
1600:
1590:
1573:
1514:
1499:
1489:
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1469:
1459:
1449:
1439:
1429:
1419:
1409:
1399:
1389:
1379:
1369:
1361:
1360:
1352:
1351:
1279:
1278:
1252:
1251:
1225:
1224:
1216:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1170:
1169:
1154:
1147:
1140:
1131:
1130:
1088:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1043:
1036:
1030:
1027:
1021:
1016:
1010:
1005:
999:
994:
988:
981:
975:
972:
966:
965:
945:
939:
938:
929:
923:
922:
911:
905:
902:
893:
890:
875:
872:
863:
860:
849:
848:
846:
844:
835:. Archived from
825:
819:
818:
807:
801:
800:
798:
796:
776:
756:Gulf of Chiriquí
676:
675:
674:
477:
476:
475:
353:
345:
335:
325:
315:
292:
283:
274:
261:
248:
226:
207:
135:
134:
114:
104:
41:
34:Temporal range:
28:
27:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2574:
2569:
2561:
2556:
2548:
2543:
2535:
2530:
2522:
2517:
2509:
2504:
2496:
2491:
2483:
2478:
2470:
2465:
2457:
2452:
2444:
2439:
2431:
2426:
2418:
2413:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2370:
2362:
2357:
2349:
2344:
2336:
2331:
2323:
2318:
2310:
2305:
2297:
2292:
2284:
2279:
2271:
2266:
2258:
2253:
2245:
2240:
2232:
2227:
2219:
2214:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2171:
2161:
2156:
2134:
2107:
2078:Echidnocephalus
2053:
2006:
1882:
1827:Marathonichthys
1735:
1722:
1708:
1618:
1558:
1553:Pseudoegertonia
1507:
1462:Flindersichthys
1338:
1315:
1295:
1268:
1241:
1210:
1175:
1174:
1164:
1158:
1125:Wayback Machine
1113:Wayback Machine
1106:Save the Tarpon
1097:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1072:
1070:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1017:
1013:
1006:
1002:
995:
991:
982:
978:
973:
969:
962:
946:
942:
930:
926:
913:
912:
908:
903:
896:
891:
878:
873:
866:
861:
852:
842:
840:
827:
826:
822:
809:
808:
804:
794:
792:
777:
773:
768:
738:, and south to
715:
686:
673:
670:
669:
668:
666:
639:Tarpon swimming
633:
608:
596:
582:
574:adipose eyelids
569:
504:
474:
471:
470:
469:
467:
400:Atlantic tarpon
392:
284:(Woodward 1901)
275:(Woodward 1901)
225:
206:
129:
120:Atlantic tarpon
105:
103:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
36:
35:
32:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2622:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2567:
2554:
2541:
2528:
2515:
2502:
2489:
2476:
2463:
2450:
2437:
2424:
2411:
2396:
2380:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2355:
2342:
2329:
2316:
2303:
2290:
2277:
2264:
2251:
2238:
2225:
2212:
2197:
2181:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2121:
2119:
2117:Anguilliformes
2113:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2071:
2063:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2029:
2027:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1997:
1987:
1984:Phosphonatator
1977:
1967:
1960:
1950:
1940:
1930:
1920:
1910:
1900:
1892:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1877:Stewartichthys
1870:
1860:
1850:
1840:
1830:
1820:
1810:
1800:
1790:
1780:
1770:
1760:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1696:
1686:
1676:
1666:
1659:
1649:
1639:
1628:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1606:
1596:
1586:
1579:
1576:Ctenodentelops
1568:
1566:
1560:
1559:
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1917:Deltaichthys
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1895:
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1817:Lebonichthys
1815:
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1797:Farinichthys
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1757:Baugeichthys
1755:
1741:Albuliformes
1721:
1703:Sedenhorstia
1701:
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1636:Arratiaelops
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1532:Eodiaphyodus
1530:
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1422:Eichstaettia
1420:
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1382:Aulothrissus
1380:
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1333:
1202:Infraclass:
1083:
1071:. Retrieved
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1014:
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992:
984:
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841:. Retrieved
837:the original
832:
823:
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793:. Retrieved
788:
784:
774:
752:Coiba Island
744:Bayano River
716:
707:
695:
681:
652:
649:swim bladder
644:
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631:Swim bladder
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484:salt marshes
439:
436:South Angola
411:
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384:Indo-Pacific
379:
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289:
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271:
256:
250:Valenciennes
243:
228:Valenciennes
221:
220:
209:D. S. Jordan
203:
180:Superorder:
25:
2609:Elopiformes
2599:Megalopidae
2480:iNaturalist
2420:Megalopidae
2406:Megalopidae
2400:Wikispecies
2376:Megalopidae
2294:iNaturalist
2221:Megalopidae
2201:Wikispecies
2068:Aldrovandia
2041:Notacanthus
1957:Italoalbula
1777:Bullichthys
1683:Promegalops
1624:Megalopidae
1492:Naiathaelon
1442:Eoprotelops
1432:Elopsomolos
1372:Anaethalion
1356:Elopiformes
1335:Elopomorpha
1301:Elopomorpha
1262:Neopterygii
1247:Neopterygii
1198:Neopterygii
732:Nova Scotia
542:M. oblongus
512:Selmasaurus
488:tidal pools
281:M. oblongus
204:Megalopidae
194:Elopiformes
184:Elopomorpha
2593:Categories
2092:Halosaurus
1994:Pteralbula
1867:Protalbula
1847:Palealbula
1837:Osmeroides
1807:Holcolepis
1767:Brannerion
1673:Paratarpon
1613:Protoelops
1593:Kipalelops
1482:Leptoelops
1412:Echinelops
1402:Davichthys
1310:see below↓
1196:Subclass:
1161:Elopomorph
1073:8 December
919:Fossil Guy
766:References
684:and humans
665:dissolved
556:California
552:M. vigilax
546:M. priscus
532:M. priscus
525:Cretaceous
332:Cyprinodon
290:M. vigilax
272:M. priscus
264:Broussonet
2391:Q15694936
2034:Lipogenys
1964:Nemoossis
1907:Casierius
1888:Albulidae
1857:Paraelops
1693:Protarpon
1656:Elopoides
1646:Brouweria
1603:Lyrolepis
1546:Phyllodus
1539:Paralbula
1525:Egertonia
1502:Protelops
1289:Teleostei
1274:Teleostei
1204:Teleostei
1178:Kingdom:
795:8 January
740:Argentina
622:or other
606:Predation
456:Australia
424:Caribbean
382:) to the
322:Brisbania
150:Kingdom:
144:Eukaryota
2385:Wikidata
2273:46561199
2234:Megalops
2207:Megalops
2192:Q1759766
2186:Wikidata
2177:Megalops
2152:Category
2102:Laytonia
1663:Megalops
1564:Elopidae
1452:Epaelops
1186:Chordata
1184:Phylum:
1180:Animalia
1121:Archived
1109:Archived
682:Megalops
662:obligate
653:Megalops
645:Megalops
616:Megalops
612:Megalops
536:Ypresian
517:mosasaur
416:Virginia
386:Oceans.
376:Atlantic
368:Megalops
302:Synonyms
236:Species
222:Megalops
200:Family:
164:Chordata
160:Phylum:
154:Animalia
140:Domain:
40:–present
2286:2346650
1947:Istieus
1937:Hajulia
1190:Class:
843:30 June
754:in the
736:Bermuda
722:to the
720:Senegal
647:is the
624:raptors
620:ospreys
560:Miocene
432:Senegal
402:) and
342:Oculeus
266:, 1782)
217:Genus:
190:Order:
170:Class:
2576:125467
2550:180557
2537:854186
2511:161114
2498:114896
2364:125726
2338:854185
2312:161115
1897:Albula
1787:Euroka
1163:genera
958:
746:, the
657:snooks
496:rivers
494:, and
492:creeks
454:, and
452:Tahiti
420:Brazil
364:Tarpon
351:Tarpon
252:, 1847
230:, 1847
211:, 1923
38:Albian
31:Tarpon
2571:WoRMS
2558:Plazi
2493:IRMNG
2485:51414
2359:WoRMS
2351:35338
2299:51415
2260:62ZB6
1583:Elops
791:: 560
724:Congo
448:Japan
2524:7930
2519:NCBI
2506:ITIS
2472:7661
2467:GBIF
2459:5511
2433:1304
2428:BOLD
2325:7931
2320:NCBI
2307:ITIS
2281:GBIF
2247:4059
2242:BOLD
2128:Eels
2126:see
1287:see
1260:see
1233:see
1075:2020
956:ISBN
845:2016
815:PBDB
797:2008
594:Diet
312:Amia
45:PreꞒ
2454:EoL
2446:CH6
2441:CoL
2415:AFD
2268:EoL
2255:CoL
2229:AFD
2216:ADW
789:364
515:(a
434:to
418:to
410:).
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2573::
2560::
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2296::
2283::
2270::
2257::
2244::
2231::
2218::
2203::
2188::
1065:.
917:.
897:^
879:^
867:^
853:^
831:.
813:.
787:.
783:.
734:,
490:,
486:,
464:pH
450:,
446:,
438:.
95:Pg
2098:†
2074:†
1990:†
1980:†
1970:†
1953:†
1943:†
1933:†
1923:†
1913:†
1903:†
1873:†
1863:†
1853:†
1843:†
1833:†
1823:†
1813:†
1803:†
1793:†
1783:†
1773:†
1763:†
1753:†
1699:†
1689:†
1679:†
1669:†
1652:†
1642:†
1632:†
1609:†
1599:†
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1572:†
1513:†
1498:†
1488:†
1478:†
1468:†
1458:†
1448:†
1438:†
1428:†
1418:†
1408:†
1398:†
1388:†
1378:†
1368:†
1153:e
1146:t
1139:v
1077:.
964:.
921:.
847:.
817:.
799:.
672:2
667:O
562:.
548:.
473:2
468:O
406:(
398:(
288:†
279:†
270:†
262:(
100:N
90:K
85:J
80:T
75:P
70:C
65:D
60:S
55:O
50:Ꞓ
23:.
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