152:. In addition to indigenous blood, most Tapeba have significant European and, to a lesser extent, African racial heritage. Before their official recognition by Brazil's Foundation for the Indian in the 1990s, they had little history as a coherent indigenous identity. It was through prodding by Fortaleza's Archbishop Lorscheider, who was moved by their wretched poverty, that they organized in the 1980s and sought state recognition, which in Brazil often comes attended by lands demarcations, legal eviction of competing land occupants, and privileged access to healthcare, education and other state services. Before the 1980s, there are no historical registrations of a "Tapeba" people anywhere in Brazil.
279:
47:
155:
To contextualize this, the Tapeba are one of about 50 groups presently living in Brazil's
Northeast—where Indians are generally thought to be extinct because of this region's early colonial incursions—that have reemerged as political entities since the 1970s. Without exception, these groups seek
187:
and nearby mangroves. Converting their identity to that of
Indians has reduced that stigma, provided a coherent identity that has been instrumental in raising youth consciousness within the community, and most importantly, brought legal access to material resources they would otherwise lack.
156:
official recognition and legal recourse to a better material existence, at the center of which are almost invariably violent turf wars with white landholders. In fact, many such groups in Bahia, Sergipe and
Alagoas are racially
176:
in the western outskirts of its metropolitan area), they also are
Portuguese-speakers with a long history of variably peaceful and violent interactions with European-Brazilians. Before the 1990s, they were classified as
188:
Additionally, some of their expressive traditions, the best-known of which is their Toré dance ritual, can be said to be recent cultural adoptions (some might even argue they are inventions in the
168:
As for the Tapeba, while they have significant indigenous blood ties and have for generations been an agricultural society threatened by the urban growth of Ceará's capital,
267:
184:
129:
245:
1470:
260:
977:
116:
Before official recognition as
Indians in 1993, they were classified as mixed-race peasants. They trace their descent from the
1475:
253:
97:, who formed from the remnant populations of tribes around the Village of Nossa Senhora dos Prazeres de Caucaia in
275:
144:
The Tapeba people live on federally identified and delimited, but still not fully demarcated, indigenous lands in
183:(mixed-race peasants), a stigmatizing mark of non-citizenship in Brazil, and deemed to be squatters along the
283:
1042:
94:
394:
651:
1331:
891:
572:
1389:
745:
957:
661:
1327:
301:
1407:
374:
8:
1120:
149:
69:
734:
1265:
1115:
189:
1379:
1215:
1210:
1145:
666:
121:
1351:
1180:
1110:
972:
671:
1343:
1278:
982:
842:
225:
1200:
1170:
1000:
1415:
1369:
1190:
1090:
1085:
911:
724:
681:
610:
542:
507:
1441:
1420:
1195:
1140:
934:
804:
157:
1298:
1293:
1283:
1125:
1062:
625:
1288:
1240:
1160:
1100:
794:
771:
691:
557:
522:
210:
133:
1205:
502:
477:
1464:
1425:
1303:
1225:
1220:
1185:
1165:
1135:
1130:
1018:
962:
939:
929:
615:
577:
547:
467:
369:
364:
336:
442:
1361:
1235:
761:
447:
437:
313:
326:
1325:
1077:
824:
740:
512:
497:
457:
427:
81:
949:
857:
716:
686:
552:
346:
331:
192:
sense), intended primarily to further their indigenous identity claims.
1245:
1010:
1175:
992:
862:
706:
631:
605:
587:
407:
321:
1273:
967:
834:
814:
776:
756:
656:
492:
341:
169:
117:
1374:
1150:
1067:
847:
641:
620:
487:
412:
819:
582:
532:
452:
422:
402:
179:
1250:
1054:
921:
852:
751:
676:
527:
356:
98:
57:
1397:
1230:
1040:
867:
799:
786:
729:
696:
562:
517:
432:
384:
379:
173:
145:
1255:
597:
1155:
1105:
766:
701:
646:
636:
567:
537:
472:
462:
417:
287:
278:
125:
102:
52:
889:
1095:
903:
809:
482:
240:
See Jan
Hoffmann French's 2009 book, "Legalizing Identities"
105:. They are native Portuguese-speakers and are also known as
299:
1462:
226:"Tapeba: Elements of local indigenous history."
261:
268:
254:
43:
206:
204:
1463:
1324:
1039:
888:
298:
249:
1471:Indigenous peoples of Eastern Brazil
201:
38:Regions with significant populations
13:
14:
1487:
163:
277:
45:
234:
219:
1:
139:
1476:Indigenous peoples in Brazil
7:
95:indigenous people of Brazil
16:Indigenous people of Brazil
10:
1492:
1326:Indigenous peoples of the
1041:Indigenous peoples of the
890:Indigenous peoples of the
300:Indigenous peoples of the
229:Povos Indígenas no Brasil.
214:Povos Indígenas no Brasil.
1434:
1406:
1388:
1360:
1342:
1338:
1320:
1264:
1076:
1053:
1049:
1035:
1009:
991:
948:
920:
902:
898:
884:
833:
785:
715:
596:
393:
355:
312:
308:
294:
80:
75:
68:
63:
42:
37:
32:
27:
195:
211:"Tapeba: Introduction."
231:Retrieved 10 May 2013.
216:Retrieved 10 May 2013.
76:Related ethnic groups
172:(which now subsumes
1043:Central-West Region
150:Brazilian Northeast
111:Perna-de-pau people
24:
1266:Mato Grosso do Sul
284:Indigenous peoples
22:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1332:Southeast Regions
1316:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1026:
880:
879:
876:
875:
87:
86:
1483:
1340:
1339:
1322:
1321:
1051:
1050:
1037:
1036:
900:
899:
892:Northeast Region
886:
885:
310:
309:
296:
295:
282:
281:
270:
263:
256:
247:
246:
241:
238:
232:
223:
217:
208:
148:, Ceará, in the
55:
51:
49:
48:
28:Total population
25:
21:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1446:
1430:
1402:
1384:
1356:
1334:
1308:
1260:
1072:
1045:
1023:
1005:
987:
944:
916:
894:
872:
829:
781:
711:
592:
389:
351:
304:
290:
276:
274:
244:
239:
235:
224:
220:
209:
202:
198:
166:
142:
46:
44:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1489:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1412:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1394:
1392:
1390:Santa Catarina
1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1366:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1348:
1346:
1344:Espírito Santo
1336:
1335:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1279:Guarani-Kaiowá
1276:
1270:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1206:Kĩsêdjê (Suyá)
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1082:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1059:
1057:
1047:
1046:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1015:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1003:
997:
995:
989:
988:
986:
985:
983:Gavião-Pykobjê
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
954:
952:
946:
945:
943:
942:
937:
932:
926:
924:
918:
917:
915:
914:
908:
906:
896:
895:
882:
881:
878:
877:
874:
873:
871:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
839:
837:
831:
830:
828:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
791:
789:
783:
782:
780:
779:
774:
772:Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
743:
738:
732:
727:
721:
719:
713:
712:
710:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
623:
618:
613:
608:
602:
600:
594:
593:
591:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
399:
397:
391:
390:
388:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
361:
359:
353:
352:
350:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
318:
316:
306:
305:
292:
291:
273:
272:
265:
258:
250:
243:
242:
233:
218:
199:
197:
194:
165:
164:Current issues
162:
141:
138:
134:Tupi languages
85:
84:
78:
77:
73:
72:
66:
65:
61:
60:
40:
39:
35:
34:
30:
29:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1488:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1319:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1034:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1002:
999:
998:
996:
994:
990:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
955:
953:
951:
947:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
927:
925:
923:
919:
913:
910:
909:
907:
905:
901:
897:
893:
887:
883:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
840:
838:
836:
832:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
792:
790:
788:
784:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
747:
744:
742:
739:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
722:
720:
718:
714:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
603:
601:
599:
595:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
573:White Indians
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
400:
398:
396:
392:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
362:
360:
358:
354:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
319:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
297:
293:
289:
285:
280:
271:
266:
264:
259:
257:
252:
251:
248:
237:
230:
227:
222:
215:
212:
207:
205:
200:
193:
191:
186:
182:
181:
175:
171:
161:
159:
158:Afrobrazilian
153:
151:
147:
137:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
91:Tapeba people
83:
79:
74:
71:
67:
62:
59:
54:
41:
36:
31:
26:
1362:Minas Gerais
1121:Enawene Nawe
1063:Avá-Canoeiro
672:Suruí (Pará)
302:North Region
236:
228:
221:
213:
178:
167:
154:
143:
132:, who spoke
130:Jucá peoples
115:
110:
106:
90:
88:
33:6,600 (2010)
19:Ethnic group
1116:Cinta Larga
1078:Mato Grosso
741:Cinta Larga
513:Pira-tapuya
503:Parintintín
190:Hobsbawmian
185:Ceará River
82:Tupi people
1465:Categories
1435:Widespread
1352:Tupiniquim
1246:Yawalapiti
1181:Nambikwara
1111:Chiquitano
1011:Pernambuco
748:(Rondônia)
737:(Rondônia)
140:Background
70:Portuguese
1408:São Paulo
1274:Chamacoco
1201:Rikbaktsa
1171:Munduruku
1001:Potiguara
968:Guajajara
958:Awá-Guajá
835:Tocantins
815:Wapishana
757:Karitiana
662:Parkatêjê
657:Munduruku
652:Kỳikatêjê
493:Munduruku
342:Machinere
327:Asháninka
170:Fortaleza
118:Potiguara
64:Languages
1442:Kaingang
1421:Kaingang
1380:Xakriabá
1216:Tapirapé
1211:Tapayúna
1146:Kamayurá
1141:Kalapalo
950:Maranhão
935:Tabajara
858:Tapirapé
825:Ye'kuana
820:Yanomami
805:Patamona
717:Rondônia
687:Turiwára
667:Parakanã
583:Yanomami
553:Turiwára
533:Tenharim
453:Jamamadi
423:Barasana
403:Amahuaca
395:Amazonas
375:Karipuna
347:Yaminawá
332:Kaxinawá
180:caboclos
122:Tremembé
107:Tapebano
1398:Xokleng
1289:Kadiweu
1241:Xavante
1231:Umutina
1176:Nahukuá
1161:Kuikuro
1101:Bakairi
993:Paraíba
978:Krĩkatí
973:Ka'apor
868:Xerente
863:Xambioá
843:Apinajé
800:Macushi
795:Akawaio
787:Roraima
730:Akuntsu
697:Wayampi
692:Wai-wai
632:Araweté
606:Amanayé
588:Zuruahã
563:Wayampi
558:Wai-wai
523:Tariana
518:Siriano
433:Cambeba
408:Apurinã
385:Wayampi
380:Palikur
322:Apurinã
174:Caucaia
146:Caucaia
93:are an
1426:Terena
1416:Aimoré
1375:Kaxixó
1370:Aimoré
1304:Terena
1226:Trumai
1221:Terena
1196:Paresi
1191:Panará
1186:Paiter
1166:Matipu
1156:Kayapo
1151:Karajá
1136:Kaiabi
1131:Ikpeng
1106:Bororo
1091:Apiacá
1086:Aimoré
1068:Karajá
1019:Xukuru
963:Canela
940:Tapeba
930:Kiriri
912:Pataxó
848:Karajá
767:Paiter
746:Gavião
725:Aikanã
702:Wayana
682:Tiriyó
647:Kayapo
642:Karajá
637:Atikum
628:(Pará)
621:Apiacá
616:Aparai
611:Anambé
578:Witoto
568:Wayana
548:Tucano
543:Tiriyó
538:Ticuna
508:Pirahã
488:Matsés
473:Macuna
468:Kulina
463:Korubo
418:Baniwa
413:Banawá
370:Kalina
365:Aparai
337:Kulina
288:Brazil
128:, and
126:Cariri
103:Brazil
53:Brazil
50:
23:Tapeba
1328:South
1299:Ofayé
1294:Mbayá
1284:Guató
1251:Yudjá
1236:Wauja
1126:Guató
1096:Aweti
1055:Goiás
922:Ceará
904:Bahia
853:Krahô
810:Pemon
777:Wari’
762:Kwaza
752:Kanoê
735:Arara
677:Tembé
626:Arara
528:Tembé
483:Matis
448:Hupda
438:Cubeo
357:Amapá
196:Notes
99:Ceará
58:Ceará
1330:and
1256:Zoró
707:Zo'é
598:Pará
498:Mura
478:Mawé
458:Juma
428:Bora
314:Acre
109:and
89:The
443:Dâw
286:of
1467::
203:^
160:.
136:.
124:,
120:,
113:.
101:,
56:,
269:e
262:t
255:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
