Tantra - Knowledge

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ritual sex between the guru and his consort. These substances were seen as spiritually powerful and were also used as offerings for tantric deities. For both Śaivas and Buddhists, tantric practices often took place at important sacred sites (pithas) associated with fierce goddesses. Samuel writes that "we do not have a clear picture of how this network of pilgrimage sites arose." Whatever the case, it seems that it was in these ritual spaces visited by both Buddhists and Śaivas that the practice of Kaula and Anuttarayoga Tantra developed during the eighth and ninth centuries. Besides the practices outlined above, these sites also saw the practice of

77: 6329: 5929:, one of the commonest use of the term "yoga" refers to "a dying warrior transferring himself at death to the sphere of the sun through yoga, a practice that links up with Upanisadic references to the channel to the crown of the head as the pathway by which one can travel through the solar orb to the World of Brahman." This practice of transferring one's consciousness at death is still an important practice in Tibetan Buddhism. Samuel also notes that sexual rituals and a spiritualized sexuality are mentioned in the late Upanishads. According to Samuel, "late Vedic texts treat sexual intercourse as symbolically equivalent to the 6910: 5637: 6368: 7125: 6357: 5668:, not a concept of the religious system itself. He defines Tantrism as an apologetic label of Westerners for a system that they little understand that is "not coherent" and which is "an accumulated set of practices and ideas from various sources, that has varied between its practitioners within a group, varied across groups, across geography and over its history". It is a system, adds Brown, that gives each follower the freedom to mix Tantric elements with non-Tantric aspects, to challenge and transgress any and all norms, experiment with "the mundane to reach the supramundane". 8213:

basing himself on the definition given the tantric scholar Rāmakaṇṭha, gives four main features of tantra: "1) concern with ritual modes of manipulation (of the environment or one's own awareness), 2) requirement for esoteric initiation (to receive access to the scriptural teachings and practices), 3) a twofold goal of practice: the soteriological and supramundane one of liberation (variously conceived) and/or the mundane one of extraordinary power over other beings and one's environment, and 4) the claim that these three are explicated in scriptures that are the word of God (

6592:). These texts "focused on the body's interior, on the anatomical details of the male and female sexual organs and the pleasure generated through sexual union." In these texts, sexual energy was also seen as a powerful force that could be harnessed for spiritual practice and according to Samuel "perhaps create the state of bliss and loss of personal identity which is homologised with liberating insight." These sexual yogas continued to develop further into more complex systems which are found in texts dating from about the ninth or tenth century, including the Saiva 6190: 6435:

converted to Buddhism). Some Buddhist tantras (sometimes called "lower" or "outer" tantras) which are earlier works, do not make use of transgression, sex and fierce deities. These earlier Buddhist tantras mainly reflect a development of Mahayana theory and practice (like deity visualization) and a focus on ritual and purity. Between the eighth and tenth centuries, new tantras emerged which included fierce deities, kula style sexual initiations, subtle body practices and sexual yoga. The later Buddhist tantras are known as the "inner" or "unsurpassed yoga" (

7236:. 975–1025 ce) and his student Jayaratha, are some of the most influential philosophers who wrote on Hindu tantra. These thinkers synthesized the various goddess and Śaiva lineages and philosophies into a comprehensive and influential religious system. According to David White, Abhinavagupta "sublimates, cosmeticizes, and semanticizes many of its practices into a type of meditative asceticism whose aim is to realize a transcendent subjectivity". Thus, his work domesticated the radically antinomian practices of Vidyāpīṭha lineages into meditative exercises. 6247:, reverence and worship for the Goddess in Indian culture, was an established tradition by the early centuries of the 1st millennium. Padoux mentions an inscription from 423 to 424 CE which mentions the founding of a temple to terrifying deities called "the mothers". However, this does not mean Tantric rituals and practices were as yet a part of either Hindu or Buddhist traditions. "Apart from the somewhat dubious reference to Tantra in the Gangadhar inscription of 423 CE", states David Lorenzen, it is only 7th-century Banabhatta's 6665: 8505:

duality (dvaita) of pure and impure in brahmanical society. Let us also note that for the nondualistic Saiva systems, the Yoginis were not active merely in the world of spirits; they were also powers present in humans – mistresses of their senses, governing their affects, which acquired an intensity and super-natural dimension through this divinization. This led adepts to an identification of their individual consciousness with the infinite divine Consciousness, thus also helping them transcend the sexual plane.

57: 7335: 4008: 5784:). These orthodox traditions teach renunciation of householder life, a mendicant's life of simplicity and leaving all attachments to become a monk or nun. In contrast, the Tantrika traditions hold, states Robert Brown, that "both enlightenment and worldly success" are achievable, and that "this world need not be shunned to achieve enlightenment". Yet, even this supposed categorical divergence is debatable, e.g. Bhagavad Gita v.2:48–53, including: "Yoga is skill in actions." 6537:, the text's mention of a 'reversal of sexual intercourse' might indicate the practice of withholding ejaculation. Snellgrove states that it is possible that sexual yoga was already being practiced in Buddhist circles at this time, and that Asanga saw it as a valid practice. Likewise, Samuel thinks that there is a possibility that sexual yoga existed in the fourth or fifth centuries (though not in the same transgressive tantric contexts where it was later practiced). 8496:

experienced images, a situation common to all Tantric traditions, where rites, meditation, and yoga are exercises in creative identifying imagination." The theory behind these rituals is the idea that all humans have a fundamental impurity (mala) that binds them to rebirth. This impurity can be removed by ritual action (along with proper knowledge). The initial step in this path is the ritual of initiation (diksa), which opens to door to future liberation at death.

6852:(c. 11th century), which seems to be concerned with converting Buddhists and non-Buddhists alike, and uniting them together against Islam. The Kalachakra teaches sexual yoga, but also warns not to introduce the practice of ingesting impure substances to beginners, since this is only for advanced yogis. This tantra also seems to want to minimize the impact of the transgressive practices, since it advises tantrikas to outwardly follow the customs of their country. 6642: 5597: 15445: 8623: 13983: 5646: 5606: 3522: 13961: 5803:(10.136) describes the "wild loner" who, states Karel Werner, "carrying within oneself fire and poison, heaven and earth, ranging from enthusiasm and creativity to depression and agony, from the heights of spiritual bliss to the heaviness of earth-bound labor". The Rigveda uses words of admiration for these loners, and whether it is related to Tantra or not, has been variously interpreted. According to David Lorenzen, it describes 7284:, but most of the other tantras are lost. However, this sect does not identify itself as "tantric". The worship and ritual of most of the Vaiṣṇava temples in South India follow this tradition, which is ritually similar to the Shaiva Siddhanta. According to Padoux, "from the doctrinal point of view, they are nearer to brahmanical orthodoxy (proudly asserted by some of their affiliates) and their mantras are indeed often Vedic." 8048:, which contended with the Song for control of northern China. Due to the highly eclectic nature of Chinese Buddhism where sectarian denominations were not strictly drawn between the various Buddhist schools (even during the Tang dynasty), and where most Buddhist masters mixed practices from the different traditions, Chinese Esoteric Buddhist practices were absorbed by lineages from the other Buddhist traditions such as 6021: 5626: 13995: 14007: 3944: 3458: 13949: 8201:. Rather than one coherent system, Tantra is an accumulation of practices and ideas from different sources. As Samuel writes, the tantric traditions are "a confluence of a variety of different factors and components." These elements include: mandalas, mantras, internal sexual yogic practices, fierce male and female deities, cremation ground symbolism, as well as concepts from Indian Philosophy. 7133: 7240:

core, the concept of Āmnāya revolves around the idea that Śiva, with his five faces, (referred to as Sadashiva), imparts the secret Tantric teachings to the goddess through her corresponding five emanations. Scholarly work on Sarvamnaya can be found in the article, "The transmission of all powers: Sarvāmnāya Śākta Tantra and the semiotics of power in Nepāla-maṇḍala" by Jeffrey S. Lidke.

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between the fifth to eighth centuries CE. According to Samuel, there are two main scholarly opinions on these terrifying goddesses which became incorporated into Śaiva and Buddhist Tantra. The first view is that they originate out of a pan-Indian religious substrate that was not Vedic. Another opinion is to see these fierce goddesses as developing out of the Vedic religion.

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definition". The challenge of defining Tantra is compounded by the fact that it has been a historically significant part of major Indian religions, including Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism, both in and outside South Asia and East Asia. To its practitioners, Tantra is defined as a combination of texts, techniques, rituals, monastic practices, meditation, yoga, and ideology.

140: 8556:("channels"), and energies (like Kundalini, Chandali, different pranas and vital winds, etc.). The tantric body is also held to be a microcosmic reflection of the universe, and is thus seen as containing gods and goddesses. According to Padoux, the "internalized image of the yogic body" is a fundamental element for nearly all meditative and tantric ritual practices. 7056:" (treatises) which may be "commentaries, digests, compilations, monographs, collections of hymns or of names of deities, and mantras and works on mantras." Though much of this vast body of tantric literature is in Sanskrit, others have also been written in Indian vernacular languages. As noted by Padoux, the largest portion of these tantric works are Shaiva texts. 8500:

implements (as part of the Kapalika vow), fierce deities like Bhairava, Kubjika and Kali which were used as part of meditative visualizations, ritual possession by the deities (avesa), sexual rites and offering the deity (as well as consuming) certain impure substances like meat, alcohol and sexual fluids. Padoux explains the transgressive practices as follows:

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deities such as Kali and Bhairava, with offerings of non-vegetarian food, alcohol and sexual substances. According to this theory, these practitioners would have invited their deities to enter them, then reverted the role in order to control that deity and gain its power. These ascetics would have been supported by low castes living at the cremation places.

8979:, pp. 73–77: "The Tantric Buddhist traditions have been given several labels, but there is no single label that is accepted by all of these traditions. It is important to note the use of this term in a plural form. Tantric or esoteric Buddhist traditions are multiple and also originated as multiple, distinct traditions of both text and practice." 6276:). Besides the shocking fact that they frequented cremation grounds and carried human skulls, little is known about them, and there is a paucity of primary sources on the Kapalikas. Samuel also states that the sources depict them as using alcohol and sex freely, that they were associated with terrfying female spirit-deities called yoginis and 6685:, Samhitas and Tantras) had been written, particularly in Kashmir, Nepal and Bengal. By this time, Tantric texts had also been translated into regional languages such as Tamil, and Tantric practices had spread across South Asia. Tantra also spread into Tibet, Indonesia and China. Gavin Flood describes the Tantric age as follows: 8721:

practices transgress orthodox Hindu ideas of ritual purity, they have often given tantra a bad image in India, where it is often condemned by the orthodox. According to Padoux, even among the traditions which accept these practices, they are far from prominent and practiced only by a "few initiated and fully qualified adepts".

8830:. According to Hugh Urban, Zimmer, Evola and Eliade viewed Tantra as "the culmination of all Indian thought: the most radical form of spirituality and the archaic heart of aboriginal India", regarding it as the ideal religion for the modern era. All three saw Tantra as "the most transgressive and violent path to the sacred". 6177:, dating from about the 1st century CE, show Buddhist and Hindu monks holding skulls. The legend corresponding to these artworks is found in Buddhist texts, and describes monks "who tap skulls and forecast the future rebirths of the person to whom that skull belonged". According to Robert Brown, these Buddhist skull-tapping 6933:, as condemning the approaches of various kinds of Tantric practitioners and defeating them through argument or spiritual power." He also is said to have encouraged the replacement of fierce goddesses with benign female deities, and thus to have promoted the Sri Vidya tradition (which worships a peaceful and sweet goddess, 6431:

guru and his consort. These practices were adopted by Kapalika styled ascetics and influenced the early Nath siddhas. Over time, the more extreme external elements were replaced by internalized yogas that make use of the subtle body. Sexual ritual became a way to reach the liberating wisdom taught in the tradition.

6383:, the earliest date for the Tantra texts related to Tantric practices is 600 CE, though most of them were probably composed after the 8th century onwards. According to Flood, very little is known about who created the Tantras, nor much is known about the social status of these and medieval era Tantrikas. 6064:

required entering a dangerous and impure supernatural realm from the Indian perspective. This association with death remains a feature of modern Buddhism, and in Buddhist countries today, Buddhist monks and other ritual specialists are in charge of the dead. Thus, the association of tantric practitioners with

8614:(chapter 15), the Trika trinity of goddesses (Parā, Parāparā, and Aparā) are visualized on the ends of the three prongs of a trident (located above the head). The rest of the trident is imagined positioned along the central axis of the yogi's body, with the blazing corpse of Shiva visualized in the head. 6722:. The non-dualists generally accepted and made use of sexual and transgressive practices, while the dualists mostly rejected them. Saiva tantra was especially successful because it managed to forge strong ties with South Asian kings who valued the power (shakti) of fierce deities like the warrior goddess 8697:

Mandalas and Yantras may be depicted in various ways, on paintings, cloth, in three dimensional form, made out of colored sand or powders, etc. Tantric yoga also often involves the mental visualization of a mandala or yantra. This is usually combined with mantra recitation and other ritual actions as

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There seems to have been some debate regarding the appropriateness of tantra. Among the Hindus, those belonging to the more orthodox Vedic traditions rejected the Tantras. Meanwhile, tantrikas incorporated Vedic ideas within their own systems, while considering the Tantras as the higher, more refined

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also supported tantric Buddhism. According to Samuel, while the sexual and transgressive practices were mostly undertaken in symbolic form (or through visualization) in later Tibetan Buddhist monastic contexts, it seems that in the eighth to tenth century Indian context, they were actually performed.

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From the 8th to the 14th century, Tantric traditions rose to prominence and flourished throughout India and beyond. By the 10th century, the main elements of tantric practice had reached maturity and were being practiced in Saiva and Buddhist contexts. This period has been referred to as the 'Tantric

6310:(left-hand) Tantras of the Kaulas. Literary evidence suggests Tantric Buddhism was probably flourishing by the 7th century. Matrikas, or fierce mother goddesses that later are closely linked to Tantra practices, appear both in Buddhist and Hindu arts and literature between the 7th and 10th centuries. 5533:

David Gray disagrees with broad generalizations and states that defining Tantra is a difficult task because "Tantra traditions are manifold, spanning several religious traditions and cultural worlds. As a result they are also diverse, which makes it a significant challenge to come up with an adequate

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has rarely engaged with the study of Tantra. This is arguably a result of the modern construction of Tantrism as occult, esoteric and secret. Some scholars have tried to demystify the myth of secrecy in contemporary Tantric traditions, suggesting new methodological avenues to overcome the ethical and

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Many definitions of Tantra have been proposed since, and there is no universally accepted definition. André Padoux, in his review of Tantra definitions offers two, then rejects both. One definition, according to Padoux, is found among Tantra practitioners – it is any "system of observances" about the

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In the tantric traditions which do use sex as part of spiritual practice (this refers mainly to the Kaulas, and also Tibetan Buddhism), sex and desire are often seen as a means of transcendence that is used to reach the Absolute. Thus, sex and desire are not seen as ends in themselves. Because these

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which states that revelation (sruti) is twofold – Vedic and Tantric. Hindu tantric teachings are generally seen as revelations from a divine being (such as Śiva, or the Goddess) which are considered by tantrikas to be superior to the Vedas in leading beings to liberation. They are also considered to

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tradition, with rituals based on yakshas and yakshinis. However, this Jain tantrism was mainly used for pragmatic purposes like protection, and was not used to attain liberation. Complete manuscripts of these Jain tantras have not survived. The Jains also seem to have adopted some of the subtle body

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Pre-tantric Buddhism contains elements which could be seen as proto-tantric, and which may have influenced the development of the Buddhist Tantric tradition. The use of magical chants or incantations can be found in the early Buddhist texts as well as in some Mahayana sutras. These magical spells or

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One of the key differences between the Tantric and non-Tantric traditions – whether it be orthodox Buddhism, Hinduism or Jainism – is their assumptions about the need for monastic or ascetic life. Non-Tantrika, or orthodox traditions in all three major ancient Indian religions, hold that the worldly

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In modern scholarship, Tantra has been studied as an esoteric practice and ritualistic religion, sometimes referred to as Tantrism. There is a wide gap between what Tantra means to its followers, and the way Tantra has been represented or perceived since colonial era writers began commenting on it.

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On the ritual and mental plane, transgression was an essential trait by which the nondualistic Tantric traditions set themselves apart from other traditions – so much so that they used the term "nondualistic practice" (advaitacara) to refer to the Kaula transgressive practices as a rejection of the

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André Padoux notes that there is no consensus among scholars as to which elements are characteristic for Tantra, nor is there any text that contains all those elements. Also, most of those elements can also be found in non-Tantric traditions. Because of the wide range of communities covered by the

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tradition, an important tantric religion in South India. Though it takes much of its philosophical and doctrinal system from Kashmir Shaivism, it generally avoids the transgressive elements and is orthodox or "right handed". Bhaskararaya (18th century) is considered a key thinker of this tradition.

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developed. According to Alexis Sanderson, this tradition arose out of the confrontation between the dualistic and more orthodox Śaiva Siddhānta and the nondual transgressive traditions of the Trika and Krama. According to David B. Gray, this school integrated elements from both of these traditions,

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There are also various traditions who are classified as "Vidyāpīṭha". The texts of this tradition focus on worshipping goddesses known as Yoginīs or Ḍākinīs and include antinomian practices dealing with charnel grounds and sexuality. These goddess centered traditions of the Śākta tantras are mostly

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Tantric texts and practitioners ("tantrikas" and "tantrinis") are often contrasted with Vedic texts and those who practice Vedic religion ("Vaidikas"). This non-Vedic path was often termed Mantramarga ("The way of mantras") or Tantrasastra ("Tantra teaching"). One of the most well known comments on

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of western scholars and does not reflect the self-understanding of any particular tantric tradition. While Goudriaan's description is useful, adds Gray, there is no single defining universal characteristic common to all Tantra traditions, being an open evolving system. Tantrism, whether Buddhist or

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or a spiritualized yogic sexuality. According to Padoux, "this is a misunderstanding, for though the place of sex in Tantra is ideologically essential, it is not always so in action and ritual." Padoux further notes that while sexual practices do exist and were used by certain tantric groups, they

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In the non-dualistic and transgressive (or "left hand") traditions like the Kali cults and the Trika school, rituals and pujas can include certain left hand path elements that are not found in the more orthodox traditions. These transgressive elements include the use of skulls and other human bone

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Different scholars give different main features of tantra. For example, David N. Lorenzen writes that tantra shares various "shamanic and yogic" practices, worship of goddesses, association with specific schools like the Kaulas and Kapalikas, as well as tantric texts. Christopher Wallis meanwhile,

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It is only in the seventh and eighth centuries however that we find substantial evidence for these sexual yogas. Unlike previous Upanishadic sexual rituals however, which seem to have been associated with Vedic sacrifice and mundane ends like childbirth, these sexual yogas were associated with the

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Samuel writes that the Saiva Tantra tradition appears to have originated as ritual sorcery carried out by hereditary caste groups (kulas) and associated with sex, death and fierce goddesses. The initiation rituals involved the consumption of the mixed sexual secretions (the clan essence) of a male

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chakra. The next set of five syllables (HA SA KA HA LA HRIM) is visualized in the heart chakra and the third cluster (SA KA LA HRIM) in the cakra between the eyebrows. The yogi is further instructed to lengthen the enunciation of the M sound at the end of the HRIM syllable, a practice called nada

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In Nepal, the Sarvamnaya tantra system evolved as a tantrik tradition which drew upon the āmnāya system. Amnaya is often translated as 'transmission'. This system serves as the guiding source for the tradition of worship of deities that emanate from the five different aspects of Lord Śiva. At its

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have been dated to the fifth century. Their scriptures (the Śaiva Agamas) and basic doctrines are also shared by the other traditions as a common Śaiva doctrine and many of their rites are also used in other schools of Shaiva Tantra. The prescriptions and rituals of the Śaiva Siddhānta Agamas are

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that swept throughout India from the 15th century onwards. According to Samuel, "these new devotional styles of religion, with their emphasis on emotional submission to a supreme saviour-deity, whether Saivite or Vaisnavite, were better adapted, perhaps, to the subaltern role of non-Muslim groups

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was a particularly important center, both Saiva and Buddhist and numerous key tantric texts were written there according to Padoux. According to Alexis Sanderson, the Śaiva Tantra traditions of medieval Kashmir were mainly divided between the dualistic Śaiva Siddhanta and the non-dualist theology

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According to Samuel, another key element of in the development of tantra was "the gradual transformation of local and regional deity cults through which fierce male and, particularly, female deities came to take a leading role in the place of the yaksa deities." Samuel states that this took place

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tantric practices developed in both Buddhist and Brahmanical (mainly Śaiva ascetics like the Kapalikas) contexts and that "Śaivas and Buddhists borrowed extensively from each other, with varying degrees of acknowledgement." According to Samuel, these deliberately transgressive practices included,

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and iconography all show tantric influence. These texts, states Gavin Flood, contain representation of "the body in philosophy, in ritual and in art", which are linked to "techniques of the body, methods or technologies developed within the tantric traditions intended to transform body and self".

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The scope of topics discussed in the Tantras is considerable. They deal with the creation and history of the world; the names and functions of a great variety of male and female deities and other higher beings; the types of ritual worship (especially of Goddesses); magic, sorcery, and divination;

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are a key element of Tantra. They are used to represent numerous tantric ideas and concepts as well as used for meditative focus. Mandalas symbolically communicate the correspondences between the "transcendent-yet-immanent" macrocosm and the microcosm of mundane human experience. The godhead (or

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In the 10th and 11th centuries, both Shaiva and Buddhist tantra evolved into more tame, philosophical, and liberation-oriented religions. This transformation saw a move from external and transgressive rituals towards a more internalized yogic practice focused on attaining spiritual insight. This

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Tantric practices also included secret initiation ceremonies in which individuals would enter the tantric family (kula) and receive the secret mantras of the tantric deities. These initiations included the consumption of the sexual substances (semen and female sexual secretions) produced through

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Flood states that the pioneers of Tantra may have been ascetics who lived at the cremation grounds, possibly from "above low-caste groups", and were probably non-Brahmanical and possibly part of an ancient tradition. By the early medieval times, their practices may have included the imitation of

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as a composite word of "sva" (self) and tantra, then stating "svatantra" means "one who is self-dependent, one who is his own master, the principal thing for whom is himself", thereby interpreting the definition of tantra. Patanjali also offers a semantic definition of Tantra, stating that it is

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as a way to increase their own royal power. These kings took part in royal rituals led by Saiva "royal gurus" in which they were symbolically married to tantric deities and thus became the earthly representative of male gods like Shiva. Saiva tantra could also employ a variety of protection and

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Teun Goudriaan in his 1981 review of Hindu Tantrism, states that Tantrism usually means a "systematic quest for salvation or spiritual excellence" by realizing and fostering the divine within one's own body, one that is simultaneous union of the masculine-feminine and spirit-matter, and has the

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term and notion, not a category that is used by Tantrikas themselves. The term was introduced by 19th-century Indologists, with limited knowledge of India and in whose view Tantrism was a particular, unusual and minority practice in contrast to Indian traditions they believed to be mainstream.

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While the Śākta traditions continued to develop in different ways, sometimes in a more popular and devotional direction, many of them retain various tantric elements today. The two most important and popular Śākta tantra traditions today are the Southern Kaula transmission, which focus on the

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The Buddhists developed their own corpus of Tantras, which also drew on various Mahayana doctrines and practices, as well as on elements of the fierce goddess tradition and also on elements from the Śaiva traditions (such as deities like Bhairava, which were seen as having been subjugated and

6158:(c. 5th century at the latest) contains what could be seen as a proto-mandala. In the second chapter, a bodhisattva has a vision of "a vast building made of beryl and with divine jewels and celestial perfumes. Four lotus-seats appear in the four directions, with four Buddhas seated upon them: 6063:

According to Geoffrey Samuel, sramana groups like the Buddhists and Jains were associated with the dead. Samuel notes that they "frequently settled at sites associated with the dead and seem to have taken over a significant role in relation to the spirits of the dead." To step into this realm

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define yoga as "the stilling of the disturbances of the mind". Richard Payne states that Tantra has been commonly but incorrectly associated with sex, given popular culture's prurient obsession with intimacy. Tantra has been labelled as the "yoga of ecstasy", driven by senseless ritualistic

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According to David N. Lorenzen, two different kinds of definitions of Tantra exist, narrow and broad. According to the narrow definition, Tantrism, or "Tantric religion", is the elite traditions directly based on the Sanskrit texts called the Tantras, Samhitas, and Agamas. Lorenzen's "broad

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Rituals are particularly important in the dualistic Śaiva Siddhānta which according to Padoux "is typically characterized by an overabundance of rituals, which are necessarily accompanied by mantras. These rituals are not so much a succession of actions as a play of mentally visualized and

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vision of man and the cosmos where correspondences between the inner world of the person and the macrocosmic reality play an essential role. Another definition, more common among observers and non-practitioners, is some "set of mechanistic rituals, omitting entirely the ideological side".

8575:("seals", i.e. hand gestures) and complex visualizations involving divine symbols, mandalas and deities. Nyasa involves touching various parts of the body while reciting mantra, which is thought to connect the deity with the yogis body and transform the body into that of the deity. 7001:

Given the extremely negative views of Tantra and its sexual and magical practices which prevailed in middle-class India in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and still largely prevail today, this was an embarrassing heritage. Much effort was given by people such as

7085:." These various traditions also differ among themselves on how heterodox and transgressive they are (vis a vis the Vedic tradition). Since tantric rituals became so widespread, certain forms of tantra were eventually accepted by many orthodox Vedic thinkers such as 5474:(1875–1955) is widely credited with introducing the philosophy and practices of tantra to the American people, at the same time creating a somewhat misleading impression of its connection to sex. That popular sexualization is more accurately regarded as the western 6418:

texts. Davidson argues that the pithas seem to have been neither uniquely Buddhist nor Śaiva, but frequented by both groups. He also states that the Śaiva tradition was also involved in the appropriation of local deities and that tantra may have been influenced by

7209:. It includes various sub-traditions the developed in different regions of India, such as the Trika lineage (which worships a trio of deities: Parā, Parāparā, and Aparā), the tradition of the fierce goddess Guhyakālī, Krama tradition, focusing on the goddess 6968:

In Buddhism, while tantra became accepted in the great Mahayana establishments of Nalanda and Vikramashila and spread to the Himalayan regions, it also experienced serious setbacks in other regions, particularly Southeast Asia. In Burma, for example, King

7010:(de Michelis 2004). The effort was largely successful, and many modern Western practitioners of yoga for health and relaxation have little or no knowledge of its original function as a preparation for the internal sexual practices of the Nath tradition. 6961:

under Muslim rule." Saiva tantra did remain an important practice among most Saiva ascetics however. Tantric traditions also survived in certain regions, such as among the Naths of Rajasthan, in the Sri Vidya tradition of South India and in the Bengali

4831:) literally means "loom, warp, weave". According to Padoux, the verbal root Tan means: "to extend", "to spread", "to spin out", "weave", "display", "put forth", and "compose". Therefore, by extension, it can also mean "system", "doctrine", or "work". 7014:

Buddhist tantra has survived in modern Indo-Tibetan Buddhism, in various Japanese traditions such as Shingon, and in the Newar Buddhism of the Kathmandu Valley. There are also magical quasi-tantric traditions in Southeast Asia, sometimes termed

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texts. In these texts, ascetic practices allow a holy man to build up tapas, a kind of magical inner heat, which allows them to perform all sorts of magical feats as well as granting visions and divine revelations. Samuel also notes that in the

5863:(vital breaths) that move around in the body and animate it. However, the idea of consciously moving the bodily pranas through yoga is not found in these sources. According to Lorenzen, Vedic ideas related to the body later diversified into the 7081:. According to David B. Gray, "one of the most important tropes in the history of the dissemination of tantric traditions is that of lineage, the transmission of teachings along an uninterrupted lineage, from master to disciple, the so-called 5325:

in his Sutra 1.4.54–55 of Sanskrit grammar, cryptically explains tantra through the example of "Sva-tantra" (Sanskrit: स्वतन्त्र), which he states means "independent" or a person who is his own "warp, cloth, weaver, promoter, karta (actor)".

6848:. In Tibet, the transgressive and sexual practices of tantra became much less central and tantric practice was seen as suitable only for a small elite group. New tantras continued to be composed during this later period as well, such as the 5546:

esoteric "physiology" (the mapping of the subtle or psychic body); the awakening of the mysterious serpent power (kundalinî-shakti); techniques of bodily and mental purification; the nature of enlightenment; and not least, sacred sexuality.

5811:

pioneers and accomplished yogis of the ancient pre-Buddhist Indian tradition, and that this Vedic hymn is speaking of those "lost in thoughts" whose "personalities are not bound to earth, for they follow the path of the mysterious wind".

8543:

Tantric yoga is first and foremost an embodied practice, which is seen as having a divine esoteric structure. As noted by Padoux, tantric yoga makes use of a "mystic physiology" which includes various psychosomatic elements known as the

6952:

conjectured that Madhavacharya ignored Tantra because it may have been considered scandalous. In contrast, Padoux suggests that Tantra may have been so pervasive by the 13th century that "it was not regarded as being a distinct system."

5973:

texts mention offerings to goddesses Rākā, Sinīvālī, and Kuhū in a manner similar to a tantric ritual. Frederick Smith – a professor of Sanskrit and Classical Indian Religions, considers Tantra to be a religious movement parallel to the

8517:) that bind individual Selfs, though the ritual must be performed with an understanding of their nature and purpose as well as with devotion. In the view of the Trika school (especially in the work of Abhinavagupta), only knowledge ( 6829:

In Buddhism, this taming of tantra is associated with the adoption of tantra by Buddhist monastics who sought to incorporate it within the Buddhist Mahayana scholastic framework. Buddhist tantras were written down and scholars like

5761:

texts. Despite Bhatta attempt to clarify, states Padoux, in reality Hindus and Buddhists have historically felt free to borrow and blend ideas from all sources, Vedic, non-Vedic and in the case of Buddhism, its own canonical works.

5654:

Elements of Tantrism. Clockwise from upper left: Mantra (Buddhist), Mandala (Hindu), Yantra (of Kali), Skull cup (Kapala), Nadis and Chakras (Tibetan), Deities depicted in sexual union. These are neither compulsory nor universal in

4767:

does not directly reference the tantras, its practices and ideas parallel them. In Buddhism, tantra has influenced the art and iconography of Tibetan and East Asian Buddhism, as well as historic cave temples of India and the art of

5988:, but this attribution is one of respect not of historicity. Ayurveda has primarily been an empirical practice with Vedic roots, but Tantra has been an esoteric, folk movement without grounding that can be traced to anything in 5749:(canonical texts). The Tantrika, to Bhatta, is that literature which forms a parallel part of the Hindu tradition, independent of the Vedic corpus. The Vedic and non-Vedic (Tantric) paths are seen as two different approaches to 6918:

understanding. Meanwhile, some Tantrikas considered the Tantras to be superior to the Vedas, while others considered them complementary such as Umapati, who is quoted as stating: "The Veda is the cow, the true Agama its milk."

8080:

were also adapted and incorporated into general Chinese Buddhist practices and rituals. In modern Chinese Buddhism, the esoteric traditions continue to be passed on and practiced through numerous tantric rituals such as the

6996:

in the 19th and 20th centuries, Samuel writes that this period saw "a radical reframing of yogic practices away from the Tantric context." Samuel notes that while Hindu Hatha yoga had its origins in a Saiva tantric context,

5336:

quotes and accepts Panini's definition, then discusses or mentions it at a greater length, in 18 instances, stating that its metaphorical definition of "warp (weaving), extended cloth" is relevant to many contexts. The word

8773:

Arthur Avalon and is known as the "founding father of Tantric studies". Unlike previous Western scholars Woodroffe advocated for Tantra, defending and presenting it as an ethical and philosophical system in accord with the

5713:

Tantrism is an overarching term for "Tantric traditions", states David Gray in a 2016 review, that combine Vedic, yogic and meditative traditions from ancient Hinduism as well as rival Buddhist and Jain traditions. it is a

5719:

Hindu, can best be characterized as practices, a set of techniques, with a strong focus on rituals and meditation, by those who believe that it is a path to liberation that is characterized by both knowledge and freedom.

6977:" monks. As Theravada Buddhism became dominant in South East Asian states, tantric religions became marginalised in those regions. In Sri Lanka, tantric Buddhism also suffered debilitating setbacks. Initially the large 5672:

ultimate goal of realizing the "primal blissful state of non-duality". It is typically a methodically striven system, consisting of voluntarily chosen specific practices which may include Tantric items such as mantras (

8967:, p. 13: "Some agamas argue a monist metaphysics, while others are decidedly dualist. Some claim ritual is the most efficacious means of religious attainment, while others assert that knowledge is more important." 6441:

or "Yogini") tantras. According to Samuel, it seems that these sexual practices were not initially practiced by Buddhist monastics and instead developed outside of the monastic establishments among traveling siddhas.

6844:. In his view, one needed to first begin practicing non-tantric Mahayana, and then later one might be ready for tantra. This system became the model for tantric practice among some Tibetan Buddhist schools, like the 8512:

There is also a fundamental philosophical disagreement between Śaiva Siddhānta and the non-dualistic schools like the Trika regarding ritual. In Śaiva Siddhānta, only ritual can do away with "innate impurities"

6256:

Shaivite ascetics seem to have been involved in the initial development of Tantra, particularly the transgressive elements dealing with the charnel ground. According to Samuel, one group of Shaiva ascetics, the

6545:, which were also seen as goddesses), and also with spiritual ends. These practices seemed to have developed at around the same time in both Saiva and Buddhist circles, and are associated with figures such as 7072:

There are various Hindu tantric traditions within Shaivism, Shaktism and Vaishnavism. There are numerous tantric texts for these different traditions with different philosophical points of view, ranging from

6413:

literature, including whole passages and lists of pithas, that seem to have been directly borrowed by Vajrayana texts. This has been criticized by Ronald M. Davidson however, due to the uncertain date of the

6399:"night time orgies in charnel grounds, involving the eating of human flesh, the use of ornaments, bowls and musical instruments made from human bones, sexual relations while seated on corpses, and the like." 8690:

principal Buddha) is often depicted at the center of the mandala, while all other beings, including the practitioner, are located at various distances from this center. Mandalas also reflected the medieval

6948:, who was considered a major and influential Tantra scholar. However, Madhavacarya does not mention Tantra as a separate, distinct religious or ritual-driven practice. The early 20th-century Indian scholar 6301:

These early historical mentions are in passing and appear to be Tantra-like practices, they are not detailed nor comprehensive presentation of Tantric beliefs and practices. Epigraphic references to the

6297:

mentions Kapalikas in his literary works. Some of the Kāpālika practices mentioned in these texts are those found in Shaiva Hinduism and Vajrayana Buddhism, and scholars disagree on who influenced whom.

6614:

tantras which make use of charnel ground symbolism and fierce goddesses. Samuel writes that these later texts also combine the sexual yoga with a system of controlling the energies of the subtle body.

6293:(composed by the 5th century AD), for example, the story calls a female character Kapalika, whose lover dies, he is cremated, she takes his cremation ashes and smears her body with it. The 6th-century 8594:

in which tantrikas focus on a vision or image of the deity (or deities), and in some cases imagine themselves as being the deity and their own body as the body of the deity. The practitioner may use

7069:, while considering tantra as superior, do not totally reject Vedic teachings, and instead consider them valid on a lower level since they also derive from the same source, the supreme Godhead. 6937:). Though it is far from certain that Shankara actually campaigned against tantra, he is traditionally seen as someone who purified Hinduism from transgressive and antinomian tantric practices. 6576:

According to Jacob Dalton, ritualized sexual yoga (along with the sexual elements of the tantric initiation ritual, like the consumption of sexual fluids) first appears in Buddhist works called

6533:(c. 5th century), which states "Supreme self-control is achieved in the reversal of sexual intercourse in the blissful Buddha-poise and the untrammelled vision of one's spouse." According to 8712:

While tantra involves a wide range of ideas and practices which are not always of a sexual nature, Flood and Padoux both note that in the West, Tantra is most often thought of as a kind of

6126:

A key element of Buddhist Tantric practice is the visualization of deities in meditation. This practice is actually found in pre-tantric Buddhist texts as well. In Mahayana sutras like the

6880:

Agama tradition. This tradition avoided the transgressive and sexual elements that were embraced by the Saivas and the Buddhists. There is also a smaller tantric tradition associated with

13334: 6633:

and its commentaries have revealed numerous attempts by the Buddhists to enlarge and modify it, both to remove references to Saiva deities and to add more Buddhist technical terminology.

6516:, since sexual intercourse was seen as being involved in the stimulation of the flow of these energies. Samuel thinks that these subtle body practices may have been influenced by Chinese 7097:

also state that tantrikas can follow the Vedic social rules out of convenience and for the benefit of their clan and guru. However, not all Vedic thinkers accepted tantra. For example,

5965:

cults as foundational to early tantra but disagrees with scholars who maintain that the roots of such cults lie in an "autochthonous non-Vedic source" such as indigenous tribes or the

5843:(Self) and the body are connected and interdependent through energy carrying arteries when one is awake or sleeping, but they do not mention anything related to Tantric practices. The 6261:, practiced a form of spirituality that made use of shocking and disreputable behavior later found in a tantric context, such as dancing, singing, and smearing themselves with ashes. 12686: 8205:

term, it is problematic to describe tantric practices definitively. However, there are sets of practices and elements which are shared by numerous tantric traditions, and thus a

7989:

and the Himalayan regions. It first spread to Tibet in the 8th century and quickly rose to prominence. The Tibetan Buddhist tantric teachings have recently been spread to the

6981:

Monastery was a place where the practice of Vajrayana seems to have flourished during the 8th century. However, Abhayagiri was disbanded and forced to convert to the orthodox

5616: 5519:

The term "yoga" is broadly attributed to many traditions and practices, including the western assumption that yoga is synonymous with physical stretching and little more. The

4897:

of Hinduism (and Jainism), the term means "doctrine, rule, theory, method, technique or chapter" and the word appears both as a separate word and as a common suffix, such as

8563:

is one of the most common and widespread elements of tantric practice. They are used in rituals as well as during various meditative and yogic practices. Mantra recitation (

5807:(sages) experiencing Tantra-like "ecstatic, altered states of consciousness" and gaining the ability "to fly on the wind". In contrast, Werner suggests that these are early 6754:. As noted by Samuel, in spite of the increased depiction of female goddesses, these tantric traditions all seemed to have been mostly "male-directed and male-controlled." 4720:

traditions, also means any systematic broadly applicable "text, theory, system, method, instrument, technique or practice". A key feature of these traditions is the use of

6427:

milieu from which both Śaivas and Buddhists were borrowing", but that other elements, like the Kapalika style practices, are more clearly derived from a Śaiva tradition.

6573:, as well as spiritual liberation (moksha, nirvana). Sexual yoga was seen as one way of producing a blissful expansion of consciousness that could lead to liberation. 8527:) of our true nature, leads to liberation. According to Padoux, "this is also, with nuances, the position of the Pñcaratra and of other Vaisnava Tantric traditions." 8044:

saw an influx of new esoteric texts being transmitted by monks from Central Asia. Chinese Esoteric Buddhist rituals were also noted to be particularly popular in the

7947: 6340: 4620: 6409:

has argued that tantric practices originally developed in a Śaiva milieu and was later adopted by Buddhists. He cites numerous elements that are found in the Śaiva

7205:, which may have been established around the 9th century. It includes sexual rituals, sanguinary practices, the ritual consumption of liquor and the importance of 13779:

The Chinese Hevajratantra: the scriptural text of the Ritual of the Great King of the Teaching, the Adamantine One with Great Compassion and Knowledge of the Void

8535: 7164:

generally followed by Śaiva temples in South India and they are mostly compatible with orthodox Brahmanism, lacking terrifying deities and animal sacrifice.

6727:

destruction rituals which could be used for the benefit of the kingdom and the king. Tantric Shaivism was adopted by the kings of Kashmir, as well as by the

7152:

and Kāpālikas). There are various doctrines, textual classes and schools of Shaiva Tantra, which often overlap with the Shakta tradition in different ways.

8469: 6855:

Another influential development during this period was the codification of tantric yogic techniques that would later become the separate movement known as

6814:

recasting also made tantric religions much less open to attack by other groups. In Shaivism, this development is often associated with the Kashmiri master

8656:

are mystical diagrams which are used in tantric meditation and ritual. They are usually associated with specific Hindu deities such as Shiva, Shakti, or

7109: 5955:

contains various sexual rituals and practices which are mostly aimed at obtaining a child which are concerned with the loss of male virility and power.

8578:

Mantras are also often visualized as being located within the yogi's body as part of tantric meditations. For example, in the "Yogini Heart" tantra, a

6653: 8016:. Tantric materials involving the use of mantras and dharanis began to appear in China during the fifth century period, and Buddhist masters such as 7295:

tradition, it flourished in Bengal around the 16th through 19th centuries. It taught that each individual is a divinity, embodying the divine couple

7225:"the end result was a nondualistic system in which the transgressive elements were internalized and hence rendered less offensive to the orthodox." 7175:), that is, carrying a skull, a skull staff (khatavanga) and worshipping in cremation grounds. One contemporary group of Kapalika ascetics are the 6115:

which includes a dialogue between the Buddha and a group of rākṣasīs, who swear to uphold and protect the sutra. These figures also teach magical

14496: 8877:, for instance, is Tantric in its conception and ritual process, the principles of Hindu temple building and iconography are Tantric, and so on." 13345: 7268:

The Kālīkula tradition is particularly important in East and South India and Kālī remains a popular goddess in India, a focus of much devotion.

13613: 12590: 7190:

There are various Vidyāpīṭha traditions, which focus on a bipolar, bisexual divinity that is equal parts male and female, Śaiva and Śākta. The

13633: 8509:

In both the Buddhist and Saiva contexts, the sexual practices are often seen as a way to expand one's consciousness through the use of bliss.

8008:

Buddhist Tantric practices and texts which developed from the 5th to the 8th centuries were translated into Chinese and are preserved in the

12912:"'I Am Afraid of Telling You This, Lest You'd Be Scared Shitless!': The Myth of Secrecy and the Study of the Esoteric Traditions of Bengal" 6757:

During the Tantric Age, Buddhist Tantra was embraced by the Mahayana Buddhist mainstream and was studied at the great universities such as

14668: 6944:) wrote copious commentaries on then existing major schools of Indian philosophies and practices, and cited the works of the 10th century 12650: 6901:(c. 1089–1172) discusses tantric practices extensively, such as internal meditations on chakras, which betray Kaula and Nath influences. 6765:, from which it spread to Tibet and to the East Asian states of China, Korea, and Japan. This new Tantric Buddhism was supported by the 15413: 14663: 14658: 8587:(phonic vibration). This practice goes through various increasingly subtle stages until it dissolves into the silence of the Absolute. 13328:. Buddhism into the Year 2000. International Conference Proceedings. Bangkok and Los Angeles: Dhammakāya Foundation. pp. 89–102. 6000: 188: 6283:

Kapalikas are depicted in fictional works and also widely disparaged in Buddhist, Hindu and Jain texts of the 1st millennium CE. In

13027:

A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages

7586: 5903:

consider Yoga and the evolution of Yogic practices to be separate and distinct from the evolution of Tantra and Tantric practices.

5530:. This is far from the diverse and complex understanding of what Tantra means to those Buddhists, Hindu and Jains who practice it. 5395:

When an action or a thing, once complete, becomes beneficial in several matters to one person, or to many people, that is known as

4259: 12132:

Bisschop, Peter C. (2020). "1. From Mantramārga Back to Atimārga: Atimārga as a Self referential Term". In Goodall at al. (ed.).

6087:

are also associated with magical incantations. Kubera is said to have provided the Buddhist sangha with protection spells in the

7159:

is the earliest Śaiva Tantra school and was characterized by public rituals performed by priests. Some of their texts, like the

2365: 951: 6093:. These spirit deities also included numerous female deities (yakṣiṇī) that can be found depicted in major Buddhist sites like 6474:

Another key and innovative feature of medieval tantric systems was the development of internal yogas based on elements of the

4908:

The term "Tantra" after about 500 BCE, in Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism is a bibliographic category, just like the word

15489: 13901: 13879: 13860: 13841: 13822: 13758: 13728: 13709: 13583: 13562: 13460: 13441: 13413: 13367: 13311: 13280: 13261: 13242: 13223: 13185: 13136: 13072: 13053: 13034: 12946: 12863: 12832: 12811: 12781: 12751: 12732: 12713: 12607: 12566: 12528: 12509: 12490: 12464: 12414: 12386: 12367: 12326: 12307: 12269:

Dalton, J. (2004). "The Development of Perfection: The Interiorization of Buddhist Ritual in the Eight and Ninth Centuries".

12259: 12240: 12197: 12103: 12084: 12057: 12029: 6436: 8057: 7019:, though they are not called "tantric" and have been marginalised by state supported modernist forms of Theravada Buddhism. 15484: 14963: 6705:

religion, even those forms which wanted to distance themselves from Tantrism, absorbed elements derived from the Tantras.

4858:

of threads on a loom. It implies "interweaving of traditions and teachings as threads" into a text, technique or practice.

2244: 6865:(11th century CE) attributed to the mahasiddha Virupa. This text was later adopted by Saiva yogic traditions (such as the 6769:(8th–12th century) which supported these centers of learning and also built grand tantric temples and monasteries such as 14373: 12892:"The Journey to the Summit: Kuṇḍaliṇī's Ascent through Initiation into the Revelations of the Sarvāmnāya Tantra of Nepal" 12151:

Borkataky-Varma, S. (January 2019). "Red: An Ethnographic Study of Cross-Pollination Between the Vedic and the Tantric".

8608:). In other meditations, the deities are visualized as being inside the tantrika's body. For example, in Abhinavagupta's 7954: 4924:. The various contextual meanings of the word Tantra vary with the Indian text and are summarized in the appended table. 4627: 6689:

Tantrism has been so pervasive that all of Hinduism after the eleventh century, perhaps with the exception of the vedic

13645: 13602: 13527: 13479: 13204: 12639: 12445: 12348: 12141: 6071:

Some scholars think that the development of tantra may have been influenced by the cults of nature spirit-deities like

4807:

building also generally conforms to the iconography of tantra. Hindu texts describing these topics are called Tantras,

3488: 8782:. Woodroffe practised Tantra and, while trying to maintain scholastic objectivity, was a student of Hindu Tantra (the 6681:

Age' by some scholars due to prevalence of Tantra. Also by the 10th century, numerous tantric texts (variously called

3121: 13920: 13786: 13386: 12680: 12547: 12122: 8082: 6956:

Hindu tantra, while practiced by some of the general lay population, was eventually overshadowed by the more popular

3972: 7171:, a terrifying form of Shiva also known as "Aghora" ("not fearsome"). This tradition promotes the Skull observance ( 6801:

which were orally transmitted in various lineages and translated into many different languages over time. The later

7823: 7052:(and Puranas influenced by tantric ideas). Besides these types of texts, there are also various types of tantric " 5766:

life of a householder is one driven by desires and greeds which are a serious impediment to spiritual liberation (

5349:

structural rules, standard procedures, centralized guide or knowledge in any field that applies to many elements.

4496: 7303:. This tradition integrated earlier Hindu and Buddhist tantric practices within a Vaiṣṇava theological framework. 7194:

worship Bhairava along with Kapalini, the goddess of the skull. The Goddess centered traditions are known as the

7093:

as long as they did not contradict Vedic teaching and social rules. Tantric scriptures such as the Kali centered

6128: 2274: 1105: 65: 7419: 7247:, which emerged in the 12th or 13th century. They produced various Haṭhayoga texts which draw on tantric yogas. 7032:

Within Hinduism, the word tantra often refers to a text, which may or may not be "tantric." Conversely, various

6423:

and their deities. Samuel writes that "the female divinities may well best be understood in terms of a distinct

6089: 4092: 14203: 14039: 8478: 8302: 7114: 6818:(c. 950 – 1016 CE) and his followers, as well the movements which were influenced by their work, like the 6525: 6504:) flowed. These yogas involved moving these energies through the body to clear out certain knots or blockages ( 5399:. For example, a lamp placed amidst many priests. In contrast, that which benefits by its repetition is called 225: 5391:

school of Hinduism uses the term tantra extensively, and its scholars offer various definitions. For example:

14996: 14986: 7816: 7571: 5128: 4489: 4244: 3789: 1698: 13937: 12617:

Gough, Ellen (2012). "Shades of Enlightenment: A Jain Tantric Diagram and the Colours of the Tirthankaras".

14475: 13082:

Orzech, Charles D. (1989). "Seeing Chen-Yen Buddhism: Traditional Scholarship and the Vajrayāna in China".

11399: 8642: 8582:

text, the yogi is instructed to imagine the five syllables (HA SA KA LA HRIM) of the deity's mantra in the

8380: 8117:. Esoteric practices also spread to Korea and to Japan, where it exists as an independent tradition called 7446: 7376: 7370: 7148:, and is often seen as being a separate teaching than the ascetic "Atimārga" tradition (which includes the 6152:

which might have served as a source for the imagery found in later Tantric texts. According to Samuel, the

4119: 4049: 4043: 2254: 2194: 174: 13965: 13537:

Taddei, Maurizio (1979). "The story of the Buddha and the skull-tapper: A Note on Gandharan Iconography".

797: 15509: 15479: 15001: 13651: 8005:. The tradition maintains a canon of Sanskrit texts, the only Buddhist tantric tradition to still do so. 6838:, wrote a treatise which placed tantra as the culmination of a graduated Mahayana path to awakening, the 3424: 3315: 1925: 37: 15394: 13973: 8794:

Following Woodroffe, a number of scholars began investigating Tantric teachings, including scholars of

7016: 6982: 6083:. Yakṣas are powerful nature spirits which were sometimes seen as guardians or protectors. Yakṣas like 4764: 3443: 3114: 3018: 1965: 1634: 1319: 631: 15314: 13489:

Solonin, K. J. (2013). "Buddhist Connections between the Liao and Xixia: Preliminary Considerations".

12875:"The transmission of all powers: Sarvāmnāya Śākta Tantra and the semiotics of power in Nepāla-maṇḍala" 7098: 7065:

be more effective during the Kali Yuga, a time of much passion (kama). However, tantric thinkers like

5684:), mapping of the microcosm within one's body to the macrocosmic elements outside as the subtle body ( 5021: 1960: 15354: 15124: 14887: 14755: 8021: 7974: 7830: 7387: 6740: 6420: 5966: 4752: 4503: 4060: 3806: 3420: 3066: 2184: 1920: 208: 193: 85: 8129:

The Hindu and Buddhist Tantric traditions significantly influenced other religions such as Jainism,

8102: 6909: 6859:. According to James Mallinson, the original "source text" for Hatha Yoga is the Vajrayana Buddhist 6328: 5880: 5710:, but with wide variations, and it is impossible to be dogmatic about a simple or fixed definition. 5210: 861: 76: 14956: 14683: 14482: 14172: 12982: 12002:

Principles of Tantra: the Tantratattva of Shriyukta Shiva Chandra Vidyarnava Bhattacharyya Mahodaya

7914: 7467: 7217:

cult, and the southern tradition which worships the beautiful goddess Kāmeśvarī or Tripurasundarī.

7007: 6736: 5947: 5911: 5845: 5821: 5521: 4587: 4140: 2976: 2969: 2948: 2657: 2547: 2519: 2249: 1139: 926: 33: 17: 13000:"Kalavañcana in the Konkan: How a Vajrayana Hathayoga Tradition Cheated Buddhism's Death in India" 6264:

Early Tantric practices are sometimes attributed to Shaiva ascetics associated with Bhairava, the

901: 817: 15178: 14545: 13953: 12662: 8106: 7788: 6913:

A depiction of the Goddess Bhairavi and Shiva in a charnel ground, from a 17th-century manuscript

6709:

Though the whole northern and Himalayan part of India was involved in the development of tantra,

6669: 6646: 6609: 6565:

developed yogic systems with subtle body and sexual elements which could lead to magical powers (

6367: 4461: 3191: 2404: 2309: 2234: 1415: 1337: 230: 198: 45: 13661:

Making Sense of Tantric Buddhism: History, Semiology, and Transgression in the Indian Traditions

12891: 8819: 8110: 7809: 5859:

discusses a central channel running through the body and various Vedic texts mention the bodily

4482: 1377: 14907: 14299: 12076: 8009: 7719: 6941: 6080: 5508:

definition" extends this by including a broad range of "magical beliefs and practices" such as

5171: 4392: 3481: 3390: 3320: 3156: 2785: 2554: 2214: 1115: 792: 15285: 13748: 12801: 12771: 12230: 8492:

there are no idols, shrines, and symbolic art, in tantra they are important means of worship.

7291:

During the medieval period another tantric Vaiṣṇava tradition emerged in Bengal. Known as the

7124: 5853:

that became a standard part of Yoga, but Tantric practices do not appear in it. Likewise, the

4889:

is that which is "principal or essential part, main point, model, framework, feature". In the

15474: 15173: 15006: 14991: 14693: 14309: 14064: 13573: 13357: 12822: 7907: 7704: 7453: 5636: 5471: 4580: 4377: 4126: 3965: 3663: 3430: 3408: 3298: 3163: 2736: 2344: 2224: 1627: 1613: 781: 12703: 12671: 11409: 6588: 3766: 776: 15265: 15213: 15032: 14892: 14875: 14489: 8795: 8013: 7423: 6949: 6802: 6794: 5855: 4096: 3416: 3412: 3404: 3293: 2955: 2533: 2503: 2334: 2239: 2135: 1865: 1759: 13453:

The Self Possessed: Deity and Spirit Possession in South Asian Literature and Civilization

12559:

Chinese Esoteric Buddhism: Amoghavajra, the Ruling Elite, and the Emergence of a Tradition

7802: 6978: 6840: 4475: 8: 15494: 15448: 15430: 15255: 15193: 15027: 14949: 14510: 12379:

The Doctrine of Vibration: An Analysis of the Doctrines and Practices of Kashmir Shaivism

12282: 8373: 7781: 6770: 6356: 5941: 5827: 5332: 5037: 4839: 4698: 4685: 4454: 3531: 3448: 3341: 3177: 2708: 2570: 2314: 2204: 2189: 2095: 2035: 2000: 1900: 1480: 1392: 1011: 670: 281: 183: 154: 6345: 5840: 5758: 4808: 1581: 771: 15514: 15062: 15052: 15047: 14582: 14454: 14351: 14245: 14032: 13889: 13688: 13506: 13115: 13107: 12584: 12479: 12286: 12226: 12176: 12168: 12069: 8803: 8682: 8206: 7940: 7837: 7795: 7607: 7460: 7427: 7316: 7292: 7149: 7033: 6728: 6582: 6323: 6319: 6258: 6154: 6133: 6013: 5958: 5935: 5895: 5352:

Starting in the early centuries of the common era, newly revealed Tantras centering on

4894: 4744: 4613: 4510: 4468: 4280: 4133: 4100: 3989: 3930: 3673: 3629: 3370: 3356: 3075: 2600: 2496: 2324: 2304: 2299: 2294: 1895: 1661: 1532: 1144: 1030: 7221: 6894: 6391: 6068:

and death imagery is preceded by early Buddhist contact with these sites of the dead.

5491:

Tantric traditions have been studied mostly from textual and historical perspectives.

5364:

emerged. There are tantric lineages in all main forms of modern Hinduism, such as the

4916:). The same Buddhist texts are sometimes referred to as tantra or sutra; for example, 15504: 15499: 15389: 15359: 15339: 15280: 15250: 15208: 15129: 15072: 15037: 14897: 14803: 14531: 14336: 14156: 13916: 13897: 13875: 13856: 13837: 13818: 13792: 13782: 13754: 13724: 13705: 13692: 13641: 13598: 13579: 13558: 13523: 13498: 13475: 13456: 13437: 13409: 13392: 13382: 13363: 13307: 13276: 13257: 13238: 13219: 13200: 13181: 13159: 13132: 13119: 13099: 13068: 13049: 13030: 12942: 12859: 12828: 12807: 12777: 12747: 12728: 12709: 12676: 12635: 12603: 12572: 12562: 12543: 12524: 12505: 12486: 12460: 12441: 12410: 12382: 12363: 12344: 12322: 12303: 12290: 12255: 12236: 12193: 12180: 12137: 12118: 12099: 12080: 12053: 12025: 8161: 8114: 7206: 7003: 6424: 6227: 6189: 4824: 4776: 4694: 4676: 3796: 3656: 3641: 3505: 3474: 3380: 3349: 3305: 2962: 2913: 2848: 2607: 2593: 2339: 2264: 2085: 2045: 2040: 2030: 1870: 1566: 1500: 1095: 832: 123: 8426:

Visualization of deities and Identification these deities in meditation (deity yoga)

6101:. In early Buddhist texts there is also mention of fierce demon like deities called 5727:

According to Padoux, the term "Tantrika" is based on a comment by Kulluka Bhatta on

1945: 1352: 639: 15240: 15188: 14852: 14790: 14538: 14503: 14416: 14277: 14240: 14186: 13680: 13321: 13155: 13091: 13011: 12970: 12923: 12849:. Translated by Guarisco, Elio; McLeod, Ingrid. Snow Lion Publications. p. 74. 12666: 12424: 12278: 12160: 12010: 8355: 8118: 8077: 8061: 7994: 7982: 7844: 7552: 7547: 7413: 7408: 7392: 7259:

and the Northern and Eastern transmission, focusing on the ferocious goddess Kālī (

7195: 7156: 7074: 7060:

this dichotomy is Kulluka Bhatta's statement in his 15th-century commentary to the

6889: 6719: 6715: 6702: 6534: 6447: 6406: 6147: 6116: 6053: 6041: 6005: 5665: 5538: 5381: 5377: 5365: 5268: 5237: 5056: 4902: 4756: 4748: 4646: 4517: 4225: 4220: 4086: 4081: 4065: 3958: 3753: 3698: 3256: 3218: 3198: 3149: 3098: 2997: 2792: 2778: 2729: 2672: 2219: 1875: 1794: 1545: 1465: 1090: 516: 370: 267: 14089: 13671:(1977). "Yoga and the Ṛg Veda: An Interpretation of the Keśin Hymn (RV 10, 136)". 12360:

The Canon of the Saivagama and the Kubjika: Tantras of the Western Kaula Tradition

8951:, p. 34: "Banabhatta, the Sanskrit author of the 7th century, refers, in the 8886:

The dates in the left column of the table are estimates and contested by scholars.

8488:

in Hindu Tantra differs from Vedic forms somewhat. While in the Vedic practice of

5571:

is a 19th-century European invention not present in any Asian language; compare "

5437:) copious and profound matters, especially relating to the principles of reality ( 2634: 15469: 15384: 15374: 15369: 15364: 15067: 15042: 14842: 14808: 14304: 14094: 14011: 13987: 13290: 12842: 8827: 8662: 8485: 8361: 8225: 7256: 6993: 6986: 6957: 6934: 6922: 6861: 6831: 6468: 5907: 5584: 5551: 5501: 5492: 4800: 4691: 3948: 3902: 3678: 3589: 3462: 3385: 3333: 3142: 3046: 2990: 2927: 2743: 2644: 2540: 2289: 2269: 2140: 2015: 1995: 1915: 1606: 1592: 1490: 1470: 1433: 1025: 1020: 747: 626: 590: 535: 530: 357: 15203: 12773:

Studies in the Buddhistic Culture of India During the 7th and 8th Centuries A.D.

7006:

into reconstructing yoga, generally in terms of a selective Vedantic reading of

6294: 4912:(which means "sewing together", mirroring the metaphor of "weaving together" in 4743:

traditions are known for tantric ideas and practices, which are based on Indian

1154: 906: 607: 15379: 15324: 15082: 14847: 14835: 14825: 14820: 14813: 14524: 14316: 14223: 13941: 13379:

Coming to Terms with Chinese Buddhism: A Reading of the Treasure Store Treatise

13146:

Osto, Douglas (June 2009). "'Proto–Tantric' Elements in the Gandavyuha Sutra".

12474: 12164: 12134:Śaivism and the Tantric Traditions: Essays in Honour of Alexis G.J.S. Sanderson 11988: 8823: 8766: 8568: 8349: 7998: 7763: 7401: 7281: 7137: 7086: 6778: 6664: 6232: 6065: 6045: 5890: 5686: 4868: 4769: 4760: 4436: 4074: 3821: 3713: 3651: 3646: 3375: 3184: 3032: 2683: 2577: 2526: 2329: 2155: 2075: 2025: 2010: 1975: 1930: 1827: 1599: 1460: 1342: 1291: 1276: 1256: 1220: 1149: 931: 886: 837: 595: 220: 14366: 13738:

White, David Gordon (2005). "Tantrism: An Overview". In Jones, Lindsay (ed.).

13684: 12856:

Teaching Buddhism: New Insights on Understanding and Presenting the Traditions

12576: 9118: 6205:("Skull-men") were influential figures in the development of transgressive or 977: 757: 688: 203: 15463: 14916: 14858: 14703: 14598: 14517: 14468: 14294: 14179: 14165: 14084: 14025: 13502: 13423:

Smith, Brian K. (2005). "Tantrism: Hindu Tantrism". In Jones, Lindsay (ed.).

13103: 8807: 8691: 8265: 8049: 7990: 7628: 7621: 7229: 7066: 6945: 6815: 6682: 6462: 6456: 6395: 6289: 6181:

suggest that tantric practices may have been in vogue by the 1st century CE.

6024: 5900: 5885: 5706:) and others. Tantrism, adds Goudriaan, is a living system that is decidedly 5662: 5280: 5256: 5123: 5108: 5078: 4855: 4717: 4301: 4294: 3912: 3811: 3703: 3683: 3668: 3634: 3542: 3039: 3004: 2941: 2887: 2880: 2841: 2834: 2771: 2764: 2757: 2750: 2722: 2666: 2284: 2229: 2209: 2199: 2179: 2150: 2060: 1850: 1845: 1835: 1784: 1706: 1620: 1453: 1402: 1301: 1236: 1075: 842: 296: 13796: 13396: 8395:: ritual sexual union (with an actual physical consort or an imagined deity) 7740: 6372: 5933:, and ejaculation of semen as the offering." This theme can be found in the 5322: 5285: 5261: 5016: 4413: 2020: 1779: 987: 982: 15349: 15295: 15228: 15114: 14923: 14880: 14461: 14378: 14267: 13999: 13668: 12336: 8844: 8811: 8595: 8522: 8412: 8166: 8086: 8073: 8069: 8045: 8041: 8025: 8002: 7355: 7145: 7140:(the highest supreme energy), Kāmeśvarī (goddess of desire) and other names 7090: 6974: 6926: 6762: 6751: 6673: 6231:

all mention the fierce, demon-killing manifestations of the Great Goddess,

5730: 5555: 5299: 4804: 4028: 3854: 3801: 3011: 2920: 2827: 2820: 2813: 2799: 2457: 2279: 2115: 2110: 2070: 1980: 1970: 1940: 1910: 1840: 1744: 1666: 1397: 1362: 1286: 1261: 1190: 1040: 891: 683: 678: 577: 564: 559: 56: 14587: 14272: 14146: 11211: 8717:"lost their prevalence when Tantra spread to other larger social groups." 8185:

are portrayed. The Tantric traditions within Jainism use verbal spells or

6834:

wrote commentaries on them. Another important figure, the Bengali teacher

6649:

and His Consort Vajravarahi, c. 12th century, India (Bengal) or Bangladesh

6306:

Tantric practices are rare. Reference is made in the early 9th century to

5455: 5447: 5439: 5431: 5415: 5267:

Set of doctrines or practices, teachings, texts, system (sometimes called

4690:'expansion-device, salvation-spreader; loom, weave, warp') is an 1215: 15344: 15275: 15223: 15168: 15144: 15022: 14781: 14592: 14435: 14356: 14326: 14133: 14120: 14079: 14056: 13295:

The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century

12847:

The Treasury of Knowledge, Book Six, Part Four Systems of Buddhist Tantra

12791:

Joshi, M. C. "Historical and Iconographic Aspects of Śākta Tantrism". In

11806: 11553: 8707: 8553: 8545: 8392: 8182: 8037: 8033: 7973:

There are various Buddhist tantric traditions with the goal of attaining

7926: 7522: 7277: 6898: 6877: 6873: 6823: 6766: 6744: 6698: 6570: 6513: 6484: 6475: 6380: 6280:, and that they were believed to possess magical powers, such as flight. 6111: 5984: 5925: 5864: 5750: 5576: 5527: 5496: 5073: 4983: 4877: 4843: 4599: 4195: 3816: 3617: 3082: 2806: 2699: 2629: 2442: 2396: 2357: 2259: 2100: 2090: 1955: 1819: 1809: 1678: 1673: 1576: 1475: 1367: 1357: 1327: 1296: 1205: 972: 786: 709: 701: 503: 272: 99: 95: 13853:

Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls: Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal

13510: 13304:

Religion and the Subtle Body in Asia and the West: Between Mind and Body

13016: 12172: 12024:(2nd rev. ed.). Kolkata: Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture. 8173:

The Jain worship methods, states Ellen Gough, were likely influenced by

7136:Śrī, also known as Lalitā Tripurasundarī ("beautiful in three worlds"), 7101:

wrote that one should have no contact with tantrikas nor speak to them.

6660:, East India, 11th–12th century CE. Matsuoka Museum of Art, Tokyo, Japan 6641: 6523:

One of the earliest mentions of sexual yoga practice is in the Buddhist

6163: 6109:. They are also present in Mahayana texts, such as in Chapter 26 of the 4961: 15329: 15109: 14972: 14902: 14713: 14708: 14673: 14445: 14411: 14282: 14235: 14138: 14128: 13550: 13111: 12928: 12911: 12190:

The Secret of the Three Cities: An Introduction to Hindu Sakta Tantrism

11541: 11389: 11387: 11385: 9654: 8748: 8735: 8713: 8630: 8626: 8622: 8610: 8600: 8598:, identifying with a deity to the degree that the aspirant becomes the 8591: 8579: 8420: 8311: 8090: 8029: 7758: 7726: 7697: 7600: 7593: 7529: 7517: 7492: 7264: 7198:(Path of the Clans), referring to the clans of the goddesses and their 7118: 7061: 7045: 6856: 6849: 6819: 6798: 6786: 6774: 6562: 6550: 6142: 5816: 5373: 4431: 4399: 4370: 4273: 4266: 4202: 4190: 4165: 3887: 3761: 3708: 3128: 3089: 3053: 2934: 2873: 2480: 2472: 2383: 2160: 1935: 1885: 1739: 1729: 1495: 1443: 1372: 1281: 1210: 1200: 1195: 967: 742: 719: 714: 443: 243: 103: 14830: 13025:

Monier-Williams, Sir Monier; Leumann, Ernst; Cappeller, Carl (2002) .

12874: 12632:

Psychopharmacology in Oncology and Palliative Care: A Practical Manual

12540:

The Tyāgarāja Cult in Tamilnāḍu: A Study in Conflict and Accommodation

10340: 9411: 8277:

Analogical thinking (including microcosmic or macrocosmic correlation)

7683: 7431: 6888:

also seems to have developed a substantial Tantra corpus based on the

6140:

which contain what may be called "proto-tantric" material such as the

4356: 4104: 15099: 15087: 15077: 14745: 14688: 14647: 14620: 14569: 14428: 14423: 14361: 14331: 14230: 12319:

Ritual in an Oscillating Universe: Worshipping Siva in Medieval India

11529: 8815: 8646: 8590:

Another common element found in tantric yoga is the use of visionary

8583: 8450: 8404: 8317: 8306: 8284:

There are a wide array of Tantric techniques or spiritual practices (

7978: 7968: 7690: 7361: 7324: 7184: 6970: 6806: 6790: 6782: 6546: 6512:). These yogic practices are also closely related to the practice of 6497: 6265: 6249: 6206: 6159: 5850: 5715: 5475: 5327: 5219: 5179: 5143: 4998: 4872: 4740: 4363: 4034: 3997: 3897: 3882: 3849: 3739: 3604: 3579: 3238: 3170: 3107: 3025: 2857: 2428: 2388: 2319: 2165: 2130: 2080: 2050: 1985: 1905: 1804: 1774: 1754: 1438: 1382: 1347: 1332: 1251: 1246: 1228: 554: 468: 399: 338: 41: 13472:

Indo-Tibetan Buddhism: Indian Buddhists and their Tibetan successors

12999: 12986: 12974: 12438:

The Yoga Tradition: Its History, Literature, Philosophy and Practice

11382: 10558: 10119: 9849: 8358:- an expiation ritual performed if a puja has been performed wrongly 8189:, and rituals that are believed to accrue merit for rebirth realms. 5919: 5879:

found in Tantra. The yogic component of Tantrism appears clearly in

5596: 4792: 1035: 15152: 14730: 14609: 14560: 14321: 14111: 13982: 13555:

Tantra: Sex, Secrecy, Politics, and Power in the Study of Religions

13095: 11427: 9861: 9328: 8839: 8799: 8770: 8416: 8292: 8174: 7168: 7036:

are actually not always called tantras (instead they may be called

6748: 6694: 6626: 6577: 6451: 6333: 6244: 6202: 6174: 6170: 6102: 6049: 6028: 5979: 5915: 5799: 5780: 5645: 5513: 5369: 5051: 4882: 4706: 4702: 3744: 3594: 3550: 3513: 3310: 2866: 2692: 2649: 2616: 2467: 2462: 2435: 2145: 2125: 2055: 2005: 1880: 1769: 1685: 1656: 1651: 1520: 1510: 1407: 1387: 1311: 1306: 1271: 941: 921: 881: 847: 827: 807: 693: 569: 304: 262: 257: 131: 14289: 14257: 13575:

Tantra: Sex, Secrecy, Politics, and Power in the Study of Religion

12300:

Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement

11415: 11124: 10504: 9666: 7276:

The main Vaiṣṇava tradition that is associated with tantra is the

6835: 6482:). This subtle anatomy held that there were channels in the body ( 6184: 5224: 4970:

Essence (or "main part", perhaps denoting the quintessence of the

3521: 2373: 15270: 15245: 15093: 15057: 14765: 14740: 14735: 14577: 14250: 13960: 11640: 9714: 8779: 8686: 8674: 8549: 8474: 8436:: vows or pledges, sometimes to do ascetic practices like fasting 8399: 8337: 8327: 8285: 8254: 8246: 8150: 8130: 8094: 8053: 7889: 7661: 7640: 7296: 7214: 7167:

The Mantrapīṭha tradition on the other hand, worships Svacchanda

7053: 7049: 6885: 6758: 6710: 6690: 6604: 6598: 6240: 6098: 6032: 6020: 5899:. In contrast to this theory of Lorenzen, other scholars such as 5875: 5774: 5754: 5737: 5605: 5388: 5244: 5232: 5091: 5063: 4863: 4847: 4812: 4780: 4775:

Tantric Hindu and Buddhist traditions have also influenced other

4562: 4334: 4313: 3776: 3599: 3569: 3243: 3233: 2983: 2904: 2896: 2713: 2639: 2624: 2421: 2120: 2065: 1799: 1749: 1719: 1714: 1586: 1561: 1448: 1080: 959: 936: 911: 822: 812: 621: 585: 473: 458: 453: 389: 384: 348: 343: 330: 106: 10908: 6284: 6076: 3279: 1125: 1120: 946: 15290: 15260: 15218: 15198: 15104: 14630: 14406: 14401: 14341: 14262: 14213: 14074: 13948: 13024: 12658: 12598:

Goudriaan, Teun (1981). Teun Goudriaan; Sanjukta Gupta (eds.).

10570: 10420: 9789: 9702: 9174: 8751: 8668: 8653: 8638: 8560: 8433: 8365: 8343: 8331: 8298: 8198: 8186: 8157: 8146: 8142: 8138: 8098: 8065: 7921: 7879: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7668: 7647: 7564: 7499: 7200: 7176: 7078: 6732: 6657: 6566: 6558: 6554: 6530: 6517: 6501: 6361: 6277: 6198: 6194: 6178: 6137: 6106: 6094: 6084: 6072: 6057: 5975: 5970: 5962: 5768: 5707: 5661:

Robert Brown similarly notes that "tantrism" is a construct of

5572: 5361: 5353: 4890: 4788: 4721: 4594: 4552: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4341: 4320: 4237: 4172: 3892: 3864: 3564: 3248: 3062: 2378: 2105: 1990: 1890: 1860: 1855: 1789: 1764: 1553: 1423: 1266: 1241: 1180: 1065: 1060: 1050: 992: 916: 876: 871: 802: 727: 662: 647: 549: 493: 478: 424: 404: 317: 312: 149: 110: 12763:

A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna

11652: 10797: 10261: 10259: 10083: 9094: 8170:, are related to tantra ideas found in Buddhism and Hinduism. 7280:. This tradition produced a number of tantric texts including 5625: 5160:

Sabarasvamin's commentary on Mimamsa Sutra 11.1.1, 11.4.1 etc.

4784: 15235: 15183: 15139: 14941: 14798: 14723: 14718: 14698: 14635: 14346: 14218: 14208: 14101: 14069: 13721:

Kiss of the Yogini: "Tantric Sex" in its South Asian Contexts

13614:"The Tantric Age: A comparison of Shaiva and Buddhist Tantra" 13029:(reprint of OUP ed.). Motilal Banarsidass. p. 436. 12956:

Lorenzen, David N. "Early Evidence for Tantric Religion". In

10715: 10713: 10318: 10316: 8634: 8605: 8572: 8489: 8456: 8439: 8429: 8017: 7986: 7884: 7733: 7712: 7654: 7559: 7334: 7300: 6881: 6845: 6723: 6542: 6493: 6349: 6236: 5930: 5869: 5860: 5832: 5746: 5357: 4909: 4796: 4557: 4406: 4385: 4327: 4232: 4007: 3771: 3624: 3574: 3265: 3135: 2900: 2412: 1950: 1814: 1724: 1571: 1525: 1505: 1185: 1170: 1110: 1100: 1085: 1070: 1045: 896: 866: 752: 652: 483: 448: 419: 414: 409: 394: 322: 13065:

Ascetics and Brahmins studies in ideologies and institutions

12651:"Tantra and the Tantric Traditions of Hinduism and Buddhism" 12115:

The caves at Aurangabad: early Buddhist Tantric art in India

11751: 11517: 11009: 11007: 10618: 10328: 9801: 9401: 9399: 9034: 8001:

meanwhile is still practiced in the Kathmandu Valley by the

7220:

During the 10th century, the syncretic nondual tradition of

7132: 6253:

which provide convincing proof of Tantra and Tantric texts.

5305:

System of thought or set of doctrines or practices, a canon

15134: 14396: 14048: 12987:"The Amrtasiddhi: Hathayoga's tantric Buddhist source text" 12012:

Sakti and Sakta. Essays and Addresses on the Tantra Shastra

11342: 11317: 11315: 11313: 11072: 11070: 10749: 10698: 10630: 10256: 9726: 8775: 8657: 8564: 8445: 8321: 8314:: A ritual feast during which a sacramental meal is offered 8177:

ideas, and this is attested by the tantric diagrams of the

7675: 7244: 7210: 6962: 6866: 6489: 5808: 5792: 5509: 5421:, for example, gives the following explanation of the term 4885:. In these and post-Vedic texts, the contextual meaning of 4667: 4348: 3907: 3844: 3839: 3584: 3559: 1734: 1515: 1485: 1428: 1175: 1162: 1055: 657: 498: 488: 463: 429: 379: 361: 13834:

Traveller in Space: Gender, Identity, and Tibetan Buddhism

13434:

The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India

13127:

Orzech, Charles; Sørensen, Henrik; Payne, Richard (2011).

11601: 11589: 11148: 11112: 11019: 10992: 10968: 10956: 10944: 10920: 10860: 10737: 10710: 10671: 10606: 10582: 10546: 10456: 10444: 10364: 10313: 9106: 5445:) and sacred mantras, and because it provides liberation ( 4846:

European invention. This term is based on the metaphor of

12824:

Transformations and Transfer of Tantra in Asia and Beyond

11963: 11951: 11840: 11102: 11100: 11087: 11085: 11004: 10809: 10688: 10686: 10649: 10647: 10645: 10536: 10534: 10521: 10519: 10408: 10276: 10274: 10208: 10196: 10174: 10172: 10170: 10155: 10131: 10095: 10020: 9996: 9921: 9885: 9873: 9839: 9837: 9835: 9833: 9606: 9594: 9450: 9396: 9386: 9384: 9149: 9147: 9145: 8739:(shown here in the three-dimensional projection known as 8134: 8020:

developed proto-tantric rituals based on esoteric texts.

4701:

from the middle of the 1st millennium CE onwards in both

4655: 13894:

The Alchemical Body: Siddha Traditions in Medieval India

13235:

Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy

12502:

The Tantric Body, The Secret Tradition of Hindu Religion

11879: 11869: 11867: 11787: 11727: 11705: 11703: 11688: 11618: 11616: 11577: 11332: 11330: 11310: 11276: 11274: 11199: 11187: 11067: 10836: 10826: 10824: 10492: 10398: 10396: 10394: 10381: 10379: 9969: 9678: 9233: 9231: 9229: 8765:

The first Western scholar to seriously study Tantra was

8729: 8460:), is employed to balance the energies in the body/mind. 6488:) through which certain substances or energies (such as 6471:, animal sacrifice is still widely practiced by Śāktas. 5413:

Medieval texts present their own definitions of Tantra.

4803:

are considered tantric in their conception and rituals.

14017: 13520:

Zen Pioneer: The Life & Works of Ruth Fuller Sasaki

12742:

Harper, Katherine Anne; Brown, Robert L., eds. (2012).

12723:

Harper, Katherine Anne; Brown, Robert L., eds. (2002).

11828: 11451: 11223: 11165: 11163: 10352: 9779: 9777: 9762: 9750: 9545: 9543: 9462: 9428: 9426: 9301: 9299: 9297: 9295: 9293: 9216: 9214: 9212: 9082: 8232:

Centrality of ritual, especially the worship of deities

6992:

Regarding the reception of tantra during the period of

602: 139: 13344:. No. 24 & 25. pp. 1–113. Archived from 11939: 11927: 11915: 11852: 11818: 11816: 11814: 11775: 11715: 11480: 11478: 11136: 11097: 11082: 11055: 11031: 10980: 10932: 10896: 10884: 10872: 10848: 10761: 10683: 10659: 10642: 10594: 10531: 10516: 10480: 10468: 10301: 10271: 10244: 10167: 9957: 9897: 9830: 9530: 9528: 9438: 9381: 9248: 9246: 9142: 9058: 8955:

to the propitiation of Matrikas by a tantric ascetic."

8197:

One of the main elements of the Tantric literature is

7243:

The last major Śaiva tantric tradition is that of the

6872:

Another tradition of Hindu Tantra developed among the

4834:

Some scholars argue that the connotation of the word

13971: 11903: 11864: 11763: 11739: 11700: 11676: 11664: 11613: 11505: 11439: 11370: 11358: 11327: 11298: 11286: 11271: 11259: 11247: 11175: 11043: 10821: 10785: 10432: 10391: 10376: 10232: 10107: 10008: 9945: 9933: 9584: 9582: 9513: 9369: 9226: 9070: 9046: 8334:, symbolic diagrams of forces at work in the universe 6541:

movement of subtle body energies (like Kundalini and

6508:) and to direct the energies to the central channel ( 6454:. This practice is mentioned in Śākta texts like the 5995: 5982:, states Smith, has traditionally been attributed to 5978:

movement of the 1st millennium AD. Tantra along with

5910:, the inner development of a spiritual energy called 4658: 12939:

The Kāpālikas and Kālāmukhas: Two Lost Śaivite Sects

11891: 11463: 11235: 11160: 10773: 10220: 10073: 10071: 10069: 10067: 10065: 10063: 10061: 10059: 10057: 10055: 9909: 9774: 9555: 9540: 9489: 9423: 9290: 9209: 9022: 8028:

period with the arrival of esoteric masters such as

6747:). There is also evidence of state support from the 5504:

problems in the study of living Tantric traditions.

4664: 4661: 4652: 13913:

Introduction to Tantra:The Transformation of Desire

13126: 11811: 11628: 11547: 11495: 11493: 11475: 11433: 10725: 10053: 10051: 10049: 10047: 10045: 10043: 10041: 10039: 10037: 10035: 9738: 9642: 9630: 9525: 9357: 9243: 9197: 9130: 6904: 6371:Buddhist Mahasiddhas practicing the sexual yoga of 5914:becomes a central element of Vedic religion in the 4649: 13254:Signless Signification in Ancient India and Beyond 13167:Padoux, André. "What Do We Mean by Tantrism?". In 12705:Tantric Traditions in Transmission and Translation 12478: 12407:The Cambridge Companion to Literature and Religion 12068: 11993:Tantra of the Great Liberation: Mahanirvana Tantra 11565: 10184: 9690: 9579: 8991: 6929:(9th century) "is portrayed in his biography, the 6040:chants were used for various reasons, such as for 13252:Pontillo, Tiziana; Candotti, Maria Piera (2014). 12518: 9618: 9567: 9100: 6940:The 14th-century Indian scholar Mādhavācārya (in 5243:Set of sites and worship methods to goddesses or 15461: 13251: 12967:Feeding Ghosts: A Study of the Yuqie Yankou Rite 12022:Evolution of the Tantras, Studies on the Tantras 11490: 10143: 10032: 9507: 9483: 9322: 8238:Visualisation of and identification with a deity 8060:even became known for its esoteric practices of 7228:The philosophers of Kashmir Śaivism, especially 5495:work on living Tantric tradition is scarce, and 4928:Appearance of the term "Tantra" in Indian texts 14497:Hatha Yoga: The Report of a Personal Experience 13663:. Columbia University Press. pp. 155, 252. 12519:Fraser-Lu, Sylvia; Stadtner, Donald M. (2015). 12150: 10624: 9175:Monier-Williams, Leumann & Cappeller (2002) 8085:and the Universal Crossing (普渡 Pǔdù) rites for 7048:, which are late Upanishads as well as tantric 6973:(1044–1077) is said to have disbanded tantric " 6185:Proto-Tantric elements in Shaktism and Shaivism 13915:(rev. ed.). Boston: Wisdom Publications. 13332: 13302:Samuel, Geoffrey; Johnston, Jay, eds. (2013). 13301: 13129:Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia 12853: 12760: 12702:Gray, David B.; Overbey, Ryan Richard (2016). 11217: 11130: 10346: 9795: 8976: 8769:(1865–1936), who wrote about Tantra under the 8228:, Tantra has the following defining features: 8024:became especially influential in China in the 7263:). The southern transmission gave rise to the 6893:practices of tantra, but not sexual yoga. The 6826:, and has been referred to as "high" tantra). 6056:. Some Mahayana sutras incorporate the use of 4850:, states Ron Barrett, where the Sanskrit root 14957: 14033: 13767: 11646: 9479: 9477: 8724: 8156:In the Sikh literature, the ideas related to 7948: 6166:in the West and Dundubhīśvara in the North." 5341:, states Patanjali, means "principal, main". 5201:Extensive knowledge of principles of reality 4621: 3966: 3482: 12969:(PhD dissertation). University of Virginia. 12630:Grassi, Luigi; Riba, Michelle, eds. (2014). 10291: 10289: 8241:Need for initiation, esotericism and secrecy 8209:relationship can be established among them. 7977:which are called by different names such as 5757:, and Tantrika being based on the non-Vedic 4724:, and thus they are commonly referred to as 27:Esoteric traditions of Hinduism and Buddhism 15110:Shikantaza (Zen Buddhist seated meditation) 15023:Anapanasati (Buddhist breathing meditation) 13168: 12957: 12792: 12741: 12722: 12701: 12208: 11421: 11393: 10755: 9318: 9316: 9314: 8530: 8274:Revaluation of the status and role of women 6777:while establishing good relations with the 6450:as blood offerings to Śākta goddesses like 5316: 15414:The Varieties of the Meditative Experience 14964: 14950: 14040: 14026: 13750:The "Yoga Sutra of Patanjali": A Biography 13469: 12629: 12589:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 12454: 12435: 12423: 12376: 12357: 12075:. University of California Press. p. 11658: 11595: 10677: 10265: 10002: 9807: 9660: 9612: 9474: 9456: 8548:. This imaginary inner structure includes 7955: 7941: 7187:) and are thus considered more heterodox. 4628: 4614: 3973: 3959: 3489: 3475: 13817:(2nd rev. ed.). New Delhi: Manohar. 13781:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. 13658: 13381:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. 13320: 13015: 12997: 12981: 12927: 12670: 12597: 12215: 11781: 10998: 10986: 10803: 10486: 10286: 9820: 9818: 9816: 9732: 9720: 9708: 9684: 9170: 9168: 9166: 9164: 9162: 9012: 9010: 9008: 9006: 8224:According to Anthony Tribe, a scholar of 7104: 6625:tantras borrow significant portions from 6060:, a central feature of tantric practice. 5291:Set of doctrines or practices, teachings 5163:Thread, text; beneficial action or thing 5134:Deep understanding or mastery of a topic 4875:texts, such as in section 10.7.42 of the 13896:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 13776: 13517: 13270: 13232: 13199:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 13062: 13043: 12955: 12936: 12841: 12655:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion 12297: 12131: 12096:The Handbook of Tibetan Buddhist Symbols 12047: 12038: 11559: 11457: 10510: 10498: 10438: 10426: 10370: 10358: 10334: 10322: 10295: 10250: 10214: 10202: 9986: 9984: 9903: 9891: 9855: 9843: 9600: 9519: 9444: 9405: 9375: 9347: 9345: 9343: 9311: 9305: 9280: 9278: 9276: 9263: 9261: 9187: 9185: 9183: 9153: 9127:, p. 53,73-75,79,81-3,99,132-3,177. 9052: 9040: 8948: 8902:is sometimes used to denote governance. 8895: 8728: 8621: 8539:A meditating Shiva is visited by Parvati 8534: 8468: 8340:: reciting syllables, words, and phrases 8076:periods, certain esoteric elements from 7131: 7123: 7108: 6908: 6663: 6652: 6640: 6617:There is considerable evidence that the 6366: 6355: 6339: 6327: 6188: 6079:. Yakṣa cults were an important part of 6019: 5999: 5839:) in presenting their theory on how the 5793:Proto-Tantric elements in Vedic religion 94:Tantric art. Clockwise from upper left: 13768:Williams, Paul; Tribe, Anthony (2000). 13488: 13355: 12634:. Germany: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 12335: 12302:. New York: Columbia University Press. 12136:. Indological Studies, vol. 22. Gonda. 12112: 12066: 11469: 9867: 9417: 9088: 9016: 8866: 8864: 8617: 8402:or supernormal powers. Associated with 8097:, as well as the recitation of tantric 6313: 4867:such as in 10.71, with the meaning of " 2366:Sources and classification of scripture 14: 15462: 15140:Zazen (Zen Buddhist seated meditation) 13667: 13631: 13611: 13592: 13536: 13408:. State University of New York Press. 13403: 13342:Journal of Indological Studies (Kyoto) 13289: 13194: 13175: 13166: 13081: 12799: 12761:Hirakawa, Akira; Groner, Paul (2007). 12746:. State University of New York Press. 12727:. State University of New York Press. 12619:International Journal of Jaina Studies 12362:. State University of New York Press. 12341:Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1 12268: 12249: 12187: 12153:International Journal of Hindu Studies 12019: 12008: 11999: 11987: 11945: 11933: 11921: 11885: 11873: 11793: 11769: 11757: 11745: 11733: 11721: 11709: 11694: 11682: 11634: 11622: 11607: 11484: 11376: 11364: 11336: 11321: 11304: 11292: 11280: 11265: 11253: 11241: 11229: 11205: 11193: 11181: 11169: 11154: 11142: 11118: 11106: 11091: 11076: 11061: 11037: 11025: 10974: 10962: 10950: 10938: 10926: 10914: 10902: 10890: 10878: 10866: 10854: 10842: 10791: 10743: 10731: 10719: 10704: 10692: 10665: 10653: 10636: 10612: 10600: 10588: 10576: 10564: 10552: 10540: 10525: 10474: 10462: 10450: 10307: 10280: 10238: 10226: 10190: 10161: 10137: 10125: 10113: 10101: 10089: 10026: 10014: 9951: 9939: 9927: 9879: 9824: 9813: 9768: 9756: 9468: 9432: 9363: 9334: 9220: 9203: 9159: 9136: 9003: 8910:(having governed the subjects) in the 8870: 8789: 8698:part of a tantric sadhana (practice). 8305:: Initiation ritual which may include 8107:Hundred Syllable Mantra of Vajrasattva 7245:Nāth or "Split-Ear" Kānphaṭa tradition 7128:Nepalese depiction of the goddess Kali 6105:and rākṣasī, like the children-eating 14945: 14021: 13938:"Tantra: enlightenment to revolution" 13872:The Tantric Way: Art, Science, Ritual 13855:. New York: Oxford University Press. 13746: 13737: 13718: 13699: 13612:Wallis, Christopher (February 2016). 13571: 13549: 13450: 13431: 13422: 13376: 13213: 12909: 12889: 12872: 12854:Lewis, Todd; deAngelis, Gary (2016). 12790: 12769: 12672:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.59 12616: 12556: 12537: 12499: 12473: 12404: 12395: 12316: 12206: 11969: 11957: 11909: 11897: 11858: 11846: 11834: 11822: 11670: 11571: 11511: 11445: 11405: 11352: 11348: 11049: 11013: 10830: 10815: 10779: 10767: 10414: 10402: 10385: 10178: 9990: 9981: 9975: 9963: 9915: 9783: 9696: 9672: 9588: 9573: 9561: 9549: 9495: 9390: 9351: 9340: 9284: 9273: 9267: 9258: 9237: 9191: 9180: 9124: 9064: 9028: 8964: 8873:, p. 2: "The Hindu worship, the 8464: 8280:Revaluation of negative mental states 7022: 6793:tradition spread their influence via 6162:in the East, Ratnaketu in the South, 5152:) Dubious link to Tantric practices. 4861:The word appears in the hymns of the 4842:practice or religious ritualism is a 988:Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation) 983:Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption) 13145: 12820: 12689:from the original on 8 December 2018 12648: 12542:. Motilal Banarsidass Publications. 12457:The Bhagavad-Gita, A New Translation 12224: 12093: 12041:A Brief History of Tantra Literature 11583: 11535: 11523: 10149: 10077: 9744: 9648: 9636: 9624: 9534: 9252: 9112: 9076: 8997: 8861: 8701: 8364:(worship ritual) and other forms of 8160:and goddess reverence attributed to 7979:Vajrayana, Secret Mantra, Mantrayana 6693:, is influenced by it. All forms of 6201:). Their predecessors, the medieval 5690:), assignments of icons and sounds ( 5403:, such as massaging with oil. (...) 15100:Pranayama (yoga breathing practice) 13197:The Hindu Tantric World An Overview 13180:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 12964: 12910:Lorea, Carola Erika (25 May 2018). 12398:Genesis and Development of Tantrism 11548:Orzech, Sørensen & Payne (2011) 11499: 11434:Orzech, Sørensen & Payne (2011) 8295:: Donation or gift to one's teacher 5676:), geometric patterns and symbols ( 24: 13805: 13740:MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religion 13557:. University of California Press. 13425:MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religion 12993:. SOAS, University of London: 409. 12991:Śaivism and the Tantric Traditions 12941:. University of California Press. 12600:Hindu Tantric and Śākta Literature 12459:. Boston & London: Shambhala. 12283:10.1023/B:INDI.0000014015.64305.30 8448:, including breathing techniques ( 8124: 7307: 6822:tradition (which spread as far as 6169:A series of artwork discovered in 5996:Proto-Tantric elements in Buddhism 5043:Essence (or main part; see above) 4728:("Path of Mantra") in Hinduism or 25: 15526: 13931: 13700:White, David Gordon, ed. (2000). 13067:. London New York: Anthem Press. 8760: 8083:Liberation Rite of Water and Land 6714:found in Śakta lineages like the 6668:A stone Kālacakra Mandala at the 6360:Illustration of a yogi and their 15444: 15443: 15058:Henosis (Neoplatonic meditation) 14005: 13993: 13981: 13959: 13947: 13659:Wedemeyer, Christian K. (2013). 13160:10.1111/j.1467-9809.2009.00792.x 12890:Lidke, Jeffrey (12 March 2021). 12207:Brown, Robert. Introduction. In 12188:Brooks, Douglas Renfrew (1990). 12048:Banerjee, Sures Chandra (2002). 12039:Banerjee, Sures Chandra (1988). 11799: 11562:, pp. 13, 140–147, 166–170. 11538:, pp. 13, 373–374, 399–408. 8970: 8958: 8567:) is often practiced along with 8352:, installing mantras on the body 7635:Thought forms and visualisation: 7333: 6905:Reception and later developments 6869:) and is quoted in their texts. 6467:In some of these sites, such as 5969:. Instead, White suggests Vedic 5644: 5635: 5624: 5615: 5604: 5595: 4795:tradition. Certain modes of non- 4697:tradition that developed on the 4645: 4308:Thought forms and visualisation: 4006: 3942: 3520: 3456: 138: 84: 75: 64: 55: 13874:. London: Thames & Hudson. 13815:History of the Tantric Religion 13723:. University of Chicago Press. 13632:Watson, Burton (trans) (1994). 13333:Sanderson, Alexis (2012–2013). 13214:Payne, Richard K., ed. (2006). 12873:Lidke, Jeff (8 February 2004). 12649:Gray, David B. (5 April 2016). 12377:Dyczkowski, Mark S. G. (1989). 12358:Dyczkowski, Mark S. G. (1988). 12192:. University of Chicago Press. 9510:, pp. 89–90 with footnotes 9501: 9486:, pp. 48–61 with footnotes 9325:, pp. 47–48 with footnotes 9101:Fraser-Lu & Stadtner (2015) 8942: 8917: 8889: 8880: 8694:, with the king at its centre. 8376:(of idols, of one's body, etc.) 8244:Importance of a teacher (guru, 7985:tradition has been dominant in 7027: 6921:According to Samuel, the great 6134:three Amitabha Pure land sutras 4901:meaning "doctrine or theory of 4736:("Secret Mantra") in Buddhism. 15125:Transcendental meditation (TM) 14971: 13753:. Princeton University Press. 13704:. Princeton University Press. 13572:Urban, Hugh B. Urban (2008) . 13436:. Cambridge University Press. 13326:Vajrayāna: Origin and Function 12485:. Cambridge University Press. 12409:. Cambridge University Press. 12321:. Princeton University Press. 11978: 9508:Pontillo & Candotti (2014) 9484:Pontillo & Candotti (2014) 9420:, p. 87 with footnote 50. 9323:Pontillo & Candotti (2014) 7117:, a Śaiva Siddhānta temple in 6636: 5753:, the Vedic approach based on 5470:The occultist and businessman 5184:Set of doctrines or practices 5142:Gangdhar stone inscription in 226:Epic-Puranic royal genealogies 13: 1: 15148:(tai chi standing meditation) 15130:Vipassanā (Silent meditation) 15088:Naam Japo (Sikism meditation) 14997:Meditation in popular culture 14987:Brain activity and meditation 13911:Yeshe, Lama Thubten (2001) . 13813:Bhattacharyya, N. N. (1999). 13640:. Columbia University Press. 13634:"Chapter Twenty-six: Dharani" 13455:. Columbia University Press. 13297:. Cambridge University Press. 13237:. Columbia University Press. 13216:Tantric Buddhism in East Asia 12250:Dahiya, Poonam Dalal (2017). 10567:, pp. 259–260, 287, 292. 9663:, pp. parts 11501-11505. 8850: 8089:which involve practices like 6336:in the Indian Museum, Kolkata 5579:origin. According to Padoux, 5465: 5311: 4939:Contextual meaning of tantra 4871:". It is found in many other 3287:Other society-related topics: 978:Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy) 15490:Hindu philosophical concepts 15048:Dhyāna (Buddhist meditation) 13747:White, David Gordon (2014). 13719:White, David Gordon (2003). 13593:Wallis, Christopher (2012). 13491:Journal of Song-Yuan Studies 13451:Smith, Frederick M. (2012). 13148:Journal of Religious History 12602:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. 12298:Davidson, Ronald M. (2004). 12271:Journal of Indian Philosophy 11131:Hirakawa & Groner (2007) 9870:, pp. 301–304, 310–311. 9796:Samuel & Johnston (2013) 9675:, p. 4, 21-22, 172-173. 9337:, p. 512 with footnote. 8985: 8977:Lewis & deAngelis (2016) 8521:) which is a "recognition" ( 8385:Singing of hymns of praise ( 8379:Ritual sacrifice, including 8192: 7447:Gateway of the Hidden Flower 7371:Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism 7287:According to David B. Gray, 6797:like those collected in the 6348:, a Buddhist tantric deity, 6119:to protect followers of the 6044:, and for the generation of 6016:with Chinese transliteration 5819:scriptures of Hinduism, the 5344:He uses the same example of 5321:The 5th-century BCE scholar 4818: 4777:Eastern religious traditions 4120:Gateway of the Hidden Flower 4044:Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism 3398:Hinduism and other religions 2195:Chandrashekarendra Saraswati 7: 15485:Esoteric schools of thought 15078:Muraqabah (Sufi meditation) 13275:. Oxford University Press. 13048:. Oxford University Press. 12937:Lorenzen, David N. (1972). 12858:. Oxford University Press. 12708:. Oxford University Press. 12557:Goble, Geoffrey C. (2019). 12481:An Introduction to Hinduism 12429:Tantra: The Path of Ecstasy 12396:Einoo, Shingo, ed. (2009). 12216:Cavendish, Richard (1980). 11647:Williams & Tribe (2000) 11220:, pp. 4–5, 11, 35, 57. 9858:, p. 295 with note 23. 8833: 8571:("depositing" the mantra), 8398:The acquisition and use of 7902:Ordination and transmission 7271: 7144:Śaiva Tantra is called the 6676:, built in the 12th century 6580:tantras (which include the 6136:. There are other Mahāyāna 5722: 5562: 5456: 5448: 5440: 5432: 5416: 4575:Ordination and transmission 3143:Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram 3115:Naalayira Divya Prabandham 843:Arishadvargas (six enemies) 787:Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs) 782:Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body) 38:Buddhist tantric literature 10: 15531: 13777:Willemen, Charles (2004). 13470:Snellgrove, David (1987). 13233:Phillips, Stephen (2009). 13063:Olivelle, Patrick (2011). 13044:Olivelle, Patrick (1992). 12538:Ghose, Rajeshwari (1996). 12455:Feuerstein, Georg (2011). 12436:Feuerstein, Georg (2001). 12252:Ancient and Medieval India 12165:10.1007/s11407-019-09258-z 8725:Western scholarly research 8705: 8666:may involve focusing on a 8633:. The triangles represent 8479:Brihadishwara Shiva Temple 8111:Mahācakravidyārāja Dhāraṇī 7966: 7377:Filipino Esoteric Buddhism 7044:). There are also tantric 7017:Esoteric Southern Buddhism 6317: 6268:("skull men", also called 6010:Nilaṇṭhanāmahṛdaya dhāraṇī 5787: 5209:Sanskrit scholar and poet 4765:Southern Esoteric Buddhism 4050:Filipino Esoteric Buddhism 3019:Naalayira Divya Prabandham 1699:Gurus, sants, philosophers 1635:Akshar Purushottam Darshan 823:Uparati (self-settledness) 40:. For New Age tantra, see 36:. For Buddhist texts, see 31: 15439: 15423: 15405: 15304: 15161: 15053:Dhyāna (Hindu meditation) 15015: 14979: 14888:International Day of Yoga 14868: 14789: 14780: 14646: 14608: 14568: 14559: 14444: 14387: 14196: 14155: 14119: 14110: 14055: 13685:10.1017/S0034412500010076 13518:Stirling, Isabel (2006). 13406:The Philosophy of Sadhana 13377:Sharf, Robert H. (2002). 13356:Scharfe, Hartmut (1977). 13273:Debating the Dasam Granth 13169:Harper & Brown (2002) 12998:Mallinson, James (2019). 12958:Harper & Brown (2002) 12803:The Kautiliya Arthasastra 12793:Harper & Brown (2012) 12523:. Yale University Press. 12431:. Shambhala Publications. 12254:. McGraw-Hill Education. 12209:Harper & Brown (2002) 12098:. Serindia Publications. 12004:. London: Luzac & Co. 11995:. London: Luzac & Co. 11422:Gray & Overbey (2016) 11394:Gray & Overbey (2016) 10917:, pp. 293, 307, 309. 10756:Gray & Overbey (2016) 8678:associated with a deity. 8442:: pilgrimage, processions 8022:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 7157:Śaiva Siddhānta tradition 7042:saṃhitā, siddhānta, vidyā 6741:Chandelas of Jejakabhukti 5992:or any other vedic text. 5967:Indus Valley civilization 5831:in section 8.6, refer to 4953:Loom (or weaving device) 4918:Vairocabhisambodhi-tantra 4828: 4753:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 4680: 3807:Krishnananda Agamavagisha 2185:Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati 838:Samadhana (concentration) 702:Three paths to liberation 209:Tribal religions in India 194:Historical Vedic religion 189:Indus Valley Civilisation 14908:Yoga scholars (template) 14173:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali 14047: 13539:Annali Sezione Orientale 13271:Rinehart, Robin (2011). 12770:Joshi, Lal Mani (1977). 12405:Felch, Susan M. (2016). 12113:Berkson, Carmel (1986). 12052:. Abhinav Publications. 12043:. Kolkata: Naya Prokash. 11396:, pp. 5–7, 199–216. 10513:, p. 214, 228, 231. 10092:, pp. 142, 145–146. 9723:, pp. 1–2, 198–200. 9613:Grassi & Riba (2014) 8855: 8531:Yoga, mantra, meditation 7915:Pointing-out instruction 7468:True Awakening Tradition 6602:as well as the Buddhist 6052:incantations are called 5846:Shvetashvatara Upanishad 5822:Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 5522:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali 5317:Ancient and medieval era 4922:Vairocabhisambodhi-sutra 4588:Pointing-out instruction 4141:True Awakening Tradition 3772:Trika (Kashmir Shaivism) 1014:, sacrifice, and charity 34:Hindu tantric literature 15002:Mind–body interventions 14546:Yogasopana Purvacatuska 13870:Mookerji, Ajit (1977). 13851:McDaniel, June (2004). 13832:Campbell, June (2002). 13578:. Motilal Banarsidass. 13178:The Heart of the Yogini 12806:. Motilal Banarsidass. 12663:Oxford University Press 12521:Buddhist Art of Myanmar 12381:. Motilal Banarsidass. 12343:. Motilal Banarsidass. 12317:Davis, Richard (2014). 12235:. Motilal Banarsidass. 12015:. London: Luzac and Co. 12009:Avalon, Arthur (1918). 12000:Avalon, Arthur (1914). 11526:, pp. 1, 7, 17–18. 10579:, p. 264, 291-292. 10349:, pp. 4–5, 11, 57. 8641:; the snake represents 8473:A Pujari in front of a 8271:Revaluation of the body 8149:Islam, and the Western 8058:Northern School of Chan 8036:to the capital city of 7251:beautiful goddess Śrī ( 7183:of the "left" current ( 6672:, a Buddhist temple in 6670:Hiraṇyavarṇa Mahāvihāra 6421:tribal Indian religions 5429:Because it elaborates ( 4920:is also referred to as 4732:("Mantra Vehicle") and 3192:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam 2405:Timeline of Hindu texts 2310:Siddharameshwar Maharaj 1338:Pumsavana Simantonayana 993:Śabda (word, testimony) 231:Epic-Puranic chronology 199:Dravidian folk religion 46:Tantra (disambiguation) 15007:Research on meditation 13964:Quotations related to 13404:Sharma, D. S. (1990). 13359:Grammatical Literature 13335:"The Śaiva Literature" 13218:. Simon and Schuster. 13195:Padoux, André (2017). 13176:Padoux, André (2013). 13046:The Samnyasa Upanisads 12965:Lye, Hun Yeow (2003). 12800:Kangle, R. P. (1986). 12400:. University of Tokyo. 12225:Cort, John E. (2001). 12020:Bagchi, P. C. (1989). 11424:, pp. 7, 257–264. 10625:Borkataky-Varma (2019) 10429:, pp. 5–9, 17–18. 9711:, pp. 1–2, 39–40. 9115:, pp. 1–2, 17–19. 8755: 8650: 8540: 8507: 8481: 8370:Ritual music and dance 8164:, particularly in the 8010:Chinese Buddhist canon 7348:Historical traditions: 7305: 7141: 7129: 7121: 7105:Śaiva and Śākta tantra 7012: 6942:Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha 6914: 6876:, this was called the 6707: 6677: 6661: 6650: 6376: 6364: 6353: 6337: 6210: 6036: 6017: 5948:Brhadaranyaka Upanisad 5797:The Keśin hymn of the 5548: 5463: 5411: 5172:Chinese Buddhist canon 5114:Practices and rituals 4021:Historical traditions: 3157:Eighteen Greater Texts 2786:Brahma Vaivarta Purana 2215:Krishnananda Saraswati 1454:Vijayadashami-Dussehra 968:Pratyakṣa (perception) 828:Titiksha (forbearance) 44:. For other uses, see 15174:Brainwave entrainment 14992:History of meditation 13432:Smith, David (1996). 13362:. Otto Harrassowitz. 12827:. Walter de Gruyter. 12821:Keul, István (2012). 12776:Motilal Banarsidass. 12500:Flood, Gavin (2006). 12094:Beer, Robert (2003). 12067:Barrett, Ron (2008). 11760:, pp. 76–77, 80. 11218:Sanderson (2012–2013) 10347:Sanderson (2012–2013) 10128:, Chapter 26 Dharani. 8732: 8629:diagram with the Ten 8625: 8538: 8502: 8472: 8235:Centrality of mantras 7983:Indo-Tibetan Buddhist 7908:Esoteric transmission 7831:Tattvasaṃgraha Tantra 7289: 7257:Lalitā Tripurasundarī 7135: 7127: 7112: 7008:Patañjali's Yogasutra 6999: 6912: 6687: 6667: 6656: 6644: 6370: 6359: 6343: 6331: 6243:. These suggest that 6192: 6023: 6003: 5543: 5427: 5408:Sabara, 6th century, 5393: 5089:Doctrine (identifies 5028:Warp (weaving), loom 4749:Indo-Tibetan Buddhism 4581:Esoteric transmission 4504:Tattvasaṃgraha Tantra 3877:Festivals and temples 3273:Varna-related topics: 3164:Eighteen Lesser Texts 2737:Devi Bhagavata Purana 1628:Svabhavika Bhedabheda 1614:Achintya Bheda Abheda 1546:Philosophical schools 848:Ahamkara (attachment) 808:Vairagya (dispassion) 736:Mokṣa-related topics: 32:For Hindu texts, see 15214:Higher consciousness 15033:Christian meditation 14893:List of yoga schools 14659:Kriyayoga (Buddhist) 14490:Hatha Yoga Pradipika 13956:at Wikimedia Commons 13084:History of Religions 10806:, pp. 155, 252. 10707:, pp. 283, 286. 10639:, pp. 255, 271. 8906:uses the expression 8820:Alexandra David-Néel 8796:comparative religion 8747:, used primarily by 8618:Mandalas and yantras 8014:Dunhuang manuscripts 7454:New Kadampa Buddhism 7161:Niśvāsatattvasaṃhitā 7115:Brihadishvara Temple 6987:Parakramabahu I 6985:during the reign of 6950:Pandurang Vaman Kane 6795:songs of realization 6526:Mahāyānasūtrālamkāra 6314:Rise and development 6129:Pratyutpanna Samādhi 5856:Taittiriya Upanishad 5148:Worship techniques ( 4127:New Kadampa Buddhism 3618:Scriptures and texts 3405:Hinduism and Jainism 2335:Vethathiri Maharishi 2240:Nisargadatta Maharaj 803:Viveka (discernment) 178:(500/200 BCE–300 CE) 15431:Meditation and pain 15194:Conscious breathing 15028:Buddhist meditation 14694:Six Yogas of Naropa 14476:Hathabhyasapaddhati 13890:White, David Gordon 13017:10.3390/rel10040273 12896:Embodied Philosophy 12765:. pp. 125–126. 12744:The Roots of Tantra 12725:The Roots of Tantra 12218:The Great Religions 12050:Companion to Tantra 11972:, pp. 166–167. 11960:, pp. 165–166. 11849:, pp. 159–160. 11610:, pp. 289–290. 11586:, pp. 417–419. 11550:, pp. 307–314. 11157:, pp. 337–338. 11133:, pp. 125–126. 11121:, pp. 322–323. 11028:, pp. 267–268. 11016:, pp. 158–159. 10977:, pp. 330–332. 10965:, pp. 329–330. 10953:, pp. 324–328. 10929:, pp. 411–414. 10869:, pp. 293–299. 10746:, pp. 285–289. 10722:, pp. 287–289. 10615:, pp. 257–258. 10591:, pp. 252–254. 10555:, pp. 266–267. 10465:, pp. 247–249. 10453:, pp. 232–233. 10417:, pp. 161–162. 10337:, pp. 202–218. 10298:, pp. xii, 1–4 10164:, pp. 226–227. 10140:, pp. 219–220. 10104:, pp. 144–145. 10029:, pp. 128–129. 9978:, pp. 30, 280. 9930:, pp. 157–158. 9882:, pp. 284–285. 8937:the Diamond Vehicle 8912:Abhijñānaśākuntalam 8790:Further development 8374:Ritual purification 8056:. For example, the 7824:Mañjuśrīnāmasamgīti 7817:Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa 7789:Cakrasaṃvara Tantra 7782:Anuttarayoga Tantra 6805:and the Indonesian 6785:where the Buddhist 6771:Somapura Mahavihara 6390:Samuel states that 6352:, 11th–12th century 6008:(incantation), the 5828:Chandogya Upanishad 5825:in section 4.2 and 5698:), ritual worship ( 5129:Abhijñānaśākuntalam 5062:Science; system or 5003:Taittiriya Brahmana 4929: 4791:, and the Japanese 4699:Indian subcontinent 4497:Mañjuśrīnāmasamgīti 4490:Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa 4462:Cakrasaṃvara Tantra 4455:Anuttarayoga Tantra 3949:Hinduism portal 3925:Regional variations 3463:Hinduism portal 3342:Hinduism by country 3178:Iraiyanar Akapporul 3122:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai 2205:Dayananda Saraswati 2190:Bhaktivinoda Thakur 2096:Sripada Srivallabha 2036:Raghunatha Siromani 2001:Narasimha Saraswati 1901:Santadas Kathiababa 973:Anumāṇa (inference) 15510:Spiritual practice 15480:Buddhist practices 15311:Focused attention 15083:New Age meditation 15063:Islamic meditation 14583:Samadhi (Buddhism) 14455:Amaraugha Prabodha 13702:Tantra in Practice 13595:Tantra Illuminated 13351:on 2 October 2015. 13131:. Brill Academic. 12929:10.3390/rel9060172 12232:Tantra in Practice 12227:David Gordon White 12220:. Arco Publishing. 11661:, p. 127-130. 11649:, p. 197–202. 10818:, p. 158 159. 9993:, pp. 363–364 9827:, pp. 289–302 9810:, pp. 108–09. 9735:, pp. 2, 7–8. 9287:, pp. 174–175 9079:, pp. xi–xiv. 9067:, pp. 9, 107. 8908:prajah tantrayitva 8804:Agehananda Bharati 8756: 8683:David Gordon White 8651: 8606:meditational deity 8541: 8482: 8465:Worship and ritual 8408:('left-hand path') 8346:, or hand gestures 8207:family resemblance 8012:as well as in the 7838:Vajrasekhara Sutra 7796:Guhyagarbha Tantra 7608:Anuttarayogatantra 7580:Fourfold division: 7572:Tantric techniques 7461:Shambhala Buddhism 7326:Vajrayana Buddhism 7142: 7130: 7122: 7023:Tantric traditions 6915: 6678: 6662: 6651: 6510:avadhuti, sushumna 6377: 6365: 6354: 6338: 6324:Tantras (Buddhism) 6320:Tantras (Hinduism) 6235:, identified with 6211: 6197:with a skull-cup ( 6155:Golden Light Sutra 6037: 6018: 5959:David Gordon White 5942:Chandogya Upanisad 5936:Jaiminiya Brahmana 5896:Dashakumaracharita 5865:"mystical anatomy" 5453:), it is called a 5283:'s commentator on 5176:Tantra (Vajrayāna) 5038:Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa 5008:Loom (or weaving) 4990:Loom (or weaving) 4927: 4511:Vajrasekhara Sutra 4469:Guhyagarbha Tantra 4281:Anuttarayogatantra 4253:Fourfold division: 4245:Tantric techniques 4134:Shambhala Buddhism 3999:Vajrayana Buddhism 3931:Caribbean Shaktism 3674:Lalita Sahasranama 3357:Caribbean Shaktism 3076:Kanakadhara Stotra 2325:U. G. Krishnamurti 2305:Satyadhyana Tirtha 1896:Gangesha Upadhyaya 1554:Six Astika schools 798:Ānanda (happiness) 777:Anātman (non-self) 15457: 15456: 15395:Stephen Batchelor 15390:Martine Batchelor 15336:Multiple methods 15209:Guided meditation 15073:Jewish meditation 15038:Taoist meditation 14939: 14938: 14935: 14934: 14898:Modern yoga gurus 14776: 14775: 14555: 14554: 14532:Vasishtha Samhita 13952:Media related to 13903:978-0-226-14934-9 13881:978-0-500-01172-0 13862:978-0-19-516790-0 13843:978-0-8264-5719-6 13836:. A&C Black. 13824:978-81-7304-025-2 13760:978-1-4008-5005-1 13730:978-0-226-02783-8 13711:978-0-691-05779-8 13673:Religious Studies 13654:on 25 March 2003. 13597:. Anusara Press. 13585:978-81-208-2932-9 13564:978-0-520-23656-1 13462:978-0-231-51065-3 13443:978-0-521-48234-9 13415:978-0-7914-0347-1 13369:978-3-447-01706-0 13322:Sanderson, Alexis 13313:978-1-136-76640-4 13282:978-0-19-975506-6 13263:978-1-78308-332-9 13244:978-0-231-14485-8 13225:978-0-86171-487-2 13187:978-1-2999-4016-1 13138:978-90-04-18491-6 13074:978-0-85728-432-7 13055:978-0-19-507045-3 13036:978-81-208-3105-6 12948:978-0-520-01842-6 12879:The Pacific World 12865:978-0-19-937309-3 12834:978-3-11-025811-0 12813:978-81-208-0042-7 12795:, pp. 39–56. 12783:978-81-208-0281-0 12753:978-0-7914-8890-4 12734:978-0-7914-5306-3 12715:978-0-19-990952-0 12609:978-3-447-02091-6 12568:978-0-231-55064-2 12530:978-0-300-20945-7 12511:978-1-84511-011-6 12492:978-0-521-43878-0 12466:978-1-59030-893-6 12425:Feuerstein, Georg 12416:978-1-316-75726-0 12388:978-81-208-0596-5 12369:978-0-88706-494-4 12328:978-0-691-60308-7 12309:978-81-208-1991-7 12261:978-93-5260-673-3 12242:978-81-208-1778-4 12199:978-0-226-07569-3 12105:978-1-932476-03-3 12086:978-0-520-25218-9 12059:978-1-70174-022-8 12031:978-81-85843-36-0 11888:, pp. 87–88. 11796:, pp. 77–79. 11736:, pp. 73–75. 11697:, pp. 53–54. 11659:Feuerstein (1998) 11596:Feuerstein (1998) 11324:, pp. 33–34. 11208:, pp. 8, 10. 11196:, pp. 29–30. 11079:, pp. 17–18. 10845:, pp. 22–23. 10678:Snellgrove (1987) 10373:, pp. 27–31. 10325:, pp. 30–31. 10268:, pp. 26–27. 10266:Dyczkowski (1988) 10217:, pp. 28–29. 10205:, pp. 28–30. 10181:, pp. 11–13. 10003:Snellgrove (1987) 9966:, pp. 28–29. 9808:Feuerstein (2011) 9798:, pp. 35–38. 9771:, pp. 18–21. 9759:, pp. 18–19. 9661:Feuerstein (2001) 9471:, pp. 16–17. 9457:Dyczkowski (1989) 9408:, pp. 31–32. 9393:, pp. 48–50. 9091:, pp. 11–12. 8933:Esoteric Buddhism 8702:Sex and eroticism 8419:, meat and other 8415:such as alcohol, 8324:devotion (bhakti) 8264:Transgressive or 8217:) or the Buddha ( 8162:Guru Gobind Singh 8115:Shurangama Mantra 8095:mandala offerings 8040:. The succeeding 7965: 7964: 7857:Symbols and tools 7803:Kulayarāja Tantra 7617: 7615:Twofold division: 7582: 7207:spirit possession 7004:Swami Vivekananda 6841:Bodhipathapradīpa 6807:Srivijaya kingdom 6594:Kaulajñānanirṇaya 6228:Markandeya Purana 5735:, who contrasted 5309: 5308: 5025:1.4.54 and 5.2.70 4739:In Buddhism, the 4689: 4638: 4637: 4530:Symbols and tools 4476:Kulayarāja Tantra 4290: 4288:Twofold division: 4255: 3983: 3982: 3797:Bharatchandra Ray 3642:Shakta Upanishads 3499: 3498: 3350:Balinese Hinduism 2849:Markandeya Purana 2086:Satyanatha Tirtha 2041:Raghuttama Tirtha 2031:Raghavendra Swami 1871:Ramdas Kathiababa 952:Sources of dharma 818:Dama (temperance) 813:Sama (equanimity) 179: 16:(Redirected from 15522: 15447: 15446: 15355:Joseph Goldstein 14966: 14959: 14952: 14943: 14942: 14787: 14786: 14566: 14565: 14539:Vimanarcanakalpa 14504:Gheranda Samhita 14417:Shaiva Siddhanta 14187:Yoga Yajnavalkya 14117: 14116: 14042: 14035: 14028: 14019: 14018: 14010: 14009: 14008: 13998: 13997: 13996: 13986: 13985: 13977: 13963: 13951: 13926: 13907: 13885: 13866: 13847: 13828: 13800: 13773: 13770:Buddhist Thought 13764: 13743: 13734: 13715: 13696: 13664: 13655: 13650:. 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Anthem Press. 13248: 13229: 13210: 13191: 13172: 13163: 13142: 13123: 13078: 13059: 13040: 13021: 13019: 12994: 12983:Mallinson, James 12978: 12961: 12952: 12933: 12931: 12906: 12904: 12902: 12886: 12869: 12850: 12843:Kongtrul, Jamgon 12838: 12817: 12796: 12787: 12766: 12757: 12738: 12719: 12698: 12696: 12694: 12674: 12645: 12626: 12613: 12594: 12588: 12580: 12553: 12534: 12515: 12496: 12484: 12470: 12451: 12432: 12420: 12401: 12392: 12373: 12354: 12332: 12313: 12294: 12265: 12246: 12221: 12212: 12211:, pp. 1–15. 12203: 12184: 12147: 12128: 12109: 12090: 12074: 12063: 12044: 12035: 12016: 12005: 11996: 11973: 11967: 11961: 11955: 11949: 11943: 11937: 11931: 11925: 11919: 11913: 11907: 11901: 11895: 11889: 11883: 11877: 11871: 11862: 11861:, pp. i–ii. 11856: 11850: 11844: 11838: 11837:, p. 25-28. 11832: 11826: 11820: 11809: 11805:Magee, Michael. 11803: 11797: 11791: 11785: 11782:Cavendish (1980) 11779: 11773: 11767: 11761: 11755: 11749: 11743: 11737: 11731: 11725: 11719: 11713: 11707: 11698: 11692: 11686: 11680: 11674: 11668: 11662: 11656: 11650: 11644: 11638: 11632: 11626: 11620: 11611: 11605: 11599: 11593: 11587: 11581: 11575: 11569: 11563: 11557: 11551: 11545: 11539: 11533: 11527: 11521: 11515: 11509: 11503: 11497: 11488: 11482: 11473: 11467: 11461: 11455: 11449: 11443: 11437: 11431: 11425: 11419: 11413: 11403: 11397: 11391: 11380: 11374: 11368: 11362: 11356: 11346: 11340: 11334: 11325: 11319: 11308: 11302: 11296: 11290: 11284: 11278: 11269: 11263: 11257: 11251: 11245: 11239: 11233: 11232:, pp. 9–14. 11227: 11221: 11215: 11209: 11203: 11197: 11191: 11185: 11179: 11173: 11167: 11158: 11152: 11146: 11140: 11134: 11128: 11122: 11116: 11110: 11104: 11095: 11089: 11080: 11074: 11065: 11059: 11053: 11047: 11041: 11035: 11029: 11023: 11017: 11011: 11002: 11001:, pp. 1–33. 10999:Mallinson (2019) 10996: 10990: 10987:Mallinson (2016) 10984: 10978: 10972: 10966: 10960: 10954: 10948: 10942: 10936: 10930: 10924: 10918: 10912: 10906: 10900: 10894: 10888: 10882: 10876: 10870: 10864: 10858: 10852: 10846: 10840: 10834: 10828: 10819: 10813: 10807: 10804:Wedemeyer (2013) 10801: 10795: 10789: 10783: 10777: 10771: 10765: 10759: 10753: 10747: 10741: 10735: 10729: 10723: 10717: 10708: 10702: 10696: 10690: 10681: 10675: 10669: 10663: 10657: 10651: 10640: 10634: 10628: 10622: 10616: 10610: 10604: 10598: 10592: 10586: 10580: 10574: 10568: 10562: 10556: 10550: 10544: 10538: 10529: 10523: 10514: 10508: 10502: 10496: 10490: 10487:Sanderson (1995) 10484: 10478: 10472: 10466: 10460: 10454: 10448: 10442: 10436: 10430: 10424: 10418: 10412: 10406: 10400: 10389: 10383: 10374: 10368: 10362: 10356: 10350: 10344: 10338: 10332: 10326: 10320: 10311: 10305: 10299: 10293: 10284: 10278: 10269: 10263: 10254: 10248: 10242: 10236: 10230: 10224: 10218: 10212: 10206: 10200: 10194: 10188: 10182: 10176: 10165: 10159: 10153: 10147: 10141: 10135: 10129: 10123: 10117: 10111: 10105: 10099: 10093: 10087: 10081: 10075: 10030: 10024: 10018: 10012: 10006: 10000: 9994: 9988: 9979: 9973: 9967: 9961: 9955: 9949: 9943: 9937: 9931: 9925: 9919: 9913: 9907: 9901: 9895: 9894:, p. 27-28. 9889: 9883: 9877: 9871: 9865: 9859: 9853: 9847: 9841: 9828: 9822: 9811: 9805: 9799: 9793: 9787: 9781: 9772: 9766: 9760: 9754: 9748: 9742: 9736: 9733:Goudriaan (1981) 9730: 9724: 9721:Goudriaan (1981) 9718: 9712: 9709:Goudriaan (1981) 9706: 9700: 9694: 9688: 9685:Goudriaan (1981) 9682: 9676: 9670: 9664: 9658: 9652: 9646: 9640: 9634: 9628: 9622: 9616: 9610: 9604: 9603:, p. 25-26. 9598: 9592: 9586: 9577: 9571: 9565: 9559: 9553: 9547: 9538: 9532: 9523: 9517: 9511: 9505: 9499: 9493: 9487: 9481: 9472: 9466: 9460: 9454: 9448: 9442: 9436: 9430: 9421: 9415: 9409: 9403: 9394: 9388: 9379: 9373: 9367: 9361: 9355: 9349: 9338: 9332: 9326: 9320: 9309: 9303: 9288: 9282: 9271: 9270:, pp. 26–27 9265: 9256: 9250: 9241: 9235: 9224: 9218: 9207: 9201: 9195: 9189: 9178: 9172: 9157: 9151: 9140: 9134: 9128: 9122: 9116: 9110: 9104: 9098: 9092: 9086: 9080: 9074: 9068: 9062: 9056: 9050: 9044: 9038: 9032: 9031:, pp. 9–14. 9026: 9020: 9014: 9001: 8995: 8980: 8974: 8968: 8962: 8956: 8946: 8940: 8921: 8915: 8893: 8887: 8884: 8878: 8868: 8454:) and postures ( 8413:taboo substances 8381:animal sacrifice 8078:Tibetan Buddhism 7995:Tibetan diaspora 7957: 7950: 7943: 7845:Yuthok Nyingthig 7613: 7578: 7553:Completion stage 7548:Generation stage 7337: 7327: 7312: 7311: 7299:and his consort 7095:Jayadrathayamala 7075:theistic dualism 6958:Bhakti movements 6783:Srivijaya Empire 6691:Srauta tradition 6535:David Snellgrove 6448:animal sacrifice 6407:Alexis Sanderson 6173:, in modern-day 5751:ultimate reality 5648: 5639: 5628: 5619: 5608: 5599: 5539:Georg Feuerstein 5459: 5451: 5443: 5435: 5419: 5409: 5382:Kashmir Shaivism 5366:Shaiva Siddhanta 5180:Tantric Buddhism 4930: 4926: 4830: 4799:worship such as 4757:Shingon Buddhism 4745:Buddhist Tantras 4684: 4682: 4674: 4673: 4670: 4669: 4666: 4663: 4660: 4657: 4654: 4651: 4630: 4623: 4616: 4518:Yuthok Nyingthig 4286: 4251: 4226:Completion stage 4221:Generation stage 4010: 4000: 3985: 3984: 3975: 3968: 3961: 3947: 3946: 3945: 3822:Abhirami Bhattar 3699:Saundarya Lahari 3524: 3501: 3500: 3491: 3484: 3477: 3461: 3460: 3459: 3421:and Christianity 3391:Pilgrimage sites 3321:Reform movements 3199:Vinayagar Agaval 3150:Five Great Epics 3099:Tamil literature 2998:Sushruta Samhita 2793:Bhavishya Purana 2779:Brahmanda Purana 2730:Bhagavata Purana 2658:Other scriptures 2220:Mahavatar Babaji 1795:Satyakama Jabala 1466:Ganesh Chaturthi 1320:Rites of passage 833:Shraddha (faith) 251:Major traditions 177: 142: 119: 118: 88: 79: 68: 59: 21: 15530: 15529: 15525: 15524: 15523: 15521: 15520: 15519: 15460: 15459: 15458: 15453: 15435: 15419: 15401: 15385:Thubten Chodron 15375:Sharon Salzberg 15370:Matthieu Ricard 15365:14th Dalai Lama 15321:Open awareness 15315:Thich Nhat Hanh 15300: 15157: 15068:Jain meditation 15043:Dancemeditation 15011: 14975: 14970: 14940: 14931: 14864: 14843:Yoga as therapy 14809:Standing asanas 14772: 14642: 14604: 14551: 14483:Hatha Ratnavali 14440: 14383: 14305:Viparita Karani 14192: 14151: 14106: 14051: 14046: 14016: 14006: 14004: 13994: 13992: 13980: 13972: 13934: 13929: 13923: 13910: 13904: 13888: 13882: 13869: 13863: 13850: 13844: 13831: 13825: 13812: 13808: 13806:Further reading 13803: 13789: 13761: 13731: 13712: 13648: 13622: 13620: 13605: 13586: 13565: 13530: 13482: 13463: 13444: 13416: 13389: 13370: 13348: 13337: 13314: 13283: 13264: 13245: 13226: 13207: 13188: 13139: 13075: 13056: 13037: 12975:10.18130/v3s82z 12949: 12900: 12898: 12866: 12835: 12814: 12784: 12754: 12735: 12716: 12692: 12690: 12683: 12642: 12610: 12582: 12581: 12569: 12550: 12531: 12512: 12504:. I.B. Taurus. 12493: 12475:Flood, Gavin D. 12467: 12448: 12417: 12389: 12370: 12351: 12329: 12310: 12262: 12243: 12200: 12144: 12125: 12106: 12087: 12060: 12032: 11981: 11976: 11968: 11964: 11956: 11952: 11944: 11940: 11932: 11928: 11920: 11916: 11908: 11904: 11896: 11892: 11884: 11880: 11872: 11865: 11857: 11853: 11845: 11841: 11833: 11829: 11821: 11812: 11807:The Kali Yantra 11804: 11800: 11792: 11788: 11780: 11776: 11768: 11764: 11756: 11752: 11744: 11740: 11732: 11728: 11720: 11716: 11708: 11701: 11693: 11689: 11681: 11677: 11669: 11665: 11657: 11653: 11645: 11641: 11633: 11629: 11621: 11614: 11606: 11602: 11594: 11590: 11582: 11578: 11570: 11566: 11560:Rinehart (2011) 11558: 11554: 11546: 11542: 11534: 11530: 11522: 11518: 11510: 11506: 11498: 11491: 11483: 11476: 11468: 11464: 11458:Willemen (2004) 11456: 11452: 11444: 11440: 11432: 11428: 11420: 11416: 11404: 11400: 11392: 11383: 11375: 11371: 11363: 11359: 11347: 11343: 11335: 11328: 11320: 11311: 11303: 11299: 11291: 11287: 11279: 11272: 11264: 11260: 11252: 11248: 11240: 11236: 11228: 11224: 11216: 11212: 11204: 11200: 11192: 11188: 11180: 11176: 11168: 11161: 11153: 11149: 11141: 11137: 11129: 11125: 11117: 11113: 11105: 11098: 11090: 11083: 11075: 11068: 11060: 11056: 11048: 11044: 11036: 11032: 11024: 11020: 11012: 11005: 10997: 10993: 10985: 10981: 10973: 10969: 10961: 10957: 10949: 10945: 10937: 10933: 10925: 10921: 10913: 10909: 10901: 10897: 10889: 10885: 10877: 10873: 10865: 10861: 10853: 10849: 10841: 10837: 10829: 10822: 10814: 10810: 10802: 10798: 10790: 10786: 10778: 10774: 10770:, p. 8989. 10766: 10762: 10754: 10750: 10742: 10738: 10730: 10726: 10718: 10711: 10703: 10699: 10691: 10684: 10676: 10672: 10664: 10660: 10652: 10643: 10635: 10631: 10623: 10619: 10611: 10607: 10599: 10595: 10587: 10583: 10575: 10571: 10563: 10559: 10551: 10547: 10539: 10532: 10524: 10517: 10511:Davidson (2004) 10509: 10505: 10499:Davidson (2004) 10497: 10493: 10485: 10481: 10473: 10469: 10461: 10457: 10449: 10445: 10439:Olivelle (2011) 10437: 10433: 10427:Olivelle (1992) 10425: 10421: 10413: 10409: 10401: 10392: 10384: 10377: 10371:Lorenzen (2002) 10369: 10365: 10359:Lorenzen (2002) 10357: 10353: 10345: 10341: 10335:Davidson (2004) 10333: 10329: 10323:Lorenzen (2002) 10321: 10314: 10306: 10302: 10296:Lorenzen (1972) 10294: 10287: 10279: 10272: 10264: 10257: 10251:Lorenzen (2002) 10249: 10245: 10237: 10233: 10225: 10221: 10215:Lorenzen (2002) 10213: 10209: 10203:Lorenzen (2002) 10201: 10197: 10189: 10185: 10177: 10168: 10160: 10156: 10148: 10144: 10136: 10132: 10124: 10120: 10112: 10108: 10100: 10096: 10088: 10084: 10076: 10033: 10025: 10021: 10013: 10009: 10001: 9997: 9989: 9982: 9974: 9970: 9962: 9958: 9950: 9946: 9938: 9934: 9926: 9922: 9914: 9910: 9904:Lorenzen (2002) 9902: 9898: 9892:Lorenzen (2002) 9890: 9886: 9878: 9874: 9866: 9862: 9856:Phillips (2009) 9854: 9850: 9844:Lorenzen (2002) 9842: 9831: 9823: 9814: 9806: 9802: 9794: 9790: 9786:, pp. 3–4. 9782: 9775: 9767: 9763: 9755: 9751: 9747:, pp. 4–5. 9743: 9739: 9731: 9727: 9719: 9715: 9707: 9703: 9695: 9691: 9687:, pp. 1–8. 9683: 9679: 9671: 9667: 9659: 9655: 9651:, pp. 1–8. 9647: 9643: 9639:, pp. 1–5. 9635: 9631: 9623: 9619: 9611: 9607: 9601:Lorenzen (2002) 9599: 9595: 9587: 9580: 9572: 9568: 9564:, pp. 5–6. 9560: 9556: 9552:, pp. 1–2. 9548: 9541: 9537:, pp. 1–2. 9533: 9526: 9520:Stirling (2006) 9518: 9514: 9506: 9502: 9494: 9490: 9482: 9475: 9467: 9463: 9459:, pp. 4–5. 9455: 9451: 9445:Banerjee (2002) 9443: 9439: 9431: 9424: 9416: 9412: 9406:Lorenzen (2002) 9404: 9397: 9389: 9382: 9376:Banerjee (1988) 9374: 9370: 9362: 9358: 9350: 9341: 9333: 9329: 9321: 9312: 9306:Banerjee (1988) 9304: 9291: 9283: 9274: 9266: 9259: 9255:, pp. 3–4. 9251: 9244: 9240:, p. 8984. 9236: 9227: 9219: 9210: 9202: 9198: 9190: 9181: 9173: 9160: 9154:Lorenzen (2002) 9152: 9143: 9135: 9131: 9123: 9119: 9111: 9107: 9099: 9095: 9087: 9083: 9075: 9071: 9063: 9059: 9053:Kongtrul (2005) 9051: 9047: 9041:Bisschop (2020) 9039: 9035: 9027: 9023: 9015: 9004: 9000:, pp. 1–3. 8996: 8992: 8988: 8983: 8975: 8971: 8963: 8959: 8949:Banerjee (2002) 8947: 8943: 8922: 8918: 8896:Banerjee (1988) 8894: 8890: 8885: 8881: 8869: 8862: 8858: 8853: 8836: 8828:Heinrich Zimmer 8792: 8763: 8727: 8710: 8704: 8660:. Similarly, a 8620: 8533: 8467: 8226:Buddhist Tantra 8195: 8127: 8125:Other religions 7981:and so on. The 7971: 7961: 7932: 7931: 7903: 7895: 7894: 7858: 7850: 7849: 7810:Mahāmāyā Tantra 7777: 7769: 7768: 7754: 7746: 7745: 7720:Luminosity yoga 7543: 7535: 7534: 7513: 7505: 7504: 7481: 7473: 7472: 7345: 7325: 7310: 7308:Buddhist tantra 7274: 7222:Kashmir Śaivism 7107: 7099:Kumarila Bhatta 7030: 7025: 6994:Hindu modernism 6983:Mahāvihāra sect 6935:Tripura Sundari 6907: 6884:, the sun god. 6832:Abhayakaragupta 6639: 6375:("action seal") 6326: 6318:Main articles: 6316: 6290:Gatha-saptasati 6187: 6090:Āṭānāṭiya Sutta 6066:charnel grounds 6031:(2nd century), 6027:sculpture of a 5998: 5931:Vedic sacrifice 5908:Geoffrey Samuel 5815:The two oldest 5795: 5790: 5725: 5702:), initiation ( 5694:), meditation ( 5659: 5658: 5657: 5656: 5651: 5650: 5649: 5641: 5640: 5631: 5630: 5629: 5621: 5620: 5611: 5610: 5609: 5601: 5600: 5565: 5502:epistemological 5493:Anthropological 5468: 5410: 5407: 5368:tradition, the 5319: 5314: 4966:Tandya Brahmana 4821: 4747:. They include 4648: 4644: 4634: 4605: 4604: 4576: 4568: 4567: 4531: 4523: 4522: 4483:Mahāmāyā Tantra 4450: 4442: 4441: 4427: 4419: 4418: 4393:Luminosity yoga 4216: 4208: 4207: 4186: 4178: 4177: 4154: 4146: 4145: 4018: 3998: 3979: 3943: 3941: 3936: 3935: 3926: 3918: 3917: 3878: 3870: 3869: 3835: 3827: 3826: 3792: 3782: 3781: 3749: 3729: 3727: 3719: 3718: 3688: 3679:Tripura Rahasya 3664:Devi Bhagavatam 3620: 3610: 3609: 3545: 3495: 3457: 3455: 3436: 3435: 3429: 3399: 3365: 3344: 3336: 3326: 3325: 3288: 3221: 3213: 3205: 3204: 3101: 3069: 2991:Charaka Samhita 2970:Vaiśeṣika Sūtra 2928:Shilpa Shastras 2907: 2860: 2744:Naradiya Purana 2716: 2711: 2686: 2660: 2619: 2483: 2415: 2399: 2368: 2360: 2350: 2349: 2295:Shirdi Sai Baba 2290:Sathya Sai Baba 2270:Ramana Maharshi 2174: 2141:Vadiraja Tirtha 2136:Vācaspati Miśra 2016:Srinivasacharya 1996:Narahari Tirtha 1976:Matsyendranatha 1961:Kumārila Bhaṭṭa 1926:Jagannatha Dasa 1916:Haridasa Thakur 1830: 1709: 1701: 1691: 1690: 1646: 1607:Vishishtadvaita 1556: 1548: 1538: 1537: 1491:Makar Sankranti 1471:Vasant Panchami 1434:Maha Shivaratri 1418: 1322: 1231: 1165: 1134: 1015: 1006: 998: 997: 962: 856: 793:Prajña (wisdom) 789: 766: 730: 704: 673: 642: 640:Meaning of life 627:God in Hinduism 616: 580: 578:Supreme reality 555:Subtle elements 544: 525: 519: 509: 508: 364: 333: 307: 299: 289: 288: 285: 252: 246: 236: 235: 180: 175:Hindu synthesis 171: 166: 117: 116: 115: 114: 91: 90: 89: 81: 80: 71: 70: 69: 61: 60: 49: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15528: 15518: 15517: 15512: 15507: 15502: 15497: 15492: 15487: 15482: 15477: 15472: 15455: 15454: 15452: 15451: 15440: 15437: 15436: 15434: 15433: 15427: 15425: 15421: 15420: 15418: 15417: 15409: 15407: 15403: 15402: 15400: 15399: 15398: 15397: 15392: 15387: 15382: 15380:Daniel Goleman 15377: 15372: 15367: 15362: 15357: 15352: 15347: 15342: 15334: 15333: 15332: 15327: 15325:Jon Kabat-Zinn 15319: 15318: 15317: 15308: 15306: 15302: 15301: 15299: 15298: 15293: 15288: 15283: 15278: 15273: 15268: 15263: 15258: 15253: 15248: 15243: 15238: 15233: 15232: 15231: 15221: 15216: 15211: 15206: 15201: 15196: 15191: 15186: 15181: 15176: 15171: 15165: 15163: 15159: 15158: 15156: 15155: 15150: 15142: 15137: 15132: 15127: 15122: 15117: 15112: 15107: 15102: 15097: 15090: 15085: 15080: 15075: 15070: 15065: 15060: 15055: 15050: 15045: 15040: 15035: 15030: 15025: 15019: 15017: 15013: 15012: 15010: 15009: 15004: 14999: 14994: 14989: 14983: 14981: 14977: 14976: 14969: 14968: 14961: 14954: 14946: 14937: 14936: 14933: 14932: 14930: 14929: 14928: 14927: 14920: 14910: 14905: 14900: 14895: 14890: 14885: 14884: 14883: 14872: 14870: 14866: 14865: 14863: 14862: 14855: 14850: 14848:Yoga for women 14845: 14840: 14839: 14838: 14836:Hasta Vinyasas 14828: 14826:Sun Salutation 14823: 14818: 14817: 14816: 14814:List of asanas 14811: 14806: 14795: 14793: 14784: 14778: 14777: 14774: 14773: 14771: 14770: 14769: 14768: 14760: 14759: 14758: 14750: 14749: 14748: 14743: 14738: 14733: 14728: 14727: 14726: 14721: 14716: 14711: 14706: 14701: 14691: 14686: 14678: 14677: 14676: 14671: 14666: 14661: 14652: 14650: 14644: 14643: 14641: 14640: 14639: 14638: 14633: 14625: 14624: 14623: 14614: 14612: 14606: 14605: 14603: 14602: 14595: 14590: 14585: 14580: 14574: 14572: 14563: 14557: 14556: 14553: 14552: 14550: 14549: 14542: 14535: 14528: 14525:Sritattvanidhi 14521: 14514: 14511:Joga Pradipika 14507: 14500: 14493: 14486: 14479: 14472: 14465: 14458: 14450: 14448: 14442: 14441: 14439: 14438: 14433: 14432: 14431: 14421: 14420: 14419: 14414: 14404: 14399: 14393: 14391: 14385: 14384: 14382: 14381: 14376: 14371: 14370: 14369: 14364: 14359: 14354: 14349: 14344: 14339: 14329: 14324: 14319: 14314: 14313: 14312: 14307: 14302: 14297: 14287: 14286: 14285: 14280: 14275: 14270: 14260: 14255: 14254: 14253: 14248: 14243: 14238: 14233: 14228: 14227: 14226: 14224:Lotus position 14216: 14211: 14200: 14198: 14194: 14193: 14191: 14190: 14183: 14176: 14169: 14161: 14159: 14153: 14152: 14150: 14149: 14141: 14136: 14131: 14125: 14123: 14114: 14108: 14107: 14105: 14104: 14099: 14098: 14097: 14092: 14087: 14077: 14072: 14067: 14061: 14059: 14053: 14052: 14045: 14044: 14037: 14030: 14022: 14015: 14014: 14002: 13990: 13970: 13969: 13957: 13945: 13942:British Museum 13933: 13932:External links 13930: 13928: 13927: 13921: 13908: 13902: 13886: 13880: 13867: 13861: 13848: 13842: 13829: 13823: 13809: 13807: 13804: 13802: 13801: 13787: 13774: 13765: 13759: 13744: 13735: 13729: 13716: 13710: 13697: 13679:(3): 289–302. 13665: 13656: 13647:978-0231081610 13646: 13629: 13609: 13604:978-1937104016 13603: 13590: 13584: 13569: 13563: 13551:Urban, Hugh B. 13547: 13534: 13529:978-1593761707 13528: 13515: 13486: 13481:978-9745240131 13480: 13467: 13461: 13448: 13442: 13429: 13420: 13414: 13401: 13387: 13374: 13368: 13353: 13330: 13318: 13312: 13299: 13287: 13281: 13268: 13262: 13249: 13243: 13230: 13224: 13211: 13206:978-0226424095 13205: 13192: 13186: 13173: 13164: 13154:(2): 165–177. 13143: 13137: 13124: 13096:10.1086/463182 13079: 13073: 13060: 13054: 13041: 13035: 13022: 12995: 12979: 12962: 12953: 12947: 12934: 12907: 12887: 12870: 12864: 12851: 12839: 12833: 12818: 12812: 12797: 12788: 12782: 12767: 12758: 12752: 12739: 12733: 12720: 12714: 12699: 12681: 12646: 12641:978-3642401343 12640: 12627: 12614: 12608: 12595: 12567: 12554: 12548: 12535: 12529: 12516: 12510: 12497: 12491: 12471: 12465: 12452: 12447:978-1890772185 12446: 12440:. Hohm Press. 12433: 12421: 12415: 12402: 12393: 12387: 12374: 12368: 12355: 12350:978-8120814684 12349: 12333: 12327: 12314: 12308: 12295: 12266: 12260: 12247: 12241: 12222: 12213: 12204: 12198: 12185: 12159:(2): 179–194. 12148: 12143:978-9004432666 12142: 12129: 12123: 12110: 12104: 12091: 12085: 12064: 12058: 12045: 12036: 12030: 12017: 12006: 11997: 11989:Avalon, Arthur 11984: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11974: 11962: 11950: 11948:, p. 1ff. 11938: 11936:, p. 1ff. 11926: 11924:, p. 1ff. 11914: 11912:, p. 135. 11902: 11890: 11878: 11863: 11851: 11839: 11827: 11810: 11798: 11786: 11774: 11762: 11750: 11738: 11726: 11724:, p. 126. 11714: 11699: 11687: 11675: 11673:, p. 141. 11663: 11651: 11639: 11627: 11612: 11600: 11598:, p. 124. 11588: 11576: 11564: 11552: 11540: 11528: 11516: 11514:, p. 268. 11504: 11489: 11474: 11470:Solonin (2013) 11462: 11450: 11448:, p. 139. 11438: 11436:, p. 263. 11426: 11414: 11398: 11381: 11369: 11357: 11341: 11326: 11309: 11297: 11285: 11270: 11258: 11246: 11234: 11222: 11210: 11198: 11186: 11174: 11159: 11147: 11145:, p. 337. 11135: 11123: 11111: 11109:, p. 336. 11096: 11094:, p. 335. 11081: 11066: 11064:, p. 322. 11054: 11052:, p. 116. 11042: 11040:, p. 333. 11030: 11018: 11003: 10991: 10979: 10967: 10955: 10943: 10941:, p. 292. 10931: 10919: 10907: 10905:, p. 303. 10895: 10893:, p. 304. 10883: 10881:, p. 299. 10871: 10859: 10857:, p. 253. 10847: 10835: 10833:, p. 159. 10820: 10808: 10796: 10784: 10772: 10760: 10758:, p. 294. 10748: 10736: 10724: 10709: 10697: 10695:, p. 276. 10682: 10680:, p. 127. 10670: 10668:, p. 274. 10658: 10656:, p. 289. 10641: 10629: 10617: 10605: 10603:, p. 254. 10593: 10581: 10569: 10557: 10545: 10543:, p. 291. 10530: 10528:, p. 265. 10515: 10503: 10501:, p. 204. 10491: 10479: 10477:, p. 255. 10467: 10455: 10443: 10431: 10419: 10407: 10405:, p. 161. 10390: 10388:, p. 158. 10375: 10363: 10351: 10339: 10327: 10312: 10310:, p. 246. 10300: 10285: 10283:, p. 243. 10270: 10255: 10243: 10241:, p. 242. 10231: 10219: 10207: 10195: 10183: 10166: 10154: 10142: 10130: 10118: 10116:, p. 248. 10106: 10094: 10082: 10031: 10019: 10017:, p. 131. 10007: 10005:, p. 122. 9995: 9980: 9968: 9956: 9954:, p. 283. 9944: 9942:, p. 221. 9932: 9920: 9918:, p. 188. 9908: 9896: 9884: 9872: 9868:Deussen (1980) 9860: 9848: 9829: 9812: 9800: 9788: 9773: 9761: 9749: 9737: 9725: 9713: 9701: 9689: 9677: 9665: 9653: 9641: 9629: 9617: 9615:, p. 112. 9605: 9593: 9578: 9566: 9554: 9539: 9524: 9512: 9500: 9498:, p. 7–8. 9488: 9473: 9461: 9449: 9437: 9422: 9418:Scharfe (1977) 9410: 9395: 9380: 9368: 9356: 9339: 9327: 9310: 9289: 9272: 9257: 9242: 9225: 9208: 9196: 9179: 9158: 9141: 9129: 9117: 9105: 9093: 9089:Berkson (1986) 9081: 9069: 9057: 9045: 9033: 9021: 9017:Barrett (2008) 9002: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8981: 8969: 8957: 8941: 8923:Also known as 8916: 8888: 8879: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8848: 8847: 8842: 8835: 8832: 8824:Giuseppe Tucci 8791: 8788: 8767:John Woodroffe 8762: 8761:John Woodroffe 8759: 8726: 8723: 8714:ritualized sex 8703: 8700: 8685:, geometrical 8619: 8616: 8596:visualizations 8532: 8529: 8466: 8463: 8462: 8461: 8443: 8437: 8427: 8424: 8409: 8396: 8390: 8383: 8377: 8371: 8368: 8359: 8353: 8347: 8341: 8335: 8325: 8315: 8309: 8296: 8282: 8281: 8278: 8275: 8272: 8269: 8262: 8253:Ritual use of 8251: 8242: 8239: 8236: 8233: 8194: 8191: 8133:, the Tibetan 8126: 8123: 7999:Newar Buddhism 7967:Main article: 7963: 7962: 7960: 7959: 7952: 7945: 7937: 7934: 7933: 7930: 7929: 7924: 7918: 7917: 7911: 7910: 7904: 7901: 7900: 7897: 7896: 7893: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7876: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7859: 7856: 7855: 7852: 7851: 7848: 7847: 7841: 7840: 7834: 7833: 7827: 7826: 7820: 7819: 7813: 7812: 7806: 7805: 7799: 7798: 7792: 7791: 7785: 7784: 7778: 7775: 7774: 7771: 7770: 7767: 7766: 7764:Ullambana Puja 7761: 7755: 7752: 7751: 7748: 7747: 7744: 7743: 7737: 7736: 7730: 7729: 7723: 7722: 7716: 7715: 7709: 7708: 7701: 7700: 7694: 7693: 7687: 7686: 7672: 7671: 7665: 7664: 7658: 7657: 7651: 7650: 7644: 7643: 7632: 7631: 7625: 7624: 7611: 7610: 7604: 7603: 7597: 7596: 7590: 7589: 7568: 7567: 7562: 7556: 7555: 7550: 7544: 7541: 7540: 7537: 7536: 7533: 7532: 7526: 7525: 7520: 7514: 7511: 7510: 7507: 7506: 7503: 7502: 7496: 7495: 7489: 7488: 7482: 7479: 7478: 7475: 7474: 7471: 7470: 7464: 7463: 7457: 7456: 7450: 7449: 7438: 7437: 7436: 7435: 7416: 7405: 7404: 7398: 7397: 7396: 7395: 7390: 7381: 7380: 7374: 7367: 7366: 7365: 7364: 7359: 7356:Burmese-Bengal 7346: 7343: 7342: 7339: 7338: 7330: 7329: 7321: 7320: 7309: 7306: 7282:Lakshmi tantra 7273: 7270: 7138:Adi Parashakti 7106: 7103: 7087:Jayanta Bhatta 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 6906: 6903: 6779:Tibetan Empire 6638: 6635: 6561:. The tantric 6469:Kamakhya Pitha 6315: 6312: 6270:Somasiddhatins 6233:Mahishamardini 6209:Shaiva tantra. 6186: 6183: 6081:early Buddhism 6046:auspiciousness 6014:Siddham Script 5997: 5994: 5851:breath control 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5724: 5721: 5687:kundalini yoga 5653: 5652: 5643: 5642: 5634: 5633: 5632: 5623: 5622: 5614: 5613: 5612: 5603: 5602: 5594: 5593: 5592: 5591: 5590: 5575:", of similar 5564: 5561: 5472:Pierre Bernard 5467: 5464: 5405: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5307: 5306: 5303: 5297: 5293: 5292: 5289: 5277: 5273: 5272: 5265: 5253: 5249: 5248: 5241: 5207: 5203: 5202: 5199: 5190: 5186: 5185: 5182: 5169: 5165: 5164: 5161: 5158: 5154: 5153: 5146: 5140: 5136: 5135: 5132: 5120: 5116: 5115: 5112: 5105: 5101: 5100: 5087: 5079:Sānkhya Kārikā 5071: 5067: 5066: 5060: 5049: 5045: 5044: 5041: 5034: 5030: 5029: 5026: 5014: 5010: 5009: 5006: 4996: 4992: 4991: 4988: 4980: 4976: 4975: 4968: 4959: 4955: 4954: 4951: 4945: 4941: 4940: 4937: 4936:Text or author 4934: 4869:warp (weaving) 4820: 4817: 4783:, the Tibetan 4770:Southeast Asia 4761:Newar Buddhism 4636: 4635: 4633: 4632: 4625: 4618: 4610: 4607: 4606: 4603: 4602: 4597: 4591: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4577: 4574: 4573: 4570: 4569: 4566: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4532: 4529: 4528: 4525: 4524: 4521: 4520: 4514: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4493: 4492: 4486: 4485: 4479: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4458: 4457: 4451: 4448: 4447: 4444: 4443: 4440: 4439: 4437:Ullambana Puja 4434: 4428: 4425: 4424: 4421: 4420: 4417: 4416: 4410: 4409: 4403: 4402: 4396: 4395: 4389: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4374: 4373: 4367: 4366: 4360: 4359: 4345: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4331: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4317: 4316: 4305: 4304: 4298: 4297: 4284: 4283: 4277: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4263: 4262: 4241: 4240: 4235: 4229: 4228: 4223: 4217: 4214: 4213: 4210: 4209: 4206: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4193: 4187: 4184: 4183: 4180: 4179: 4176: 4175: 4169: 4168: 4162: 4161: 4155: 4152: 4151: 4148: 4147: 4144: 4143: 4137: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4123: 4122: 4111: 4110: 4109: 4108: 4089: 4078: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4069: 4068: 4063: 4054: 4053: 4047: 4040: 4039: 4038: 4037: 4032: 4029:Burmese-Bengal 4019: 4016: 4015: 4012: 4011: 4003: 4002: 3994: 3993: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3977: 3970: 3963: 3955: 3952: 3951: 3938: 3937: 3934: 3933: 3927: 3924: 3923: 3920: 3919: 3916: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3903:Saraswati Puja 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3879: 3876: 3875: 3872: 3871: 3868: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3836: 3833: 3832: 3829: 3828: 3825: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3793: 3788: 3787: 3784: 3783: 3780: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3748: 3747: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3728: 3725: 3724: 3721: 3720: 3717: 3716: 3714:Abirami Antati 3711: 3706: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3687: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3669:Devi Mahatmyam 3666: 3661: 3660: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3639: 3638: 3637: 3627: 3621: 3616: 3615: 3612: 3611: 3608: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3546: 3541: 3540: 3537: 3536: 3535: 3534: 3526: 3525: 3517: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3497: 3496: 3494: 3493: 3486: 3479: 3471: 3468: 3467: 3466: 3465: 3452: 3451: 3446: 3438: 3437: 3434: 3433: 3427: 3401: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3367: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3340: 3337: 3332: 3331: 3328: 3327: 3324: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3302: 3301: 3294:Discrimination 3290: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3269: 3268: 3262: 3261: 3252: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3210: 3207: 3206: 3203: 3202: 3195: 3188: 3185:Abirami Antati 3181: 3174: 3167: 3160: 3153: 3146: 3139: 3132: 3125: 3118: 3111: 3103: 3102: 3097: 3094: 3093: 3086: 3079: 3071: 3070: 3061: 3058: 3057: 3050: 3043: 3036: 3033:Ramcharitmanas 3029: 3022: 3015: 3008: 3001: 2994: 2987: 2984:Pramana Sutras 2980: 2973: 2966: 2959: 2956:Mimamsa Sutras 2952: 2949:Samkhya Sutras 2945: 2938: 2931: 2924: 2917: 2914:Dharma Shastra 2909: 2908: 2895: 2892: 2891: 2884: 2877: 2870: 2862: 2861: 2856: 2853: 2852: 2845: 2838: 2831: 2824: 2817: 2810: 2803: 2796: 2789: 2782: 2775: 2768: 2761: 2754: 2747: 2740: 2733: 2726: 2718: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2704: 2703: 2696: 2688: 2687: 2682: 2679: 2678: 2670: 2662: 2661: 2656: 2653: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2627: 2621: 2620: 2615: 2612: 2611: 2604: 2597: 2589: 2588: 2582: 2581: 2574: 2566: 2565: 2559: 2558: 2551: 2548:Shvetashvatara 2544: 2537: 2530: 2523: 2520:Brihadaranyaka 2515: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2500: 2492: 2491: 2485: 2484: 2479: 2476: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2447: 2446: 2439: 2432: 2425: 2417: 2416: 2411: 2408: 2407: 2401: 2400: 2395: 2392: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2370: 2369: 2364: 2361: 2356: 2355: 2352: 2351: 2348: 2347: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2330:Upasni Maharaj 2327: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2192: 2187: 2182: 2176: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2156:Vedanta Desika 2153: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2076:Samarth Ramdas 2073: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2026:Purandara Dasa 2023: 2018: 2013: 2011:Nimbarkacharya 2008: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1931:Jayanta Bhatta 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1832: 1831: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1711: 1710: 1705: 1702: 1697: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1683: 1682: 1681: 1671: 1670: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1648: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1640: 1639: 1638: 1631: 1624: 1617: 1610: 1603: 1596: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1558: 1557: 1552: 1549: 1544: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1530: 1529: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1461:Raksha Bandhan 1458: 1457: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1420: 1419: 1414: 1411: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1343:Simantonnayana 1340: 1335: 1330: 1324: 1323: 1318: 1315: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1292:Carnatic music 1289: 1284: 1279: 1277:Bhagavata Mela 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1233: 1232: 1227: 1224: 1223: 1221:Kundalini yoga 1218: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1167: 1166: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1136: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1017: 1016: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1003: 1000: 999: 996: 995: 990: 985: 980: 975: 970: 964: 963: 958: 955: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 858: 857: 854: 851: 850: 845: 840: 835: 830: 825: 820: 815: 810: 805: 800: 795: 790: 784: 779: 774: 768: 767: 764: 761: 760: 755: 750: 745: 739: 738: 732: 731: 726: 723: 722: 717: 712: 706: 705: 700: 697: 696: 691: 686: 681: 675: 674: 671:Stages of life 669: 666: 665: 660: 655: 650: 644: 643: 638: 635: 634: 632:God and gender 629: 624: 618: 617: 614: 611: 610: 605: 600: 599: 598: 593: 582: 581: 576: 573: 572: 567: 565:Gross elements 562: 557: 552: 546: 545: 542: 539: 538: 533: 527: 526: 523: 520: 515: 514: 511: 510: 507: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 440: 439: 433: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 376: 375: 366: 365: 355: 352: 351: 346: 341: 335: 334: 329: 326: 325: 320: 315: 309: 308: 303: 300: 295: 294: 291: 290: 287: 286: 279: 276: 275: 270: 265: 260: 254: 253: 250: 247: 242: 241: 238: 237: 234: 233: 228: 223: 221:Itihasa-Purana 212: 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 181: 167: 164: 163: 160: 159: 158: 157: 152: 144: 143: 135: 134: 128: 127: 93: 92: 83: 82: 74: 73: 72: 63: 62: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15527: 15516: 15513: 15511: 15508: 15506: 15503: 15501: 15498: 15496: 15493: 15491: 15488: 15486: 15483: 15481: 15478: 15476: 15473: 15471: 15468: 15467: 15465: 15450: 15442: 15441: 15438: 15432: 15429: 15428: 15426: 15422: 15416: 15415: 15411: 15410: 15408: 15404: 15396: 15393: 15391: 15388: 15386: 15383: 15381: 15378: 15376: 15373: 15371: 15368: 15366: 15363: 15361: 15358: 15356: 15353: 15351: 15348: 15346: 15343: 15341: 15338: 15337: 15335: 15331: 15328: 15326: 15323: 15322: 15320: 15316: 15313: 15312: 15310: 15309: 15307: 15303: 15297: 15296:Visualization 15294: 15292: 15289: 15287: 15284: 15282: 15279: 15277: 15274: 15272: 15269: 15267: 15264: 15262: 15259: 15257: 15254: 15252: 15249: 15247: 15244: 15242: 15239: 15237: 15234: 15230: 15227: 15226: 15225: 15222: 15220: 15217: 15215: 15212: 15210: 15207: 15205: 15202: 15200: 15197: 15195: 15192: 15190: 15189:Concentration 15187: 15185: 15182: 15180: 15177: 15175: 15172: 15170: 15167: 15166: 15164: 15160: 15154: 15151: 15149: 15147: 15143: 15141: 15138: 15136: 15133: 15131: 15128: 15126: 15123: 15121: 15118: 15116: 15113: 15111: 15108: 15106: 15103: 15101: 15098: 15096: 15095: 15091: 15089: 15086: 15084: 15081: 15079: 15076: 15074: 15071: 15069: 15066: 15064: 15061: 15059: 15056: 15054: 15051: 15049: 15046: 15044: 15041: 15039: 15036: 15034: 15031: 15029: 15026: 15024: 15021: 15020: 15018: 15014: 15008: 15005: 15003: 15000: 14998: 14995: 14993: 14990: 14988: 14985: 14984: 14982: 14978: 14974: 14967: 14962: 14960: 14955: 14953: 14948: 14947: 14944: 14926: 14925: 14921: 14919: 14918: 14917:Asana Journal 14914: 14913: 14911: 14909: 14906: 14904: 14901: 14899: 14896: 14894: 14891: 14889: 14886: 14882: 14879: 14878: 14877: 14874: 14873: 14871: 14867: 14861: 14860: 14859:Light on Yoga 14856: 14854: 14851: 14849: 14846: 14844: 14841: 14837: 14834: 14833: 14832: 14829: 14827: 14824: 14822: 14819: 14815: 14812: 14810: 14807: 14805: 14802: 14801: 14800: 14797: 14796: 14794: 14792: 14788: 14785: 14783: 14779: 14767: 14764: 14763: 14761: 14757: 14754: 14753: 14751: 14747: 14744: 14742: 14739: 14737: 14734: 14732: 14729: 14725: 14722: 14720: 14717: 14715: 14712: 14710: 14707: 14705: 14702: 14700: 14697: 14696: 14695: 14692: 14690: 14687: 14685: 14682: 14681: 14679: 14675: 14672: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14660: 14657: 14656: 14654: 14653: 14651: 14649: 14645: 14637: 14634: 14632: 14629: 14628: 14626: 14622: 14619: 14618: 14616: 14615: 14613: 14611: 14607: 14601: 14600: 14599:Visuddhimagga 14596: 14594: 14591: 14589: 14586: 14584: 14581: 14579: 14576: 14575: 14573: 14571: 14567: 14564: 14562: 14558: 14548: 14547: 14543: 14541: 14540: 14536: 14534: 14533: 14529: 14527: 14526: 14522: 14520: 14519: 14518:Shiva Samhita 14515: 14513: 14512: 14508: 14506: 14505: 14501: 14499: 14498: 14494: 14492: 14491: 14487: 14485: 14484: 14480: 14478: 14477: 14473: 14471: 14470: 14469:Bahr al-Hayat 14466: 14464: 14463: 14459: 14457: 14456: 14452: 14451: 14449: 14447: 14443: 14437: 14434: 14430: 14427: 14426: 14425: 14422: 14418: 14415: 14413: 14410: 14409: 14408: 14405: 14403: 14400: 14398: 14395: 14394: 14392: 14390: 14386: 14380: 14377: 14375: 14372: 14368: 14365: 14363: 14360: 14358: 14355: 14353: 14350: 14348: 14345: 14343: 14340: 14338: 14335: 14334: 14333: 14330: 14328: 14325: 14323: 14320: 14318: 14315: 14311: 14308: 14306: 14303: 14301: 14298: 14296: 14293: 14292: 14291: 14288: 14284: 14281: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14271: 14269: 14266: 14265: 14264: 14261: 14259: 14256: 14252: 14249: 14247: 14244: 14242: 14239: 14237: 14234: 14232: 14229: 14225: 14222: 14221: 14220: 14217: 14215: 14212: 14210: 14207: 14206: 14205: 14202: 14201: 14199: 14195: 14189: 14188: 14184: 14182: 14181: 14180:Yoga Vasistha 14177: 14175: 14174: 14170: 14168: 14167: 14166:Bhagavad Gita 14163: 14162: 14160: 14158: 14154: 14148: 14145: 14144:and sometimes 14142: 14140: 14137: 14135: 14132: 14130: 14127: 14126: 14124: 14122: 14118: 14115: 14113: 14109: 14103: 14100: 14096: 14093: 14091: 14088: 14086: 14083: 14082: 14081: 14078: 14076: 14073: 14071: 14068: 14066: 14063: 14062: 14060: 14058: 14054: 14050: 14043: 14038: 14036: 14031: 14029: 14024: 14023: 14020: 14013: 14003: 14001: 13991: 13989: 13984: 13979: 13978: 13975: 13967: 13962: 13958: 13955: 13950: 13946: 13943: 13939: 13936: 13935: 13924: 13922:0-86171-162-9 13918: 13914: 13909: 13905: 13899: 13895: 13891: 13887: 13883: 13877: 13873: 13868: 13864: 13858: 13854: 13849: 13845: 13839: 13835: 13830: 13826: 13820: 13816: 13811: 13810: 13798: 13794: 13790: 13788:81-208-1945-4 13784: 13780: 13775: 13771: 13766: 13762: 13756: 13752: 13751: 13745: 13741: 13736: 13732: 13726: 13722: 13717: 13713: 13707: 13703: 13698: 13694: 13690: 13686: 13682: 13678: 13674: 13670: 13669:Werner, Karel 13666: 13662: 13657: 13653: 13649: 13643: 13639: 13635: 13630: 13619: 13618:Sutra Journal 13615: 13610: 13606: 13600: 13596: 13591: 13587: 13581: 13577: 13576: 13570: 13566: 13560: 13556: 13552: 13548: 13545:(3): 395–420. 13544: 13540: 13535: 13531: 13525: 13521: 13516: 13512: 13508: 13504: 13500: 13496: 13492: 13487: 13483: 13477: 13473: 13468: 13464: 13458: 13454: 13449: 13445: 13439: 13435: 13430: 13426: 13421: 13417: 13411: 13407: 13402: 13398: 13394: 13390: 13388:0-8248-2443-1 13384: 13380: 13375: 13371: 13365: 13361: 13360: 13354: 13347: 13343: 13336: 13331: 13327: 13323: 13319: 13315: 13309: 13306:. Routledge. 13305: 13300: 13296: 13292: 13288: 13284: 13278: 13274: 13269: 13265: 13259: 13255: 13250: 13246: 13240: 13236: 13231: 13227: 13221: 13217: 13212: 13208: 13202: 13198: 13193: 13189: 13183: 13179: 13174: 13170: 13165: 13161: 13157: 13153: 13149: 13144: 13140: 13134: 13130: 13125: 13121: 13117: 13113: 13109: 13105: 13101: 13097: 13093: 13090:(2): 87–114. 13089: 13085: 13080: 13076: 13070: 13066: 13061: 13057: 13051: 13047: 13042: 13038: 13032: 13028: 13023: 13018: 13013: 13009: 13005: 13001: 12996: 12992: 12988: 12984: 12980: 12976: 12972: 12968: 12963: 12959: 12954: 12950: 12944: 12940: 12935: 12930: 12925: 12921: 12917: 12913: 12908: 12897: 12893: 12888: 12884: 12880: 12876: 12871: 12867: 12861: 12857: 12852: 12848: 12844: 12840: 12836: 12830: 12826: 12825: 12819: 12815: 12809: 12805: 12804: 12798: 12794: 12789: 12785: 12779: 12775: 12774: 12768: 12764: 12759: 12755: 12749: 12745: 12740: 12736: 12730: 12726: 12721: 12717: 12711: 12707: 12706: 12700: 12688: 12684: 12682:9780199340378 12678: 12673: 12668: 12664: 12660: 12656: 12652: 12647: 12643: 12637: 12633: 12628: 12624: 12620: 12615: 12611: 12605: 12601: 12596: 12592: 12586: 12578: 12574: 12570: 12564: 12560: 12555: 12551: 12549:81-208-1391-X 12545: 12541: 12536: 12532: 12526: 12522: 12517: 12513: 12507: 12503: 12498: 12494: 12488: 12483: 12482: 12476: 12472: 12468: 12462: 12458: 12453: 12449: 12443: 12439: 12434: 12430: 12426: 12422: 12418: 12412: 12408: 12403: 12399: 12394: 12390: 12384: 12380: 12375: 12371: 12365: 12361: 12356: 12352: 12346: 12342: 12338: 12337:Deussen, Paul 12334: 12330: 12324: 12320: 12315: 12311: 12305: 12301: 12296: 12292: 12288: 12284: 12280: 12276: 12272: 12267: 12263: 12257: 12253: 12248: 12244: 12238: 12234: 12233: 12228: 12223: 12219: 12214: 12210: 12205: 12201: 12195: 12191: 12186: 12182: 12178: 12174: 12170: 12166: 12162: 12158: 12154: 12149: 12145: 12139: 12135: 12130: 12126: 12124:9780295964621 12120: 12116: 12111: 12107: 12101: 12097: 12092: 12088: 12082: 12078: 12073: 12072: 12071:Aghor Medicin 12065: 12061: 12055: 12051: 12046: 12042: 12037: 12033: 12027: 12023: 12018: 12014: 12013: 12007: 12003: 11998: 11994: 11990: 11986: 11985: 11983: 11971: 11966: 11959: 11954: 11947: 11946:Avalon (1918) 11942: 11935: 11934:Avalon (1914) 11930: 11923: 11922:Avalon (1913) 11918: 11911: 11906: 11900:, p. 22. 11899: 11894: 11887: 11886:Padoux (2017) 11882: 11876:, p. 86. 11875: 11874:Padoux (2017) 11870: 11868: 11860: 11855: 11848: 11843: 11836: 11831: 11824: 11819: 11817: 11815: 11808: 11802: 11795: 11794:Padoux (2017) 11790: 11783: 11778: 11772:, p. 78. 11771: 11770:Padoux (2017) 11766: 11759: 11758:Padoux (2017) 11754: 11748:, p. 75. 11747: 11746:Padoux (2017) 11742: 11735: 11734:Padoux (2017) 11730: 11723: 11722:Padoux (2017) 11718: 11712:, p. 55. 11711: 11710:Padoux (2017) 11706: 11704: 11696: 11695:Padoux (2017) 11691: 11685:, p. 52. 11684: 11683:Padoux (2017) 11679: 11672: 11667: 11660: 11655: 11648: 11643: 11636: 11635:Wallis (2016) 11631: 11625:, p. 18. 11624: 11623:Padoux (2002) 11619: 11617: 11609: 11608:Samuel (2010) 11604: 11597: 11592: 11585: 11580: 11573: 11568: 11561: 11556: 11549: 11544: 11537: 11532: 11525: 11520: 11513: 11508: 11501: 11496: 11494: 11486: 11485:Orzech (1989) 11481: 11479: 11471: 11466: 11460:, p. 28. 11459: 11454: 11447: 11442: 11435: 11430: 11423: 11418: 11411: 11407: 11402: 11395: 11390: 11388: 11386: 11379:, p. 37. 11378: 11377:Padoux (2017) 11373: 11367:, p. 39. 11366: 11365:Padoux (2017) 11361: 11354: 11350: 11345: 11339:, p. 36. 11338: 11337:Padoux (2017) 11333: 11331: 11323: 11322:Padoux (2017) 11318: 11316: 11314: 11307:, p. 33. 11306: 11305:Padoux (2017) 11301: 11295:, p. 32. 11294: 11293:Padoux (2017) 11289: 11283:, p. 31. 11282: 11281:Padoux (2017) 11277: 11275: 11268:, p. 11. 11267: 11266:Padoux (2017) 11262: 11256:, p. 10. 11255: 11254:Padoux (2017) 11250: 11243: 11242:Padoux (2017) 11238: 11231: 11230:Sharma (1990) 11226: 11219: 11214: 11207: 11206:Padoux (2017) 11202: 11195: 11194:Padoux (2017) 11190: 11184:, p. 29. 11183: 11182:Padoux (2017) 11178: 11171: 11170:Padoux (2017) 11166: 11164: 11156: 11155:Samuel (2010) 11151: 11144: 11143:Samuel (2010) 11139: 11132: 11127: 11120: 11119:Samuel (2010) 11115: 11108: 11107:Samuel (2010) 11103: 11101: 11093: 11092:Samuel (2010) 11088: 11086: 11078: 11077:Padoux (2002) 11073: 11071: 11063: 11062:Samuel (2010) 11058: 11051: 11046: 11039: 11038:Samuel (2010) 11034: 11027: 11026:Samuel (2010) 11022: 11015: 11010: 11008: 11000: 10995: 10988: 10983: 10976: 10975:Samuel (2010) 10971: 10964: 10963:Samuel (2010) 10959: 10952: 10951:Samuel (2010) 10947: 10940: 10939:Samuel (2010) 10935: 10928: 10927:Dahiya (2017) 10923: 10916: 10915:Samuel (2010) 10911: 10904: 10903:Samuel (2010) 10899: 10892: 10891:Samuel (2010) 10887: 10880: 10879:Samuel (2010) 10875: 10868: 10867:Samuel (2010) 10863: 10856: 10855:Samuel (2010) 10851: 10844: 10843:Padoux (2017) 10839: 10832: 10827: 10825: 10817: 10812: 10805: 10800: 10794:, p. 22. 10793: 10792:Padoux (2017) 10788: 10782:, p. 45. 10781: 10776: 10769: 10764: 10757: 10752: 10745: 10744:Samuel (2010) 10740: 10733: 10732:Dalton (2004) 10728: 10721: 10720:Samuel (2010) 10716: 10714: 10706: 10705:Samuel (2010) 10701: 10694: 10693:Samuel (2010) 10689: 10687: 10679: 10674: 10667: 10666:Samuel (2010) 10662: 10655: 10654:Samuel (2010) 10650: 10648: 10646: 10638: 10637:Samuel (2010) 10633: 10626: 10621: 10614: 10613:Samuel (2010) 10609: 10602: 10601:Samuel (2010) 10597: 10590: 10589:Samuel (2010) 10585: 10578: 10577:Samuel (2010) 10573: 10566: 10565:Samuel (2010) 10561: 10554: 10553:Samuel (2010) 10549: 10542: 10541:Samuel (2010) 10537: 10535: 10527: 10526:Samuel (2010) 10522: 10520: 10512: 10507: 10500: 10495: 10488: 10483: 10476: 10475:Samuel (2010) 10471: 10464: 10463:Samuel (2010) 10459: 10452: 10451:Samuel (2010) 10447: 10440: 10435: 10428: 10423: 10416: 10411: 10404: 10399: 10397: 10395: 10387: 10382: 10380: 10372: 10367: 10361:, p. 31. 10360: 10355: 10348: 10343: 10336: 10331: 10324: 10319: 10317: 10309: 10308:Samuel (2010) 10304: 10297: 10292: 10290: 10282: 10281:Samuel (2010) 10277: 10275: 10267: 10262: 10260: 10253:, p. 30. 10252: 10247: 10240: 10239:Samuel (2010) 10235: 10229:, p. 21. 10228: 10227:Padoux (2017) 10223: 10216: 10211: 10204: 10199: 10192: 10191:Taddei (1979) 10187: 10180: 10175: 10173: 10171: 10163: 10162:Samuel (2010) 10158: 10151: 10146: 10139: 10138:Samuel (2010) 10134: 10127: 10126:Watson (1994) 10122: 10115: 10114:Samuel (2010) 10110: 10103: 10102:Samuel (2010) 10098: 10091: 10090:Samuel (2010) 10086: 10079: 10074: 10072: 10070: 10068: 10066: 10064: 10062: 10060: 10058: 10056: 10054: 10052: 10050: 10048: 10046: 10044: 10042: 10040: 10038: 10036: 10028: 10027:Samuel (2010) 10023: 10016: 10015:Samuel (2010) 10011: 10004: 9999: 9992: 9987: 9985: 9977: 9972: 9965: 9960: 9953: 9952:Samuel (2010) 9948: 9941: 9940:Samuel (2010) 9936: 9929: 9928:Samuel (2010) 9924: 9917: 9912: 9906:, p. 28. 9905: 9900: 9893: 9888: 9881: 9880:Samuel (2010) 9876: 9869: 9864: 9857: 9852: 9846:, p. 27. 9845: 9840: 9838: 9836: 9834: 9826: 9825:Werner (1977) 9821: 9819: 9817: 9809: 9804: 9797: 9792: 9785: 9780: 9778: 9770: 9769:Padoux (2002) 9765: 9758: 9757:Padoux (2002) 9753: 9746: 9741: 9734: 9729: 9722: 9717: 9710: 9705: 9698: 9693: 9686: 9681: 9674: 9669: 9662: 9657: 9650: 9645: 9638: 9633: 9626: 9621: 9614: 9609: 9602: 9597: 9590: 9585: 9583: 9575: 9570: 9563: 9558: 9551: 9546: 9544: 9536: 9531: 9529: 9521: 9516: 9509: 9504: 9497: 9492: 9485: 9480: 9478: 9470: 9469:Brooks (1990) 9465: 9458: 9453: 9447:, p. 34. 9446: 9441: 9435:, p. 26. 9434: 9433:Wallis (2012) 9429: 9427: 9419: 9414: 9407: 9402: 9400: 9392: 9387: 9385: 9377: 9372: 9365: 9364:Bagchi (1989) 9360: 9354:, p. 409 9353: 9348: 9346: 9344: 9336: 9335:Kangle (1986) 9331: 9324: 9319: 9317: 9315: 9307: 9302: 9300: 9298: 9296: 9294: 9286: 9281: 9279: 9277: 9269: 9264: 9262: 9254: 9249: 9247: 9239: 9234: 9232: 9230: 9223:, p. 17. 9222: 9221:Padoux (2002) 9217: 9215: 9213: 9205: 9204:Padoux (2017) 9200: 9193: 9188: 9186: 9184: 9177:, p. 436 9176: 9171: 9169: 9167: 9165: 9163: 9156:, p. 25. 9155: 9150: 9148: 9146: 9138: 9137:Padoux (2013) 9133: 9126: 9121: 9114: 9109: 9103:, p. 59. 9102: 9097: 9090: 9085: 9078: 9073: 9066: 9061: 9055:, p. 74. 9054: 9049: 9042: 9037: 9030: 9025: 9018: 9013: 9011: 9009: 9007: 8999: 8994: 8990: 8978: 8973: 8966: 8961: 8954: 8953:Harshacharita 8950: 8945: 8938: 8934: 8930: 8926: 8920: 8913: 8909: 8905: 8901: 8897: 8892: 8883: 8876: 8872: 8871:Padoux (2013) 8867: 8865: 8860: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8837: 8831: 8829: 8825: 8821: 8817: 8813: 8809: 8808:Mircea Eliade 8805: 8801: 8797: 8787: 8785: 8781: 8777: 8772: 8768: 8758: 8753: 8750: 8746: 8742: 8738: 8737: 8731: 8722: 8718: 8715: 8709: 8699: 8695: 8693: 8692:feudal system 8688: 8684: 8681:According to 8679: 8677: 8676: 8671: 8670: 8665: 8664: 8659: 8655: 8648: 8644: 8640: 8636: 8632: 8628: 8624: 8615: 8613: 8612: 8607: 8603: 8602: 8597: 8593: 8588: 8585: 8581: 8576: 8574: 8570: 8566: 8562: 8557: 8555: 8551: 8547: 8537: 8528: 8526: 8525: 8520: 8516: 8510: 8506: 8501: 8497: 8493: 8491: 8487: 8480: 8476: 8471: 8459: 8458: 8453: 8452: 8447: 8444: 8441: 8438: 8435: 8431: 8428: 8425: 8422: 8418: 8414: 8410: 8407: 8406: 8401: 8397: 8394: 8391: 8388: 8384: 8382: 8378: 8375: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8363: 8360: 8357: 8354: 8351: 8348: 8345: 8342: 8339: 8336: 8333: 8329: 8326: 8323: 8319: 8316: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8304: 8300: 8297: 8294: 8291: 8290: 8289: 8287: 8279: 8276: 8273: 8270: 8267: 8263: 8260: 8256: 8252: 8249: 8248: 8243: 8240: 8237: 8234: 8231: 8230: 8229: 8227: 8222: 8220: 8216: 8210: 8208: 8202: 8200: 8190: 8188: 8184: 8180: 8179:Rishi-mandala 8176: 8171: 8169: 8168: 8163: 8159: 8154: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8122: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8108: 8104: 8103:Cundī Dhāraṇī 8100: 8096: 8092: 8088: 8087:Hungry Ghosts 8084: 8079: 8075: 8071: 8068:. During the 8067: 8063: 8059: 8055: 8051: 8047: 8043: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8023: 8019: 8015: 8011: 8006: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7991:Western world 7988: 7984: 7980: 7976: 7975:Enlightenment 7970: 7958: 7953: 7951: 7946: 7944: 7939: 7938: 7936: 7935: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7919: 7916: 7913: 7912: 7909: 7906: 7905: 7899: 7898: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7877: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7860: 7854: 7853: 7846: 7843: 7842: 7839: 7836: 7835: 7832: 7829: 7828: 7825: 7822: 7821: 7818: 7815: 7814: 7811: 7808: 7807: 7804: 7801: 7800: 7797: 7794: 7793: 7790: 7787: 7786: 7783: 7780: 7779: 7776:Tantric texts 7773: 7772: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7756: 7750: 7749: 7742: 7739: 7738: 7735: 7732: 7731: 7728: 7725: 7724: 7721: 7718: 7717: 7714: 7711: 7710: 7706: 7703: 7702: 7699: 7696: 7695: 7692: 7689: 7688: 7685: 7682: 7681: 7680: 7679: 7677: 7670: 7667: 7666: 7663: 7660: 7659: 7656: 7653: 7652: 7649: 7646: 7645: 7642: 7639: 7638: 7637: 7636: 7630: 7629:Outer Tantras 7627: 7626: 7623: 7622:Inner Tantras 7620: 7619: 7618: 7616: 7609: 7606: 7605: 7602: 7599: 7598: 7595: 7592: 7591: 7588: 7585: 7584: 7583: 7581: 7576: 7575: 7573: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7557: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7545: 7539: 7538: 7531: 7528: 7527: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7515: 7509: 7508: 7501: 7498: 7497: 7494: 7491: 7490: 7487: 7484: 7483: 7477: 7476: 7469: 7466: 7465: 7462: 7459: 7458: 7455: 7452: 7451: 7448: 7445: 7444: 7443: 7442: 7441:New branches: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7411: 7410: 7407: 7406: 7403: 7400: 7399: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7385: 7383: 7382: 7378: 7375: 7372: 7369: 7368: 7363: 7360: 7357: 7354: 7353: 7351: 7350: 7349: 7341: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7331: 7328: 7323: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7313: 7304: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7279: 7269: 7266: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7248: 7246: 7241: 7237: 7235: 7231: 7230:Abhinavagupta 7226: 7223: 7218: 7216: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7202: 7197: 7193: 7192:Yamalatantras 7188: 7186: 7180: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7165: 7162: 7158: 7153: 7151: 7147: 7139: 7134: 7126: 7120: 7116: 7111: 7102: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7083:guruparaṃparā 7080: 7076: 7070: 7068: 7067:Abhinavagupta 7063: 7057: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7034:tantric texts 7020: 7018: 7011: 7009: 7005: 6998: 6995: 6990: 6989:(1153–1186). 6988: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6966: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6951: 6947: 6946:Abhinavagupta 6943: 6938: 6936: 6932: 6931:Sankaravijaya 6928: 6924: 6919: 6911: 6902: 6900: 6896: 6891: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6870: 6868: 6864: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6842: 6837: 6833: 6827: 6825: 6821: 6817: 6816:Abhinavagupta 6811: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6730: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6712: 6706: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6686: 6684: 6675: 6671: 6666: 6659: 6655: 6648: 6647:Chakrasamvara 6645:Twelve-Armed 6643: 6634: 6632: 6628: 6627:Saiva sources 6624: 6620: 6615: 6613: 6612: 6607: 6606: 6601: 6600: 6599:Kubjikātantra 6595: 6591: 6590: 6585: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6538: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6527: 6521: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6486: 6481: 6480:sūkṣma śarīra 6477: 6472: 6470: 6466: 6464: 6459: 6458: 6453: 6449: 6443: 6440: 6439: 6432: 6428: 6426: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6397: 6393: 6392:transgressive 6388: 6384: 6382: 6379:According to 6374: 6369: 6363: 6358: 6351: 6347: 6342: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6321: 6311: 6309: 6305: 6299: 6296: 6292: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6262: 6260: 6254: 6252: 6251: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6229: 6224: 6223:Devi Mahatmya 6220: 6216: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6191: 6182: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6167: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6156: 6151: 6150: 6145: 6144: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6130: 6124: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6113: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6091: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6069: 6067: 6061: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6002: 5993: 5991: 5987: 5986: 5981: 5977: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5954: 5953:Brhadaranyaka 5950: 5949: 5944: 5943: 5938: 5937: 5932: 5928: 5927: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5906:According to 5904: 5902: 5901:Mircea Eliade 5898: 5897: 5892: 5888: 5887: 5886:Harshacharita 5882: 5878: 5877: 5872: 5871: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5857: 5852: 5848: 5847: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5829: 5824: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5801: 5785: 5783: 5782: 5777: 5776: 5771: 5770: 5763: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5739: 5734: 5732: 5720: 5717: 5711: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5688: 5683: 5680:), gestures ( 5679: 5675: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5647: 5638: 5627: 5618: 5607: 5598: 5589: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5560: 5557: 5553: 5547: 5542: 5540: 5537:According to 5535: 5531: 5529: 5524: 5523: 5517: 5515: 5511: 5505: 5503: 5498: 5494: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5479: 5478: 5473: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5452: 5450: 5444: 5442: 5436: 5434: 5426: 5424: 5420: 5418: 5417:Kāmikā-tantra 5404: 5402: 5398: 5392: 5390: 5385: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5350: 5347: 5342: 5340: 5335: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5304: 5302:(philosopher) 5301: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5290: 5288: 5287: 5282: 5281:Abhinavagupta 5278: 5275: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5264: 5263: 5258: 5257:Abhinavagupta 5254: 5251: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5240: 5239: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5221: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5205: 5204: 5200: 5198: 5197:Kāmikā-tantra 5194: 5191: 5188: 5187: 5183: 5181: 5177: 5174:(Vol. 18–21: 5173: 5170: 5167: 5166: 5162: 5159: 5156: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5145: 5141: 5138: 5137: 5133: 5131: 5130: 5125: 5121: 5118: 5117: 5113: 5111: 5110: 5106: 5103: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5093: 5088: 5085: 5081: 5080: 5075: 5072: 5069: 5068: 5065: 5061: 5059: 5058: 5053: 5050: 5047: 5046: 5042: 5040: 5039: 5035: 5032: 5031: 5027: 5024: 5023: 5018: 5015: 5012: 5011: 5007: 5004: 5000: 4997: 4995:1400–1000 BCE 4994: 4993: 4989: 4986: 4985: 4981: 4978: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4967: 4963: 4960: 4957: 4956: 4952: 4949: 4946: 4944:1700–1100 BCE 4943: 4942: 4938: 4935: 4932: 4931: 4925: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4906: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4879: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4865: 4859: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4832: 4826: 4816: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4773: 4771: 4766: 4762: 4759:and Nepalese 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4737: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4710: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4693: 4687: 4678: 4672: 4642: 4631: 4626: 4624: 4619: 4617: 4612: 4611: 4609: 4608: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4592: 4589: 4586: 4585: 4582: 4579: 4578: 4572: 4571: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4550: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4533: 4527: 4526: 4519: 4516: 4515: 4512: 4509: 4508: 4505: 4502: 4501: 4498: 4495: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4487: 4484: 4481: 4480: 4477: 4474: 4473: 4470: 4467: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4459: 4456: 4453: 4452: 4449:Tantric texts 4446: 4445: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4415: 4412: 4411: 4408: 4405: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4397: 4394: 4391: 4390: 4387: 4384: 4383: 4379: 4376: 4375: 4372: 4369: 4368: 4365: 4362: 4361: 4358: 4355: 4354: 4353: 4352: 4350: 4343: 4340: 4339: 4336: 4333: 4332: 4329: 4326: 4325: 4322: 4319: 4318: 4315: 4312: 4311: 4310: 4309: 4303: 4302:Outer Tantras 4300: 4299: 4296: 4295:Inner Tantras 4293: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4282: 4279: 4278: 4275: 4272: 4271: 4268: 4265: 4264: 4261: 4258: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4230: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4218: 4212: 4211: 4204: 4201: 4200: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4188: 4182: 4181: 4174: 4171: 4170: 4167: 4164: 4163: 4160: 4157: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4142: 4139: 4138: 4135: 4132: 4131: 4128: 4125: 4124: 4121: 4118: 4117: 4116: 4115: 4114:New branches: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4084: 4083: 4080: 4079: 4076: 4073: 4072: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4058: 4056: 4055: 4051: 4048: 4045: 4042: 4041: 4036: 4033: 4030: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4023: 4022: 4014: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4004: 4001: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3986: 3976: 3971: 3969: 3964: 3962: 3957: 3956: 3954: 3953: 3950: 3940: 3939: 3932: 3929: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3914: 3913:Shakta pithas 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3812:Ramprasad Sen 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3794: 3791: 3786: 3785: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3759: 3756: 3755: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3745:Dakshinachara 3743: 3741: 3738: 3737: 3734: 3731: 3730: 3723: 3722: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3704:Annada Mangal 3702: 3700: 3697: 3696: 3693: 3690: 3689: 3685: 3684:Kalika Purana 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3644: 3643: 3640: 3636: 3633: 3632: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3622: 3619: 3614: 3613: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3548: 3547: 3544: 3539: 3538: 3533: 3530: 3529: 3528: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3502: 3492: 3487: 3485: 3480: 3478: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3469: 3464: 3454: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3441: 3440: 3439: 3432: 3428: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3403: 3402: 3396: 3395: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3368: 3364:Hindu culture 3362: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3338: 3335: 3330: 3329: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3316:Organisations 3314: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3300: 3297: 3296: 3295: 3292: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3270: 3267: 3264: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3253: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3215: 3209: 3208: 3201: 3200: 3196: 3194: 3193: 3189: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3180: 3179: 3175: 3173: 3172: 3168: 3166: 3165: 3161: 3159: 3158: 3154: 3152: 3151: 3147: 3145: 3144: 3140: 3138: 3137: 3133: 3131: 3130: 3126: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3117: 3116: 3112: 3110: 3109: 3105: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3095: 3092: 3091: 3087: 3085: 3084: 3080: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3059: 3056: 3055: 3051: 3049: 3048: 3044: 3042: 3041: 3040:Yoga Vasistha 3037: 3035: 3034: 3030: 3028: 3027: 3023: 3021: 3020: 3016: 3014: 3013: 3009: 3007: 3006: 3005:Natya Shastra 3002: 3000: 2999: 2995: 2993: 2992: 2988: 2986: 2985: 2981: 2979: 2978: 2974: 2972: 2971: 2967: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2958: 2957: 2953: 2951: 2950: 2946: 2944: 2943: 2942:Brahma Sutras 2939: 2937: 2936: 2932: 2930: 2929: 2925: 2923: 2922: 2918: 2916: 2915: 2911: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2893: 2890: 2889: 2888:Sthapatyaveda 2885: 2883: 2882: 2881:Gandharvaveda 2878: 2876: 2875: 2871: 2869: 2868: 2864: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2854: 2851: 2850: 2846: 2844: 2843: 2842:Varaha Purana 2839: 2837: 2836: 2835:Skanda Purana 2832: 2830: 2829: 2825: 2823: 2822: 2818: 2816: 2815: 2811: 2809: 2808: 2804: 2802: 2801: 2797: 2795: 2794: 2790: 2788: 2787: 2783: 2781: 2780: 2776: 2774: 2773: 2772:Brahma Purana 2769: 2767: 2766: 2765:Garuda Purana 2762: 2760: 2759: 2758:Matsya Purana 2755: 2753: 2752: 2751:Vāmana Purana 2748: 2746: 2745: 2741: 2739: 2738: 2734: 2732: 2731: 2727: 2725: 2724: 2723:Vishnu Purana 2720: 2719: 2715: 2710: 2706: 2705: 2702: 2701: 2697: 2695: 2694: 2690: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2671: 2669: 2668: 2667:Bhagavad Gita 2664: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2636: 2633: 2631: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2613: 2610: 2609: 2605: 2603: 2602: 2598: 2596: 2595: 2591: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2583: 2580: 2579: 2575: 2573: 2572: 2568: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2560: 2557: 2556: 2552: 2550: 2549: 2545: 2543: 2542: 2538: 2536: 2535: 2531: 2529: 2528: 2524: 2522: 2521: 2517: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2509: 2506: 2505: 2501: 2499: 2498: 2494: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2448: 2445: 2444: 2440: 2438: 2437: 2433: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2424: 2423: 2419: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2362: 2359: 2354: 2353: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2281: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2250:Radhakrishnan 2248: 2246: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2230:Narayana Guru 2228: 2226: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2211: 2210:Jaggi Vasudev 2208: 2206: 2203: 2201: 2200:Chinmayananda 2198: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2177: 2171: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2061:Ramprasad Sen 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1911:Gorakshanatha 1909: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1851:Allama Prabhu 1849: 1847: 1846:Akka Mahadevi 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1836:Abhinavagupta 1834: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1785:Prashastapada 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1703: 1700: 1695: 1694: 1687: 1684: 1680: 1677: 1676: 1675: 1672: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1653: 1650: 1649: 1645:Other schools 1643: 1642: 1637: 1636: 1632: 1630: 1629: 1625: 1623: 1622: 1621:Shuddhadvaita 1618: 1616: 1615: 1611: 1609: 1608: 1604: 1602: 1601: 1597: 1595: 1594: 1590: 1589: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1550: 1547: 1542: 1541: 1534: 1531: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1513: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1302:Kalaripayattu 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1237:Bharatanatyam 1235: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1131: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1116:Nritta-Nritya 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1013: 1009: 1008: 1002: 1001: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 965: 961: 957: 956: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 859: 853: 852: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 819: 816: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 769: 763: 762: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 741: 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207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 176: 173: 172: 170: 162: 161: 156: 153: 151: 148: 147: 146: 145: 141: 137: 136: 133: 130: 129: 125: 121: 120: 113:illustration. 112: 108: 105: 101: 97: 87: 78: 67: 58: 47: 43: 39: 35: 30: 19: 15475:Hindu tantra 15412: 15360:Yuval Harari 15350:S. N. Goenka 15340:Pema Chödrön 15229:Mindful Yoga 15145: 15119: 15115:Silva Method 15092: 14924:Yoga Journal 14922: 14915: 14881:Mindful Yoga 14876:Yoga hybrids 14857: 14804:Downward dog 14669:Anuttarayoga 14597: 14544: 14537: 14530: 14523: 14516: 14509: 14502: 14495: 14488: 14481: 14474: 14467: 14462:Amritasiddhi 14460: 14453: 14388: 14185: 14178: 14171: 14164: 14143: 14070:Five sheaths 14065:Three bodies 13968:at Wikiquote 13912: 13893: 13871: 13852: 13833: 13814: 13778: 13772:. Routledge. 13769: 13749: 13742:. MacMillan. 13739: 13720: 13701: 13676: 13672: 13660: 13652:the original 13637: 13621:. Retrieved 13617: 13594: 13574: 13554: 13542: 13538: 13519: 13494: 13490: 13471: 13452: 13433: 13427:. MacMillan. 13424: 13405: 13378: 13358: 13346:the original 13341: 13325: 13303: 13294: 13272: 13253: 13234: 13215: 13196: 13177: 13151: 13147: 13128: 13087: 13083: 13064: 13045: 13026: 13007: 13003: 12990: 12966: 12938: 12919: 12915: 12899:. 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New York. 12558: 12539: 12520: 12501: 12480: 12456: 12437: 12428: 12406: 12397: 12378: 12359: 12340: 12318: 12299: 12274: 12270: 12251: 12231: 12217: 12189: 12156: 12152: 12133: 12114: 12095: 12070: 12049: 12040: 12021: 12011: 12001: 11992: 11982: 11970:Urban (2003) 11965: 11958:Urban (2003) 11953: 11941: 11929: 11917: 11910:Urban (2003) 11905: 11898:Urban (2003) 11893: 11881: 11859:Flood (2006) 11854: 11847:Flood (1996) 11842: 11835:White (2000) 11830: 11825:, p. 9. 11823:White (2000) 11801: 11789: 11777: 11765: 11753: 11741: 11729: 11717: 11690: 11678: 11671:Ghose (1996) 11666: 11654: 11642: 11630: 11603: 11591: 11579: 11572:Gough (2012) 11567: 11555: 11543: 11531: 11519: 11512:Sharf (2002) 11507: 11465: 11453: 11446:Goble (2019) 11441: 11429: 11417: 11406:Payne (2006) 11401: 11372: 11360: 11353:Lidke (2021) 11349:Lidke (2004) 11344: 11300: 11288: 11261: 11249: 11244:, p. 9. 11237: 11225: 11213: 11201: 11189: 11177: 11172:, p. 8. 11150: 11138: 11126: 11114: 11057: 11050:Smith (1996) 11045: 11033: 11021: 11014:Flood (1996) 10994: 10982: 10970: 10958: 10946: 10934: 10922: 10910: 10898: 10886: 10874: 10862: 10850: 10838: 10831:Flood (1996) 10816:Flood (1996) 10811: 10799: 10787: 10780:Einoo (2009) 10775: 10768:Smith (2005) 10763: 10751: 10739: 10727: 10700: 10673: 10661: 10632: 10620: 10608: 10596: 10584: 10572: 10560: 10548: 10506: 10494: 10482: 10470: 10458: 10446: 10434: 10422: 10415:Flood (1996) 10410: 10403:Flood (1996) 10386:Flood (1996) 10366: 10354: 10342: 10330: 10303: 10246: 10234: 10222: 10210: 10198: 10186: 10179:Brown (2002) 10157: 10145: 10133: 10121: 10109: 10097: 10085: 10022: 10010: 9998: 9991:Smith (2012) 9976:White (2003) 9971: 9964:White (2003) 9959: 9947: 9935: 9923: 9916:White (2014) 9911: 9899: 9887: 9875: 9863: 9851: 9803: 9791: 9784:Brown (2002) 9764: 9752: 9740: 9728: 9716: 9704: 9699:, p. 1. 9697:Brown (2002) 9692: 9680: 9673:Flood (2006) 9668: 9656: 9644: 9632: 9627:, p. 3. 9620: 9608: 9596: 9591:, p. 6. 9589:Brown (2002) 9574:Lorea (2018) 9569: 9562:Brown (2002) 9557: 9550:Brown (2002) 9522:, p. 7. 9515: 9503: 9496:Flood (2006) 9491: 9464: 9452: 9440: 9413: 9391:Joshi (2012) 9378:, p. 8. 9371: 9366:, p. 6. 9359: 9352:Joshi (1977) 9330: 9285:Felch (2016) 9268:Urban (2008) 9238:White (2005) 9206:, p. 7. 9199: 9192:Flood (2006) 9139:, p. 1. 9132: 9125:Flood (2006) 9120: 9108: 9096: 9084: 9072: 9065:Flood (2006) 9060: 9048: 9043:, Chapter 1. 9036: 9029:Flood (2006) 9024: 9019:, p. 12 8993: 8972: 8965:Davis (2014) 8960: 8952: 8944: 8936: 8932: 8928: 8924: 8919: 8911: 8907: 8903: 8899: 8891: 8882: 8874: 8845:Radha Tantra 8812:Julius Evola 8793: 8786:tradition). 8784:Shiva-Shakta 8783: 8764: 8757: 8744: 8740: 8734: 8719: 8711: 8696: 8680: 8673: 8667: 8661: 8652: 8609: 8599: 8589: 8577: 8558: 8552:("wheels"), 8542: 8524:pratyabhijña 8523: 8518: 8514: 8511: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8494: 8483: 8455: 8449: 8403: 8386: 8283: 8258: 8245: 8223: 8219:buddhavacana 8218: 8214: 8211: 8203: 8196: 8183:Tirthankaras 8178: 8172: 8167:Dasam Granth 8165: 8155: 8128: 8101:such as the 8074:Ming dynasty 8046:Liao dynasty 8042:Song dynasty 8026:Tang dynasty 8007: 8003:Newar people 7972: 7674: 7673: 7634: 7633: 7614: 7612: 7579: 7577: 7570: 7569: 7485: 7440: 7439: 7352:Ari-Acharya 7347: 7290: 7286: 7275: 7260: 7252: 7249: 7242: 7238: 7233: 7227: 7219: 7199: 7191: 7189: 7181: 7172: 7166: 7160: 7154: 7143: 7094: 7082: 7077:to absolute 7071: 7058: 7041: 7038:āgama, jñāna 7037: 7031: 7028:Hindu tantra 7013: 7000: 6991: 6967: 6955: 6939: 6930: 6925:philosopher 6920: 6916: 6871: 6860: 6854: 6839: 6828: 6812: 6767:Pala Dynasty 6763:Vikramashila 6756: 6752:Khmer Empire 6718:, Krama and 6708: 6688: 6679: 6674:Patan, Nepal 6631:Cakrasamvara 6630: 6623:Cakrasamvara 6622: 6618: 6616: 6611:Cakrasamvara 6610: 6603: 6597: 6593: 6587: 6581: 6575: 6539: 6524: 6522: 6509: 6505: 6483: 6479: 6473: 6463:Yoginītantra 6461: 6457:Kālikāpurāṇa 6455: 6444: 6438:Anuttarayoga 6437: 6433: 6429: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6401: 6389: 6385: 6378: 6307: 6303: 6300: 6295:Varāhamihira 6288: 6282: 6273: 6269: 6263: 6255: 6248: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6212: 6168: 6153: 6148: 6141: 6127: 6125: 6120: 6110: 6088: 6070: 6062: 6038: 6009: 5989: 5983: 5957: 5952: 5946: 5940: 5934: 5924: 5905: 5894: 5884: 5874: 5868: 5854: 5844: 5836: 5826: 5820: 5814: 5804: 5798: 5796: 5779: 5773: 5767: 5764: 5742: 5736: 5731:Dharmasastra 5728: 5726: 5712: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5670: 5660: 5580: 5568: 5566: 5549: 5544: 5536: 5532: 5520: 5518: 5506: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5476: 5469: 5454: 5446: 5438: 5430: 5428: 5422: 5414: 5412: 5400: 5396: 5394: 5387:The ancient 5386: 5351: 5345: 5343: 5338: 5331: 5320: 5300:Bhaskararaya 5284: 5260: 5255:Philosopher 5238:Mṛcchakatika 5236: 5228: 5218: 5214: 5196: 5192: 5175: 5150:Tantrodbhuta 5149: 5127: 5109:Viṣṇu Purāṇa 5107: 5096: 5090: 5083: 5077: 5055: 5036: 5020: 5002: 4982: 4979:1200–900 BCE 4971: 4965: 4947: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4907: 4898: 4886: 4876: 4862: 4860: 4851: 4844:colonial era 4835: 4833: 4822: 4805:Hindu temple 4774: 4738: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4713: 4711: 4640: 4639: 4347: 4346: 4307: 4306: 4287: 4285: 4252: 4250: 4243: 4242: 4158: 4113: 4112: 4025:Ari-Acharya 4020: 3893:Lakshmi Puja 3859: 3855:Panchamakara 3802:Bhaskararaya 3752: 3733:Vidya margam 3732: 3691: 3549: 3423: / 3419: / 3415: / 3411: / 3409:and Buddhism 3407: / 3371:Architecture 3334:Other topics 3272: 3255: 3227:Four varnas: 3226: 3197: 3190: 3183: 3176: 3169: 3162: 3155: 3148: 3141: 3134: 3127: 3120: 3113: 3106: 3088: 3081: 3074: 3052: 3045: 3038: 3031: 3024: 3017: 3012:Panchatantra 3010: 3003: 2996: 2989: 2982: 2975: 2968: 2963:Nyāya Sūtras 2961: 2954: 2947: 2940: 2933: 2926: 2921:Artha Śastra 2919: 2912: 2886: 2879: 2872: 2865: 2847: 2840: 2833: 2828:Kūrma Purana 2826: 2821:Linga Purana 2819: 2814:Shiva Purana 2812: 2805: 2800:Padma Purana 2798: 2791: 2784: 2777: 2770: 2763: 2756: 2749: 2742: 2735: 2728: 2721: 2698: 2691: 2676:s (Hinduism) 2673: 2665: 2606: 2599: 2592: 2586:Atharvaveda: 2585: 2576: 2569: 2562: 2553: 2546: 2539: 2532: 2525: 2518: 2511: 2502: 2495: 2488: 2450: 2441: 2434: 2427: 2420: 2300:Shraddhanand 2275:Ravi Shankar 2255:R. D. Ranade 2116:Śyāma Śastri 2111:Swaminarayan 2071:Rupa Goswami 1981:Morya Gosavi 1941:Jiva Goswami 1841:Adi Shankara 1667:Pratyabhijña 1633: 1626: 1619: 1612: 1605: 1598: 1591: 1398:Samavartanam 1378:Vidyāraṃbhaṃ 1363:Annaprashana 1287:Dandiya Raas 1262:Mohiniyattam 1155:Nididhyāsana 960:Epistemology 892:Brahmacharya 772:Ātman (self) 735: 679:Brahmacharya 608:Saccidānanda 560:Panchikarana 436: 369: 360: / 356:Other major 280: 214: 213: 168: 98:(Buddhist), 29: 15345:Susan Piver 15276:Tantric sex 15224:Mindfulness 15169:Biofeedback 15146:Zhan zhuang 14980:Main topics 14791:As exercise 14689:Yantra yoga 14684:Devata yoga 14593:Anapanasati 14436:Sexual Yoga 14357:Kapalabhati 14327:Sama vritti 14278:Surat Shabd 14204:Eight limbs 14134:Bhakti yoga 14121:Three Yogas 14057:Subtle body 13638:Lotus Sutra 13497:: 171–219. 13010:(4): 1–33. 11979:Works cited 11584:Cort (2001) 11536:Keul (2012) 11524:Gray (2016) 11408:, pp. 10150:Osto (2009) 10078:Gray (2016) 9745:Gray (2016) 9649:Gray (2016) 9637:Gray (2016) 9625:Gray (2016) 9535:Gray (2016) 9253:Gray (2016) 9194:, p. 9 9113:Gray (2016) 9077:Beer (2003) 8998:Gray (2016) 8708:Tantric sex 8592:meditations 8559:The use of 8546:subtle body 8484:Worship or 8393:Sexual yoga 8356:Prāyaścitta 8288:) such as: 8137:tradition, 8034:Amoghavajra 7997:. Nepalese 7927:Vajracharya 7523:Bodhisattva 7409:Inner Asian 7384:East Asian 7278:Pañcharatra 7173:Kapalavrata 7146:Mantramārga 7091:Yamunacarya 6862:Amṛtasiddhi 6824:South India 6803:Khmer kings 6787:Mahasiddhas 6745:Bundelkhand 6729:Somavamshis 6637:Tantric age 6629:. The text 6589:Guhyasamaja 6583:Guhyagarbha 6571:immortality 6563:mahasiddhas 6520:practices. 6514:sexual yoga 6476:subtle body 6381:Gavin Flood 6346:Vajravārāhī 6274:Mahavartins 6215:Mahabharata 6207:"left hand" 6149:Dasabhumika 6121:Lotus Sutra 6112:Lotus Sutra 6004:A Buddhist 5990:Atharvaveda 5985:Atharvaveda 5926:Mahabharata 5817:Upanishadic 5666:scholarship 5577:Orientalist 5528:libertinism 5497:ethnography 5279:Jayaratha, 5215:Harṣacarita 5074:Īśvarakṛṣṇa 5057:Arthaśāstra 5048:350–283 BCE 5033:pre-500 BCE 5013:600–500 BCE 4984:Atharvaveda 4899:atma-tantra 4878:Atharvaveda 4838:to mean an 4787:tradition, 4763:. Although 4755:, Japanese 4734:Guhyamantra 4726:Mantramārga 4600:Vajracharya 4196:Bodhisattva 4082:Inner Asian 4057:East Asian 3817:Ramakrishna 3777:Kubjikamata 3754:Kula margam 3692:other texts 3417:and Judaism 3413:and Sikhism 3381:Iconography 3306:Nationalism 3299:Persecution 3083:Shiva Stuti 2977:Yoga Sutras 2807:Agni Purana 2709:Other texts 2700:Mahabharata 2443:Atharvaveda 2340:Vivekananda 2265:Rama Tirtha 2260:Ramakrishna 2235:Nigamananda 2225:Mahesh Yogi 2101:Sripadaraja 2091:Siddheshwar 1986:Mukundarāja 1966:Madhusūdana 1956:Kanaka Dasa 1876:Chakradhara 1820:Yajnavalkya 1810:Vishvamitra 1679:Pancharatra 1577:Vaisheshika 1533:Ratha Yatra 1481:Janmashtami 1476:Rama Navami 1393:Ritushuddhi 1368:Chudakarana 1358:Nishkramana 1328:Garbhadhana 1297:Pandav Lila 1206:Bhakti yoga 1091:Prāyaścitta 862:Niti śastra 710:Bhakti yoga 689:Vānaprastha 504:Vishvakarma 437:Post-Vedic: 273:Vaishnavism 215:Traditional 96:Vajrayogini 15495:Nonduality 15464:Categories 15330:Sam Harris 15266:Relaxation 15162:Techniques 15016:Traditions 14973:Meditation 14903:Yoga Nidra 14709:Karmamudra 14674:Sahajayana 14446:Hatha yoga 14412:Mahasiddha 14332:Shatkarmas 14283:Aghor Yoga 14236:Pratyahara 14157:Philosophy 14139:Jnana yoga 14129:Karma yoga 12922:(6): 172. 12901:8 February 12885:: 257–291. 12625:(1): 1–47. 12577:1099543349 11500:Lye (2003) 8929:Mantrayāna 8925:Tantrayāna 8851:References 8736:Sri Yantra 8706:See also: 8631:Mahavidyas 8627:Sri Yantra 8611:Tantraloka 8601:Ishta-deva 8421:entheogens 8312:Ganachakra 8266:antinomian 8181:where the 8153:movement. 8091:deity yoga 8030:Vajrabodhi 7759:Ganachakra 7734:Death yoga 7727:Dream yoga 7713:Inner heat 7698:Deity yoga 7601:Yogatantra 7594:Charyayoga 7530:Kalachakra 7518:Buddhahood 7493:Mahasiddha 7344:Traditions 7119:Tamil Nadu 7062:Manusmriti 7046:Upanishads 6979:Abhayagiri 6899:Hemacandra 6895:Svetambara 6878:Pāñcarātra 6874:Vaishnavas 6857:Hatha Yoga 6850:Kalachakra 6799:Charyapada 6775:Odantapuri 6739:, and the 6737:Kalachuris 6551:Gorakhnath 6416:Vidyapitha 6411:Vidyapitha 6396:antinomian 6373:karmamudrā 6221:, and the 6143:Gandavyuha 6042:protection 5945:, and the 5881:Bāṇabhaṭṭa 5849:describes 5480:movement. 5477:Neo-Tantra 5466:Modern era 5374:Shri Vidya 5333:Mahābhāṣya 5312:Definition 5286:Tantrāloka 5262:Tantrāloka 5211:Bāṇabhaṭṭa 5193:Kāmikāgama 5119:320–400 CE 5076:author of 5022:Aṣṭādhyāyī 4958:1700–? BCE 4854:means the 4730:Mantrayāna 4432:Ganachakra 4407:Death yoga 4400:Dream yoga 4386:Inner heat 4371:Deity yoga 4274:Yogatantra 4267:Charyayoga 4203:Kalachakra 4191:Buddhahood 4166:Mahasiddha 4017:Traditions 3888:Durga Puja 3709:Ramprasadi 3257:Varna-less 3129:Tiruppukal 3090:Vayu Stuti 3054:Panchadasi 3047:Swara yoga 2935:Kama Sutra 2874:Dhanurveda 2534:Taittiriya 2512:Yajurveda: 2504:Kaushitaki 2481:Upanishads 2473:Upanishads 2397:Scriptures 2245:Prabhupada 2161:Vidyaranya 2046:Ram Charan 2021:Prabhākara 1936:Jayatīrtha 1886:Dadu Dayal 1881:Chāngadeva 1740:Bharadwaja 1730:Ashtavakra 1496:Kumbh Mela 1444:Durga Puja 1373:Karnavedha 1353:Nāmakaraṇa 1282:Yakshagana 1211:Karma yoga 1201:Jnana yoga 1196:Hatha yoga 1133:Meditation 1106:Tirthadana 887:Aparigraha 743:Paramātman 728:Liberation 720:Karma yoga 715:Jnana yoga 444:Dattatreya 244:Traditions 169:Historical 104:Kalachakra 102:(Hindu), 100:Sri Yantra 15515:Vajrayana 15204:Emptiness 15179:Breathing 14912:Journals 14746:Mahamudra 14664:Caryayoga 14648:Vajrayana 14621:Yogachara 14588:Vipassana 14570:Theravada 14429:Kundalini 14424:Laya Yoga 14362:Bhastrika 14300:Mahamudra 14231:Pranayama 14147:Rāja yoga 13693:170592174 13623:3 January 13503:1059-3152 13120:162235701 13104:0018-2710 13004:Religions 12916:Religions 12585:cite book 12291:170547474 12181:255161762 12117:. Mapin. 8986:Citations 8816:Carl Jung 8745:Maha Meru 8647:Kundalini 8584:muladhara 8580:Śrī Vidyā 8515:anavamala 8451:pranayama 8405:vamachara 8318:Guru yoga 8307:shaktipat 8193:Practices 7969:Vajrayana 7753:Festivals 7705:Six yogas 7691:Guru yoga 7587:Kriyayoga 7542:Practices 7265:Śrī Vidyā 7196:Kulamārga 7185:vamachara 7150:Pāśupatas 6971:Anawratha 6820:Sri Vidya 6791:Vajrayana 6749:Cambodian 6547:Tirumülar 6498:kundalini 6266:Kapalikas 6259:Pasupatas 6250:Kadambari 6219:Harivamsa 6203:Kapalikas 6193:A modern 5916:Brahmanas 5745:forms of 5716:neologism 5655:Tantrism. 5567:The term 5346:svatantra 5328:Patanjali 5296:1690–1785 5276:1150–1200 5229:Cārudatta 5220:Kādambari 5144:Rajasthan 4999:Yajurveda 4905:(Self)". 4883:Brahmanas 4881:and many 4873:Vedic era 4819:Etymology 4741:Vajrayana 4716:, in the 4712:The term 4426:Festivals 4378:Six yogas 4364:Guru yoga 4260:Kriyayoga 4215:Practices 3898:Kali Puja 3883:Navaratri 3850:Kundalini 3834:Practices 3767:Kalikulam 3740:Vamachara 3605:Saraswati 3580:Mahavidya 3553:(Supreme) 3431:Criticism 3425:and Islam 3386:Mythology 3239:Kshatriya 3171:Athichudi 3108:Tirumurai 3026:Tirumurai 2635:Vyākaraṇa 2571:Chandogya 2563:Samaveda: 2451:Divisions 2429:Yajurveda 2389:Ātmatuṣṭi 2345:Yogananda 2320:Trailanga 2315:Sivananda 2180:Aurobindo 2166:Vyasaraja 2131:Tyagaraja 2081:Sankardev 2051:Ramananda 1946:Jñāneśvar 1921:Harivansh 1906:Gaudapada 1866:Chaitanya 1805:Vashistha 1775:Patanjali 1755:Jamadagni 1674:Vaishnava 1662:Pashupata 1439:Navaratri 1416:Festivals 1383:Upanayana 1348:Jatakarma 1333:Pumsavana 1252:Kuchipudi 1247:Kathakali 1216:Rāja yoga 1150:Samādhāna 1031:Prarthana 1005:Practices 932:Svādhyāya 536:Mythology 531:Cosmology 524:Worldview 469:Kartikeya 400:Prajapati 339:Saraswati 42:Neotantra 15505:Shaktism 15500:Shaivism 15449:Category 15256:Postures 15199:Counting 15184:Chanting 15153:5Rhythms 14731:Mahayoga 14610:Mahayana 14561:Buddhism 14322:Kumbhaka 14197:Concepts 14112:Hinduism 14090:Sushumna 14012:Hinduism 13988:Religion 13892:(2012). 13797:60383600 13553:(2003). 13511:43855194 13397:53119548 13324:(1995). 13293:(2010). 12985:(2016). 12845:(2005). 12687:Archived 12477:(1996). 12427:(1998). 12339:(1980). 12277:: 1–30. 12173:48703461 11991:(1913). 8904:Kālidāsa 8840:Dzogchen 8834:See also 8802:such as 8800:Indology 8771:pen name 8749:Srividya 8741:Sri Meru 8687:mandalas 8477:statue, 8417:cannabis 8328:Mandalas 8303:Abhiseka 8293:Dakshina 8255:mandalas 8175:Shaktism 8113:and the 8062:dhāraṇīs 8038:Chang'an 7741:Sex yoga 7486:Tantrism 7418:Altaic ( 7402:Nepalese 7393:Japanese 7317:a series 7315:Part of 7293:Sahajiyā 7272:Vaiṣṇava 7261:kālīkula 7169:Bhairava 6927:Shankara 6897:thinker 6699:Vaisnava 6578:Mahayoga 6543:Chandali 6460:and the 6452:Kamakhya 6344:Dancing 6334:Bhairava 6332:Dancing 6245:Shaktism 6175:Pakistan 6171:Gandhara 6164:Amitayus 6160:Aksobhya 6146:and the 6132:and the 6117:dhāraṇīs 6054:dhāraṇīs 6050:Mahayana 5980:Ayurveda 5800:Rig Veda 5781:kaivalya 5743:tantrika 5723:Tantrika 5708:monistic 5581:Tantrism 5569:tantrism 5563:Tantrism 5514:Shaktism 5406:— 5372:sect of 5252:975–1025 5245:Matrikas 5124:Kālidāsa 5052:Chanakya 5005:11.5.5.3 4962:Sāmaveda 4840:esoteric 4825:Sanskrit 4823:Tantra ( 4813:Samhitās 4779:such as 4707:Buddhism 4703:Hinduism 4692:esoteric 4677:Sanskrit 4414:Sex yoga 4159:Tantrism 4091:Altaic ( 4075:Nepalese 4066:Japanese 3990:a series 3988:Part of 3790:Scholars 3762:Srikulam 3595:Matrikas 3551:Mahadevi 3514:Shaktism 3506:a series 3504:Part of 3444:Glossary 3376:Calendar 3311:Hindutva 3234:Brahmana 2905:samhitas 2897:Shastras 2867:Ayurveda 2858:Upavedas 2693:Ramayana 2684:Itihasas 2650:Jyotisha 2617:Vedangas 2601:Mandukya 2497:Aitareya 2489:Rigveda: 2468:Aranyaka 2463:Brahmana 2436:Samaveda 2151:Valluvar 2146:Vallabha 2126:Tulsidas 2056:Ramanuja 2006:Nayanars 1991:Namadeva 1828:Medieval 1770:Kashyapa 1686:Charvaka 1657:Kapalika 1521:Puthandu 1511:Vaisakhi 1408:Antyesti 1388:Keshanta 1312:Adimurai 1307:Silambam 1272:Sattriya 1257:Manipuri 942:Mitahara 922:Santosha 882:Achourya 694:Sannyasa 684:Gṛhastha 543:Ontology 517:Concepts 305:Trimurti 268:Smartism 263:Shaktism 258:Shaivism 132:Hinduism 124:a series 122:Part of 18:Tantrism 15424:Related 15305:Leaders 15281:Silence 15271:Samyama 15246:Oneness 15094:Neigong 14869:Related 14831:Vinyāsa 14821:Drishti 14766:Shingon 14741:Atiyoga 14736:Anuyoga 14578:Samatha 14379:Sādhanā 14367:Trataka 14268:Pranava 14251:Samadhi 14241:Dhāraṇā 14095:Pingala 13974:Portals 13112:1062679 12229:(ed.). 8914:(V.5)." 8780:Vedanta 8675:mandala 8561:mantras 8550:chakras 8475:Ganesha 8411:Use of 8400:siddhis 8338:Mantras 8332:Yantras 8286:sadhana 8259:maṇḍala 8247:acharya 8151:New Age 8131:Sikhism 8119:Shingon 8099:mantras 8066:mantras 8054:Tiantai 7993:by the 7890:Yab-Yum 7684:Ngöndro 7662:Thangka 7641:Mandala 7512:Pursuit 7480:History 7428:b, t, k 7414:Tibetan 7388:Chinese 7253:śrīkula 7215:Kubjikā 7203:tantras 7177:Aghoris 7054:sastras 7050:Puranas 6923:Advaita 6886:Jainism 6789:of the 6759:Nalanda 6711:Kashmir 6619:Hevajra 6605:Hevajra 6567:siddhis 6506:granthi 6362:chakras 6278:dakinis 6241:Parvati 6225:in the 6179:reliefs 6103:rākṣasa 6099:Bharhut 6058:mantras 6033:Mathura 6029:yakṣiṇī 6006:dhāraṇī 5876:chakras 5788:History 5775:nirvana 5755:Brahman 5738:vaidika 5729:Manava 5678:mandala 5663:Western 5585:Western 5556:temples 5389:Mimamsa 5330:in his 5259:in his 5233:Śūdraka 5231:and in 5217:and in 5206:606–647 5168:500–600 5092:Sankhya 5064:shastra 4987:X, 7.42 4972:Sastras 4950:X, 71.9 4948:Ṛigveda 4891:Smritis 4864:Rigveda 4856:warping 4848:weaving 4781:Jainism 4722:mantras 4688: 4563:Yab-Yum 4357:Ngöndro 4335:Thangka 4314:Mandala 4185:Pursuit 4153:History 4101:b, t, k 4087:Tibetan 4061:Chinese 3726:Schools 3657:Tripura 3630:Tantras 3600:Lakshmi 3570:Parvati 3543:Deities 3532:History 3449:Outline 3244:Vaishya 3212:Society 3063:Stotras 2714:Puranas 2640:Nirukta 2630:Chandas 2625:Shiksha 2608:Prashna 2594:Mundaka 2458:Samhita 2422:Rigveda 2285:Samarth 2121:Tukaram 2066:Ravidas 1800:Valmiki 1750:Jaimini 1720:Angiras 1715:Agastya 1707:Ancient 1593:Advaita 1587:Vedanta 1582:Mīmāṃsā 1562:Samkhya 1449:Ramlila 1191:Sādhanā 1081:Tarpana 1066:Kīrtana 1061:Bhajana 1012:Worship 937:Shaucha 912:Akrodha 758:Saṃsāra 622:Ishvara 591:Nirguna 586:Brahman 550:Tattvas 474:Krishna 459:Hanuman 454:Ganesha 390:Chandra 385:Ashvins 349:Parvati 344:Lakshmi 331:Tridevi 297:Deities 204:Śramaṇa 184:History 165:Origins 155:History 107:Mandala 15470:Tantra 15291:Trance 15261:Prayer 15251:Poetry 15219:Mantra 15120:Tantra 15105:Qigong 14782:Modern 14762:Japan 14756:Tangmi 14752:China 14680:Tibet 14655:India 14631:Tendai 14627:Japan 14617:India 14407:Siddhi 14402:Yogini 14389:Tantra 14342:Dhauti 14295:Bandha 14290:Mudras 14263:Mantra 14246:Dhyana 14214:Niyama 14075:Chakra 13966:Tantra 13954:Tantra 13944:, 2021 13919: 13900: 13878: 13859: 13840: 13821: 13795: 13785: 13757: 13727: 13708: 13691: 13644: 13601: 13582: 13561: 13526: 13509: 13501: 13478: 13459: 13440: 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