425:
512:
773:
51:
245:
460:; the wife continued to reside with her parents while the husband either moved in with his wife's family or simply visited her.) Besides this affront to his honor, Masakado not obtaining any post or rank in the capital might have been another factor in Yoshikane's opposition to the marriage. Another theory based on folk tradition meanwhile suggests that Masakado and Yoshikane quarreled over a daughter of
508:, Ibaraki), but managed to repel their attack; the three brothers all died in the battle. In retaliation, Masakado then burned and ransacked the houses of Tasuku's supporters across southwestern Hitachi. Kunika also died during this conflict, under circumstances not entirely clear: he may have either been killed during the skirmish at Nomoto or when Masakado set fire to his residence.
554:) with Masakado, who went there to verify reports about a plan to launch a joint attack on him from the north. Despite only having about a hundred poorly-equipped soldiers with him, Masakado inflicted heavy casualties upon his enemies' several thousand strong army. Scattered and thrown into confusion, Yoshikane and the remnants of his forces fled to the
731:); neglect would be followed by natural disasters and other misfortunes. Hence, to this day, the shrine is well maintained, occupying some of the most expensive land in the world in Tokyo’s financial district facing the Imperial Palace. His tomb (which contains only a monument to his head) is near exit C5 of Tokyo's
558:
of
Shimotsuke, Masakado pursuing them. Although he managed to surround his uncle in the governmental offices, Masakado, seemingly concerned about subsequent censure should he kill Yoshikane then and there, allowed him to escape through a gap in his western line. He then filed a formal grievance with
374:
Masakado's year of birth is also unclear. Accounts of his exploits in the mid-930s suggest that his children were young enough to be still in the care of their mother, which may imply that he was born sometime around 900. Later legend portrays
Masakado as the reincarnation of scholar and politician
562:
Not long after his victory, Masakado received a summons from the imperial court because of a complaint lodged against him by
Minamoto no Mamoru over the battle at Nomoto. Masakado then hurried to the capital to give an account of himself; his lord, Fujiwara no Tadahira, probably intervened in the
541:
After his humiliating defeat, Yoshimasa called to
Yoshikane – now the vice-governor of Kazusa Province – for aid, who then gathered a large number of warriors from Kazusa and Shimōsa such that officials from the two provinces initially attempted to prevent their dispatch (Such protests were later
489:(平国香), who as Takamochi's eldest son was the head of the clan, might have tried to take over his younger brother Yoshimochi's property and place it under his control. Kunika, like Yoshikane, was related by marriage ties to Mamoru, who would eventually become involved in the conflict.
456:(平良兼) over a woman. The identity of this woman is uncertain, though one theory suggests that it may have been a daughter of Yoshikane who married her cousin and apparently went to live with him against her father's wishes. (Aristocratic marriages during the Heian period were usually
589:
near the border between Shimōsa and
Hitachi while displaying portraits of Yoshimochi and Takamochi (Masakado's father and grandfather) in front of his vanguard. This ploy succeeded in weakening the morale of Masakado and his men, who "withdrew, carrying their shields."
534:(平良正), Masakado's paternal uncle or cousin who was also related by marriage to Mamoru, seeking to avenge the deaths of Kunika and Mamoru's sons, faced Masakado in battle in the village of Kawawa (川曲村) in western Hitachi (identified with the town of
602:). During his retreat, Masakado had his wife (Yoshikane's daughter) and children flee by boat for their safety, but Yoshikane discovered them and carried them off to Kazusa. The woman's brothers eventually allowed them to escape back to Masakado.
542:
withdrawn after the issue was deemed to be a private matter beyond the sphere of state affairs). On the 26th day of the 6th month of 936 (Jōhei 6), Yoshikane led his massive army to
Hitachi, where he joined forces with Yoshimasa and Kunika's son
370:
and northwest Chiba
Prefecture), though the factuality of this information has been disputed. Masakado's mother is sometimes identified as the daughter of a certain Agata (no) Inukai no Harue (県犬養春枝), perhaps a local magnate from Sōma District.
546:(who had been in the capital when his father was killed and initially took a neutral stance), whom he had prevailed upon to take part in the attack against Masakado. They made contact at the border between Hitachi and
598:) in Shimōsa to weaken his ability to make war. Masakado launched a counterattack some days later, but was again defeated due to being struck by a severe pain in his legs (thought to be due to
518:, the sorceress, is shown carrying a sword in one hand, a bell in the other, and a torch in her mouth; the toad, her familiar, is shown in the inset with her father, Taira no Masakado.
436:
Disagreement exists about the exact cause of
Masakado's rebellion. While some sources portray the uprising as revenge for his failure to secure a government post, the
928:) was originally the one named 'Yoshimochi'. Some sources reconcile this discrepancy by suggesting that the two brothers changed their names at some point.
585:
Anxious to avenge his defeat, Yoshikane almost immediately recommenced hostilities upon
Masakado's return. He first launched an attack on Masakado at the
766:
949:
in this name, 正, is different from that of
Masakado's father, which is 将), this article will refer to the former as 'Yoshimochi' throughout.
1819:
424:
303:
1). Takamochi's sons who joined him there occupied a variety of provincial offices in the eastern part of the country such as that of
708:
to the locals who were impressed by his stand against the central government, while at the same time feeling the need to appease his
287:(reigned 781–806) who were demoted from princely to commoner status and granted the Taira surname. Yoshimochi was one of the sons of
723:. The fortunes of Edo and Tokyo seemed to wax and wane correspondingly with the respect paid to the shrine built to him at the
538:, Ibaraki) but Masakado once again proved the victor; more than sixty of Yoshikane's men were killed while the rest dispersed.
1814:
1703:
1671:
701:
When Masakado was preparing for his revolt, a vast swarm of butterflies appeared in Kyoto, a portent of the upcoming battle.
448:
on Masakado's life believed to have been completed as early as the 940s, suggests that the conflict originally began in 931 (
595:
563:
case and helped lighten his punishment. He was eventually pardoned early the following year (937 / Jōhei 7) when a general
359:
924:
instead identify him as 'Yoshimochi' (良持). Rather confusingly, some texts suggest that Yoshimochi's elder brother Kunika (
1651:
411:, but failed to obtain court rank or any significant office in spite of his credentials and his patron's high status.
1719:
1498:
1448:
1421:
1235:
1208:
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1154:
671:
The head found its way to Shibasaki, a small fishing village on the edge of the Pacific ocean and the future site of
1675:
1580:
1471:
1082:
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at the time. Through land reclamation over the centuries, the bay has receded some three kilometers to the south.
1809:
1794:
162:
1829:
1643:
328:
Not much is known of Masakado's birth and early life due to lack of written evidence. The genealogical record
1834:
334:(compiled 1377-1395) identifies Masakado as the third of Yoshimochi's eight sons, while the genealogy of the
1789:
1057:
358:
meaning "little second son") during his childhood, suggesting that he was raised in the district of Sōma (
859:- Even today, the Soma Nomaoi (相馬野馬追) horse-riding festival organized by Taira no Masakado is celebrated
594:) Afterwards, Yoshikane burned a critical stable and some houses at Masakado's base in Toyoda District (
1017:
825:
as Taira no Masakado flew back to Kantō. The Mikubi Shrine was built on the spot where the head fell.
350:(相馬系図), identifies him as the second of seven sons. The latter text also claims that he was nicknamed
481:(c. 1120) gives another reason for the conflict, namely that Masakado's uncles had appropriated the
1824:
1804:
1799:
1663:
1272:
497:
1632:
920:
477:
1533:
Stramigioli, Giuliana (1973). "Preliminary Notes on Masakadoki and the Taira no Masadado Story".
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788:
407:
173:
56:
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The armed struggle began when Masakado led an attack on an outpost of the central government in
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1321:
1225:
1171:
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492:
In the 2nd month of 935 (Jōhei 5), Masakado and his men were ambushed by Mamoru's three sons,
1488:
1411:
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1037:
777:
376:
1779:
1227:
Japan's Name Culture: The Significance of Names in a Religious, Political and Social Context
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399:
267:(桓武平氏), traces itself from Kanmu's children who were not considered eligible for the throne.
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511:
457:
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1) as a dispute between Masakado, freshly returned from Heian-kyō, and his paternal uncle
8:
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to prevent the head of Taira no Masakado, who was beheaded in Kyoto, from returning to
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the provincial authorities in neighboring provinces before returning to his territory.
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1494:
1444:
1417:
1384:
1231:
1204:
1177:
1150:
652:
543:
88:
232:, notable for leading the first recorded uprising against the central government in
102:
1376:
862:
625:
535:
469:
296:
252:
619:
405:. He is said to have aspired for a position within the imperial police force, the
1657:
1336:
See Stramgioli, Preliminary Notes on Masakadoki and the Taira no Masakado Story,
870:
784:
718:
648:
292:
914:
811:
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229:
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318:
291:, a grandson or great-grandson of Kanmu who was appointed the vice-governor of
60:
1741:
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who had married off his daughters to Masakado's uncles, Yoshikane among them.
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493:
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the young man was supposed to inherit from his late father. Masakado's uncle
461:
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284:
248:
20:
1630:
The First Samurai: the Life & Legend of the Warrior Rebel Taira Masakado
937:
To prevent confusion with Yoshimochi's nephew or younger brother Yoshimasa (
1257:
The First Samurai: The Life and Legend of the Warrior Rebel, Taira Masakado
1200:
The First Samurai: The Life and Legend of the Warrior Rebel, Taira Masakado
1103:
The First Samurai: The Life and Legend of the Warrior Rebel, Taira Masakado
984:
912:
give the name of Masakado's father as 'Yoshimasa' (良将), others such as the
902:
762:
743:
215:
856:
391:
335:
1608:
1098:
732:
686:
119:
1708:
1586:
1396:
834:
776:
The legendary final resting place of Taira no Masakado's head near the
429:
384:
339:
276:
256:
50:
390:
At some point in his late teens, Masakado went to the capital city of
244:
1364:
877:
in which the curse of Masakado influences the development of the city
690:
515:
445:
1380:
851:
791:) dedicated to Taira no Masakado. According to a legend left at the
611:
220:
92:
681:
505:
1746:
1120:
711:
482:
449:
1365:"Preliminary Notes on Masakadoki and the Taira no Masadado Story"
705:
637:
628:, capturing the governor. In December of that year, he conquered
573:
564:
519:
225:
24:
555:
322:
1555:
Heavenly Warriors: The Evolution of Japan’s Military, 500–1300
1516:
Heavenly Warriors: The Evolution of Japan's Military, 500–1300
1440:
Heavenly Warriors: The Evolution of Japan's Military, 500–1300
1752:
942:
874:
739:
676:
644:
496:, Takashi, and Shigeru, at a place called Nomoto (野本) in the
395:
275:(平良将), also known as Taira no Yoshimochi (平良持), of the Kanmu
233:
123:
64:
1758:
16:
Heian period provincial magnate and samurai in eastern Japan
817:
802:
1476:. Ishige-machi Shi Hensan Iinkai. 1988. pp. 144–150.
1087:. Ishige-machi Shi Hensan Iinkai. 1988. pp. 136–139.
938:
672:
617:), Masakado led a minor rebellion which is also known as
504:), near the border between Hitachi and Shimōsa (modern
55:
Portrait of Masakado formerly kept at Tsukudo Shrine (
655:, whose father Masakado had attacked and killed, and
419:
1731:. First edition (1904). Houghton Mifflin & Co.
1105:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 112–113, 166, 270.
873:
providing a speculative retelling of the history of
530:
On the 21st day of the 10th month of the same year,
814:for revenge, and the kami shot the head off with a
580:
1127:. Dai Nippon Tosho Kabushiki Kwaisha. p. 137.
651:on his head, and fifty-nine days later his cousin
1656:Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005).
1766:
1121:Department of Education (Monbushō), ed. (1937).
685:, or grave, which is located in the present day
1714:. First Edition (1984). John Weatherhill, Inc.
1267:
1265:
1146:Warriors of Japan as Portrayed in the War Tales
815:
800:
754:
709:
1273:"平将門公生誕1111年記念 特別展「平将門伝説 ～東国の自立を夢見た男 その史実と伝承～"
748:
689:section of Tokyo, was on a hill rising out of
207:
67:. The original painting was destroyed in 1945.
428:Masakado attacking an opponent on horseback (
414:
1585:(in Japanese). Mikubi Shrine. Archived from
1262:
1362:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1004:Shōmonki: The Story of Masakado's Rebellion
1001:
663:) in 940 and took his head to the capital.
342:, who were descended from Masakado's uncle
1278:(in Japanese). さしま郷土館ミューズ. 2013. p. 4
1176:. Stanford University Press. p. 247.
997:
995:
993:
636:; and he claimed the title of Shinnō (New
49:
1493:. New York University Press. p. 58.
1223:
1203:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 34–39.
1149:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 9.
1138:
1136:
1134:
193:Agata Inukai no Harue's daughter (mother)
1409:
1244:
1109:
1077:
1075:
1073:
842:, The rebellion leader of the same time
771:
510:
423:
243:
146:Rebelling against the central government
1326:. Japan Mail Office. 1872. p. 183.
990:
1767:
1513:
1486:
1436:
1196:
1169:
1142:
1131:
1097:
1006:. Sophia University Press. p. 73.
704:Over the centuries, Masakado became a
659:, killed him at the Battle of Kojima (
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1529:
1527:
1525:
1466:
1464:
1462:
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1356:
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1070:
398:) and served in the household of the
1692:Eiji Yoshikawa's Historical Fiction
1613:Japan National Tourism Organization
1259:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 39-40.
464:(源護), former senior secretary (大掾,
13:
1820:Japanese warriors killed in battle
1688:Yoshikawa Eiji Rekishi Jidai Bunko
1544:
1522:
1457:
1347:
420:Beginning of hostilities (931–936)
263:) to which Masakado belonged, the
14:
1846:
1735:
1230:. Psychology Press. p. 112.
136:Taira no Kojirō Masakado (平小次郎将門)
769:(which has multiple locations.)
581:Masakado and Yoshikane (937-938)
567:was declared at the occasion of
271:Masakado was one of the sons of
1753:Tsukudo Shrine Official Website
1622:
1601:
1573:
1560:
1507:
1480:
1430:
1403:
1330:
1314:
1301:Tsukudo Shrine Official Website
1289:
1217:
1190:
1163:
1002:Rabinovitch, Judith N. (1986).
972:(2005). "Taira no Masakado" in
188:Taira no Yoshimasa / Yoshimochi
128:Enmei-in, Bandō, Ibaraki (body)
1553:Farris, William Wayne (2020).
1514:Farris, William Wayne (2020).
1437:Farris, William Wayne (2020).
1413:A Brief History of the Samurai
1363:Stramigioli, Giuliana (1973).
1224:Plutschow, Herbert E. (1995).
1170:Sansom, George Bailey (1958).
1124:History of the Empire of Japan
1091:
1050:
1030:
1010:
962:
931:
894:
696:
1:
1759:Kokuō Shrine Official Website
1747:Kanda Shrine Official Website
1323:The Japan Weekly Mail, vol. 3
956:
900:While some texts such as the
239:
77:
1815:People from Chiba Prefecture
787:, there is a Mikubi shrine (
666:
321:tasked with subjugating the
7:
1490:Women in Japanese Religions
1416:. Hachette UK. p. 45.
1410:Clements, Jonathan (2013).
1340:Vol. 28; also Rabinovitch,
828:
816:
801:
755:
710:
10:
1851:
1698:(平の将門). Tokyo: Kodansha.
1557:. Brill. pp. 136–137.
1518:. Brill. pp. 133–136.
1173:A History of Japan to 1334
1038:"扶桑畧記 卷廿五 起朱雀天皇紀 盡村上天皇紀 上"
795:, a priest at a shrine in
738:Other shrines which he is
643:The central government in
415:The Jōhei-Tengyō Rebellion
379:(later deified as the god
366:(part of modern southwest
18:
968:Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric
749:
313:of the defense garrison (
208:
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150:
142:
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89:14th day of the 2nd month
84:
72:
48:
43:
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1664:Harvard University Press
1628:Friday, Karl F. (2008).
1581:
1566:Hearn, Lafcadio (1904).
1487:Ambros, Barbara (2015).
887:
605:
1473:石下町史 (Ishige-machi Shi)
1084:石下町史 (Ishige-machi Shi)
846:Kaze to Kumo to Niji to
647:responded by putting a
556:provincial headquarters
475:On the other hand, the
1810:Superstitions of Japan
1795:Japanese folk religion
1443:. Brill. p. 132.
780:
679:. It was buried. The
527:
433:
268:
138:Sōma no Kojirō (相馬小次郎)
1830:10th century in Japan
1255:Friday, Karl (2008).
1197:Friday, Karl (2008).
1143:Varley, Paul (1994).
1058:"『今昔物語』卷廿五 平將門發謀叛被誅語"
921:Konjaku Monogatarishū
778:Tokyo Imperial Palace
775:
675:, which later became
514:
478:Konjaku Monogatarishū
427:
377:Sugawara no Michizane
247:
212:, died March 25, 940)
1835:Deified Japanese men
1742:Masakado's Home Page
1712:Tokyo Now & Then
1589:on 24 September 2022
883:, historical fiction
840:Fujiwara no Sumitomo
657:Fujiwara no Hidesato
403:Fujiwara no Tadahira
383:), who died in 903 (
338:(an offshoot of the
255:. The branch of the
218:provincial magnate (
1790:Rebellions in Japan
1659:Japan Encyclopedia.
1636:John Wiley and Sons
1535:Monumenta Nipponica
1369:Monumenta Nipponica
1338:Monumenta Nipponica
978:Japan Encyclopedia,
522:woodblock print by
440:(将門記, also read as
867:historical fantasy
848:, a Japanese drama
781:
571:'s coming of age (
552:Tochigi Prefecture
532:Taira no Yoshimasa
528:
498:district of Makabe
462:Minamoto no Mamoru
454:Taira no Yoshikane
434:
368:Ibaraki Prefecture
311:commander-in-chief
283:), descendants of
273:Taira no Yoshimasa
269:
107:Ibaraki Prefecture
1704:978-4-06-196577-5
1696:Taira no Masakado
1672:978-0-674-01753-5
653:Taira no Sadamori
203:Taira no Masakado
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516:Takiyasha-hime
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1587:the original
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1099:Friday, Karl
1093:
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1032:
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985:Google Books
979:
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915:Fusō Ryakuki
913:
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165:(Nyoshun-ni)
28:
1662:Cambridge:
1593:24 February
742:of include
697:Deification
587:Kogai River
80:early 900s?
1785:940 deaths
1775:Taira clan
1769:Categories
1761:(Japanese)
1749:(Japanese)
1644:047176082X
1634:New York:
1582:ご祭神／由緒／ご利益
1307:2021-01-29
1297:"（1）将門と道真"
1282:2021-01-29
1063:2021-01-29
1043:2021-01-29
1023:2021-01-29
1018:"平新皇將門戰傳記"
957:References
835:Chiba clan
630:Shimotsuke
548:Shimotsuke
458:matrilocal
442:Masakadoki
430:Yoshitoshi
348:Sōma Keizu
340:Chiba clan
299:) in 889 (
277:Taira clan
257:Taira clan
240:Early life
1780:Sōma clan
1755:(English)
1709:Waley, P.
1684:Yoshikawa
1389:0027-0741
869:novel by
857:Sōma clan
691:Tokyo Bay
667:Aftermath
446:monograph
392:Heian-kyō
344:Yoshifumi
336:Sōma clan
228:based in
170:(Jizō-ni)
155:Yoshikado
76:Unknown;
1344:, pp. 33
1342:Shomonki
1101:(2008).
918:and the
906:and the
829:See also
733:Ōtemachi
725:kubizuka
687:Ōtemachi
682:kubizuka
610:In 939 (
600:beriberi
592:Shōmonki
550:(modern
544:Sadamori
506:Chikusei
438:Shōmonki
408:Kebiishi
354:(相馬小次郎,
315:chinjufu
190:(father)
168:Nyozō-ni
163:Haruhime
159:Masakuni
151:Children
120:Ōtemachi
101:(modern
19:In this
1729:Kwaidan
1570:p. 184.
1568:Kwaidan
1397:2383784
980:p. 926.
765:), and
706:demigod
638:Emperor
574:genpuku
565:amnesty
536:Yachiyo
520:Ukiyo-e
346:), the
251:, 50th
226:samurai
181:Parents
126:(head)
61:Chiyoda
25:surname
1718:
1702:
1670:
1650:
1642:
1497:
1447:
1420:
1395:
1387:
1234:
1207:
1180:
1153:
970:et al.
941:, the
852:Myōken
649:bounty
612:Tengyō
526:, 1884
494:Tasuku
381:Tenjin
356:Kojirō
309:, the
301:Kanpyō
261:Heishi
224:) and
221:gōzoku
214:was a
93:Tengyō
23:, the
1393:JSTOR
1276:(PDF)
943:kanji
888:Notes
875:Tokyo
823:(bow)
812:Kantō
763:Kanda
740:deity
712:onryō
677:Tokyo
645:Kyoto
606:Death
483:lands
468:) of
466:daijō
450:Jōhei
396:Kyōto
362:) in
317:) in
249:Kanmu
234:Kyōto
124:Tokyo
103:Bandō
65:Tokyo
59:) in
29:Taira
1716:ISBN
1700:ISBN
1668:ISBN
1648:ISBN
1640:ISBN
1595:2023
1495:ISBN
1445:ISBN
1418:ISBN
1385:ISSN
1232:ISBN
1205:ISBN
1178:ISBN
1151:ISBN
947:masa
945:for
865:, a
818:yumi
803:kami
750:神田明神
632:and
387:3).
385:Engi
85:Died
73:Born
57:築土神社
1638:.
1377:doi
939:平良正
783:In
673:Edo
640:).
596:豊田郡
577:).
502:真壁郡
360:相馬郡
209:平将門
44:平将門
27:is
1771::
1674:;
1666:.
1646:;
1611:.
1546:^
1539:28
1537:.
1524:^
1459:^
1391:.
1383:.
1373:28
1371:.
1367:.
1349:^
1299:.
1264:^
1246:^
1133:^
1111:^
1072:^
992:^
926:国香
789:ja
753:,
729:ja
236:.
122:,
105:,
91:,
78:c.
63:,
1722:.
1690:(
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31:.
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