436:
523:
784:
62:
256:
471:; the wife continued to reside with her parents while the husband either moved in with his wife's family or simply visited her.) Besides this affront to his honor, Masakado not obtaining any post or rank in the capital might have been another factor in Yoshikane's opposition to the marriage. Another theory based on folk tradition meanwhile suggests that Masakado and Yoshikane quarreled over a daughter of
519:, Ibaraki), but managed to repel their attack; the three brothers all died in the battle. In retaliation, Masakado then burned and ransacked the houses of Tasuku's supporters across southwestern Hitachi. Kunika also died during this conflict, under circumstances not entirely clear: he may have either been killed during the skirmish at Nomoto or when Masakado set fire to his residence.
565:) with Masakado, who went there to verify reports about a plan to launch a joint attack on him from the north. Despite only having about a hundred poorly-equipped soldiers with him, Masakado inflicted heavy casualties upon his enemies' several thousand strong army. Scattered and thrown into confusion, Yoshikane and the remnants of his forces fled to the
742:); neglect would be followed by natural disasters and other misfortunes. Hence, to this day, the shrine is well maintained, occupying some of the most expensive land in the world in Tokyo’s financial district facing the Imperial Palace. His tomb (which contains only a monument to his head) is near exit C5 of Tokyo's
569:
of
Shimotsuke, Masakado pursuing them. Although he managed to surround his uncle in the governmental offices, Masakado, seemingly concerned about subsequent censure should he kill Yoshikane then and there, allowed him to escape through a gap in his western line. He then filed a formal grievance with
385:
Masakado's year of birth is also unclear. Accounts of his exploits in the mid-930s suggest that his children were young enough to be still in the care of their mother, which may imply that he was born sometime around 900. Later legend portrays
Masakado as the reincarnation of scholar and politician
573:
Not long after his victory, Masakado received a summons from the imperial court because of a complaint lodged against him by
Minamoto no Mamoru over the battle at Nomoto. Masakado then hurried to the capital to give an account of himself; his lord, Fujiwara no Tadahira, probably intervened in the
552:
After his humiliating defeat, Yoshimasa called to
Yoshikane – now the vice-governor of Kazusa Province – for aid, who then gathered a large number of warriors from Kazusa and Shimōsa such that officials from the two provinces initially attempted to prevent their dispatch (Such protests were later
500:(平国香), who as Takamochi's eldest son was the head of the clan, might have tried to take over his younger brother Yoshimochi's property and place it under his control. Kunika, like Yoshikane, was related by marriage ties to Mamoru, who would eventually become involved in the conflict.
467:(平良兼) over a woman. The identity of this woman is uncertain, though one theory suggests that it may have been a daughter of Yoshikane who married her cousin and apparently went to live with him against her father's wishes. (Aristocratic marriages during the Heian period were usually
600:
near the border between Shimōsa and
Hitachi while displaying portraits of Yoshimochi and Takamochi (Masakado's father and grandfather) in front of his vanguard. This ploy succeeded in weakening the morale of Masakado and his men, who "withdrew, carrying their shields."
545:(平良正), Masakado's paternal uncle or cousin who was also related by marriage to Mamoru, seeking to avenge the deaths of Kunika and Mamoru's sons, faced Masakado in battle in the village of Kawawa (川曲村) in western Hitachi (identified with the town of
613:). During his retreat, Masakado had his wife (Yoshikane's daughter) and children flee by boat for their safety, but Yoshikane discovered them and carried them off to Kazusa. The woman's brothers eventually allowed them to escape back to Masakado.
553:
withdrawn after the issue was deemed to be a private matter beyond the sphere of state affairs). On the 26th day of the 6th month of 936 (Jōhei 6), Yoshikane led his massive army to
Hitachi, where he joined forces with Yoshimasa and Kunika's son
381:
and northwest Chiba
Prefecture), though the factuality of this information has been disputed. Masakado's mother is sometimes identified as the daughter of a certain Agata (no) Inukai no Harue (県犬養春枝), perhaps a local magnate from Sōma District.
557:(who had been in the capital when his father was killed and initially took a neutral stance), whom he had prevailed upon to take part in the attack against Masakado. They made contact at the border between Hitachi and
609:) in Shimōsa to weaken his ability to make war. Masakado launched a counterattack some days later, but was again defeated due to being struck by a severe pain in his legs (thought to be due to
529:, the sorceress, is shown carrying a sword in one hand, a bell in the other, and a torch in her mouth; the toad, her familiar, is shown in the inset with her father, Taira no Masakado.
447:
Disagreement exists about the exact cause of
Masakado's rebellion. While some sources portray the uprising as revenge for his failure to secure a government post, the
939:) was originally the one named 'Yoshimochi'. Some sources reconcile this discrepancy by suggesting that the two brothers changed their names at some point.
596:
Anxious to avenge his defeat, Yoshikane almost immediately recommenced hostilities upon
Masakado's return. He first launched an attack on Masakado at the
777:
960:
in this name, 正, is different from that of
Masakado's father, which is 将), this article will refer to the former as 'Yoshimochi' throughout.
1830:
435:
314:
1). Takamochi's sons who joined him there occupied a variety of provincial offices in the eastern part of the country such as that of
719:
to the locals who were impressed by his stand against the central government, while at the same time feeling the need to appease his
298:(reigned 781–806) who were demoted from princely to commoner status and granted the Taira surname. Yoshimochi was one of the sons of
734:. The fortunes of Edo and Tokyo seemed to wax and wane correspondingly with the respect paid to the shrine built to him at the
549:, Ibaraki) but Masakado once again proved the victor; more than sixty of Yoshikane's men were killed while the rest dispersed.
1825:
1714:
1682:
712:
When Masakado was preparing for his revolt, a vast swarm of butterflies appeared in Kyoto, a portent of the upcoming battle.
459:
on Masakado's life believed to have been completed as early as the 940s, suggests that the conflict originally began in 931 (
606:
574:
case and helped lighten his punishment. He was eventually pardoned early the following year (937 / Jōhei 7) when a general
370:
935:
instead identify him as 'Yoshimochi' (良持). Rather confusingly, some texts suggest that Yoshimochi's elder brother Kunika (
1662:
422:, but failed to obtain court rank or any significant office in spite of his credentials and his patron's high status.
1730:
1509:
1459:
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1246:
1219:
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682:
The head found its way to Shibasaki, a small fishing village on the edge of the Pacific ocean and the future site of
1686:
1591:
1482:
1093:
704:
at the time. Through land reclamation over the centuries, the bay has receded some three kilometers to the south.
1820:
1805:
173:
1840:
1654:
339:
Not much is known of Masakado's birth and early life due to lack of written evidence. The genealogical record
1845:
345:(compiled 1377-1395) identifies Masakado as the third of Yoshimochi's eight sons, while the genealogy of the
1800:
1068:
369:
meaning "little second son") during his childhood, suggesting that he was raised in the district of Sōma (
894:- Even today, the Soma Nomaoi (相馬野馬追) horse-riding festival organized by Taira no Masakado is celebrated
605:) Afterwards, Yoshikane burned a critical stable and some houses at Masakado's base in Toyoda District (
1028:
836:
as Taira no Masakado flew back to Kantō. The Mikubi Shrine was built on the spot where the head fell.
361:(相馬系図), identifies him as the second of seven sons. The latter text also claims that he was nicknamed
492:(c. 1120) gives another reason for the conflict, namely that Masakado's uncles had appropriated the
1835:
1815:
1810:
1674:
1283:
508:
17:
1643:
931:
488:
1544:
Stramigioli, Giuliana (1973). "Preliminary Notes on Masakadoki and the Taira no Masadado Story".
851:
799:
418:
184:
67:
635:
The armed struggle began when Masakado led an attack on an outpost of the central government in
1449:
1332:
1236:
1182:
1133:
988:
985:
503:
In the 2nd month of 935 (Jōhei 5), Masakado and his men were ambushed by Mamoru's three sons,
1499:
1422:
1209:
1048:
788:
387:
1790:
1238:
Japan's Name Culture: The Significance of Names in a Religious, Political and Social Context
1155:
410:
278:(桓武平氏), traces itself from Kanmu's children who were not considered eligible for the throne.
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667:
522:
468:
413:
463:
1) as a dispute between Masakado, freshly returned from Heian-kyō, and his paternal uncle
8:
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610:
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109:
1403:
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to prevent the head of Taira no Masakado, who was beheaded in Kyoto, from returning to
739:
597:
570:
the provincial authorities in neighboring provinces before returning to his territory.
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1726:
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1505:
1455:
1428:
1395:
1242:
1215:
1188:
1161:
663:
554:
99:
243:, notable for leading the first recorded uprising against the central government in
113:
1387:
863:
636:
546:
480:
307:
263:
630:
416:. He is said to have aspired for a position within the imperial police force, the
1668:
1347:
See Stramgioli, Preliminary Notes on Masakadoki and the Taira no Masakado Story,
871:
795:
729:
659:
303:
925:
822:
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240:
1736:
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857:
783:
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341:
329:
302:, a grandson or great-grandson of Kanmu who was appointed the vice-governor of
71:
1752:
1307:
483:
who had married off his daughters to Masakado's uncles, Yoshikane among them.
1779:
1399:
807:
803:
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the young man was supposed to inherit from his late father. Masakado's uncle
472:
391:
295:
259:
31:
1641:
The First Samurai: the Life & Legend of the Warrior Rebel Taira Masakado
948:
To prevent confusion with Yoshimochi's nephew or younger brother Yoshimasa (
1268:
The First Samurai: The Life and Legend of the Warrior Rebel, Taira Masakado
1211:
The First Samurai: The Life and Legend of the Warrior Rebel, Taira Masakado
1114:
The First Samurai: The Life and Legend of the Warrior Rebel, Taira Masakado
995:
923:
give the name of Masakado's father as 'Yoshimasa' (良将), others such as the
913:
773:
754:
226:
891:
402:
346:
1619:
1109:
743:
697:
130:
1719:
1597:
1407:
886:
787:
The legendary final resting place of Taira no Masakado's head near the
440:
395:
350:
287:
267:
61:
401:
At some point in his late teens, Masakado went to the capital city of
255:
1375:
878:
in which the curse of Masakado influences the development of the city
701:
526:
456:
1391:
881:
802:) dedicated to Taira no Masakado. According to a legend left at the
622:
231:
103:
692:
516:
1757:
1131:
722:
493:
460:
1376:"Preliminary Notes on Masakadoki and the Taira no Masadado Story"
716:
648:
639:, capturing the governor. In December of that year, he conquered
584:
575:
530:
236:
35:
566:
333:
1566:
Heavenly Warriors: The Evolution of Japan’s Military, 500–1300
1527:
Heavenly Warriors: The Evolution of Japan's Military, 500–1300
1451:
Heavenly Warriors: The Evolution of Japan's Military, 500–1300
1763:
953:
875:
750:
687:
655:
507:, Takashi, and Shigeru, at a place called Nomoto (野本) in the
406:
286:(平良将), also known as Taira no Yoshimochi (平良持), of the Kanmu
244:
134:
75:
1769:
27:
Heian period provincial magnate and samurai in eastern Japan
828:
813:
1487:. Ishige-machi Shi Hensan Iinkai. 1988. pp. 144–150.
1098:. Ishige-machi Shi Hensan Iinkai. 1988. pp. 136–139.
949:
683:
628:), Masakado led a minor rebellion which is also known as
515:), near the border between Hitachi and Shimōsa (modern
66:
Portrait of Masakado formerly kept at Tsukudo Shrine (
666:, whose father Masakado had attacked and killed, and
430:
1742:. First edition (1904). Houghton Mifflin & Co.
1116:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 112–113, 166, 270.
874:
providing a speculative retelling of the history of
541:
On the 21st day of the 10th month of the same year,
825:for revenge, and the kami shot the head off with a
591:
1138:. Dai Nippon Tosho Kabushiki Kwaisha. p. 137.
662:on his head, and fifty-nine days later his cousin
1667:Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005).
1777:
1132:Department of Education (Monbushō), ed. (1937).
696:, or grave, which is located in the present day
1725:. First Edition (1984). John Weatherhill, Inc.
1278:
1276:
1157:Warriors of Japan as Portrayed in the War Tales
826:
811:
765:
720:
1284:"平将門公生誕1111年記念 特別展「平将門伝説 ～東国の自立を夢見た男 その史実と伝承～"
759:
700:section of Tokyo, was on a hill rising out of
218:
78:. The original painting was destroyed in 1945.
439:Masakado attacking an opponent on horseback (
425:
1596:(in Japanese). Mikubi Shrine. Archived from
1273:
1373:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1015:Shōmonki: The Story of Masakado's Rebellion
1012:
674:) in 940 and took his head to the capital.
353:, who were descended from Masakado's uncle
1289:(in Japanese). さしま郷土館ミューズ. 2013. p. 4
1187:. Stanford University Press. p. 247.
1008:
1006:
1004:
647:; and he claimed the title of Shinnō (New
60:
1504:. New York University Press. p. 58.
1234:
1214:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 34–39.
1160:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 9.
1149:
1147:
1145:
204:Agata Inukai no Harue's daughter (mother)
1420:
1255:
1120:
1088:
1086:
1084:
848:, The rebellion leader of the same time
782:
521:
434:
254:
157:Rebelling against the central government
1337:. Japan Mail Office. 1872. p. 183.
1001:
14:
1778:
1524:
1497:
1447:
1207:
1180:
1153:
1142:
1108:
1017:. Sophia University Press. p. 73.
715:Over the centuries, Masakado became a
670:, killed him at the Battle of Kojima (
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1558:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
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1367:
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409:) and served in the household of the
1703:Eiji Yoshikawa's Historical Fiction
1624:Japan National Tourism Organization
1270:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 39-40.
475:(源護), former senior secretary (大掾,
24:
1831:Japanese warriors killed in battle
1699:Yoshikawa Eiji Rekishi Jidai Bunko
1555:
1533:
1468:
1358:
431:Beginning of hostilities (931–936)
274:) to which Masakado belonged, the
25:
1857:
1746:
1241:. Psychology Press. p. 112.
147:Taira no Kojirō Masakado (平小次郎将門)
780:(which has multiple locations.)
592:Masakado and Yoshikane (937-938)
578:was declared at the occasion of
282:Masakado was one of the sons of
1764:Tsukudo Shrine Official Website
1633:
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1584:
1571:
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1414:
1341:
1325:
1312:Tsukudo Shrine Official Website
1300:
1228:
1201:
1174:
1013:Rabinovitch, Judith N. (1986).
983:(2005). "Taira no Masakado" in
199:Taira no Yoshimasa / Yoshimochi
139:Enmei-in, Bandō, Ibaraki (body)
1564:Farris, William Wayne (2020).
1525:Farris, William Wayne (2020).
1448:Farris, William Wayne (2020).
1424:A Brief History of the Samurai
1374:Stramigioli, Giuliana (1973).
1235:Plutschow, Herbert E. (1995).
1181:Sansom, George Bailey (1958).
1135:History of the Empire of Japan
1102:
1061:
1041:
1021:
973:
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905:
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13:
1:
1770:Kokuō Shrine Official Website
1758:Kanda Shrine Official Website
1334:The Japan Weekly Mail, vol. 3
967:
911:While some texts such as the
250:
88:
1826:People from Chiba Prefecture
798:, there is a Mikubi shrine (
677:
332:tasked with subjugating the
7:
1501:Women in Japanese Religions
1427:. Hachette UK. p. 45.
1421:Clements, Jonathan (2013).
1351:Vol. 28; also Rabinovitch,
839:
827:
812:
766:
721:
10:
1862:
1709:(平の将門). Tokyo: Kodansha.
1568:. Brill. pp. 136–137.
1529:. Brill. pp. 133–136.
1184:A History of Japan to 1334
1049:"扶桑畧記 卷廿五 起朱雀天皇紀 盡村上天皇紀 上"
806:, a priest at a shrine in
749:Other shrines which he is
654:The central government in
426:The Jōhei-Tengyō Rebellion
390:(later deified as the god
377:(part of modern southwest
29:
979:Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric
760:
324:of the defense garrison (
219:
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153:
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100:14th day of the 2nd month
95:
83:
59:
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1675:Harvard University Press
1639:Friday, Karl F. (2008).
1592:
1577:Hearn, Lafcadio (1904).
1498:Ambros, Barbara (2015).
898:
616:
1484:石下町史 (Ishige-machi Shi)
1095:石下町史 (Ishige-machi Shi)
852:Kaze to Kumo to Niji to
658:responded by putting a
567:provincial headquarters
486:On the other hand, the
1821:Superstitions of Japan
1806:Japanese folk religion
1454:. Brill. p. 132.
791:
690:. It was buried. The
538:
444:
279:
149:Sōma no Kojirō (相馬小次郎)
1841:10th century in Japan
1266:Friday, Karl (2008).
1208:Friday, Karl (2008).
1154:Varley, Paul (1994).
1069:"『今昔物語』卷廿五 平將門發謀叛被誅語"
932:Konjaku Monogatarishū
789:Tokyo Imperial Palace
786:
686:, which later became
525:
489:Konjaku Monogatarishū
438:
388:Sugawara no Michizane
258:
223:, died March 25, 940)
1846:Deified Japanese men
1753:Masakado's Home Page
1723:Tokyo Now & Then
1600:on 24 September 2022
860:, historical fiction
846:Fujiwara no Sumitomo
668:Fujiwara no Hidesato
414:Fujiwara no Tadahira
394:), who died in 903 (
349:(an offshoot of the
266:. The branch of the
229:provincial magnate (
1801:Rebellions in Japan
1670:Japan Encyclopedia.
1647:John Wiley and Sons
1546:Monumenta Nipponica
1380:Monumenta Nipponica
1349:Monumenta Nipponica
989:Japan Encyclopedia,
533:woodblock print by
451:(将門記, also read as
868:historical fantasy
854:, a Japanese drama
792:
582:'s coming of age (
563:Tochigi Prefecture
543:Taira no Yoshimasa
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509:district of Makabe
473:Minamoto no Mamoru
465:Taira no Yoshikane
445:
379:Ibaraki Prefecture
322:commander-in-chief
294:), descendants of
284:Taira no Yoshimasa
280:
118:Ibaraki Prefecture
1715:978-4-06-196577-5
1707:Taira no Masakado
1683:978-0-674-01753-5
664:Taira no Sadamori
214:Taira no Masakado
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106:3 (March 25, 940)
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1598:the original
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1156:
1134:
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1110:Friday, Karl
1104:
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1043:
1032:. Retrieved
1023:
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996:Google Books
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926:Fusō Ryakuki
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176:(Nyoshun-ni)
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1673:Cambridge:
1604:24 February
753:of include
708:Deification
598:Kogai River
91:early 900s?
1796:940 deaths
1786:Taira clan
1780:Categories
1772:(Japanese)
1760:(Japanese)
1655:047176082X
1645:New York:
1593:ご祭神／由緒／ご利益
1318:2021-01-29
1308:"（1）将門と道真"
1293:2021-01-29
1074:2021-01-29
1054:2021-01-29
1034:2021-01-29
1029:"平新皇將門戰傳記"
968:References
887:Chiba clan
641:Shimotsuke
559:Shimotsuke
469:matrilocal
453:Masakadoki
441:Yoshitoshi
359:Sōma Keizu
351:Chiba clan
310:) in 889 (
288:Taira clan
268:Taira clan
251:Early life
1791:Sōma clan
1766:(English)
1720:Waley, P.
1695:Yoshikawa
1400:0027-0741
892:Sōma clan
870:novel by
702:Tokyo Bay
678:Aftermath
457:monograph
403:Heian-kyō
355:Yoshifumi
347:Sōma clan
239:based in
181:(Jizō-ni)
166:Yoshikado
87:Unknown;
1355:, pp. 33
1353:Shomonki
1112:(2008).
929:and the
917:and the
840:See also
744:Ōtemachi
736:kubizuka
698:Ōtemachi
693:kubizuka
621:In 939 (
611:beriberi
603:Shōmonki
561:(modern
555:Sadamori
517:Chikusei
449:Shōmonki
419:Kebiishi
365:(相馬小次郎,
326:chinjufu
201:(father)
179:Nyozō-ni
174:Haruhime
170:Masakuni
162:Children
131:Ōtemachi
112:(modern
30:In this
18:Masakado
1740:Kwaidan
1581:p. 184.
1579:Kwaidan
1408:2383784
991:p. 926.
776:), and
717:demigod
649:Emperor
585:genpuku
576:amnesty
547:Yachiyo
531:Ukiyo-e
357:), the
262:, 50th
237:samurai
192:Parents
137:(head)
72:Chiyoda
36:surname
1729:
1713:
1681:
1661:
1653:
1508:
1458:
1431:
1406:
1398:
1245:
1218:
1191:
1164:
981:et al.
952:, the
882:Myōken
660:bounty
623:Tengyō
537:, 1884
505:Tasuku
392:Tenjin
367:Kojirō
320:, the
312:Kanpyō
272:Heishi
235:) and
232:gōzoku
225:was a
104:Tengyō
34:, the
1404:JSTOR
1287:(PDF)
954:kanji
899:Notes
876:Tokyo
834:(bow)
823:Kantō
774:Kanda
751:deity
723:onryō
688:Tokyo
656:Kyoto
617:Death
494:lands
479:) of
477:daijō
461:Jōhei
407:Kyōto
373:) in
328:) in
260:Kanmu
245:Kyōto
135:Tokyo
114:Bandō
76:Tokyo
70:) in
40:Taira
1727:ISBN
1711:ISBN
1679:ISBN
1659:ISBN
1651:ISBN
1606:2023
1506:ISBN
1456:ISBN
1429:ISBN
1396:ISSN
1243:ISBN
1216:ISBN
1189:ISBN
1162:ISBN
958:masa
956:for
866:, a
829:yumi
814:kami
761:神田明神
643:and
398:3).
396:Engi
96:Died
84:Born
68:築土神社
1649:.
1388:doi
950:平良正
794:In
684:Edo
651:).
607:豊田郡
588:).
513:真壁郡
371:相馬郡
220:平将門
55:平将門
38:is
1782::
1685:;
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1657:;
1622:.
1557:^
1550:28
1548:.
1535:^
1470:^
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1394:.
1384:28
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1378:.
1360:^
1310:.
1275:^
1257:^
1144:^
1122:^
1083:^
1003:^
937:国香
800:ja
764:,
740:ja
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133:,
116:,
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