65:
546:"Early on April 26 1986, two explosions in Chernobyl unit 4 completely destroyed the reactor. The explosions sent large clouds of radioactive gases and debris 7 - 9 kilometres into the atmosphere. About 30% of the reactor’s 190 tons of fuel was distributed over the reactor building and surrounding areas and about 1-2% was ejected into the atmosphere. The reactor’s inventory of radioactive gases was released at this time. The subsequent fire, fuelled by 1,700 tons of graphite moderator, lasted for eight days. This fire was the principal reason for the extreme severity of the Chernobyl disaster."
562:"In terms of their surface areas, Belarus (22% of its land area) and Austria (13%) were most affected by higher levels of contamination. Other countries were seriously affected; for example, more than 5% of Ukraine, Finland and Sweden were contaminated to high levels (> 40,000 Bq/m² caesium-137). More than 80% of Moldova, the European part of Turkey, Slovenia, Switzerland, Austria and the Slovak Republic were contaminated to lower levels (> 4000 Bq/m² caesium-137). And 44% of Germany and 34% of the UK were similarly affected."
549:"The long-term consequences of the accident remain uncertain. Exposure to ionising radiation can induce cancer in almost every organ in the body. However, the time interval between the exposure to radiation and the appearance of cancer can be 50 to 60 years or more. The total number of cancer deaths from Chernobyl most likely will never be fully known. However the TORCH Report makes predictions of the numbers of excess cancer deaths from published collective doses to affected populations."
1518:
1532:
600:
wrote that: "it is well known that radiation can damage genes and chromosomes"; "the relationship between genetic changes and the development of future disease is complex and the relevance of such damage to future risk is often unclear. On the other hand, a number of recent studies have examined
574:
The TORCH 2006 report "estimated that more than half the iodine-131 from
Chernobyl was deposited outside the former Soviet Union. Possible increases in thyroid cancer have been reported in the Czech Republic and the UK, but more research is needed to evaluate thyroid cancer incidence in Western
575:
Europe". It predicted about 30,000 to 60,000 excess cancer deaths and warned that predictions of excess cancer deaths strongly depend on the risk factor used; and predicted excess cases of thyroid cancer range between 18,000 and 66,000 in
Belarus alone depending on the risk projection model.
566:
The 2016 report said that 5 million people still live in areas highly contaminated by radiation, in
Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine. 400 million people still live in areas which are less contaminated.
1009:
89:
528:
1002:
84:
578:
By 2016, 6,000 cases of thyroid cancer had been diagnosed, with another 16,000 expected. More generally, 40,000 fatal cancer cases are expected across Europe.
776:"Official Statement of the Nobel Committee Upon Awarding the 1985 Nobel Peace Prize to IPPNW - International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War"
889:
Dubrova, Yuri E.; Nesterov, Valeri N.; Krouchinsky, Nicolay G.; Ostapenko, Valdislav A.; Neumann, Rita; Neil, David L.; Jeffreys, Alec J. (April 1996).
1055:
127:
1563:
1378:
976:
372:
1558:
64:
601:
genetic damage in those exposed to radiation from the
Chernobyl accident. Studies in Belarus have suggested a twofold increase in the
1477:
1016:
443:
94:
1362:
1254:
813:
TORCH-2016: An independent scientific evaluation of the health-related effects of the
Chernobyl nuclear disaster. Version 1.1
616:
Some 116,000 people were evacuated from contaminated areas initially, and later 230,000 people were relocated and resettled.
360:
276:
1023:
700:
99:
1500:
1245:
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109:
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635:
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969:
811:
355:
1484:
1030:
448:
104:
1187:
227:
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217:
534:
In 2016, an updated TORCH report was written by Ian
Fairlie with support of Friends of the Earth Austria.
1521:
1314:
962:
320:
1298:
502:
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890:
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420:
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1419:
902:
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594:, are well documented with clear evidence of a Chernobyl connection." Quoting the report,
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report. The two
British scientists that published the report were radiation biologist
1321:
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Greens/EFA Party in the
European Parliament and the Altner-Combecher Foundation
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159:
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40:
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455:
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891:"Human minisatellite mutation rate after the Chernobyl accident"
1400:
State
Institution for Radiation Monitoring and Radiation Safety
1224:
388:
State
Institution for Radiation Monitoring and Radiation Safety
254:
39:
which was criticized by some advocacy organizations opposed to
586:
The TORCH report also stated that "two non-cancer effects,
701:"Greenpeace Questions Official Chernobyl Casualty Figures"
529:
International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
531:, an organization awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1985.
728:"Debate over health effects of Chernobyl re-ignited"
542:
The summary of the 2006 TORCH report said, in part:
581:
1550:
27:) was a health impacts report requested by the
31:in 2006, for the twentieth anniversary of the
16:Health impact report on the Chernobyl disaster
970:
669:
569:
482:
1379:Chernobyl Recovery and Development Programme
1003:Comparison with other radioactivity releases
373:Chernobyl Recovery and Development Programme
85:Comparison with other radioactivity releases
805:
803:
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799:
1531:
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963:
823:
527:and David Sumner. Both are members of the
489:
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743:
515:scientists to write an alternate report (
796:
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672:"The Other Report on Chernobyl (TORCH)"
665:
663:
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657:
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1551:
984:
882:
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1363:Children of Chernobyl Benefit Concert
958:
693:
361:Children of Chernobyl Benefit Concert
35:, in reply to the 2006 report of the
782:
768:
725:
670:Fairlie, Ian; Sumner, David (2006).
652:
558:The 2006 TORCH Report stated that:
517:TORCH, The Other Report on Chernobyl
1564:Aftermath of the Chernobyl disaster
832:"Special Report: Counting the dead"
719:
13:
1559:Works about the Chernobyl disaster
636:List of Chernobyl-related articles
14:
1580:
1420:2022 Russian capture of Chernobyl
631:Effects of the Chernobyl disaster
506:Member of the European Parliament
408:2022 Russian capture of Chernobyl
1530:
1517:
1516:
1356:Chernobyl Children International
582:Health effects other than cancer
356:Chernobyl Children International
63:
1393:Friends of Chernobyl's Children
819:. Friends of the Earth Austria.
810:Fairlie, Ian (March 31, 2016).
383:Friends of Chernobyl's Children
611:
1:
745:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60605-8
646:
25:The Other Report on Chernobyl
790:"The Nobel Peace Prize 1985"
519:) as a response to the 2006
7:
830:Peplow, M. (1 April 2006).
619:
10:
1585:
726:Holt, Ed (24 April 2010).
570:Iodine and thyroid effects
1510:
1501:National Chernobyl Museum
1448:Chernobyl: The Lost Tapes
1409:
1347:
1315:Energetik cultural palace
1158:
1054:
1038:Groundwater contamination
1010:Comparison with Fukushima
992:
537:
461:National Chernobyl Museum
321:Energetik cultural palace
110:Groundwater contamination
90:Comparison with Fukushima
1569:Radiation health effects
1174:Chernihiv–Ovruch railway
681:. Berlin, Brussels, Kiev
218:Chernihiv–Ovruch railway
592:cardiovascular diseases
1386:Chernobyl Shelter Fund
564:
551:
378:Chernobyl Shelter Fund
1457:Chernobyl liquidators
560:
544:
429:Chernobyl liquidators
1485:New Safe Confinement
641:Nuclear power debate
449:New Safe Confinement
1292:Azure swimming pool
907:1996Natur.380..683D
850:2006Natur.440..982.
778:. 10 December 1985.
738:(9724): 1424–1425.
554:Contamination range
511:, commissioned two
304:Azure swimming pool
69:The reactor in 2013
1464:Chernobyl necklace
1142:Leonid Telyatnikov
1114:Vassili Nesterenko
986:Chernobyl disaster
626:Chernobyl disaster
588:cataract induction
434:Chernobyl necklace
190:Leonid Telyatnikov
170:Vassili Nesterenko
55:Chernobyl disaster
33:Chernobyl disaster
1546:
1545:
1440:(2019 miniseries)
1135:Nikolai Tarakanov
1086:Valery Khodemchuk
901:(6576): 683–686.
844:(7087): 982–983.
499:
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424:(2019 miniseries)
185:Nikolai Tarakanov
150:Valery Khodemchuk
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1428:Chernobyl: Abyss
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1128:Volodymyr Pravyk
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1121:Vladimir Pikalov
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1093:Boris Shcherbina
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1079:Vasily Ignatenko
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608:mutation rate".
501:In 2006, German
491:
484:
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414:Chernobyl: Abyss
309:Avanhard stadium
180:Volodymyr Pravyk
175:Vladimir Pikalov
155:Boris Shcherbina
145:Vasily Ignatenko
135:Aleksandr Akimov
67:
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1372:Chernobyl Forum
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1322:Jupiter factory
1320:
1313:
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1255:Polesie Reserve
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1244:
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1232:Velyki Klishchi
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1149:Leonid Toptunov
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1072:Anatoly Dyatlov
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1031:Elephant's Foot
1029:
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1017:Cultural impact
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859:10.1038/440982a
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707:. 18 April 2006
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521:Chernobyl Forum
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368:Chernobyl Forum
351:
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326:Jupiter factory
277:Polesie Reserve
260:Velyki Klishchi
208:
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195:Leonid Toptunov
140:Anatoly Dyatlov
130:
120:
119:
105:Elephant's Foot
95:Cultural impact
80:
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37:Chernobyl Forum
29:European Greens
17:
12:
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1411:Related topics
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1167:Exclusion zone
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1100:Valery Legasov
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1471:Chernobylite
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1045:TORCH report
1044:
942:. Retrieved
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835:
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709:. Retrieved
704:
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683:. Retrieved
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615:
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585:
577:
573:
565:
561:
557:
548:
545:
541:
533:
516:
500:
439:Chernobylite
421:
413:
115:TORCH report
114:
24:
21:TORCH report
20:
18:
1478:Sarcophagus
1430:(2021 film)
1306:FC Stroitel
1269:Dzernavichy
1188:power plant
1056:Individuals
944:18 February
711:18 February
685:18 February
612:Evacuations
525:Ian Fairlie
444:Sarcophagus
416:(2021 film)
314:FC Stroitel
287:Dzernavichy
228:power plant
128:Individuals
1553:Categories
1218:Red Forest
732:The Lancet
647:References
250:Red Forest
45:Greenpeace
1438:Chernobyl
1338:Slavutych
1204:Opachychi
1181:Chernobyl
1159:Locations
923:1476-4687
868:1476-4687
754:0140-6736
422:Chernobyl
338:Slavutych
240:Opachychi
223:Chernobyl
207:Locations
1522:Category
1494:Samosely
1262:Aravichy
876:16625167
762:20425883
620:See also
603:germline
456:Samosely
282:Aravichy
43:such as
1278:Pripyat
1211:Poliske
1197:Kopachi
994:Effects
939:4303433
931:8614461
903:Bibcode
846:Bibcode
513:British
294:Pripyat
245:Poliske
235:Kopachi
78:Effects
1451:(2022)
1239:Vilcha
1225:Tarasy
1024:Deaths
937:
929:
921:
895:Nature
874:
866:
837:Nature
760:
752:
597:Nature
538:Themes
265:Vilcha
255:Tarasy
100:Deaths
1246:Yaniv
935:S2CID
817:(PDF)
675:(PDF)
503:Green
270:Yaniv
1536:List
946:2022
927:PMID
919:ISSN
872:PMID
864:ISSN
758:PMID
750:ISSN
713:2022
687:2022
590:and
19:The
911:doi
899:380
854:doi
842:440
740:doi
736:375
1555::
933:.
925:.
917:.
909:.
897:.
893:.
870:.
862:.
852:.
840:.
834:.
798:^
756:.
748:.
734:.
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703:.
677:.
654:^
47:.
978:e
971:t
964:v
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905::
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689:.
490:e
483:t
476:v
23:(
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