1070:
1113:
1143:
1094:
40:
1647:
510:
1167:
1191:
1155:
2985:
1179:
1203:
1215:
1082:
2213:
1131:
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1691:
190:
315:
819:
867:, had crewed Salyut 7 that month to conduct experiments with TKS-4. Commander Vasyutin fell ill soon after arriving at the station. Originally scheduled to have a six-month stay aboard Salyut 7, Vasyutin's illness forced the crew to make an emergency return to Earth on 21 November 1985, preventing the crew from finishing the TKS experiments. The crew of
761:
Kosmos 929 was the first flight of a "complete" TKS spacecraft (VA spacecraft with FGB), launched on 17 July 1977 – it was a "solo" test flight and was not destined for a Salyut space station. The VA capsule returned to Earth 16 August 1977. The remainder of the spacecraft – the FGB – deorbited on 2
442:
The TKS VA spacecraft was itself a very compact and efficient spacecraft. Typically it would reenter the atmosphere within 2 orbits, but could fly autonomously for up to 31 hours. The pressurized crew re-entry capsule was equipped with its own environmental control system, and topped with reaction
822:
A drawing of the last flown TKS spacecraft, Kosmos 1686, depicted docked to the Salyut 7 space station. The VA capsule is visible on the bottom left. The "nose section" of the VA spacecraft, that would have contained the de-orbit engines for the VA capsule, has been replaced with remote sensing
799:
two days after launch. TKS-3 separated from the station on 14 August. After undocking, the FGB and the VA spacecraft separated and the VA spacecraft continued in space for four more days demonstrating autonomous flight, before the VA capsule successfully re-entered on 23 August 1983, landing
726:
VA #009L/P and VA #009P/P: Launched on 1977-08-04. Launch vehicle failure forty seconds into the flight on a suborbital test of two VA spacecraft. VA #009L/P is destroyed in the resulting booster explosion, VA #009P/P is rescued by the Proton SAS abort system and is recovered
294:
The FGB could also be used alone as an uncrewed cargo module without a VA spacecraft, which enabled the FGB design to be re-purposed as FGB space station modules later on. The VA spacecraft, on the other hand, was also intended to be launched as "Almaz APOS", mated with an
243:
The spacecraft was designed for both crewed and autonomous uncrewed cargo resupply flights, but was never used operationally in its intended role – only four test missions were flown (including three that docked to
290:
While the VA carried the reentry hardware, and only minimal life support and maneuvering systems, the FGB would have been used as the primary orbital maneuvering system and cargo storage for the TKS spacecraft.
286:(FGB) which, in order to resupply an Almaz space station, carried docking hardware, tanks, and a large pressurized cargo compartment. Furthermore, the FGB carried the on-orbit maneuvering engines for the TKS.
306:
planned to use old VA capsules as low-cost cargo return vehicles. However, the company ultimately sold much of their equipment and announced that the remainder was to become an educational exhibit.
1318:
831:
on 27 September 1985. The landing systems, ECS, seats, and crewed controls were removed from the VA spacecraft, and instead other payload was installed: a high-resolution photo apparatus, an
3364:
194:
Cutaway of TKS vehicle. Details are conjectural. The broad black line outlines the vehicle's pressurized compartments. A tunnel (stippled) connects the FGB and VA spacecraft
1844:
1093:
3726:
3139:
1049:
836:
443:
control system, de-orbit braking engine, parachute system, and soft landing engines. Although extensively flight tested, it never flew with a crew on board.
366:) was flown separately on four test missions with two craft per launch to test the design, as well as one "all-up" test mission and three resupply missions.
1333:
3134:
1307:
492:
3706:
2839:
1837:
892:
The TKS design, which has never been flown crewed, has gone on to provide the basic structure for several later space-station components, such as:
2748:
2127:
2063:
326:, with the conical VA return capsule for the crew and the VA's orbital maneuvering engines in the long nose section. Standing right front is the
1258:
1734:
1730:
780:, the first FGB to dock with a space station. After separation and recovery of the VA capsule on 24 May 1981, the FGB docked on 19 June with
746:
742:
277:), which would have housed the cosmonauts during launch and reentry of a TKS spacecraft, while traveling to and from an Almaz space station.
1725:
1721:
1711:
1707:
878:
shuttle. Such flights never materialized before Salyut 7 and Kosmos 1686 deorbited on 7 February 1991, burning up together over
Argentina.
735:
731:
720:
716:
1508:
3435:
1830:
795:
On 2 March 1983, TKS-3 was launched uncrewed as Kosmos 1443. This time, the VA remained attached and the first "complete" TKS docked to
3402:
3203:
2924:
2089:
874:
Salyut 7 was moved to a higher orbit after that mission, while awaiting another "TKS" crew – there were even plans to return using the
1987:
2805:
2084:
1627:
784:, after 57 days of autonomous flight. It remained attached to the station until both deorbited and were destroyed on 29 July 1982.
480:
spacecraft via a short tunnel. At the aft end a pilot station was equipped with controls and windows for manual docking with the
711:
Four flights with eight VA spacecraft without an FGB module were conducted to speed up the development of the TKS spacecraft:
1142:
871:
returned to Salyut 7 in May 1986, to conclude some of the experiments and ferry equipment to the then new Mir space station.
330:, which would have been attached to the top of the VA's nose section during launch and jettisoned after a successful launch.
1069:
2849:
2120:
1459:
1533:
1477:
1415:
1081:
3557:
2834:
501:
stations. These would have been stored around the docking port for transfer to the film capsule airlock for loading.
1112:
2891:
1591:
3428:
2854:
2763:
994:
860:
3196:
2917:
2113:
1809:
1348:
1030:
17:
2800:
2094:
1946:
1202:
455:
3640:
2340:
1822:
1620:
1262:
263:
The TKS spacecraft consisted of two spacecraft mated together, both of which could operate independently:
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2827:
2400:
1877:
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1166:
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1190:
3448:
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and returning 350 kg of material from the station. The FGB deorbited itself on 19 September 1983.
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3151:
2910:
2712:
1595:
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252:(FGB) of the TKS spacecraft later formed the basis of several space station modules, including the
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2011:
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8:
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952:
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1801:
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1006:
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932:
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832:
253:
299:-OPS space station core as the primary orbital maneuvering system, instead of an FGB.
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3168:
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2519:
2431:
2379:
2348:
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2031:
1995:
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1313:
864:
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2027:
1872:
1579:
1024:
1012:
1000:
956:
856:
687:
450:
crewed circumlunar spacecraft of the 1960s. It was also the basis for
Chelomei's
303:
99:
3547:
3413:
3100:
2870:
2534:
2504:
2474:
2274:
2007:
1646:
1043:
963:, and the other was reportedly shipped away from the company's headquarters on
39:
1463:
3695:
3678:
3569:
3105:
2779:
2586:
2540:
852:
509:
437:
359:
343:
323:
269:
1852:
3657:
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3579:
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2498:
2486:
2332:
2184:
1983:
1485:
1423:
841:
230:
2984:
1600:
358:
had been abandoned by the time the first TKS spacecraft flew in 1977. The
3496:
3074:
3069:
3064:
2546:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1118:
1099:
964:
828:
813:
777:
771:
517:
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2700:
2695:
2172:
1661:
1231:
1103:
1037:
868:
513:
339:
233:
223:
55:
446:
The VA design was derived from the planned capsule for the
Chelomei's
408:
The TKS spacecraft consisted of an 11F74 "Vozvraschaemyi
Apparat" (or
3615:
3286:
3271:
2743:
2733:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2654:
2625:
2609:
2151:
2140:
1857:
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3011:
3006:
3001:
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2758:
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2648:
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1773:
1122:
908:
845:
796:
781:
486:
space station. The docking port was also located here. Operational
379:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2591:
2561:
2525:
1787:
1764:
1756:
1605:
1334:"The Almaz Space Station Complex: A History, 1964–1992, part one"
1308:"Shooting for the Moon: Time is called on Isle of Man space race"
920:
902:
896:
723:
in 1976-12-15 that started jointly and reentered on the same day.
454:
Lunar Lander crew capsule. The VA looked somewhat similar to the
338:(the VA capsule) and V. N. Bugayskiy (the FGB block) as a crewed
236:
conceived in the late 1960s for resupply flights to the military
3251:
951:
Two TKS/Almaz VA capsules were bought for commercial use by the
3343:
2513:
2480:
2384:
2035:
1991:
1780:
914:
801:
646:
451:
1690:
189:
3384:
3379:
3281:
2993:
2954:
2817:
2279:
1934:
1261:. Smithsonian – National Air and Space Museum. Archived from
482:
296:
237:
59:
318:
A model of a TKS spacecraft. On the left is the cylindrical
314:
960:
447:
418:), attached to an 11F77 "Transportniy Korabl Snabzheniya" (
986:
Some VA capsules are on display in museums or in storage.
2356:
2299:
2003:
1954:
818:
391:
385:
377:) based on the TKS design outline, reworked to dock with
1106:(left), heavily modified to house scientific instruments
959:. As of 2014, one of those were auctioned for 1 million
1050:
Khrunichev State
Research and Production Space Center
2135:
369:The project had further evolved with space station
1306:
1285:"Beating swords into plowshares with Soviet Almaz"
1240:– U.S. Air Force equivalent to Almaz space station
2840:Soviet space exploration history on Soviet stamps
1534:"Excalibur Almaz Space Capsule Bought at Auction"
1063:TKS-based and descendant spacecraft and modules.
776:On 25 April 1981, TKS-2 was launched uncrewed as
458:, but was 30% smaller than its NASA counterpart.
322:with attached solar panels. In the middle is the
3693:
3443:
1234:– Proposed U.S. equivalent to the TKS spacecraft
395:space stations. This development was designated
1087:Cutaway of TKS vehicle. Details are conjectural
354:space stations. Development began in 1965; the
3727:Reconnaissance satellites of the Soviet Union
3429:
3197:
2918:
2121:
1838:
1621:
1341:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society
749:that started jointly and reentered separately
700:
556:223 km × 266 km at 52° inclination
213:
27:Soviet spacecraft conceived in the late 1960s
1546:
1531:
1506:
1452:
715:Orbital test of a pair of two VA spacecraft
1462:. The Aerospace Corporation. Archived from
1402:"The TKS ferry for the Almaz Space Station"
1332:Siddiqi, Asif A. (November–December 2001).
3436:
3422:
3403:Comparison of space station cargo vehicles
3204:
3190:
2925:
2911:
2128:
2114:
2090:List of Russian human spaceflight missions
1845:
1831:
1628:
1614:
1054:#? – Vladimir Tchelomey School, Kazakhstan
188:
38:
2806:Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation
2085:List of Soviet human spaceflight missions
3707:Crewed space program of the Soviet Union
1580:RussianSpaceWeb.com: OPS-4 space station
817:
741:On 1979-05-23 pair of two VA spacecraft
738:started jointly and reentered separately
730:On 1978-03-30 pair of two VA spacecraft
508:
313:
1601:http://www.russianspaceweb.com/tks.html
1331:
14:
3694:
1549:"End of the Line for Excalibur Almaz?"
1399:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
807:
787:
765:
3417:
3185:
2906:
2109:
1860:government human spaceflight programs
1826:
1609:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1148:Kvant-1 with its orbital tug attached
753:
273:(known mistakenly in the West as the
3211:
2932:
1470:
1408:
970:
91:45.00 m (1,589 cu ft)
2850:Monument to the Conquerors of Space
1563:"Kosmonavtika - par Nicolas Pillet"
1500:
1325:
1075:Soviet TKS crew delivery/cargo ship
844:. The TKS successfully docked with
334:The TKS spacecraft was designed by
24:
2283:(incorporated into Salyut program)
1938:(incorporated into Salyut program)
1635:
1573:
1446:"Kosmos 929 – NSSDC ID: 1977-066A"
1366:
851:The "military" long-duration crew
25:
3738:
1585:
1347:(11/12 2001): 399. Archived from
1321:from the original on 26 May 2022.
1287:. Spaceflight Now. 18 August 2009
707:VA spacecraft § Test flights
3250:
2983:
2892:Russian Aerospace Defence Forces
2211:
1689:
1645:
1213:
1208:Zarya module as seen from STS-88
1201:
1189:
1177:
1165:
1153:
1141:
1129:
1111:
1092:
1080:
1068:
881:
604:12,600 kg (27,700 lb)
596:17,510 kg (38,600 lb)
490:spacecraft would have delivered
215:Transportnyi Korabl’ Snabzheniia
2855:Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics
1555:
1540:
1525:
995:Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics
827:TKS-4 was launched uncrewed as
660:700 m/s (2,290 ft/s)
612:7.840 kN (1,763 lbf)
1547:Doug Messier (11 March 2015).
1438:
1299:
1277:
1251:
1031:International Space University
630:3,822 kg (8,426 lb)
210:Транспортный корабль снабжения
13:
1:
2801:Cosmonaut ranks and positions
2095:Cosmonaut ranks and positions
1653:
1259:"Space Race – SPIES IN SPACE"
1244:
967:in an undisclosed direction.
941:(FGB-2) ISS module (canceled)
792:"Kosmos 1443" redirects here.
580:17.00 m (55.00 ft)
2341:Soviet crewed lunar programs
1654:TKS spacecraft test missions
1532:Doug Messier (19 May 2014).
1460:"Largest Objects to Reenter"
758:"Kosmos 929" redirects here.
572:4.15 m (13.61 ft)
564:13.2 m (43.31 ft)
412:commonly referred to as the
7:
2401:International Space Station
1225:
695:
684:Associated launch vehicle:
258:International Space Station
220:Transport Supply Spacecraft
214:
154:7,840 N (1,760 lb
10:
3743:
3558:Command and service module
1700:VA spacecraft test flights
1238:Manned Orbiting Laboratory
1058:
885:
811:
800:100 km south-east of
791:
769:
757:
704:
701:VA spacecraft test flights
504:
465:
461:
435:
248:) during the program. The
138:4.15 m (13.6 ft)
3668:
3590:
3507:
3456:
3398:
3352:
3336:
3305:
3259:
3248:
3219:
3160:
3119:
3083:
3055:
3028:
2992:
2981:
2940:
2881:
2788:
2772:
2721:
2667:
2618:
2574:
2455:
2444:
2424:
2393:
2325:
2257:
2246:
2220:
2209:
2160:
2147:
2072:
1973:
1912:
1896:
1865:
1743:
1698:
1687:
1652:
1643:
1596:Encyclopedia Astronautica
1482:Encyclopedia Astronautica
1420:Encyclopedia Astronautica
683:
675:
664:
652:
634:
617:Main-engine propellants:
616:
608:
600:
592:
584:
576:
568:
560:
552:
544:
536:
528:
431:
309:
209:
187:
182:
178:
162:
150:
146:
142:
134:
126:
121:
117:
113:
105:
95:
87:
79:
74:
70:
66:
50:
46:
37:
2887:Space industry of Russia
1196:Cut-away view of Priroda
1172:Cut-way view of Kristall
989:Known articles include:
130:13.2 m (43 ft)
2409:Russian Orbital Segment
2012:Martian Piloted Complex
1886:Russian Orbital Segment
1509:"Mir Hardware Heritage"
1184:Cut-away view of Spektr
1160:Cut-way view of Kvant-2
939:Russian Research Module
364:"Vozvrashaemiy Apparat"
58:to supply the military
2080:List of Soyuz missions
1745:Functional Cargo Block
1514:. NASA. Archived from
1404:. Space History Notes.
888:Functional Cargo Block
824:
520:
468:Functional Cargo Block
420:Functional/Cargo Block
402:Functional Cargo Block
331:
320:Functional Cargo Block
283:Functional Cargo Block
250:Functional Cargo Block
2942:Salyut stations (DOS)
2141:Russian space program
1466:on 29 September 2008.
1220:MLM docked to the ISS
1019:NPO Mashinostroyeniya
821:
679:2.40 kW average
514:TKS VA return capsule
512:
476:was entered from the
317:
246:Salyut space stations
3360:Andrews Cargo Module
2994:Almaz stations (OPS)
2203:Vostochny Cosmodrome
1521:on 7 September 2009.
609:Main-engine thrust:
495:film return capsules
328:launch escape system
3563:Apollo Lunar Module
3075:Kosmos 1686 (TKS-4)
3070:Kosmos 1443 (TKS-3)
3065:Kosmos 1267 (TKS-2)
2828:Veterok and Ugolyok
2195:Svobodny Cosmodrome
2190:Plesetsk Cosmodrome
2168:Baikonur Cosmodrome
1551:. parabolicarc.com.
1536:. parabolicarc.com.
1265:on 10 December 2012
953:private spaceflight
808:TKS-4 (Kosmos 1686)
788:TKS-3 (Kosmos 1443)
766:TKS-2 (Kosmos 1267)
665:Electrical system:
525:
346:alternative to the
34:
2960:Kosmos 557 (DOS-3)
2874:(1997 documentary)
2866:(1995 documentary)
2863:Out of the Present
2796:List of cosmonauts
2773:Images and artwork
2713:Deep Space Network
2360:(Mars/Venus flyby)
1507:D. S. F. Portree.
1007:Smithsonian Museum
947:(FGB-2) ISS module
935:(FGB-1) ISS module
863:and the commander
833:infrared telescope
825:
754:TKS-1 (Kosmos 929)
671:(17 m span, 40 m)
585:Habitable volume:
569:Maximal diameter:
523:
521:
332:
256:FGB module on the
32:
3689:
3688:
3445:Crewed spacecraft
3411:
3410:
3179:
3178:
3169:Return from Orbit
3021:
2900:
2899:
2823:Belka and Strelka
2813:Soviet space dogs
2675:Sputnik programme
2663:
2662:
2596:
2551:
2530:
2509:
2440:
2439:
2405:
2361:
2353:
2345:
2337:
2309:
2296:
2284:
2248:Human spaceflight
2199:
2176:
2103:
2102:
1964:
1951:
1939:
1882:
1820:
1819:
1488:on 25 August 2012
1426:on 25 August 2012
1317:. 11 March 2015.
1314:Independent.co.uk
971:Existing hardware
865:Vladimir Vasyutin
693:
692:
676:Electric system:
545:Orbital storage:
336:Vladimir Chelomei
275:Merkur spacecraft
198:
197:
16:(Redirected from
3734:
3702:Cargo spacecraft
3438:
3431:
3424:
3415:
3414:
3254:
3213:Cargo spacecraft
3206:
3199:
3192:
3183:
3182:
3019:
3012:Salyut 5 (OPS-3)
3007:Salyut 3 (OPS-2)
3002:Salyut 2 (OPS-1)
2987:
2975:Salyut 7 (DOS-6)
2970:Salyut 6 (DOS-5)
2965:Salyut 4 (DOS-4)
2950:Salyut 1 (DOS-1)
2934:Salyut programme
2927:
2920:
2913:
2904:
2903:
2845:Cosmonauts Alley
2708:Luch (satellite)
2594:
2566:
2549:
2528:
2507:
2453:
2452:
2403:
2359:
2351:
2343:
2335:
2307:
2294:
2282:
2255:
2254:
2215:
2197:
2170:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2107:
2106:
2061:Space Stations:
2001:Interplanetary:
1962:
1949:
1937:
1880:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1824:
1823:
1749:derived hardware
1693:
1649:
1630:
1623:
1616:
1607:
1606:
1567:
1566:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1513:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1484:. Archived from
1474:
1468:
1467:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1422:. Archived from
1412:
1406:
1405:
1397:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1353:
1338:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1310:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1255:
1217:
1205:
1193:
1181:
1169:
1157:
1145:
1133:
1115:
1096:
1084:
1072:
983:
982:
978:
929:(FGB) spacecraft
861:Alexander Volkov
855:, consisting of
526:
522:
348:Soyuz spacecraft
217:
211:
192:
42:
35:
31:
21:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3664:
3586:
3503:
3452:
3442:
3412:
3407:
3394:
3348:
3332:
3328:HTV (Kounotori)
3301:
3255:
3246:
3215:
3210:
3180:
3175:
3156:
3115:
3079:
3051:
3024:
2988:
2979:
2936:
2931:
2901:
2896:
2877:
2784:
2780:Mission patches
2768:
2717:
2659:
2614:
2570:
2564:
2448:
2436:
2420:
2389:
2321:
2250:
2242:
2221:Launch vehicles
2216:
2207:
2156:
2143:
2134:
2104:
2099:
2068:
2044:Tupolev Tu-2000
1969:
1908:
1892:
1861:
1851:
1821:
1816:
1748:
1739:
1694:
1685:
1650:
1639:
1634:
1588:
1576:
1574:Further reading
1571:
1570:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1545:
1541:
1530:
1526:
1518:
1511:
1505:
1501:
1491:
1489:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1429:
1427:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1398:
1367:
1357:
1355:
1354:on 4 March 2016
1351:
1336:
1330:
1326:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1268:
1266:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1228:
1221:
1218:
1209:
1206:
1197:
1194:
1185:
1182:
1173:
1170:
1161:
1158:
1149:
1146:
1137:
1134:
1125:
1116:
1107:
1097:
1088:
1085:
1076:
1073:
1061:
1025:Excalibur Almaz
1013:Excalibur Almaz
1001:Excalibur Almaz
984:
980:
976:
974:
973:
957:Excalibur Almaz
890:
884:
857:Viktor Savinykh
816:
810:
793:
790:
774:
768:
762:February 1978.
759:
756:
709:
703:
698:
641:
629:
627:
623:
553:Typical orbit:
524:Specifications
507:
470:
464:
440:
434:
356:Almaz programme
312:
304:Excalibur Almaz
240:space station.
193:
173:
169:
157:
100:low Earth orbit
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3740:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3722:Salyut program
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3675:United States
3672:
3670:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3638:
3632:United States
3630:
3629:
3628:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3594:
3592:
3591:In development
3588:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3534:United States
3532:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3483:United States
3481:
3480:
3479:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3441:
3440:
3433:
3426:
3418:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3263:
3261:
3260:In development
3257:
3256:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3232:Cargo Dragon 2
3229:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3209:
3208:
3201:
3194:
3186:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3129:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3061:
3059:
3057:TKS spacecraft
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3041:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2946:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2930:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2907:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2871:Mission to Mir
2867:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2835:Ivan Ivanovich
2832:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2798:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2671:
2669:
2668:Communications
2665:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2622:
2620:
2619:In development
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2589:
2584:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2559:
2553:
2544:
2538:
2535:Resurs-DK No.1
2532:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2505:Phobos program
2502:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2475:Luna programme
2472:
2466:
2459:
2457:
2450:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2428:
2426:
2425:In development
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2354:
2346:
2344:(Moon landing)
2338:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2310:
2302:
2297:
2289:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2261:
2259:
2252:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2133:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2110:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2058:
2046:
2014:
1998:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1952:
1944:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1900:
1898:
1897:In development
1894:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1875:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1850:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1827:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1806:
1799:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1762:
1752:
1750:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1728:
1719:
1714:
1704:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1658:
1656:
1651:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1637:TKS spacecraft
1633:
1632:
1625:
1618:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1587:
1586:External links
1584:
1583:
1582:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1554:
1539:
1524:
1499:
1469:
1451:
1437:
1407:
1365:
1324:
1298:
1276:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1235:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1140:
1138:
1136:Polyus cutaway
1135:
1128:
1126:
1117:
1110:
1108:
1098:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1067:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1046:
1044:NPO Energomash
1040:
1034:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1003:
997:
972:
969:
949:
948:
942:
936:
930:
924:
918:
912:
906:
900:
886:Main article:
883:
880:
812:Main article:
809:
806:
789:
786:
770:Main article:
767:
764:
755:
752:
751:
750:
739:
728:
724:
705:Main article:
702:
699:
697:
694:
691:
690:
685:
681:
680:
677:
673:
672:
666:
662:
661:
658:
650:
649:
643:
639:
632:
631:
625:
621:
618:
614:
613:
610:
606:
605:
602:
598:
597:
594:
590:
589:
586:
582:
581:
578:
574:
573:
570:
566:
565:
562:
558:
557:
554:
550:
549:
546:
542:
541:
538:
534:
533:
530:
506:
503:
466:Main article:
463:
460:
456:Apollo capsule
436:Main article:
433:
430:
410:Return Vehicle
342:launched with
311:
308:
302:In the 2010s,
288:
287:
278:
202:TKS spacecraft
196:
195:
185:
184:
180:
179:
176:
175:
171:
167:
164:
160:
159:
155:
152:
151:Maximum thrust
148:
147:
144:
143:
140:
139:
136:
132:
131:
128:
124:
123:
119:
118:
115:
114:
111:
110:
107:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
89:
85:
84:
81:
77:
76:
75:Specifications
72:
71:
68:
67:
64:
63:
52:
48:
47:
44:
43:
33:TKS spacecraft
26:
18:TKS spacecraft
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3739:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3717:Almaz program
3715:
3713:
3712:Space weapons
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3680:
3679:SpaceShip III
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3570:Space Shuttle
3568:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3514:Soviet Union
3513:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3439:
3434:
3432:
3427:
3425:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3207:
3202:
3200:
3195:
3193:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3131:Spaceflights
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3084:Support craft
3082:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2986:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2928:
2923:
2921:
2916:
2914:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2729:Baikal-Angara
2727:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2677:(begun 1957)
2676:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2541:Koronas-Foton
2539:
2536:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2386:
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2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2358:
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2328:
2324:
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2288:
2281:
2278:
2276:
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2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2204:
2201:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2017:Spaceplanes:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1879:
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882:Further usage
879:
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858:
854:
853:Salyut 7 EO-4
849:
847:
843:
840:
839:
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537:Design life:
535:
531:
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360:VA spacecraft
357:
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350:for use with
349:
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344:Proton rocket
341:
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324:VA spacecraft
321:
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183:Configuration
181:
177:
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137:
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125:
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80:Crew capacity
78:
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62:space station
61:
57:
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41:
36:
30:
19:
3658:Dream Chaser
3646:Starship HLS
3580:SpaceShipTwo
3575:SpaceShipOne
3322:
3277:Dream Chaser
3167:
3056:
3044:
3036:
2869:
2861:
2647:
2499:Vega program
2487:Zond program
2336:(Moon flyby)
2333:Zond (7K-L1)
2292:Soyuz-Apollo
2286:
2185:Kapustin Yar
2161:Launch sites
2060:
2048:
2016:
2000:
1984:Zond (7K-L1)
1980:
1947:Apollo–Soyuz
1941:
1810:
1802:
1794:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1757:
1636:
1557:
1542:
1527:
1516:the original
1502:
1490:. Retrieved
1486:the original
1472:
1464:the original
1454:
1440:
1428:. Retrieved
1424:the original
1410:
1400:Sven Grahn.
1356:. Retrieved
1349:the original
1344:
1340:
1327:
1312:
1301:
1289:. Retrieved
1279:
1267:. Retrieved
1263:the original
1253:
1062:
1033:, Strasbourg
988:
985:
950:
891:
873:
850:
842:spectrometer
837:
826:
823:instruments.
794:
775:
760:
710:
688:Proton 8K82K
669:Solar panels
654:
653:Spacecraft Δ
636:
635:Main-engine
498:
491:
487:
481:
477:
473:
471:
445:
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274:
268:
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242:
226:
219:
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199:
51:Applications
29:
3497:New Shepard
3487:Crew Dragon
3375:Kistler K-1
3172:(1984 film)
3127:Expeditions
3020:(not flown)
2558:(2011–2019)
2547:Fobos-Grunt
2537:(2006-2016)
2522:(1990-1992)
2516:(1989-1998)
2510:(1988-1989)
2501:(1984-1987)
2495:(1983-1991)
2489:(1964–1970)
2483:(1961–1985)
2477:(1958–1976)
2471:(1972–1996)
2465:(1961–1982)
2305:Shuttle–Mir
2180:Dombarovsky
1960:Shuttle-Mir
1731:Kosmos 1100
1680:Kosmos 1686
1674:Kosmos 1443
1668:Kosmos 1267
1269:1 September
1119:Kosmos 1686
1102:. Note the
1100:Kosmos 1686
965:Isle of Man
829:Kosmos 1686
814:Kosmos 1686
778:Kosmos 1267
772:Kosmos 1267
747:Kosmos 1101
743:Kosmos 1100
529:Crew size:
518:Kosmos 1443
106:Design life
3696:Categories
3152:Spacewalks
3029:Successors
2885:See also:
2739:Mars-Grunt
2701:Sputnik 99
2696:Sputnik 41
2352:(moonbase)
2173:Kazakhstan
2049:Capsules:
1722:Kosmos 997
1708:Kosmos 881
1662:Kosmos 929
1245:References
1232:Big Gemini
1104:VA capsule
1038:Yevpatoria
1011:#009A/2 –
923:Mir module
917:Mir module
911:Mir module
905:Mir module
869:Soyuz T-15
736:Kosmos 998
732:Kosmos 997
721:Kosmos 882
717:Kosmos 881
422:module or
340:spacecraft
234:spacecraft
224:GRAU index
163:Propellant
122:Dimensions
56:spacecraft
3669:Cancelled
3653:Blue Moon
3616:Gaganyaan
3492:Starliner
3353:Cancelled
3287:Soyuz GVK
3272:Dragon XL
3267:Blue Moon
2744:Mercury-P
2734:Laplace-P
2691:Sputnik 3
2686:Sputnik 2
2681:Sputnik 1
2655:Spektr-UV
2626:Luna-Glob
2610:Spektr-RG
2587:Elektro–L
2326:Cancelled
2198:(defunct)
2152:Roscosmos
1974:Cancelled
1492:31 August
1430:31 August
1358:8 October
1023:#009/3 –
1017:#009/2 –
1005:#103/4 –
999:#103/2 –
993:#103/1 –
645:291
601:Payload:
548:200 days
375:"Modular"
371:"Modulny"
3641:Starship
3601:Mengzhou
3467:Shenzhou
3449:programs
3337:Proposed
3318:Dragon 1
3292:Starship
3242:Tianzhou
3237:Progress
3147:Visitors
3140:uncrewed
3096:Progress
2759:Venera-D
2754:Spektr-M
2722:Concepts
2649:Kazachok
2605:Resurs-P
2600:Meteor-M
2565:(failed)
2556:Spektr-R
2550:(failed)
2529:(failed)
2508:(failed)
2449:programs
2251:programs
1963:(joint)
1950:(joint)
1881:(joint)
1774:Kristall
1319:Archived
1291:30 March
1226:See also
1123:Salyut 7
955:company
909:Kristall
846:Salyut 7
835:and the
797:Salyut 7
782:Salyut 6
696:Missions
588:45.00 m
561:Length:
380:Salyut 7
280:And the
229:) was a
135:Diameter
3622:Russia
3543:Mercury
3523:Voskhod
3508:Retired
3473:Russia
3370:Jupiter
3306:Retired
3161:Related
3047:(DOS-8)
3039:(DOS-7)
2789:Related
2641:Luna 28
2636:Luna 27
2631:Luna 26
2595:(joint)
2592:ExoMars
2562:Luna 25
2526:Mars 96
2469:Prognoz
2446:Robotic
2404:(joint)
2313:Energia
2308:(joint)
2295:(joint)
2270:Voskhod
2073:Related
2024:Energia
1925:Voskhod
1858:Russian
1788:Priroda
1717:VA #009
1682:(TKS-4)
1676:(TKS-3)
1670:(TKS-2)
1664:(TKS-1)
1059:Gallery
921:Priroda
903:Kvant-2
897:Kvant-1
727:safely.
540:7 days
505:Details
462:TKS FGB
206:Russian
54:Crewed
3612:India
3606:Lanyue
3597:China
3553:Apollo
3548:Gemini
3518:Vostok
3463:China
3457:Active
3365:ARCTUS
3344:TGK PG
3227:Cygnus
3220:Active
3135:crewed
3045:Zvezda
2582:Bion-M
2575:Active
2567:(2023)
2552:(2011)
2543:(2009)
2531:(1996)
2514:Granat
2493:Astron
2481:Venera
2394:Active
2385:Kliper
2370:Zvezda
2365:Spiral
2349:Zvezda
2275:Salyut
2265:Vostok
2233:Proton
2228:Angara
2137:Soviet
2052:Zvezda
2036:Kliper
2020:Spiral
2008:Aelita
1996:Zvezda
1992:LK-700
1981:Moon:
1930:Salyut
1920:Vostok
1866:Active
1854:Soviet
1811:Polyus
1781:Spektr
1733:&
1724:&
1710:&
975:": -->
927:Polyus
915:Spektr
802:Aralsk
628:/UDMH
593:Mass:
577:Span:
452:LK-700
432:TKS VA
310:Design
231:Soviet
127:Length
109:7 days
96:Regime
88:Volume
3636:Orion
3528:Buran
3477:Soyuz
3385:S-550
3380:Parom
3282:HTV-X
3120:Lists
3091:Soyuz
3017:OPS-4
2955:DOS-2
2818:Laika
2764:Sfera
2749:OPSEK
2520:Gamma
2416:Soyuz
2375:Zarya
2317:Buran
2280:Almaz
2238:Soyuz
2064:OPSEK
2056:Zarya
2028:Buran
1988:N1-L3
1935:Almaz
1873:Soyuz
1803:Nauka
1796:Zarya
1793:ISS:
1766:Kvant
1758:Kvant
1755:Mir:
1747:(FGB)
1519:(PDF)
1512:(PDF)
1478:"TKS"
1416:"TKS"
1352:(PDF)
1337:(PDF)
1048:#? –
1042:#? –
1036:#? –
1029:#? –
945:Nauka
933:Zarya
876:Buran
499:Almaz
483:Almaz
399:, or
352:Almaz
297:Almaz
254:Zarya
238:Almaz
227:11F72
174:/UDMH
60:Almaz
3626:Orel
3538:X-15
3297:Argo
2456:Past
2432:Orel
2380:MAKS
2258:Past
2171:(in
2139:and
2032:MAKS
1913:Past
1904:Orel
1856:and
1735:1101
1494:2012
1432:2012
1360:2015
1293:2010
1271:2012
1121:and
977:edit
961:euro
838:Ozon
745:and
734:and
719:and
472:The
448:LK-1
389:and
267:The
200:The
3390:OMV
3323:TKS
3313:ATV
3111:FGB
3101:TKS
3037:Mir
2357:TMK
2300:Mir
2287:TKS
2040:LKS
2004:TMK
1955:Mir
1942:TKS
1878:ISS
1726:998
1712:882
1594:at
1592:TKS
899:tug
516:of
497:to
493:KSI
488:TKS
474:FGB
428:).
425:FGB
397:FGB
392:ISS
386:Mir
3698::
3106:VA
2463:DS
2315:/
2285:/
2054:,
2042:,
2038:,
2034:,
2030:,
2026:/
2022:,
2010:,
2006:,
1994:,
1990:,
1986:,
1940:/
1768:-2
1760:-1
1480:.
1418:.
1368:^
1345:54
1343:.
1339:.
1311:.
859:,
848:.
657::
642::
640:sp
532:3
478:VA
415:VA
405:.
383:,
260:.
222:,
218:,
212:,
208::
3451:)
3447:(
3437:e
3430:t
3423:v
3205:e
3198:t
3191:v
2926:e
2919:t
2912:v
2175:)
2129:e
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2115:v
1846:e
1839:t
1832:v
1629:e
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1565:.
1496:.
1434:.
1362:.
1295:.
1273:.
981:]
655:v
647:s
637:I
626:4
624:O
622:2
620:N
373:(
362:(
204:(
172:4
170:O
168:2
166:N
158:)
156:f
83:3
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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