UMTS - Knowledge

1746:) and also work (including UMTS services) with GSM SIM cards. This is a global standard of identification, and enables a network to identify and authenticate the (U)SIM in the phone. Roaming agreements between networks allow for calls to a customer to be redirected to them while roaming and determine the services (and prices) available to the user. In addition to user subscriber information and authentication information, the (U)SIM provides storage space for phone book contact. Handsets can store their data on their own memory or on the (U)SIM card (which is usually more limited in its phone book contact information). A (U)SIM can be moved to another UMTS or GSM phone, and the phone will take on the user details of the (U)SIM, meaning it is the (U)SIM (not the phone) which determines the phone number of the phone and the billing for calls made from the phone. 1865:. Unlike UMTS, CDMA2000 is an evolutionary upgrade to an existing 2G standard, cdmaOne, and is able to operate within the same frequency allocations. This and CDMA2000's narrower bandwidth requirements make it easier to deploy in existing spectra. In some, but not all, cases, existing GSM operators only have enough spectrum to implement either UMTS or GSM, not both. For example, in the US D, E, and F PCS spectrum blocks, the amount of spectrum available is 5 MHz in each direction. A standard UMTS system would saturate that spectrum. Where CDMA2000 is deployed, it usually co-exists with UMTS. In many markets however, the co-existence issue is of little relevance, as legislative hurdles exist to co-deploying two standards in the same licensed slice of spectrum. 1872:(IMT-SC), which is an evolutionary upgrade to the 2G GSM system, leveraging existing GSM spectrums. It is also much easier, quicker, and considerably cheaper for wireless carriers to "bolt-on" EDGE functionality by upgrading their existing GSM transmission hardware to support EDGE rather than having to install almost all brand-new equipment to deliver UMTS. However, being developed by 3GPP just as UMTS, EDGE is not a true competitor. Instead, it is used as a temporary solution preceding UMTS roll-out or as a complement for rural areas. This is facilitated by the fact that GSM/EDGE and UMTS specifications are jointly developed and rely on the same core network, allowing dual-mode operation including 690:) network technologies into a single design for a worldwide standard air interface. Compatibility with CDMA2000 would have beneficially enabled roaming on existing networks beyond Japan, since Qualcomm CDMA2000 networks are widely deployed, especially in the Americas, with coverage in 58 countries as of 2006. However, divergent requirements resulted in the W-CDMA standard being retained and deployed globally. W-CDMA has then become the dominant technology with 457 commercial networks in 178 countries as of April 2012. Several CDMA2000 operators have even converted their networks to W-CDMA for international roaming compatibility and smooth upgrade path to 1735:

USA use 850 MHz and 1900 MHz. T-Mobile has launched a network in the US operating at 1700 MHz (uplink) /2100 MHz (downlink), and these bands also have been adopted elsewhere in the US and in Canada and Latin America. A UMTS phone and network must support a common frequency to work together. Because of the frequencies used, early models of UMTS phones designated for the United States will likely not be operable elsewhere and vice versa. There are now 11 different frequency combinations used around the world – including frequencies formerly used solely for 2G services.

1318: 1265: 1210: 1167: 1764: 1599: 1447:. UMTS-TDD has the advantages of being able to use an operator's existing UMTS/GSM infrastructure, should it have one, and that it includes UMTS modes optimized for circuit switching should, for example, the operator want to offer telephone service. UMTS-TDD's performance is also more consistent. However, UMTS-TDD deployers often have regulatory problems with taking advantage of some of the services UMTS compatibility provides. For example, the UMTS-TDD spectrum in the UK cannot be used to provide telephone service, though the regulator 226: 4786: 1103:(MIIT) in China took the unusual step of assigning licences for 3 different third-generation mobile phone standards to three carriers in a long-awaited step that is expected to prompt $ 41 billion in spending on new equipment. The Chinese-developed standard, TD-SCDMA, was assigned to China Mobile, the world's biggest phone carrier by subscribers. That appeared to be an effort to make sure the new system has the financial and technical backing to succeed. Licences for two existing 3G standards, W-CDMA and 2012:

these markets. As is the case with GSM900 today, standard UMTS 2100 MHz equipment will not work in those markets. However, it appears as though UMTS is not suffering as much from handset band compatibility issues as GSM did, as many UMTS handsets are multi-band in both UMTS and GSM modes. Penta-band (850, 900, 1700, 2100, and 1900 MHz bands), quad-band GSM (850, 900, 1800, and 1900 MHz bands) and tri-band UMTS (850, 1900, and 2100 MHz bands) handsets are becoming more commonplace.

1506:(Radio Link Control) and MAC (Media Access Control) protocols. RRC protocol handles connection establishment, measurements, radio bearer services, security and handover decisions. RLC protocol primarily divides into three Modes – Transparent Mode (TM), Unacknowledge Mode (UM), Acknowledge Mode (AM). The functionality of AM entity resembles TCP operation whereas UM operation resembles UDP operation. In TM mode, data will be sent to lower layers without adding any header to 179: 6513: 1795: 433: 77: 6523: 36: 6502: 4775: 6533: 515: 1030:, the system can more easily accommodate asymmetric traffic with different data rate requirements on downlink and uplink than FDD schemes. Since it does not require paired spectrum for downlink and uplink, spectrum allocation flexibility is also increased. Using the same carrier frequency for uplink and downlink also means that the channel condition is the same on both directions, and the 1750:

network – using a pre-release specification, it was initially incompatible with the UMTS standard at the radio level but used standard USIM cards, meaning USIM card based roaming was possible (transferring the USIM card into a UMTS or GSM phone when travelling). Both NTT DoCoMo and SoftBank Mobile (which launched 3G in December 2002) now use standard UMTS.

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camera to reduce handset weight. Another significant issue involved call reliability, related to problems with handover from UMTS to GSM. Customers found their connections being dropped as handovers were possible only in one direction (UMTS → GSM), with the handset only changing back to UMTS after hanging up. In most networks around the world this is no longer an issue.

412:. The high data speeds of UMTS are now most often utilised for Internet access: experience in Japan and elsewhere has shown that user demand for video calls is not high, and telco-provided audio/video content has declined in popularity in favour of high-speed access to the World Wide Web – either directly on a handset or connected to a computer via 1402:

approximately equal amounts of data (because every phone call needs a voice transmission in either direction), but Internet-oriented traffic is more frequently one-way. For example, when browsing a website, the user will send commands, which are short, to the server, but the server will send whole files, that are generally larger than those commands, in response.

441: 1653:). Over the last few years some operators have written off some or all of the license costs. Between 2007 and 2009, all three Finnish carriers began to use 900 MHz UMTS in a shared arrangement with its surrounding 2G GSM base stations for rural area coverage, a trend that is expected to expand over Europe in the next 1–3 years. 769:

strategy has been criticised for aiming to drain the cash of operators to the brink of bankruptcy in order to honour their bids or proposals. Most of them have a time constraint for the rollout of the service – where a certain "coverage" must be achieved within a given date or the licence will be revoked.

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test networks in select cities. These trials ran from March to October, 2006, but the results were apparently unsatisfactory. In early 2007, the Chinese government instructed the dominant cellular carrier, China Mobile, to build commercial trial networks in eight cities, and the two fixed-line carriers,

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All of the major 2G phone manufacturers (that are still in business) are now manufacturers of 3G phones. The early 3G handsets and modems were specific to the frequencies required in their country, which meant they could only roam to other countries on the same 3G frequency (though they can fall back

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Typically channel number is derived from the frequency in MHz through the formula Channel Number = Frequency * 5. However, this is only able to represent channels that are centered on a multiple of 200 kHz, which do not align with licensing in North America. 3GPP added several special values for

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With Mobile Application Part, UMTS uses the same core network standard as GSM/EDGE. This allows a simple migration for existing GSM operators. However, the migration path to UMTS is still costly: while much of the core infrastructure is shared with GSM, the cost of obtaining new spectrum licenses and

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Like most mobile Internet access systems, many users who might otherwise choose UMTS-TDD will find their needs covered by the ad hoc collection of unconnected Wi-Fi access points at many restaurants and transportation hubs, and/or by Internet access already provided by their mobile phone operator. By

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TD-SCDMA is based on spread-spectrum technology which makes it unlikely that it will be able to completely escape the payment of license fees to western patent holders. The launch of a national TD-SCDMA network was initially projected by 2005 but only reached large scale commercial trials with 60,000

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originally defined by the UMTS standard are 1885–2025 MHz for the mobile-to-base (uplink) and 2110–2200 MHz for the base-to-mobile (downlink). In the US, 1710–1755 MHz and 2110–2155 MHz are used instead, as the 1900 MHz band was already used. While UMTS2100 is the most widely

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system uses one or more available 1.25 MHz channels for each direction of communication. W-CDMA systems are widely criticized for their large spectrum usage, which delayed deployment in countries that acted relatively slowly in allocating new frequencies specifically for 3G services (such as the

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In its early days, UMTS had problems in many countries: Overweight handsets with poor battery life were first to arrive on a market highly sensitive to weight and form factor. The Motorola A830, a debut handset on Hutchison's 3 network, weighed more than 200 grams and even featured a detachable

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recommendations, so that the standard bands most commonly used for UMTS (UMTS-2100) have not been available. In those countries, alternative bands are used, preventing the interoperability of existing UMTS-2100 equipment, and requiring the design and manufacture of different equipment for the use in

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an important issue. To enable a high degree of interoperability, UMTS phones usually support several different frequencies in addition to their GSM fallback. Different countries support different UMTS frequency bands – Europe initially used 2100 MHz while the most carriers in the

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Over 130 licenses have already been awarded to operators worldwide (as of December 2004), specifying W-CDMA radio access technology that builds on GSM. In Europe, the license process occurred at the tail end of the technology bubble, and the auction mechanisms for allocation set up in some countries

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Most countries have, since the ITU approved of the 3G mobile service, either "auctioned" the radio frequencies to the company willing to pay the most, or conducted a "beauty contest" – asking the various companies to present what they intend to commit to if awarded the licences. This

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CDMA transmission technique like CDMA2000, W-CDMA is not simply a wideband version of CDMA2000 and differs in many aspects from CDMA2000. From an engineering point of view, W-CDMA provides a different balance of trade-offs between cost, capacity, performance, and density; it also promises to achieve

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features, one base station needed to be set up every 1–1.5 km (0.62–0.93 mi). This was the case when only the 2100 MHz band was being used, however with the growing use of lower-frequency bands (such as 850 and 900 MHz) this is no longer so. This has led to increasing rollout of

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Security includes two procedures: integrity and ciphering. Integrity validates the resource of messages and also makes sure that no one (third/unknown party) on the radio interface has modified the messages. Ciphering ensures that no one listens to your data on the air interface. Both integrity and

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of the People's Republic of China formally announced that TD-SCDMA is the country's standard of 3G mobile telecommunication. On February 15, 2006, a timeline for deployment of the network in China was announced, stating pre-commercial trials would take place starting after completion of a number of

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service and the most-commonly used member of the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) family and sometimes used as a synonym for UMTS. It uses the DS-CDMA channel access method and the FDD duplexing method to achieve higher speeds and support more users compared to most previously used

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component on 1.6 MHz slices of spectrum, allowing deployment in even tighter frequency bands than TD-CDMA. It is standardized by the 3GPP and also referred to as "UTRA-TDD LCR". However, the main incentive for development of this Chinese-developed standard was avoiding or reducing the license

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has started its 3G services since October 2009, beginning with the larger cities and then expanding over to smaller cities. The 850 MHz and 900 MHz bands provide greater coverage compared to equivalent 1700/1900/2100 MHz networks, and are best suited to regional areas where greater

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Europe-wide, several bands are provided either specifically for UMTS-TDD or for similar technologies. These are 1900 MHz and 1920 MHz and between 2010 MHz and 2025 MHz. In several countries the 2500–2690 MHz band (also known as MMDS in the USA) have been used for UMTS-TDD

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The functionality of MSC changes when going to UMTS. In a GSM system the MSC handles all the circuit switched operations like connecting A- and B-subscriber through the network. In UMTS the Media gateway (MGW) takes care of data transfer in circuit switched networks. MSC controls MGW operations.

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Japan was the first country to adopt 3G technologies, and since they had not used GSM previously they had no need to build GSM compatibility into their handsets and their 3G handsets were smaller than those available elsewhere. In 2002, NTT DoCoMo's FOMA 3G network was the first commercial UMTS

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The technical split by MIIT has hampered the performance of China Mobile in the 3G market, with users and China Mobile engineers alike pointing to the lack of suitable handsets to use on the network. Deployment of base stations has also been slow, resulting in lack of improvement of service for

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On March 28, 2008, China Mobile Group announced TD-SCDMA "commercial trials" for 60,000 test users in eight cities from April 1, 2008. Networks using other 3G standards (WCDMA and CDMA2000 EV/DO) had still not been launched in China, as these were delayed until TD-SCDMA was ready for commercial

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UMTS phones (and data cards) are highly portable – they have been designed to roam easily onto other UMTS networks (if the providers have roaming agreements in place). In addition, almost all UMTS phones are UMTS/GSM dual-mode devices, so if a UMTS phone travels outside of UMTS

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TD-CDMA is a part of IMT-2000, defined as IMT-TD Time-Division (IMT CDMA TDD), and is one of the three UMTS air interfaces (UTRAs), as standardized by the 3GPP in UTRA-TDD HCR. UTRA-TDD HCR is closely related to W-CDMA, and provides the same types of channels where possible. UMTS's HSDPA/HSUPA

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of spectrum, each slice divided into 10 ms frames containing fifteen time slots (1500 per second). The time slots (TS) are allocated in fixed percentage for downlink and uplink. TD-CDMA is used to multiplex streams from or to multiple transceivers. Unlike W-CDMA, it does not need separate

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might be used. UMTS-TDD is not directly compatible with UMTS-FDD: a device designed to use one standard cannot, unless specifically designed to, work on the other, because of the difference in air interface technologies and frequencies used. It is more formally as IMT-2000 CDMA-TDD or IMT 2000

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AT&T Wireless launched UMTS services in the United States by the end of 2004 strictly using the existing 1900 MHz spectrum allocated for 2G PCS services. Cingular acquired AT&T Wireless in 2004 and has since then launched UMTS in select US cities. Cingular renamed itself AT&T

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UMTS-TDD uses time-division duplexing, allowing the up-link and down-link to share the same spectrum. This allows the operator to more flexibly divide the usage of available spectrum according to traffic patterns. For ordinary phone service, you would expect the up-link and down-link to carry

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only supported EDGE. Their release of the iPhone 3G quotes talk time on UMTS as half that available when the handset is set to use GSM. Other manufacturers indicate different battery lifetime for UMTS mode compared to GSM mode as well. As battery and network technology improve, this issue is

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allocated the 2010–2020 MHz range for a variant of UMTS-TDD designed for unlicensed, self-provided use. Some telecom groups and jurisdictions have proposed withdrawing this service in favour of licensed UMTS-TDD, due to lack of demand, and lack of development of a UMTS TDD air interface

898:(CDMA) and time-division multiple access (TDMA): the frequency band is divided into time slots (TDMA), which are further divided into channels using CDMA spreading codes. These air interfaces are classified as TDD, because time slots can be allocated to either uplink or downlink traffic. 721:

W-CDMA has been developed into a complete set of specifications, a detailed protocol that defines how a mobile phone communicates with the tower, how signals are modulated, how datagrams are structured, and system interfaces are specified allowing free competition on technology elements.

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TD-SCDMA proponents also claim it is better suited for densely populated areas. Further, it is supposed to cover all usage scenarios, whereas W-CDMA is optimised for symmetric traffic and macro cells, while TD-CDMA is best used in low mobility scenarios within micro or pico cells.

825:, have each started offering W-CDMA service in December 2003. Due to poor coverage and lack of choice in handhelds, the W-CDMA service has barely made a dent in the Korean market which was dominated by CDMA2000. By October 2006 both companies are covering more than 90 cities while 1513:

The set of properties related to data transmission is called Radio Bearer (RB). This set of properties decides the maximum allowed data in a TTI (Transmission Time Interval). RB includes RLC information and RB mapping. RB mapping decides the mapping between RB<->logical

848:, followed suit a few months later. Both operators have 98% national coverage on EDGE, but Telenor has parallel WLAN roaming networks on GSM, where the UMTS service is competing with this. For this reason Telenor is dropping support of their WLAN service in Austria (2006). 2059:

In December 2014, news broke that SS7's very own functions can be repurposed for surveillance, because of its lax security, in order to listen to calls in real time or to record encrypted calls and texts for later decryption, or to defraud users and cellular carriers.

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UMTS-TDD has been deployed for public and/or private networks in at least nineteen countries around the world, with live systems in, amongst other countries, Australia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Japan, New Zealand, Botswana, South Africa, the UK, and the USA.

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users. The network connection itself has consistently been slower than that from the other two carriers, leading to a sharp decline in market share. By 2011 China Mobile has already moved its focus onto TD-LTE. Gradual closures of TD-SCDMA stations started in 2016.

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consortium). It has been suggested that these huge license fees have the character of a very large tax paid on future income expected many years down the road. In any event, the high prices paid put some European telecom operators close to bankruptcy (most notably

1480:(GSM/EDGE RAN), and allowing (mostly) transparent switching between the RANs according to available coverage and service needs. Because of that, UMTS's and GSM/EDGE's radio access networks are sometimes collectively referred to as UTRAN/GERAN. 1418:

deployments. Additionally, spectrum around the 3.5 GHz range has been allocated in some countries, notably Britain, in a technology-neutral environment. In the Czech Republic UTMS-TDD is also used in a frequency range around 872 MHz.

1695:, operating in the 850 MHz band. Telstra currently provides UMTS service on this network, and also on the 2100 MHz UMTS network, through a co-ownership of the owning and administrating company 3GIS. This company is also co-owned by 758:) soon followed by launching their own W-CDMA based service, originally branded "Vodafone Global Standard" and claiming UMTS compatibility. The name of the service was changed to "Vodafone 3G" (now "SoftBank 3G") in December 2004. 1661:) services, and 2100 MHz range is used for satellite communications. Regulators have, however, freed up some of the 2100 MHz range for 3G services, together with a different range around 1700 MHz for the uplink. 3499: 881:

UMTS-TDD, an acronym for Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) – time-division duplexing (TDD), is a 3GPP standardized version of UMTS networks that use UTRA-TDD. UTRA-TDD is a UTRA that uses

1100: 1887:(UTRA-TDD 3.84 Mcps High Chip Rate, UTRA-TDD HCR) which complements W-CDMA (UTRA-FDD), it is suitable for both micro and macrocells. However, the lack of vendors' support is preventing it from being a real competitor. 557:

deployed UMTS band, some countries' UMTS operators use the 850 MHz (900 MHz in Europe) and/or 1900 MHz bands (independently, meaning uplink and downlink are within the same band), notably in the US by

475:. In the currently most popular variant for cellular mobile telephones, W-CDMA (IMT Direct Spread) is used. It is also called "Uu interface", as it links User Equipment to the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network. 658:(ITU) as a candidate for the international 3G standard known as IMT-2000. The ITU eventually accepted W-CDMA as part of the IMT-2000 family of 3G standards, as an alternative to CDMA2000, EDGE, and the short range 1668:

T-Mobile's rollout of UMTS in the US was originally focused on the 1700 MHz band. However, T-Mobile has been moving users from 1700 MHz to 1900 MHz (PCS) in order to reallocate the spectrum to 4G

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Deployments in the US thus far have been limited. It has been selected for a public safety support network used by emergency responders in New York, but outside of some experimental systems, notably one from

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in an attempt to avoid dependence on Western technology. This is likely primarily for practical reasons, since other 3G formats require the payment of patent fees to a large number of Western patent holders.

378:(HSDPA) handsets in the downlink connection. These speeds are significantly faster than the 9.6 kbit/s of a single GSM error-corrected circuit switched data channel, multiple 9.6 kbit/s channels in 1089:, to build one each in two other cities. Construction of these trial networks was scheduled to finish during the fourth quarter of 2007, but delays meant that construction was not complete until early 2008. 1890:

While DECT is technically capable of competing with UMTS and other cellular networks in densely populated, urban areas, it has only been deployed for domestic cordless phones and private in-house networks.

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The 2100 MHz band (downlink around 2100 MHz and uplink around 1900 MHz) allocated for UMTS in Europe and most of Asia is already used in North America. The 1900 MHz range is used for 2G

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UMTS-TDD tends to be allocated frequency intended for mobile/wireless Internet services rather than used on existing cellular frequencies. This is, in part, because TDD duplexing is not normally allowed on

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As NTT DoCoMo did not wait for the finalisation of the 3G Release 99 specification, their network was initially incompatible with UMTS. However, this has been resolved by NTT DoCoMo updating their network.

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to the older GSM standard). Canada and USA have a common share of frequencies, as do most European countries. The article UMTS frequency bands is an overview of UMTS network frequencies around the world.

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UMTS also specifies the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN), which is composed of multiple base stations, possibly using different terrestrial air interface standards and frequency bands.

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Code-Division Multiple Access communication networks have been developed by a number of companies over the years, but development of cell-phone networks based on CDMA (prior to W-CDMA) was dominated by

374:(HSPA+) is implemented in the network. Users in deployed networks can expect a transfer rate of up to 384 kbit/s for Release '99 (R99) handsets (the original UMTS release), and 7.2 Mbit/s for 3525: 401:

standard succeeds UMTS and initially provided 4G speeds of 100 Mbit/s down and 50 Mbit/s up, with scalability up to 3 Gbps, using a next generation air interface technology based upon

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Mobility and rolled out some cities with a UMTS network at 850 MHz to enhance its existing UMTS network at 1900 MHz and now offers subscribers a number of dual-band UMTS 850/1900 phones.

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Despite incompatibility with existing air-interface standards, late introduction and the high upgrade cost of deploying an all-new transmitter technology, W-CDMA has become the dominant standard.

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fees that have to be paid to non-Chinese patent owners. Unlike the other air interfaces, TD-SCDMA was not part of UMTS from the beginning but has been added in Release 4 of the specification.

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and China Telecom, respectively. Third-generation, or 3G, technology supports Web surfing, wireless video and other services and the start of service is expected to spur new revenue growth.

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They can remain in the network and be used in dual network operation where 2G and 3G networks co-exist while network migration and new 3G terminals become available for use in the network.

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air interface standard has evolved into the current CDMA2000 (IS-856/IS-2000) standard. Qualcomm created an experimental wideband CDMA system called CDMA2000 3x which unified the W-CDMA (

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The "S" in TD-SCDMA stands for "synchronous", which means that uplink signals are synchronized at the base station receiver, achieved by continuous timing adjustments. This reduces the

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In Canada, UMTS coverage is being provided on the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands on the Rogers and Bell-Telus networks. Bell and Telus share the network. Recently, new providers

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and a few other areas. In Japan, IPMobile planned to provide TD-CDMA service in year 2006, but it was delayed, changed to TD-SCDMA, and bankrupt before the service officially started.

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March 2007 has launched HSDPA in the Toronto Golden Horseshoe district on W-CDMA at 850/1900 MHz and plan the launch the service commercial in the top 25 cities October, 2007.

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and Vodafone declared the same day that they had fixed gaps in their networks, but that the problem is global and can only be fixed with a telecommunication system-wide solution.

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a benefit of reduced cost for video phone handsets. W-CDMA may also be better suited for deployment in the very dense cities of Europe and Asia. However, hurdles remain, and

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in moments. Using a phone that supports 3G and Bluetooth 2.0, multiple Bluetooth-capable laptops can be connected to the Internet. Some smartphones can also act as a mobile

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has announced that it will provide nationwide coverage for its WCDMA network in order for it to offer SBSM (Single Band Single Mode) handsets by the first half of 2007.

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W-CDMA transmits on a pair of 5 MHz-wide radio channels, while CDMA2000 transmits on one or several pairs of 1.25 MHz radio channels. Though W-CDMA does use a

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coverage during a call the call may be transparently handed off to available GSM coverage. Roaming charges are usually significantly higher than regular usage charges.

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services, but can also carry data at high speeds, allowing mobile operators to deliver higher bandwidth applications including streaming and broadband Internet access.

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The term "TD-SCDMA" is misleading. While it suggests covering only a channel access method, it is actually the common name for the whole air interface specification.

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There are very few 3G phones or modems available supporting all 3G frequencies (UMTS850/900/1700/1900/2100 MHz). In 2010, Nokia released a range of phones with

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channel<->transport channel. Signaling messages are sent on Signaling Radio Bearers (SRBs) and data packets (either CS or PS) are sent on data RBs. RRC and

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TD-SCDMA also uses TDMA in addition to the CDMA used in WCDMA. This reduces the number of users in each timeslot, which reduces the implementation complexity of

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Since 2006, UMTS networks in many countries have been or are in the process of being upgraded with High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), sometimes known as

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is currently rolling out a 3G network operating on the 2100 MHz band in cities and most large towns, and the 900 MHz band in regional areas.

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comparison, UMTS-TDD (and systems like WiMAX) offers mobile, and more consistent, access than the former, and generally faster access than the latter.

1640:, bidders paid a total €50.8 billion for six licenses, two of which were subsequently abandoned and written off by their purchasers (Mobilcom and the 718:

between Qualcomm and W-CDMA vendors has not eliminated possible patent issues due to the features of W-CDMA which remain covered by Qualcomm patents.

4381: 921:). TD-CDMA is the channel access method for UTRA-TDD HCR, which is an acronym for UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access-Time Division Duplex High Chip Rate. 3757: 1451:

is discussing the possibility of allowing it at some point in the future. Few operators considering UMTS-TDD have existing UMTS/GSM infrastructure.

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The evolution of UMTS progresses according to planned releases. Each release is designed to introduce new features and improve upon existing ones.

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standard is often seen as a competitor, too. TD-SCDMA has been added to UMTS' Release 4 as UTRA-TDD 1.28 Mcps Low Chip Rate (UTRA-TDD LCR). Unlike

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for duplexing, meaning that the up-link and down-link transmit on different frequencies. UMTS is usually transmitted on frequencies assigned for

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use band numbers to identify the UMTS frequencies. For example, Band I (2100 MHz), Band IV (1700/2100 MHz), and Band V (850 MHz).

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The two UMTS air interfaces (UTRAs) for UMTS-TDD are TD-CDMA and TD-SCDMA. Both air interfaces use a combination of two channel access methods,

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for UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number, where UTRA stands for UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access) is used to identify a frequency in the

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contains a quadband chipset operating on 850/900/1900/2100 MHz, allowing usage in the majority of countries where UMTS-FDD is deployed.

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The first national consumer UMTS networks launched in 2002 with a heavy emphasis on telco-provided mobile applications such as mobile TV and

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As early as 2008, it was known that carrier networks can be used to surreptitiously gather user location information. In August 2014, the

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UMTS-TDD's air interfaces that use the TD-CDMA channel access technique are standardized as UTRA-TDD HCR, which uses increments of 5

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for duplexing. While a full implementation of UMTS, it is mainly used to provide Internet access in circumstances similar to those where

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low chip rate (UTRA-TDD LCR) is an air interface found in UMTS mobile telecommunications networks in China as an alternative to W-CDMA.

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between the codes, therefore increasing system capacity, at the cost of some hardware complexity in achieving uplink synchronization.

5220: 4579: 4553: 2640:"Guidelines on the smooth transition of existing mobile networks to IMT-2000 for developing countries (GST); Report on Question 18/2" 2031:

Even with current technologies and low-band UMTS, telephony and data over UMTS requires more power than on comparable GSM networks.

354:(IMT Single-Carrier, based on GSM) and CDMA2000 (IMT Multi-Carrier), UMTS requires new base stations and new frequency allocations. 5066: 3832: 1011:

On September 21, 2009, China Mobile officially announced that it had 1,327,000 TD-SCDMA subscribers as of the end of August, 2009.

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Additionally, the WiMAX and HIPERMAN systems provide significantly larger bandwidths when the mobile station is near the tower.

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resulted in some extremely high prices being paid for the original 2100 MHz licenses, notably in the UK and Germany. In

1560:

protocol (RRM) that manages the bearer channels between the mobile terminals and the fixed network, including the handovers.

1510:

of higher layers. MAC handles the scheduling of data on air interface depending on higher layer (RRC) configured parameters.

655: 639: 325: 295: 3793: 1814:, PCMCIA or USB card, customers are able to access 3G broadband services, regardless of their choice of computer (such as a 4814: 4614: 4055: 2467: 1739: 687: 5611: 3031: 6572: 6536: 6469: 6315: 5298: 4881: 4246: 3825: 2428: 1549: 984:

TD-SCDMA was developed in the People's Republic of China by the Chinese Academy of Telecommunications Technology (CATT),

611: 344: 1894:

All of these competitors have been accepted by ITU as part of the IMT-2000 family of 3G standards, along with UMTS-FDD.

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In 2008, Australian telco Telstra replaced its existing CDMA network with a national UMTS-based 3G network, branded as

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A variety of Internet-access systems exist which provide broadband speed access to the net. These include WiMAX and

6120: 5668: 5470: 4876: 4325: 3908: 3858: 1077: 379: 141: 2861:

Forkel; et al. (2002). "Performance Comparison Between UTRA-TDD High Chip Rate And Low Chip Rate Operation".

1435:, thus far the WiMAX standard appears to have gained greater traction as a general mobile Internet access system. 1034:

can deduce the downlink channel information from uplink channel estimates, which is helpful to the application of

976:

TD-SCDMA / UMTS-TDD (LCR) networks are incompatible with W-CDMA / UMTS-FDD and TD-CDMA / UMTS-TDD (HCR) networks.

393:

transfer speeds of up to 21 Mbit/s. Work is also progressing on improving the uplink transfer speed with the

6231: 5058: 5020: 4939: 4859: 4807: 4714: 4318: 3888: 2774:"Draft summary minutes, decisions and actions from 3GPP Organizational Partners Meeting#6, Tokyo, 9 October 2001" 2767:

3GPP notes that "there currently existed many different names for the same system (eg FOMA, W-CDMA, UMTS, etc)";

2569:"Draft summary minutes, decisions and actions from 3GPP Organizational Partners Meeting#6, Tokyo, 9 October 2001" 1658: 1411: 811:

October 13, 2004, with speeds up to 384 kbit/s. Availability only in main cities. Pricing is approx. €2/MB.

706: 394: 113: 3054: 1849:. Many other phones are offering more than one band which still enables extensive roaming. For example, Apple's 6226: 4959: 4660: 3072: 98: 6251: 5303: 5213: 5076: 4992: 4916: 4893: 4653: 4636: 2492: 2399: 910: 895: 616: 523: 310: 2842: 2828: 120: 6602: 6526: 6287: 6184: 5727: 5522: 5494: 5397: 4153: 4099: 4074: 3957: 3948: 1061: 1046: 741: 534: 4667: 2639: 2487: 2452: 467:

The air interfaces are called UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA). All air interface options are part of

317:) radio access technology to offer greater spectral efficiency and bandwidth to mobile network operators. 6516: 6023: 5463: 5174: 5091: 4114: 1302: 596: 3126: 6375: 6297: 6236: 5943: 5422: 5318: 3297: 2301: 1819: 918: 526:), along with UMTS-FDD, UTRA-FDD, or IMT-2000 CDMA Direct Spread is an air interface standard found in 337: 127: 6147: 6108: 5953: 5853: 5782: 5715: 5542: 5427: 5155: 4109: 2519: 2507: 1919: 1557: 1476:

UMTS and GSM/EDGE can share a Core Network (CN), making UTRAN an alternative radio access network to

1387: 1054: 585: 530: 191: 3551: 3328: 2889: 6506: 5748: 5683: 5636: 5596: 5402: 5392: 5313: 5206: 5150: 4779: 4609: 4371: 4365: 4359: 4308: 4276: 3878: 3392: 2867: 2529: 2477: 2442: 2205: 1988: 1104: 17: 4799: 3092: 6597: 6587: 6562: 6345: 6330: 6174: 6125: 6048: 5948: 5626: 5512: 5507: 5412: 5308: 5258: 5248: 4729: 4337: 3978: 3654:

Muratore, Flavio. UMTS: mobile communications for the future. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2000.

2924: 2472: 2280: 2252: 2145: 2053: 1928: 1670: 1531: 691: 457: 398: 333: 109: 87: 3249: 1483:

UMTS networks are often combined with GSM/EDGE, the latter of which is also a part of IMT-2000.

1065: 650:

In the late 1990s, W-CDMA was developed by NTT DoCoMo as the air interface for their 3G network

6267: 6053: 5868: 5813: 5808: 5621: 5586: 5160: 4754: 3866: 3626:

UMTS Signaling: UMTS Interfaces, Protocols, Message Flows and Procedures Analyzed and Explained

2862: 2266: 1913: 1826:

from the modem, so that in some cases absolutely no knowledge of technology is required to get

1495: 940:

In the United States, the technology has been used for public safety and government use in the

584:

UMTS-FDD is an acronym for Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) –

3747: 1092:

The standard has been adopted by 3GPP since Rel-4, known as "UTRA TDD 1.28 Mbps Option".

6169: 5973: 5938: 5858: 5838: 5760: 5648: 5569: 5330: 5243: 5145: 4834: 4830: 4692: 4619: 4045: 2876: 2247: 2105: 1940: 1414:/PCN, and 3G frequencies. TDD technologies open up the usage of left-over unpaired spectrum. 491: 94: 49: 5502: 2711: 6083: 6043: 6013: 5770: 5705: 5527: 5129: 4697: 4682: 4672: 3898: 3893: 2543: 2497: 2457: 2394: 2312: 2276: 2083: 1630: 1578: 1491: 1124: 883: 851: 663: 620: 409: 321: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3690:

TS 25.221 Physical channels and mapping of transport channels onto physical channels (TDD)

3689: 3685:

TS 25.211 Physical channels and mapping of transport channels onto physical channels (FDD)

3684: 3678: 2007:

Some countries, including the United States, have allocated spectrum differently from the

544:

channel access method with a pair of 5 MHz wide channels. In contrast, the competing

8: 6093: 6033: 5792: 5754: 5552: 5537: 4869: 4687: 4677: 2995:"IPWireless introduces TD-CDMA Network in a Box targeting rural operators, public safety" 2773: 2568: 1042: 562: 3672: 3352: 1777:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

1612:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

239:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

6567: 6320: 6277: 6208: 6078: 6008: 5983: 5918: 5765: 5486: 3195:"Closing of China Mobile 3G Base Stations Signifies End of China's Self-owned Standard" 3194: 1704: 1515: 1503: 5028: 3768: 3367:"Northrop Grumman Wins $ 500 Million New York City Broadband Mobile Wireless Contract" 3219: 3173: 1961:

From a GSM/GPRS communication radio network, the following elements cannot be reused:

6360: 6282: 6196: 6179: 6142: 5988: 5818: 5787: 5653: 5547: 5124: 5038: 4842: 4790: 3655: 3644: 3629: 3614: 3599: 3584: 3500:"For sale: Systems that can secretly track where cellphone users go around the globe" 3443: 2809: 2784: 2748: 2677: 2657: 1978:

The UMTS network introduces new network elements that function as specified by 3GPP:

1873: 1831: 1507: 762: 566: 6028: 3752: 3741: 3526:"German researchers discover a flaw that could let anyone listen to your cell calls" 3477: 794:

utilized a UMTS network, with HSPA+, from 2005 until its shutdown in February 2022.

6365: 6325: 6305: 6272: 6201: 6159: 6073: 5928: 5913: 5888: 5863: 5823: 5673: 5532: 5517: 5111: 5011: 4704: 4604: 4599: 4476: 3918: 3848: 3370: 2973: 2539: 2063: 1541: 1130: 963: 956: 791: 635: 558: 2619: 134: 5993: 5848: 5616: 5591: 5579: 5229: 4648: 3797: 3790: 2948: 2049: 2024: 1823: 1815: 1811: 914: 845: 755: 730:

The world's first commercial W-CDMA service, FOMA, was launched by NTT DoCoMo in

711: 6191: 6063: 6038: 5998: 5968: 5843: 5678: 5631: 5606: 5564: 5268: 4739: 4734: 4563: 4180: 3869: 3039: 2970:"IPWireless Ships First Commercial 3GPP Chipset with Full HSDPA Implementation" 1522:

ciphering are applied for SRBs whereas only ciphering is applied for data RBs.

1487: 985: 930: 1552:(ISDN) telephone network. UMTS (and GERAN) include the three lowest layers of 844:

introduced W-CDMA in major cities by the end of 2004, while their competitor,

196: 6592: 6551: 6340: 6113: 6103: 6018: 5908: 5903: 5893: 5878: 5700: 5559: 4744: 3817: 3322:"Award_of_available_spectrum:_2500-2690_MHz,_2010-2025_MHz_and_2290-2300_MHz" 3274:"Implementing LTE FDD/TDD Convergence Network in the age of Mobile Inter net" 2534: 2317: 1082: 1050: 941: 870: 740:

W-CDMA has also been adapted for use in satellite communications on the U.S.

498:), they are actually the common names for the whole air interface standards. 449: 3802: 1861:

The main competitor to UMTS is CDMA2000 (IMT-MC), which is developed by the

1645: 595:

version of UMTS networks that makes use of frequency-division duplexing for

6218: 6058: 6003: 5933: 5898: 5833: 5732: 5722: 5574: 5358: 5348: 4719: 4466: 4450: 4083: 2734: 2482: 2447: 2414: 2173: 2020: 1696: 1574: 1407: 1108: 1086: 1031: 1005: 627: 592: 553: 461: 371: 329: 2546:

technology allowing migration from GSM to UMTS or simultaneous use of both

1718:

Carriers in South America are now also rolling out 850 MHz networks.

1064:

between users of the same timeslot using different codes by improving the

1045:

and beamforming schemes, but the non-continuous transmission also reduces

833:

will thus cut funding to its CDMA2000 network development to the minimum.

178: 6418: 6068: 5978: 5963: 5923: 5883: 5742: 4548: 4497: 4407: 4395: 3462: 1846: 1677: 1035: 1026:. By dynamically adjusting the number of timeslots used for downlink and 822: 804: 781: 737:

Elsewhere, W-CDMA deployments are usually marketed under the UMTS brand.

578: 3762: 6423: 6130: 5828: 5737: 5693: 5663: 5641: 5119: 3119:"China's 3G Network Deployment Update – IHS Technology" 2097:

Call service: compatible with Global System for Mobile Communications (

2032: 1909:

From a GSM/GPRS network, the following network elements can be reused:

1898: 1838: 1799: 1681: 989: 962:

TD-SCDMA uses the TDMA channel access method combined with an adaptive

826: 814: 607: 4174: 2309:: a variant of UMTS largely used to provide wireless Internet service. 1133:

networks using third-generation TD-SCDMA / UMTS-TDD (LCR) technology.

1049:(because of the higher peak power needed), mobility (because of lower 6408: 5873: 5688: 5455: 5338: 5293: 5101: 3246:"China Mobile Announces Commercial Deployment of TD-SCDMA Technology" 2035:

cited UMTS power consumption as the reason that the first generation

1794: 1685: 1553: 929:

frequency bands for up- and downstream, allowing deployment in tight

785: 777: 773: 417: 200: 55: 3780: 947: 901: 772:

Vodafone launched several UMTS networks in Europe in February 2004.

506: 76: 6403: 6393: 6310: 6135: 5958: 5432: 5283: 5263: 5033: 4934: 4829: 4527: 4431: 4330: 4253: 4220: 3681: – Describes basic differences between FDD and TDD. 3418:"T-Mobile shifting 1700 MHz HSPA+ users to 1900 MHz band" 2423: 2344: 2328: 2306: 2260: 2235: 1880: 1850: 1842: 1743: 1545: 1444: 1383: 952: 859: 751: 675: 626:

While not an evolutionary upgrade on the airside, it uses the same

545: 487: 472: 390: 363: 302: 298: 5198: 510:

3G sign shown in notification bar on an Android powered smartphone

432: 343:

The technology described in UMTS is sometimes also referred to as

6398: 6383: 5601: 5288: 4929: 4761: 4291: 4258: 4133: 4064: 3998: 3993: 3913: 2516:: a local area wireless technology that is complementary to UMTS. 2419: 2348: 1897:

On the Internet access side, competing systems include WiMAX and

1884: 1731: 1637: 970:

Like TD-CDMA, TD-SCDMA is known as IMT CDMA TDD within IMT-2000.

906: 841: 808: 780:

commercially launched its 3G (W-CDMA) services in February 2005.

747: 679: 570: 541: 483: 294:(3rd Generation Partnership Project), UMTS is a component of the 3478:"iPhone 'Surfing' On AT&T Network Isn't Fast, Jobs Concedes" 3149:"China Mobile Not Serious About TD-SCDMA, Betting Big on TD-LTE" 1398:, or 3G mobile telephone service in the countries of operation. 1382:

Ordinary UMTS uses UTRA-FDD as an air interface and is known as

6428: 6388: 5710: 5407: 5278: 5253: 4967: 4924: 4470: 4341: 4241: 3983: 3923: 2322: 2052:

reported on widespread marketing of surveillance systems using

2036: 1982: 1827: 1641: 1432: 1027: 1023: 866: 855: 837: 798: 715: 574: 479: 367: 314: 3744: – 3rd Generation Partnership Project Standard 3679:

TS 25.201 Physical Layer – General Description

3463:"GSM World Coverage Map - GSM Country List by frequency bands" 514: 6413: 6350: 5658: 5442: 5437: 5382: 5366: 5343: 5043: 4558: 4543: 4506: 4493: 4412: 4390: 4196: 3988: 3730:

TS 25.225 Physical layer – Measurements (TDD)

3725:

TS 25.215 Physical layer – Measurements (FDD)

3032:"China Mobile to Test TD-SCDMA on 60,000 Phones From April 1" 2590: 2513: 2462: 2362: 2352: 2290: 2286: 2269:/UMA: A standard for running GSM and UMTS over wireless LANs. 2155: 1862: 1700: 1692: 1477: 1467: 1448: 1323: 1270: 1215: 1172: 887: 731: 642:; a feature it shares with other members of the UMTS family. 413: 320:

UMTS specifies a complete network system, which includes the

306: 3248:. Spreadtrum Communications, Inc. 2008-03-28. Archived from 1730:

Most UMTS licensees consider ubiquitous, transparent global

533:

networks. It supports conventional cellular voice, text and

6355: 5273: 4724: 4422: 4104: 4031: 3643:(Wiley, 2002) first book on radio network planning for 3G, 2769: 2409: 2372: 2357: 2296: 2151: 2019:

Compared to GSM, UMTS networks initially required a higher

1954: 1947: 1869: 1711: 1707:

is also building a 3G network using the 900 MHz band.

1699:, and this is the primary network used by their customers. 1499: 1004:

On January 7, 2009, China granted a TD-SCDMA 3G licence to

662:

system. Later, W-CDMA was selected as an air interface for

659: 651: 600: 589: 495: 402: 386: 351: 291: 3353:"T-Mobile launches UMTS TDD network in the Czech Republic" 1356:

Network upgraded to TDD-LTE (B40) via RRU Software Update.

1248:

Network upgraded to TDD-LTE (B39) via RRU Software Update.

1195:

Network is being phased out and is to be shutdown by 2025.

4144: 4119: 4040: 4027: 4003: 3774: 3174:"China Mobile Said to Begin Closing Its 3G Base Stations" 2098: 2056:(SS7) protocols to locate callers anywhere in the world. 1650: 1563: 1347: 1343: 1239: 1235: 1187: 1022:

TD-SCDMA uses TDD, in contrast to the FDD scheme used by

925: 818: 744:

using geosynchronous satellites in place of cell towers.

468: 421: 287: 3581:

Communication Systems for the Mobile Information Society

3240: 3238: 3236: 4522: 4445: 4215: 4017: 3938: 3613:, (Wiley, 2000) first book dedicated to 3G technology, 2336: 2334: 2256: 2101:), based on Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM) 1395: 1391: 953:

Time-Division Synchronous Code-Division Multiple Access

631: 527: 440: 283: 3675: – Radio aspects of 3G, including UMTS 1721: 654:. Later NTT DoCoMo submitted the specification to the 3233: 2500:

or CPICH, a simple synchronisation channel in WCDMA.

1118: 3753:

Vocabulary for 3GPP Specifications, up to Release 8

3268: 3266: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 2210:

CPC – continuous packet connectivity

917:

multiple-access (CDMA) across multiple time slots (

490:are misleading. While they suggest covering just a 382:(HSCSD) and 14.4 kbit/s for CDMAOne channels. 336:, or MAP) and the authentication of users via SIM ( 101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3091: 2325:: the primary air interface standard used by UMTS. 1904: 3598:(Wiley, 2002) first book on the services for 3G, 2918:"TD-SCDMA Whitepaper: the Solution for TDD bands" 2028:the lower-band networks by operators since 2006. 1688:have begun operations in the 1700 MHz band. 1374:technology suitable for deployment in this band. 948:TD-SCDMA (UTRA-TDD 1.28 Mcps Low Chip Rate (LCR)) 937:enhancements are also implemented under TD-CDMA. 902:TD-CDMA (UTRA-TDD 3.84 Mcps High Chip Rate (HCR)) 305:standard set for networks based on the competing 286:mobile cellular system for networks based on the 6558:Telecommunications-related introductions in 2002 6549: 3641:Radio Network Planning and Optimization for UMTS 3263: 3205: 3159: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2351:(also known as IS-95 or "CDMA"), managed by the 1715:distances separate base station and subscriber. 1014:TD-SCDMA is not commonly used outside of China. 821:, two largest mobile phone service providers in 765:gradually launched their upstart UMTS networks. 3700:TS 25.222 Multiplexing and channel coding (TDD) 3695:TS 25.212 Multiplexing and channel coding (FDD) 3475: 2829:"GSM Association HSPA Market update April 2012" 2637: 1386:. UMTS-FDD uses W-CDMA for multiple access and 1101:Ministry of Industry and Information Technology 3847: 3476:Wingfield, Nick; Sharma, Amol (30 June 2007). 3437: 3298:"ERC/DEC/(99)25 EU Recommendation on UMTS TDD" 2803: 2023:density. For fully-fledged UMTS incorporating 1299:No deployments, later used for TD-LTE instead. 5471: 5214: 4815: 3833: 3549: 3523: 3497: 2896: 2843:"Qualcomm says it doesn't need Nokia patents" 1494:(Radio Access Network) primarily consists of 2699:"Advanced Wireless Services (AWS) Band Plan" 1856: 1537:overlaying UMTS at existing towers is high. 913:, is a channel-access method based on using 862:, started offering W-CDMA services in 2005. 6486:Global telecommunications regulation bodies 3220:"China Mobile's Dead End on the 3G Highway" 3055:"China issues 3G licences to main carriers" 2789:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2753:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2662:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2135:TD-SCDMA (UTRA-TDD 1.28 Mcps low chip rate) 1377: 1246:(↓↑) 1900–1920 MHz (Subset of Band 39) 518:UMTS base station on the roof of a building 64:Learn how and when to remove these messages 6522: 5478: 5464: 5221: 5207: 4822: 4808: 3840: 3826: 3393:"From AT&T To Cingular And Back Again" 2728: 2726: 2724: 634:GSM networks deployed worldwide, allowing 448:UMTS combines three different terrestrial 403:orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing 290:standard. Developed and maintained by the 276:Universal Mobile Telecommunications System 3720:TS 25.224 Physical layer procedures (TDD) 3715:TS 25.214 Physical layer procedures (FDD) 3442:, John Wiley and Sons, pp. 105–106, 3011: 2866: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2808:, John Wiley and Sons, pp. 105–106, 2633: 2631: 2629: 2604: 2561: 1556:. The network layer (OSI 3) includes the 262:Learn how and when to remove this message 161:Learn how and when to remove this message 3710:TS 25.223 Spreading and modulation (TDD) 3705:TS 25.213 Spreading and modulation (FDD) 3558:(in German). ARD-aktuell / tagesschau.de 3493: 3491: 2923:. TD Forum. pp. 6–9. Archived from 2104:Voice quality features – 1793: 858:, two mobile phone service providers in 513: 505: 439: 431: 2915: 2721: 1461: 1017: 700: 599:over an UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access ( 362:UMTS supports theoretical maximum data 27:Third generation mobile cellular system 14: 6550: 5485: 4710:Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service 3769:Worldwide W-CDMA frequency allocations 3517: 3093:"China Mobile trails on 3G technology" 2860: 2849: 2626: 2584: 2293:: updates to the W-CDMA air interface. 2002: 1753: 1588: 1564:Frequency bands and channel bandwidths 1438: 1364: 5459: 5202: 4803: 3821: 3748:3GPP Specifications Numbering Schemes 3488: 3440:The Next Generation CDMA Technologies 3390: 2806:The Next Generation CDMA Technologies 2504:Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) 2405:Comparison of wireless data standards 656:International Telecommunication Union 326:UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network 296:International Telecommunication Union 6532: 4668:Spectral efficiency comparison table 2612:"3G Glossary – UTRA" 2493:Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 2488:Spectral efficiency comparison table 2468:Telecommunications industry in China 2453:Spectral efficiency comparison table 2388: 1757: 1740:Universal Subscriber Identity Module 1592: 1585:the common North American channels. 1502:(Packet Data Convergence Protocol), 501: 219: 172: 99:adding citations to reliable sources 70: 29: 6583:Mobile telecommunications standards 5228: 3543: 3089: 3052: 3012:Clendenin, Mike (30 January 2007). 2585:Tindal, Suzanne (8 December 2008). 2126:MExE (Mobile Execution Environment) 1722:Interoperability and global roaming 1550:Integrated Services Digital Network 1540:The CN can be connected to various 1001:users across eight cities in 2008. 345:Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access 301:standard set and compares with the 24: 3550:Peter Onneken (18 December 2014). 3524:Craig Timberg (18 December 2014). 2273:Opportunity-Driven Multiple Access 2213:FRLC – Flexible RLC 2179:Multimedia broadcast and multicast 2043: 460:(MAP) core, and the GSM family of 25: 6614: 3735: 2707:Federal Communications Commission 2587:"Telstra boosts Next G to 21Mbps" 2525:Operations and Maintenance Centre 2160:Improvements in GERAN, MExE, etc. 1925:Equipment Identity Register (EIR) 1119:Frequency bands & Deployments 873:introduced W-CDMA in March 2004. 427: 376:High-Speed Downlink Packet Access 45:This article has multiple issues. 6531: 6521: 6512: 6511: 6500: 6121:Free-space optical communication 4784: 4773: 3859:List of mobile phone generations 3666: 3552:"Sicherheitslücken im UMTS-Netz" 3498:Craig Timberg (24 August 2014). 3391:Vries, Lloyd (12 January 2007). 3369:. ipwireless.com. Archived from 3104:from the original on 2022-12-10. 3090:Lau, Justine (August 28, 2008). 3053:Wei, Michael (January 7, 2009). 2972:. ipwireless.com. Archived from 2949:"UMTS World TD-CDMA information" 2768: 2732: 1762: 1597: 1316: 1263: 1208: 1165: 1078:Ministry of Information Industry 380:High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data 224: 177: 75: 34: 3758:UMTS LTE Link Budget Comparison 3573: 3469: 3455: 3431: 3410: 3384: 3359: 3345: 3314: 3290: 3187: 3141: 3111: 3083: 3065: 3046: 3024: 3005: 2987: 2962: 2941: 2835: 2821: 2091:384 kbit/s packet switched 1935:Gateway Mobile Switching Center 1905:Migrating from GSM/GPRS to UMTS 1525: 1421: 909:, an acronym for Time-Division- 606:W-CDMA is the basis of Japan's 577:network. Some carriers such as 395:High-Speed Uplink Packet Access 309:technology. UMTS uses wideband 86:needs additional citations for 53:or discuss these issues on the 3594:Ahonen and Barrett (editors), 3583:, John Wiley, September 2006, 3327:. ofcom.org.uk. Archived from 2797: 2761: 2691: 2670: 2578: 2077: 1965:Base transceiver station (BTS) 1868:Another competitor to UMTS is 1802:, an early (2003) UMTS handset 1301:Upper half previously used by 645: 13: 1: 5139:Delay and disruption tolerant 3609:Holma and Toskala (editors), 2550: 2088:64 kbit/s circuit switch 1968:Base station controller (BSC) 979: 911:Code-Division Multiple Access 896:code-division multiple access 725: 617:time-division multiple access 524:Code-Division Multiple Access 311:code-division multiple access 6507:Telecommunication portal 6288:Telecommunications equipment 4780:Telecommunication portal 3777:The Global UMTS TDD Alliance 3673:3GPP specification series 25 2618:. 2003-11-29. Archived from 2555: 2229: 2217: 2192: 2167: 2139: 2132:IP Multimedia Services (IMS) 2114: 955:(TD-SCDMA) or UTRA TDD 1.28 742:Mobile User Objective System 586:frequency-division duplexing 7: 6024:Alexander Stepanovich Popov 3639:Laiho, Wacker and Novosad, 3530:The Switch- Washington Post 3420:. TeleGeography. 2015-06-24 3014:"3G in China still held up" 2241: 2069: 1953:Gateway GPRS Support Node ( 1946:Serving GPRS Support Node ( 1841:3G coverage, including the 1129:The following is a list of 1053:frequency) and complicates 876: 478:Please note that the terms 389:. Currently, HSDPA enables 357: 190:to comply with Knowledge's 10: 6619: 6573:Metropolitan area networks 5728:Telecommunications history 4277:CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Release 0 3808:TD-SCDMA Industry Alliance 3279:. China Mobile. 2013-06-01 3222:. CaixinOnline. 2014-12-15 3176:. CaixinOnline. 2016-03-14 2302:Subscriber Identity Module 2129:Improved location services 1985:(base transceiver station) 1628: 1529: 1498:(Radio Resource Control), 1465: 1122: 1071: 338:subscriber identity module 6578:Mobile telecommunications 6495: 6437: 6374: 6336:Public Switched Telephone 6296: 6260: 6217: 6158: 6148:telecommunication circuit 6109:Fiber-optic communication 6092: 5854:Francis Blake (telephone) 5801: 5649:Optical telecommunication 5493: 5375: 5357: 5329: 5236: 5173: 5138: 5110: 5057: 5019: 5010: 4991: 4976: 4958: 4915: 4892: 4850: 4841: 4770: 4592: 4572: 4536: 4521: 4486: 4459: 4444: 4421: 4380: 4351: 4301: 4290: 4269: 4229: 4214: 4189: 4167: 4159:EDGE/EGPRS - Evolved EDGE 4143: 4132: 4092: 4084:D-AMPS (IS-54 and IS-136) 4073: 4054: 4026: 4016: 3971: 3947: 3937: 3865: 3856: 2520:List of device bandwidths 2508:multiple antenna research 1971:Packet Control Unit (PCU) 1920:Visitor Location Register 1857:Other competing standards 1771:This section needs to be 1606:This section needs to be 1568: 1558:Radio Resource Management 1388:frequency-division duplex 1131:mobile telecommunications 1055:radio resource management 807:opened W-CDMA service in 638:operation along with GSM/ 531:mobile telecommunications 444:UMTS network architecture 436:UMTS network architecture 233:This article needs to be 6247:Orbital angular-momentum 5684:Satellite communications 5523:Communications satellite 3484:– via www.wsj.com. 2530:Radio Network Controller 2478:Standardization in China 2420:Evolution-Data Optimized 2335:Other, non-UMTS, 3G and 1989:Radio Network Controller 1378:Comparison with UMTS-FDD 891:Time-Division (IMT-TD). 522:W-CDMA (WCDMA; Wideband 203:may contain suggestions. 188:may need to be rewritten 6126:Molecular communication 5949:Gardiner Greene Hubbard 5778:Undersea telegraph line 5513:Cable protection system 4615:Comparison of standards 4254:UTRA-TDD LCR / TD-SCDMA 3624:Kreher and Ruedebusch, 3438:Hsiao-Hwa Chen (2007), 3107:(subscription required) 2804:Hsiao-Hwa Chen (2007), 2473:Communications in China 2259:successor for UMTS and 2146:IP Multimedia Subsystem 2054:Signalling System No. 7 1929:Mobile Switching Center 1742:, USIM (based on GSM's 1532:Mobile Application Part 1354:(↓↑) 2300–2400 MHz 1297:(↓↑) 1880–1920 MHz 1192:(↓↑) 2010–2025 MHz 884:time-division duplexing 458:Mobile Application Part 334:Mobile Application Part 6268:Communication protocol 6054:Charles Sumner Tainter 5869:Walter Houser Brattain 5814:Edwin Howard Armstrong 5622:Information revolution 5161:Dynamic Source Routing 4831:Channel access methods 4620:Channel access methods 4259:UTRA-TDD HCR / TD-CDMA 3123:IHS Market: Technology 2916:Siemens (2004-06-10). 2884:Cite journal requires 2506:is the major issue of 2110:Frequency 2.1 GHz 1914:Home Location Register 1803: 1738:UMTS phones can use a 1697:Hutchison 3G Australia 519: 511: 445: 437: 6242:Polarization-division 5974:Narinder Singh Kapany 5939:Erna Schneider Hoover 5859:Jagadish Chandra Bose 5839:Alexander Graham Bell 5570:online video platform 4791:Telephones portal 3899:MTA - MTB - MTC - MTD 3199:People's Daily Online 3073:"What is 3G TD-SCDMA" 2638:ITU-D Study Group 2. 2248:List of UMTS networks 2106:Tandem Free Operation 1941:Authentication Center 1797: 1518:messages go on SRBs. 1123:Further information: 1099:In January 2009, the 1076:On January 20, 2006, 517: 509: 494:(namely a variant of 492:channel access method 443: 435: 6084:Vladimir K. Zworykin 6044:Almon Brown Strowger 6014:Charles Grafton Page 5669:Prepaid mobile phone 5597:Electrical telegraph 4835:media access control 4408:iBurst (IEEE 802.20) 4181:CDMA2000 1X Advanced 2498:Common pilot channel 2458:UMTS frequency bands 2395:Cellular frequencies 2313:UMTS frequency bands 2279:mode communications 2123:Multimedia messaging 1631:UMTS frequency bands 1579:UMTS frequency bands 1462:Radio access network 1125:UMTS frequency bands 1018:Technical highlights 852:Maxis Communications 701:Rationale for W-CDMA 621:time-division duplex 569:and in Australia by 322:radio access network 95:improve this article 6603:Wireless networking 6034:Johann Philipp Reis 5793:Wireless revolution 5755:The Telephone Cases 5612:Hydraulic telegraph 5376:Long range wireless 5059:Collision avoidance 4294:(3.5G, 3.75G, 3.9G) 4136:(2.5G, 2.75G, 2.9G) 3904:Mobile TeleSeratout 3786:UMTS Provider Chart 3781:3GSM World Congress 3482:Wall Street Journal 2678:"What is 3G/WCDMA?" 2645:. pp. 4, 25–28 2253:Long Term Evolution 2182:Improvements in IMS 2003:Problems and issues 1994:Media Gateway (MGW) 1754:Handsets and modems 1589:Spectrum allocation 1490:) interface of the 1439:Competing standards 1365:Unlicensed UMTS-TDD 1107:, were assigned to 1043:multiuser detection 784:in August 2005 and 761:Beginning in 2003, 563:Telecom New Zealand 6232:Frequency-division 6209:Telephone exchange 6079:Charles Wheatstone 6009:Jun-ichi Nishizawa 5984:Innocenzo Manzetti 5919:Reginald Fessenden 5654:Optical telegraphy 5487:Telecommunications 5021:Collision recovery 4782: 4368:(TIA/EIA/IS-856-B) 4362:(TIA/EIA/IS-856-A) 4360:1xEV-DO Revision A 3796:2016-01-27 at the 2574:. 3GPP. p. 7. 2154:, IP transport in 1874:vertical handovers 1804: 1303:Xiaolingtong (PHS) 520: 512: 446: 438: 397:(HSUPA). The 3GPP 6545: 6544: 6283:Store and forward 6278:Data transmission 6192:Network switching 6143:Transmission line 5989:Guglielmo Marconi 5954:Internet pioneers 5819:Mohamed M. Atalla 5788:Whistled language 5453: 5452: 5196: 5195: 5175:Duplexing methods 5169: 5168: 5006: 5005: 4797: 4796: 4600:Cellular networks 4588: 4587: 4517: 4516: 4440: 4439: 4286: 4285: 4242:UTRA-FDD / W-CDMA 4210: 4209: 4177:(TIA/EIA/IS-2000) 4128: 4127: 4012: 4011: 3775:UMTS TDD Alliance 3660:978-0-471-49829-2 3649:978-0-470-01575-9 3634:978-0-470-06533-4 3619:978-0-471-72051-5 3604:978-0-471-48550-6 3596:Services for UMTS 3449:978-0-470-02294-8 3077:Electronics Notes 2815:978-0-470-02294-8 2389:Other information 2094:Location services 1832:WLAN access point 1822:). Some software 1792: 1791: 1627: 1626: 1542:backbone networks 1362: 1361: 1338: 1285: 1230: 1184: 792:AT&T Mobility 788:in October 2005. 763:Hutchison Whampoa 603:) air interface. 567:XT Mobile Network 561:, New Zealand by 559:AT&T Mobility 502:W-CDMA (UTRA-FDD) 328:, or UTRAN), the 272: 271: 264: 254: 253: 218: 217: 192:quality standards 171: 170: 163: 145: 68: 16:(Redirected from 6610: 6535: 6534: 6525: 6524: 6515: 6514: 6505: 6504: 6503: 6376:Notable networks 6366:Wireless network 6306:Cellular network 6298:Types of network 6273:Computer network 6160:Network topology 6074:Thomas A. Watson 5929:Oliver Heaviside 5914:Philo Farnsworth 5889:Daniel Davis Jr. 5864:Charles Bourseul 5824:John Logie Baird 5533:Data compression 5528:Computer network 5480: 5473: 5466: 5457: 5456: 5223: 5216: 5209: 5200: 5199: 5017: 5016: 4848: 4847: 4824: 4817: 4810: 4801: 4800: 4789: 4788: 4787: 4778: 4777: 4776: 4705:Mobile broadband 4605:Mobile telephony 4593:Related articles 4534: 4533: 4477:LTE Advanced Pro 4457: 4456: 4372:EV-DO Revision C 4366:EV-DO Revision B 4299: 4298: 4227: 4226: 4141: 4140: 4024: 4023: 3945: 3944: 3870:radio telephones 3849:Cellular network 3842: 3835: 3828: 3819: 3818: 3791:LTE Encyclopedia 3568: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3495: 3486: 3485: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3459: 3453: 3452: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3426: 3425: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3379: 3378: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3339: 3333: 3326: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3309: 3308: 3302: 3294: 3288: 3287: 3285: 3284: 3278: 3270: 3261: 3260: 3258: 3257: 3242: 3231: 3230: 3228: 3227: 3216: 3203: 3202: 3191: 3185: 3184: 3182: 3181: 3170: 3157: 3156: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3129:on 9 August 2019 3125:. Archived from 3115: 3109: 3108: 3105: 3095: 3087: 3081: 3080: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3038:. Archived from 3028: 3022: 3021: 3009: 3003: 3002: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2982: 2981: 2966: 2960: 2959: 2957: 2956: 2945: 2939: 2938: 2936: 2935: 2929: 2922: 2913: 2894: 2893: 2887: 2882: 2880: 2872: 2870: 2858: 2847: 2846: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2801: 2795: 2794: 2788: 2780: 2778: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2752: 2744: 2742: 2741: 2730: 2719: 2718: 2716: 2710:. Archived from 2703: 2695: 2689: 2688: 2686: 2685: 2674: 2668: 2667: 2661: 2653: 2651: 2650: 2644: 2635: 2624: 2623: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2599: 2598: 2582: 2576: 2575: 2573: 2565: 2540:Huawei SingleRAN 2064:Deutsche Telekom 1787: 1784: 1778: 1766: 1765: 1758: 1622: 1619: 1613: 1601: 1600: 1593: 1358: 1350: 1349: 1345: 1339: 1336: 1330: 1322: 1320: 1319: 1312: 1305: 1293: 1286: 1283: 1277: 1269: 1267: 1266: 1259: 1250: 1242: 1241: 1237: 1231: 1228: 1222: 1214: 1212: 1211: 1204: 1196: 1189: 1182: 1171: 1169: 1168: 1136: 1135: 1105:CDMA2000 1xEV-DO 964:synchronous CDMA 686:) and CDMA2000 ( 636:dual-mode mobile 549:United States). 540:W-CDMA uses the 347:(FOMA) or 3GSM. 267: 260: 249: 246: 240: 228: 227: 220: 213: 210: 204: 181: 173: 166: 159: 155: 152: 146: 144: 103: 79: 71: 60: 38: 37: 30: 21: 6618: 6617: 6613: 6612: 6611: 6609: 6608: 6607: 6548: 6547: 6546: 6541: 6501: 6499: 6491: 6433: 6370: 6292: 6256: 6213: 6162: 6154: 6095: 6088: 5994:Robert Metcalfe 5849:Tim Berners-Lee 5797: 5617:Information Age 5489: 5484: 5454: 5449: 5371: 5353: 5325: 5232: 5230:Internet access 5227: 5197: 5192: 5165: 5134: 5106: 5053: 5002: 4987: 4972: 4954: 4911: 4888: 4837: 4828: 4798: 4793: 4785: 4783: 4774: 4772: 4766: 4673:Frequency bands 4584: 4568: 4526: 4513: 4482: 4449: 4436: 4417: 4376: 4347: 4293: 4292:3G transitional 4282: 4265: 4219: 4206: 4185: 4163: 4135: 4134:2G transitional 4124: 4088: 4069: 4065:cdmaOne (IS-95) 4050: 4008: 3967: 3933: 3861: 3852: 3846: 3798:Wayback Machine 3738: 3669: 3579:Martin Sauter: 3576: 3571: 3561: 3559: 3548: 3544: 3534: 3532: 3522: 3518: 3508: 3506: 3504:Washington Post 3496: 3489: 3474: 3470: 3461: 3460: 3456: 3450: 3436: 3432: 3423: 3421: 3416: 3415: 3411: 3401: 3399: 3389: 3385: 3376: 3374: 3365: 3364: 3360: 3355:. 21 June 2005. 3351: 3350: 3346: 3337: 3335: 3331: 3324: 3320: 3319: 3315: 3306: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3295: 3291: 3282: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3271: 3264: 3255: 3253: 3244: 3243: 3234: 3225: 3223: 3218: 3217: 3206: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3179: 3177: 3172: 3171: 3160: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3132: 3130: 3117: 3116: 3112: 3106: 3098:Financial Times 3088: 3084: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3051: 3047: 3030: 3029: 3025: 3010: 3006: 2993: 2992: 2988: 2979: 2977: 2968: 2967: 2963: 2954: 2952: 2951:. umtsworld.com 2947: 2946: 2942: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2920: 2914: 2897: 2885: 2883: 2874: 2873: 2859: 2850: 2841: 2840: 2836: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2816: 2802: 2798: 2782: 2781: 2776: 2766: 2762: 2746: 2745: 2739: 2737: 2731: 2722: 2714: 2701: 2697: 2696: 2692: 2683: 2681: 2676: 2675: 2671: 2655: 2654: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2636: 2627: 2610: 2609: 2605: 2596: 2594: 2583: 2579: 2571: 2567: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2553: 2391: 2347:: evolved from 2341: 2275:(ODMA): a UMTS 2244: 2236:Dual-Cell HSUPA 2232: 2224:Dual-Cell HSDPA 2220: 2195: 2188:Fractional DPCH 2170: 2142: 2117: 2084:Bearer services 2080: 2072: 2050:Washington Post 2046: 2044:Security issues 2025:video on demand 2005: 1907: 1859: 1824:installs itself 1812:cellular router 1788: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1767: 1763: 1756: 1724: 1633: 1623: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1602: 1598: 1591: 1571: 1566: 1534: 1528: 1470: 1464: 1441: 1424: 1380: 1367: 1357: 1355: 1353: 1342: 1335: 1333: 1328: 1317: 1315: 1310: 1300: 1298: 1296: 1289: 1282: 1280: 1275: 1264: 1262: 1255: 1249: 1247: 1245: 1234: 1227: 1225: 1220: 1209: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1181: 1166: 1164: 1146: 1127: 1121: 1074: 1020: 982: 950: 931:frequency bands 915:spread-spectrum 904: 879: 756:SoftBank Mobile 728: 712:cross-licensing 707:direct-sequence 703: 648: 623:(TDD) schemes. 554:frequency bands 504: 430: 360: 268: 257: 256: 255: 250: 244: 241: 238: 229: 225: 214: 208: 205: 195: 182: 167: 156: 150: 147: 104: 102: 92: 80: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6616: 6606: 6605: 6600: 6598:Videotelephony 6595: 6590: 6588:Network access 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6563:3GPP standards 6560: 6543: 6542: 6540: 6539: 6529: 6519: 6509: 6496: 6493: 6492: 6490: 6489: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6461: 6460: 6455: 6447: 6441: 6439: 6435: 6434: 6432: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6380: 6378: 6372: 6371: 6369: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6302: 6300: 6294: 6293: 6291: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6264: 6262: 6258: 6257: 6255: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6227:Space-division 6223: 6221: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6211: 6206: 6205: 6204: 6199: 6189: 6188: 6187: 6177: 6172: 6166: 6164: 6156: 6155: 6153: 6152: 6151: 6150: 6140: 6139: 6138: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6117: 6116: 6106: 6100: 6098: 6090: 6089: 6087: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6064:Camille Tissot 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6039:Claude Shannon 6036: 6031: 6029:Tivadar Puskás 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5999:Antonio Meucci 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5969:Charles K. Kao 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5944:Harold Hopkins 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5844:Emile Berliner 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5805: 5803: 5799: 5798: 5796: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5783:Videotelephony 5780: 5775: 5774: 5773: 5768: 5758: 5751: 5746: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5719: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5698: 5697: 5696: 5686: 5681: 5679:Radiotelephone 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5645: 5644: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5583: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5565:Internet video 5557: 5556: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5499: 5497: 5491: 5490: 5483: 5482: 5475: 5468: 5460: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5447: 5446: 5445: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5379: 5377: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5369: 5363: 5361: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5335: 5333: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5323: 5322: 5321: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5240: 5238: 5234: 5233: 5226: 5225: 5218: 5211: 5203: 5194: 5193: 5191: 5190: 5185: 5179: 5177: 5171: 5170: 5167: 5166: 5164: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5142: 5140: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5116: 5114: 5112:Collision-free 5108: 5107: 5105: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5063: 5061: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5025: 5023: 5014: 5008: 5007: 5004: 5003: 5001: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4974: 4973: 4971: 4970: 4964: 4962: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4921: 4919: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4909: 4904: 4898: 4896: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4886: 4885: 4884: 4874: 4873: 4872: 4867: 4856: 4854: 4845: 4839: 4838: 4827: 4826: 4819: 4812: 4804: 4795: 4794: 4771: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4764: 4759: 4758: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4701: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4670: 4665: 4664: 4663: 4658: 4657: 4656: 4646: 4645: 4644: 4634: 4633: 4632: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4596: 4594: 4590: 4589: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4582: 4576: 4574: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4540: 4538: 4531: 4519: 4518: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4511: 4510: 4509: 4504: 4490: 4488: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4480: 4474: 4463: 4461: 4454: 4442: 4441: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4434: 4428: 4426: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4399: 4398: 4387: 4385: 4378: 4377: 4375: 4374: 4369: 4363: 4355: 4353: 4349: 4348: 4346: 4345: 4335: 4334: 4333: 4323: 4322: 4321: 4316: 4305: 4303: 4296: 4288: 4287: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4280: 4273: 4271: 4267: 4266: 4264: 4263: 4262: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4250: 4249: 4233: 4231: 4224: 4212: 4211: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4204: 4199: 4193: 4191: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4183: 4178: 4171: 4169: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4161: 4156: 4150: 4148: 4138: 4130: 4129: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4096: 4094: 4090: 4089: 4087: 4086: 4080: 4078: 4071: 4070: 4068: 4067: 4061: 4059: 4052: 4051: 4049: 4048: 4043: 4037: 4035: 4021: 4014: 4013: 4010: 4009: 4007: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3975: 3973: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3965: 3960: 3954: 3952: 3942: 3935: 3934: 3932: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3914:Autotel (PALM) 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3875: 3873: 3863: 3862: 3857: 3854: 3853: 3845: 3844: 3837: 3830: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3803:TD-SCDMA Forum 3800: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3772: 3766: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3737: 3736:External links 3734: 3733: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3676: 3668: 3665: 3664: 3663: 3652: 3637: 3628:(Wiley 2007), 3622: 3611:WCDMA for UMTS 3607: 3592: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3569: 3542: 3516: 3487: 3468: 3454: 3448: 3430: 3409: 3383: 3358: 3344: 3313: 3289: 3262: 3232: 3204: 3186: 3158: 3140: 3110: 3082: 3064: 3045: 3042:on 2008-06-28. 3023: 3004: 2999:Fiercewireless 2986: 2961: 2940: 2895: 2886:|journal= 2868:10.1.1.11.3672 2848: 2834: 2820: 2814: 2796: 2760: 2720: 2717:on 2010-07-05. 2690: 2669: 2625: 2622:on 2011-04-06. 2616:3GNewsroom.com 2603: 2577: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2548: 2547: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2517: 2511: 2501: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2431: 2426: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2390: 2387: 2386: 2385: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2340: 2333: 2332: 2331: 2326: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2284: 2270: 2264: 2250: 2243: 2240: 2239: 2238: 2231: 2228: 2227: 2226: 2219: 2216: 2215: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2202: 2199: 2194: 2191: 2190: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2149: 2141: 2138: 2137: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2116: 2113: 2112: 2111: 2108: 2102: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2079: 2076: 2071: 2068: 2045: 2042: 2004: 2001: 1996: 1995: 1992: 1986: 1973: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1959: 1958: 1951: 1944: 1938: 1932: 1926: 1923: 1917: 1906: 1903: 1858: 1855: 1790: 1789: 1770: 1768: 1761: 1755: 1752: 1723: 1720: 1629:Main article: 1625: 1624: 1605: 1603: 1596: 1590: 1587: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1544:, such as the 1530:Main article: 1527: 1524: 1488:User Equipment 1466:Main article: 1463: 1460: 1440: 1437: 1423: 1420: 1379: 1376: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1359: 1351: 1340: 1331: 1326: 1313: 1307: 1306: 1294: 1287: 1278: 1273: 1260: 1252: 1251: 1243: 1232: 1223: 1218: 1205: 1199: 1198: 1190: 1185: 1178: 1175: 1162: 1158: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1143: 1140: 1120: 1117: 1073: 1070: 1019: 1016: 986:Datang Telecom 981: 978: 949: 946: 903: 900: 878: 875: 727: 724: 702: 699: 647: 644: 503: 500: 450:air interfaces 429: 428:Air interfaces 426: 364:transfer rates 359: 356: 270: 269: 252: 251: 232: 230: 223: 216: 215: 185: 183: 176: 169: 168: 83: 81: 74: 69: 43: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6615: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6555: 6553: 6538: 6530: 6528: 6520: 6518: 6510: 6508: 6498: 6497: 6494: 6487: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6442: 6440: 6436: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6381: 6379: 6377: 6373: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6303: 6301: 6299: 6295: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6265: 6263: 6259: 6253: 6252:Code-division 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6237:Time-division 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6220: 6216: 6210: 6207: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6193: 6190: 6186: 6183: 6182: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6163:and switching 6161: 6157: 6149: 6146: 6145: 6144: 6141: 6137: 6134: 6133: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6115: 6114:optical fiber 6112: 6111: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6104:Coaxial cable 6102: 6101: 6099: 6097: 6091: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6019:Radia Perlman 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5909:Lee de Forest 5907: 5905: 5904:Thomas Edison 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5894:Donald Davies 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5879:Claude Chappe 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5806: 5804: 5800: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5763: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5756: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5723:Smoke signals 5721: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5702: 5701:Semiconductor 5699: 5695: 5692: 5691: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5643: 5640: 5639: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5561: 5560:Digital media 5558: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5535: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5481: 5476: 5474: 5469: 5467: 5462: 5461: 5458: 5444: 5441: 5440: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5374: 5368: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5356: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5332: 5328: 5320: 5317: 5316: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5224: 5219: 5217: 5212: 5210: 5205: 5204: 5201: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5172: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5137: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5109: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5056: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5034:Slotted ALOHA 5032: 5030: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5009: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4990: 4984: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4975: 4969: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4957: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4914: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4891: 4883: 4880: 4879: 4878: 4875: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4862: 4861: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4843:Channel-based 4840: 4836: 4832: 4825: 4820: 4818: 4813: 4811: 4806: 4805: 4802: 4792: 4781: 4769: 4763: 4760: 4756: 4755:Wi-Fi Calling 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4732: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4715:NGMN Alliance 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4675: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4662: 4659: 4655: 4652: 4651: 4650: 4647: 4643: 4640: 4639: 4638: 4635: 4631: 4628: 4627: 4626: 4623: 4622: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4591: 4581: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4571: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4541: 4539: 4535: 4532: 4529: 4524: 4520: 4508: 4505: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4495: 4492: 4491: 4489: 4485: 4478: 4475: 4472: 4468: 4465: 4464: 4462: 4458: 4455: 4452: 4447: 4443: 4433: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4420: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4397: 4394: 4393: 4392: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4379: 4373: 4370: 4367: 4364: 4361: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4350: 4343: 4339: 4336: 4332: 4329: 4328: 4327: 4324: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4311: 4310: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4289: 4278: 4275: 4274: 4272: 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UMTS World 3770: 3767: 3765:on UMTS World 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3743: 3740: 3739: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3680: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3670: 3667:Documentation 3661: 3657: 3653: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3590: 3589:0-470-02676-6 3586: 3582: 3578: 3577: 3557: 3553: 3546: 3531: 3527: 3520: 3505: 3501: 3494: 3492: 3483: 3479: 3472: 3464: 3458: 3451: 3445: 3441: 3434: 3419: 3413: 3398: 3394: 3387: 3373:on 2007-11-24 3372: 3368: 3362: 3354: 3348: 3334:on 2007-09-30 3330: 3323: 3317: 3299: 3293: 3275: 3269: 3267: 3252:on 2014-07-25 3251: 3247: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3221: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3200: 3196: 3190: 3175: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3155:. 9 May 2011. 3154: 3150: 3144: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3114: 3103: 3099: 3094: 3086: 3078: 3074: 3068: 3060: 3056: 3049: 3041: 3037: 3036:Cellular News 3033: 3027: 3019: 3018:EE Times Asia 3015: 3008: 3001:. 2 May 2010. 3000: 2996: 2990: 2976:on 2007-09-27 2975: 2971: 2965: 2950: 2944: 2930:on 2014-03-30 2926: 2919: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2891: 2878: 2869: 2864: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2844: 2838: 2830: 2824: 2817: 2811: 2807: 2800: 2792: 2786: 2775: 2771: 2764: 2756: 2750: 2736: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2713: 2709: 2708: 2700: 2694: 2679: 2673: 2665: 2659: 2641: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2607: 2592: 2588: 2581: 2570: 2564: 2560: 2545: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2535:UMTS security 2533: 2531: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2392: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2343: 2342: 2338: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2318:UMTS channels 2316: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2245: 2237: 2234: 2233: 2225: 2222: 2221: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2196: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2171: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2143: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2118: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2100: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2081: 2075: 2067: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2041: 2040:diminishing. 2038: 2034: 2029: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2013: 2010: 2000: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1980: 1979: 1976: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1963: 1962: 1956: 1952: 1949: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1911: 1910: 1902: 1900: 1895: 1892: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1877: 1875: 1871: 1866: 1864: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1808: 1801: 1796: 1786: 1774: 1769: 1760: 1759: 1751: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1736: 1733: 1728: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1689: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1672: 1666: 1662: 1660: 1654: 1652: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1632: 1621: 1609: 1604: 1595: 1594: 1586: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1523: 1519: 1517: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1459: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1436: 1434: 1428: 1419: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1403: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1375: 1372: 1352: 1341: 1332: 1327: 1325: 1314: 1309: 1308: 1304: 1295: 1292: 1288: 1279: 1274: 1272: 1261: 1258: 1254: 1253: 1244: 1233: 1224: 1219: 1217: 1206: 1201: 1200: 1191: 1186: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1163: 1161:China Mobile 1160: 1159: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1126: 1116: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1083:China Telecom 1079: 1069: 1067: 1066:orthogonality 1063: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1051:power control 1048: 1044: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1002: 998: 994: 991: 987: 977: 974: 971: 968: 965: 960: 958: 954: 945: 943: 942:New York City 938: 934: 932: 927: 922: 920: 916: 912: 908: 899: 897: 892: 889: 885: 874: 872: 868: 863: 861: 857: 853: 849: 847: 843: 839: 834: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 810: 806: 802: 800: 795: 793: 789: 787: 783: 779: 775: 770: 766: 764: 759: 757: 753: 749: 745: 743: 738: 735: 733: 723: 719: 717: 713: 708: 698: 695: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 671: 667: 665: 661: 657: 653: 643: 641: 637: 633: 629: 624: 622: 618: 613: 609: 604: 602: 598: 594: 591: 587: 582: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 555: 552:The specific 550: 547: 543: 538: 536: 532: 529: 525: 516: 508: 499: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 476: 474: 470: 465: 463: 462:speech codecs 459: 455: 451: 442: 434: 425: 423: 419: 415: 411: 410:video calling 406: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 383: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 355: 353: 348: 346: 341: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 318: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 266: 263: 248: 245:December 2016 236: 231: 222: 221: 212: 209:December 2016 202: 198: 193: 189: 186:This article 184: 180: 175: 174: 165: 162: 154: 151:December 2016 143: 140: 136: 133: 129: 126: 122: 119: 115: 112: – 111: 107: 106:Find sources: 100: 96: 90: 89: 84:This article 82: 78: 73: 72: 67: 65: 58: 57: 52: 51: 46: 41: 32: 31: 19: 6219:Multiplexing 6094:Transmission 6059:Nikola Tesla 6049:Henry Sutton 6004:Samuel Morse 5934:Robert Hooke 5899:Amos Dolbear 5834:John Bardeen 5753: 5733:Telautograph 5637:Mobile phone 5592:Edholm's law 5575:social media 5508:Broadcasting 5359:Wireless LAN 5349:Wireless USB 5331:Wireless PAN 5012:Packet-based 4720:Push-to-talk 4498:IEEE 802.16m 4467:LTE Advanced 4451:IMT Advanced 4396:IEEE 802.16e 4391:Mobile WiMAX 4352:3GPP2 family 4279:(TIA/IS-856) 4270:3GPP2 family 4236: 4168:3GPP2 family 4147:/3GPP family 3963:TACS - ETACS 3640: 3625: 3610: 3595: 3580: 3574:Bibliography 3560:. 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GSMA.com 2649:2009-06-15 2597:2009-03-16 2551:References 2120:Edge radio 2033:Apple Inc. 1899:Flash-OFDM 1800:Nokia 6650 1710:In India, 1682:Mobilicity 1673:services. 1646:Telefónica 1573:A UARFCN ( 1422:Deployment 990:Siemens AG 980:Objectives 831:KT Freecel 827:SK Telecom 815:SK Telecom 797:Rogers in 726:Deployment 608:NTT DoCoMo 121:newspapers 50:improve it 6568:Bandplans 6449:Americas 6438:Locations 6409:Internet2 6170:Bandwidth 5874:Vint Cerf 5771:streaming 5749:Telephone 5689:Semaphore 5580:streaming 5428:Satellite 5339:Bluetooth 5319:Broadband 5294:IEEE 1901 5125:Token bus 5102:CSMA/CARP 4503:WiMax 2.1 4358:CDMA2000 3851:standards 2863:CiteSeerX 2593:Australia 2556:Citations 2339:standards 2230:Release 9 2218:Release 8 2193:Release 7 2168:Release 6 2140:Release 5 2115:Release 4 1839:Pentaband 1816:tablet PC 1686:Videotron 1554:OSI model 1337:(Band 40) 1284:(Band 39) 1229:(Band 33) 1183:(Band 34) 1145:Frequency 1139:Operator 786:Australia 778:Singapore 774:MobileOne 734:in 2001. 597:duplexing 418:Bluetooth 340:) cards. 201:talk page 56:talk page 6517:Category 6404:Internet 6394:CYCLADES 6311:Ethernet 6261:Concepts 6185:terminal 6136:wireless 5959:Bob Kahn 5802:Pioneers 5627:Internet 5518:Cable TV 5433:UMTS-TDD 5284:HomePlug 5264:Ethernet 5130:MS-ALOHA 4935:TD-SCDMA 4528:IMT-2020 4432:HiperMAN 4331:DC-HSDPA 4221:IMT-2000 3813:UMTS FAQ 3794:Archived 3763:UMTS FAQ 3742:3gpp.org 3397:CBS News 3303:. ero.dk 3153:TechNode 3133:9 August 3102:Archived 2785:cite web 2749:cite web 2658:cite web 2424:CDMA2000 2345:CDMA2000 2329:TD-SCDMA 2307:UMTS-TDD 2283:protocol 2281:relaying 2261:CDMA2000 2242:See also 2070:Releases 1881:TD-SCDMA 1879:China's 1851:iPhone 4 1810:Using a 1744:SIM card 1705:Vodafone 1546:Internet 1486:The UE ( 1445:HIPERMAN 1408:cellular 1384:UMTS-FDD 1348:Dec 2013 1344:Jan 2009 1240:Dec 2013 1236:Jan 2009 1188:Jan 2009 1142:Country 1096:launch. 1047:coverage 877:UTRA-TDD 860:Malaysia 754:and now 752:Vodafone 676:Qualcomm 579:T-Mobile 546:CDMA2000 488:TD-SCDMA 473:IMT-2000 391:downlink 358:Features 303:CDMA2000 299:IMT-2000 18:TD-SCDMA 6537:Commons 6527:Outline 6480:Oceania 6399:FidoNet 6384:ARPANET 6197:circuit 5766:digital 5495:History 5289:HomePNA 5249:Dial-up 5082:CSMA/CA 5049:CSMA/CD 5039:R-ALOHA 4968:HC-SDMA 4950:MC-CDMA 4945:FH-CDMA 4940:DS-CDMA 4930:TD-CDMA 4902:MF-TDMA 4870:SC-FDMA 4762:Osmocom 4610:History 4580:DECT-5G 4554:NR-IIoT 3999:DataTAC 3994:Mobitex 3402:30 June 3201:. 2016. 3059:Reuters 2349:cdmaOne 1885:TD-CDMA 1773:updated 1732:roaming 1638:Germany 1608:updated 1072:History 907:TD-CDMA 842:Telenor 809:Finland 748:J-Phone 716:patents 630:as the 573:on the 571:Telstra 565:on the 542:DS-CDMA 484:TD-CDMA 350:Unlike 307:cdmaOne 282:) is a 235:updated 135:scholar 6475:Europe 6445:Africa 6429:Usenet 6389:BITNET 6326:Mobile 6202:packet 5711:MOSFET 5706:device 5503:Beacon 5408:iBurst 5279:Nessum 5254:DOCSIS 4925:W-CDMA 4564:NB-IoT 4530:(2021) 4525:(2018) 4471:E-UTRA 4453:(2013) 4448:(2009) 4425:family 4384:family 4342:E-UTRA 4223:(2001) 4218:(1998) 4077:family 4058:family 4034:family 4020:(1991) 3951:family 3941:(1979) 3924:B-Netz 3872:(1946) 3658: 3647: 3632: 3617: 3602: 3587: 3446: 2865: 2812: 2733:3GPP. 2323:W-CDMA 2037:iPhone 1983:Node B 1937:(GMSC) 1828:online 1642:Sonera 1569:UARFCN 1548:or an 1433:Nextel 1321: 1268: 1213: 1170: 1156:Notes 1147:(MHz) 1028:uplink 1024:W-CDMA 988:, and 867:Sweden 856:Celcom 846:NetCom 838:Norway 799:Canada 575:Next G 480:W-CDMA 368:Mbit/s 315:W-CDMA 199:. 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