273:(IPC) attempted to move towards a more functional disability and evidence based system that does not rely on medical-based classification. In 2003, the IPC made an attempt to address "the overall objective to support and co-ordinate the ongoing development of accurate, reliable, consistent and credible sport focused classification systems and their implementation." The IPC approved a classification system at the IPC General Assembly in 2007. This classification was part of the overall blind class group, and was still medically-based despite changes in other disability types. IBSA was not prepared at the time to move towards a more functional classification system similar to that utilized other disability groups and sports.
309:
325:, it was the first time guides in athletics were awarded medals. At the elite level, guides are treated the same as the blind runner. Guides and runners must both use blocks for any race shorter than 400 meters. In 200 meter races, the guide runs on the right side of the runner. For races 800 meters or longer, a runner may use up to two guides but the course officials must be informed of any decision to use more than one guide in advance of the race. In the marathon, the runner may use up to four different guides. The runner must finish ahead of the guide. In running, the guide should attempt to match the running pattern of the runner, not the other way around.
38:
1907:
1762:
378:
341:, each team of eleven must have at least four players in this class. Batsmen in this class have a runner for them. A B1 classified cricketer should bat in one of the first three batting positions. There should be at least 2 B1 batters in the first six batsmen, and at least three in the first nine. A bowler in this class may bowl to any batman, but may only face a bowler in the same class.
266:(ISOD) developed a blind classification system. Parallel to this, IBSA and national blind sport associations were developing their own classification system, with the IBSA one based on visual acuity in place by 1980. The rise of the IBSA classification system for blind sport meant the ISOD classification system failed to gain traction in blind sports competition.
329:
blind archery competitions, archers use a blind fold and a tactile sighting device. This classification is not eligible to compete at the
Paralympic Games. In five-a-side football and para-equestrian, B1 competitors are required to wear blindfolds. In judo, B1 classified competitors have a red dot on their kit to let others know they are completely blind.
261:
This classification traces its history to the early history of blind sport. There was a belief that those with vision impairment that was less severe had a competitive advantage over competitors who had more severe impairment. Classification was developed by the IBSA to insure more even competition
304:
use guides, with the guide for B1 skiers generally skiing behind the skier in order to maximize the ability of the skier to hear the guide. The guide tells the skier things like when weight should be shifted, elements coming up on the course, and how to position themselves to maximize the diagonal
152:
which defined this classification as this classification in alpine skiing as "Athletes totally blind or who have some light perception but can't see even the shape of a hand at any distance from their face." The
International Paralympic Committee defined this classification for alpine skiing as "No
328:
Callers are used in para-equestrian to assist the rider in navigating the competition ring. For S11 swimmers, a tapper stands on the pool deck to tap the swimmer as they approach the wall. The swimmer has to bring their own tapper. Swimmers in this class are required to wear black out goggles. In
320:
Competitors must use a guide in athletics. When a runner is looking for a guide, they are encouraged to find one with a gait similar to their own. A rope or tether may be used to connect the runner to the guide. For field events such as the long jump triple jump, or discus, a caller may be used.
287:
did not have specific classifications for competitors with disabilities, including those with visual impairments. Acknowledging membership needs though, some rules had organically developed that looked like classifications based on rule modification for different disability types including blind
365:
On the
Paralympic level, a number of disability sports are not open to this classification or other visually impaired competitors including archery, fencing, powerlifting, shooting and table tennis. Eligible Paralympic sports for this classification include adaptive rowing, athletics, cycling,
202:
Assessment into this class by the IBSA involves the athlete filling out a consent form, submitting a photograph, and scheduling an appointment with a classifier for evaluation. During the evaluation, the competitor may be accompanied by another person to assist them in communicating with the
344:
In five-a-side football, this class is often the only one allowed to compete as a field player. In judo, all three blind sport classes compete against each other with competitors classified by weight for the purposes of competition. Weight classes use the international standards used in the
141:
defined this classification as "No functional vision." This classification is borrowed by some other sports, including blind golf who also define the class as "No light perception in either eye, up to light perception but inability to recognise the shape of a hand at any distance or in any
356:
In swimming, the B1 class is significantly slower than B2 and B3 classes in 100 metre freestyle, and the B3 class is significantly faster than B1 and B2 in the 100 metre backstroke. Normal swimming rules are modified to allow the swimmer to be closer to the lane line when executing a turn.
348:
In IBSA sailing competitions, this class is represented as the helmsperson. The three person boat can have a maximum of five ISBA points (i.e. B1 counting as one point, B2 as 2 and B3 as three), and must include at least one female and one male sailor on the boat. In competitions run by
121:. There may be some modifications related to equipment and rules to specifically address needs of competitors in this class to allow them to compete in specific sports. Some sports specifically do not allow a guide, whereas cycling and skiing require one.
277:
1306:
174:
defining Grade 3 as, "Grade 3 incorporates
Cerebral Palsy, Les Autres, Amputee, Spinal Cord Injury and totally blind athletes with good balance, leg movement and co-ordination." The B1 equivalent for swimming is
203:
classifiers. If necessary, the person can also bring a translator. The medical assessment is then conducted. There are several status groups used by classifiers that assist in classification. These include
235:
276:
In some cases, non-Paralympic, non-IBSA affiliated sports have developed their own classification systems. This is the case with blind golf, where a classification existed by 1990 and was used at the
1217:
Trends and issues in Winter
Paralympic sport : proceedings of Winter Paralympic Experts Congress -4th Paralympic Congress — organized by the IPC and NAPOC March 7-8, 1998 Nagano, Japan
366:
five-a-side football, goalball, judo, para-equestrian, para-alpine skiing, para-Nordic skiing, and swimming. The classification is also used in other sports including blind golf and lawn bowls.
114:(IBSA) but it sometimes handled by national sport federations. There are exceptions for sports like athletics and cycling, where classification is handled by their own governing bodies.
1310:
534:
506:
350:
242:
199:
and judo. Part of being classified involves assessing vision for factors including visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, color vision, motion detections and visual field.
567:
222:
Classification is handled on a national and sport level. Australians seeking classification for blind sports can be classified by an IBSA classifier or by an
219:
for competitors who have a visual impairment that is not severe enough and not likely to deteriorate in the future to the point where they could be eligible.
1889:
1741:
263:
110:(IPC) to move towards a more functional and evidence-based classification system. Classification is often handled on the international level by the
802:
1002:
253:(FEI). Swimming classification is handled by IPC Swimming, while in athletics, classification assignment for this class is handled by the IPC.
117:
Equipment utilized by competitors in this class may differ from sport to sport, and may include sighted guides, guide rails, beeping balls and
1349:
450:
63:
sport. Athletes in this classification are totally or almost totally blind. It is used by a number of blind sports including blind tennis,
153:
light perception in either eye, up to light perception but inability to recognise the shape of a hand at any distance or in any direction."
540:
512:
773:
305:
run of the course. In cycling, this classification also uses a guide, utilizing a tandem bicycle with the guide sitting at the front.
250:
1882:
1734:
296:
Equipment utilized by competitors in this class may include sighted guides, guide rails, beeping balls and clap sticks. The use of a
106:
The B1 classification was first created by the IBSA in the 1970s, and has largely remained unchanged since despite an effort by the
1473:
80:
288:
riders. These included allowing blind riders, when they reached a marker, being given an auditory signal to inform them of this.
1698:
1252:
2017:
1565:
1447:
1418:
1392:
1192:
1151:
1074:
1048:
972:
938:
904:
870:
690:
574:
429:
130:
111:
1875:
1727:
17:
599:
830:
284:
270:
107:
1921:
1916:
722:
168:, Grade 3 is equivalent to B1. The para-equestrian classification definition is different from the IBSA one, with
1610:
223:
149:
56:
482:
246:
138:
403:
308:
1129:"Paralympic Classification Today" (Document). International Paralympic Committee. 22 April 2010. p. 3.
353:, this class sometimes competes only against other boats with where all the sailors are in the same class.
241:
Not all sports use IBSA classifiers. For adaptive rowing, classification assignment may be handled by the
1009:
650:
454:
37:
269:
The IBSA classification system has largely remained unchanged since it was put in place, even as the
1356:
322:
313:
1677:
300:
by people in this class is dependent on the specific requirements of the sport. Para-alpine and
1555:
1382:
1182:
1141:
962:
894:
777:
680:
628:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1838:
1833:
1828:
280:. At that time, four classifications existed and were the same as the IBSA for this class.
192:
180:
176:
483:
Australian Sports
Commission; Australian Confederation of Sports for the Disabled (1990).
8:
1996:
1991:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1230:
1078:
227:
31:
1477:
539:. Salt Lake City, Utah: Salt Lake Organizing Committee. 2002. p. 27. Archived from
552:
This is included as an appendix in the media guide, but it is not published by the APC.
301:
145:
68:
64:
1702:
1527:
1082:
1561:
1388:
1188:
1147:
1044:
968:
934:
900:
866:
728:
718:
686:
488:
485:
The development of a policy: Integration
Conference 1990 Adelaide, December 3-5, 1990
156:
This classification has parallels in other sports. The comparative classification in
96:
234:. In the United States, governance related to this classification is handled by the
1588:
1256:
1104:
602:. New South Wales, Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee. 2012. Archived from
508:
Australian team media guide: 2002 Salt Lake City
Paralympic Games, March 7-16, 2002
100:
1451:
1422:
603:
1139:
1038:
928:
860:
165:
157:
129:
B1 is a disability sport classification for people who are considered blind. The
92:
88:
1675:
1632:
862:
Adapted
Physical Activity, Recreation, and Sport: Crossdisciplinary and Lifespan
226:
vision impairment classifier. In the United
Kingdom, blind sport is handled by
42:
1719:
1380:
2011:
1867:
834:
732:
492:
383:
338:
297:
231:
191:
IBSA handles classification for a number of sports internationally including
72:
1654:
1502:
1281:
425:
1750:
1215:
i Marcet, Pau Serracanta (1998). "Blind Skiing". In Yabe, Kyonosuke (ed.).
960:
487:. Willoughby, N.S.W.: Australian Confederation of Sports for the Disabled.
134:
1906:
511:. Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee. 2002. 27972. Archived from
30:
This article is about the parasports classification. For other uses, see
1219:. Nagano, Japan: Nagano Paralympic Organizing Committee. pp. 19–22.
751:
76:
53:
1761:
1036:
926:
170:
118:
60:
1476:. United Kingdom: British Blind Sport Archery. 2013. Archived from
568:"Rowing Australia: Adaptive Rowing Classification Application Form"
278:
Australian Open Golf Tournament for the Blind and Visually Impaired
196:
84:
1678:"The effects of visual impairment on competition swim performance"
1180:
678:
207:
for competitors who have a visual impairment unlikely to change,
1699:"2002 New Zealand Blind Sport National Lawn Bowls Championships"
133:(IBSA) defines this classification as visual acuity poorer than
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1553:
892:
682:
Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science, The Paralympic Athlete
161:
1140:
Marc R. Safran; Douglas B. McKeag; Steven P. Van Camp (1998).
1959:
1954:
337:
There are special rules for this class in several sports. In
674:
672:
670:
668:
321:
Voice commands can also be used in 100 meter events. At the
1979:
1974:
1969:
1381:
Monica, Lepore; G. William Gayle; Shawn F. Stevens (2007).
1008:. China: International Paralympic Committee. Archived from
215:
for competitors who have never been classified before, and
262:
across the different bands of visual acuity. In 1976, the
1964:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1309:. United Kingdom: Action for Blind People. Archived from
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
665:
961:
Nesta Wiggins-James; Rob James; Graham Thompson (2005).
179:, while for athletics, the equivalent classification is
148:
specific versions of this definition include one by the
1307:"Guide to visually impaired Paralympics classification"
1301:
1299:
1284:. Germany: International Paralympic Committee Athletics
833:. International Blind Sports Federation. Archived from
776:. International Blind Sports Federation. Archived from
643:
443:
1701:. New Zealand: Blind Sport New Zealand. Archived from
1676:
Laurie A. Malone, Daniel J. Daly Robert D. Steadward.
1557:
Assistive Technology for the Vision-Impaired and Blind
1542:
1421:. New Zealand: Blind Sport New Zealand. Archived from
1167:
1032:
1030:
954:
896:
Assistive Technology for the Vision-Impaired and Blind
808:. International Paralympic Committee. 2012. p. 13
453:. Canadian Paralympic Committee. 2012. Archived from
1296:
1003:"Beijing 2008 Paralympic Games Classification Guide"
679:
Yves Vanlandewijck; Walter Thompson (13 July 2011).
623:
621:
373:
211:
for competitors who have vision that may fluctuate,
1107:. Bonn, Germany: International Paralympic Committee
1027:
573:. Australia: Rowing Australia. 2012. Archived from
398:
396:
394:
1384:Adapted Aquatics Programming: A Professional Guide
1146:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 197.
886:
717:. Auckland, N.Z.: Hodder Moa Beckett. p. 18.
264:International Sports Organization for the Disabled
1522:
1520:
858:
797:
795:
618:
2009:
1442:
1440:
1133:
1037:Donald F. C. Loran; Caroline J. MacEwen (1995).
927:Donald F. C. Loran; Caroline J. MacEwen (1995).
920:
478:
476:
474:
472:
391:
316:: swimmers being tapped to show they should turn
1749:
1374:
1276:
1274:
1223:
854:
852:
746:
744:
742:
562:
560:
558:
243:Fédération Internationale des Sociétés d'Aviron
1897:
1517:
1245:
1208:
1187:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 530–531.
1069:
1067:
792:
1883:
1735:
1450:. Ireland: Irish Blind Sports. Archived from
1437:
1413:
1411:
1255:. Ireland: Irish Blind Sports. Archived from
1181:Gregory S. Kolt; Lynn Snyder-Mackler (2007).
499:
469:
1355:. England: England Athletics. Archived from
1271:
849:
825:
823:
739:
555:
236:United States Association for Blind Athletes
1691:
1581:
1497:
1495:
1124:
1122:
1097:
1064:
653:. United Kingdom: BBC Sport. 6 October 2000
592:
1890:
1876:
1742:
1728:
1647:
1554:Michael A. Johnson; David Keating (2008).
1408:
997:
995:
993:
991:
893:Michael A. Johnson; David Keating (2008).
715:Against the odds: New Zealand Paralympians
1669:
1625:
820:
706:
527:
1611:"Australian Blind Cricket Council Rules"
1492:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1214:
1184:Physical Therapies in Sport and Exercise
1119:
766:
307:
36:
1466:
988:
803:"Paralympic Games Classification Guide"
14:
2010:
1871:
1723:
1350:"Running & Sprinting with Guides"
1325:
1043:. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 45.
933:. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 37.
430:International Blind Sports Federation
230:, which is recognised nationally by
131:International Blind Sports Federation
112:International Blind Sports Federation
712:
1387:. Human Kinetics 10%. p. 264.
24:
404:"A-Z of Paralympic classification"
285:Equestrian Federation of Australia
271:International Paralympic Committee
251:Fédération Équestre Internationale
108:International Paralympic Committee
103:, have equivalents to this class.
25:
2029:
1922:Para-Nordic skiing classification
1917:Para-alpine skiing classification
1655:"BSI Blind Sailing International"
1530:. Paralympics Great Britain. 2012
1233:. Paralympics Great Britain. 2012
631:. Paralympics Great Britain. 2012
1905:
1760:
651:"Making sense of the categories"
376:
91:. Some other sports, including
1603:
249:(UCI), para-equestrian, by the
224:Australian Paralympic Committee
150:Australian Paralympic Committee
27:Blindness sports classification
536:Alpine Skiing Technical Manual
418:
13:
1:
1657:. Blind Sailing International
774:"IBSA Medical Classification"
451:"Winter Sport Classification"
369:
247:Union Cycliste Internationale
186:
139:Canadian Paralympic Committee
124:
2018:Blind sports classifications
291:
7:
1075:"Sight Classification Form"
865:. McGraw-Hill. p. 70.
351:Blind Sailing International
10:
2034:
1898:Para-skiing classification
967:. Heinemann. p. 237.
859:Claudine Sherrill (2004).
256:
45:is a B1 classified athlete
29:
1930:
1912:
1903:
1798:
1767:
1758:
1560:. Springer. p. 690.
899:. Springer. p. 689.
685:. John Wiley & Sons.
360:
1105:"Classification History"
406:. BBC Sport. 4 June 2003
332:
1635:. Blind Sport Australia
323:2012 Summer Paralympics
245:(FISA), cycling by the
1633:"Sailing & Events"
1081:. 2009. Archived from
317:
46:
1591:. Blind Cricket. 2004
1505:. BBC. 14 August 2012
1474:"Shooting Categories"
713:Gray, Alison (1997).
311:
40:
1589:"Blind Cricket Laws"
193:five-a-side football
81:five-a-side football
18:T11 (classification)
1079:British Blind Sport
606:on 7 September 2015
228:British Blind Sport
52:is a medical-based
1077:. United Kingdom:
457:on 20 January 2013
318:
302:para-Nordic skiers
146:Para-alpine skiing
69:para-Nordic skiing
65:para-alpine skiing
47:
2005:
2004:
1865:
1864:
1567:978-1-84628-867-8
1394:978-1-4504-0723-6
1282:"About the Sport"
1194:978-0-443-10351-3
1153:978-0-7817-1222-4
1050:978-0-7506-1578-5
974:978-0-435-49930-3
940:978-0-7506-1578-5
906:978-1-84628-867-8
872:978-0-697-29513-2
837:on 4 January 2013
780:on 11 August 2011
692:978-1-4443-4828-6
16:(Redirected from
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754:. Paralympics GB
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426:"Classification"
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314:2012 Paralympics
312:S11 race at the
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1802:Adaptive rowing
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1454:on 9 March 2016
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1143:Sports Medicine
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1085:on 9 March 2016
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515:on 8 March 2016
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392:
382:
377:
375:
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335:
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189:
166:para-equestrian
158:adaptive rowing
127:
93:adaptive rowing
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1753:classification
1747:
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1717:
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1690:
1668:
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1624:
1602:
1580:
1566:
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1516:
1491:
1465:
1436:
1407:
1393:
1373:
1362:on 18 May 2015
1324:
1295:
1270:
1259:on 12 May 2014
1244:
1222:
1207:
1193:
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1152:
1132:
1118:
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1026:
987:
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848:
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752:"Find a Sport"
738:
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617:
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334:
331:
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258:
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126:
123:
57:classification
43:Bryce Lindores
26:
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3:
2:
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2019:
2016:
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2013:
1998:
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1827:
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1809:
1807:
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1504:
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1100:
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1070:
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1040:Sports Vision
1033:
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1011:
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724:1-86958-566-6
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543:on 2016-03-08
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384:Sports portal
374:
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342:
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339:blind cricket
330:
326:
324:
315:
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298:sighted guide
289:
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41:Australia's
1253:"Athletics"
137:2.60. The
1503:"In Touch"
1448:"Swimming"
1419:"Swimming"
547:2012-10-02
370:References
345:Olympics.
187:Governance
125:Definition
119:clapsticks
77:blind golf
54:Paralympic
1825:Athletics
1231:"Cycling"
784:3 October
733:154294284
519:2 October
493:221061502
461:3 October
292:Equipment
238:(USABA).
205:confirmed
171:BBC Sport
97:athletics
2012:Category
1843:Swimming
1709:14 April
1683:14 April
1595:14 April
1573:14 April
1534:14 April
1509:14 April
1484:14 April
1429:14 April
1400:14 April
1366:14 April
1317:14 April
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1237:14 April
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841:14 April
812:14 April
758:10 March
698:14 April
635:14 April
610:10 March
435:14 April
197:goalball
101:swimming
85:goalball
1771:General
1661:9 March
1639:9 March
1617:9 March
1458:9 March
1263:9 March
1111:30 July
657:9 April
584:19 June
410:11 June
257:History
1816:LTA-B3
1811:LTA-B2
1806:LTA-B1
1613:. ESPN
1564:
1528:"Judo"
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361:Sports
209:review
162:LTA-B1
135:LogMAR
1960:LW6/8
1955:LW5/7
1821:LTA4+
1360:(PDF)
1353:(PDF)
1013:(PDF)
1006:(PDF)
806:(PDF)
578:(PDF)
571:(PDF)
333:Rules
164:. In
61:blind
1980:LW12
1975:LW11
1970:LW10
1711:2013
1685:2013
1663:2016
1641:2016
1619:2016
1597:2013
1575:2013
1562:ISBN
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760:2016
729:OCLC
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489:OCLC
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437:2014
412:2012
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1950:LW4
1945:LW3
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213:new
181:T11
177:S11
160:is
2014::
1997:B3
1992:B2
1987:B1
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
