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858:. The most susceptible individuals are elderly frail individuals, or persons who are dehydrated from hot environments or inadequate fluid intake. For example, medical students would be at risk for orthostatic hypotensive syncope while observing long surgeries in the operating room. There is also evidence that exercise training can help reduce orthostatic intolerance. More serious orthostatic hypotension is often the result of certain commonly prescribed medications such as diuretics, β-adrenergic blockers, other anti-hypertensives (including vasodilators), and
520:
under the umbrella of vasovagal syncope related by the same central mechanism. First, the person is usually predisposed to decreased blood pressure by various environmental factors. A lower than expected blood volume, for instance, from taking a low-salt diet in the absence of any salt-retaining tendency. Or heat causing vaso-dilation and worsening the effect of the relatively insufficient blood volume. The next stage is the adrenergic response. If there is underlying fear or anxiety (e.g., social circumstances), or acute fear (e.g., acute threat,
652:
922:
weakness of the legs causes most people to sit or lie down if there is time to do so. This may avert a complete collapse, but whether the patient sits down or falls down, the result of an ischaemic episode is a posture in which less blood pressure is required to achieve adequate blood flow. An individual with very little skin pigmentation may appear to have all color drained from his or her face at the onset of an episode. This effect combined with the following collapse can make a strong and dramatic impression on bystanders.
1273:
history of congestive heart failure, family history of sudden cardiac death, shortness of breath, HCT<30, hypotension or evidence of bleeding should be admitted to the hospital for further evaluation and monitoring. Low-risk cases of vasovagal or orthostatic syncope in younger people with no significant cardiac history, no family history of sudden unexplained death, and a normal EKG and initial evaluation may be candidates for discharge to follow-up with their primary care provider.
847:
pressure back to baseline. Apparently healthy individuals may experience minor symptoms ("lightheadedness", "greying-out") as they stand up if blood pressure is slow to respond to the stress of upright posture. If the blood pressure is not adequately maintained during standing, faints may develop. However, the resulting "transient orthostatic hypotension" does not necessarily signal any serious underlying disease. It is as common or perhaps even more common than vasovagal syncope.
1277:
quiet place. For individuals who have problems with chronic fainting spells, therapy should focus on recognizing the triggers and learning techniques to keep from fainting. At the appearance of warning signs such as lightheadedness, nausea, or cold and clammy skin, counter-pressure maneuvers that involve gripping fingers into a fist, tensing the arms, and crossing the legs or squeezing the thighs together can be used to ward off a fainting spell. After the symptoms have passed,
68:
3212:"AHA/ACCF Scientific Statement on the Evaluation of Syncope: From the American Heart Association Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Cardiovascular Nursing, Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and Stroke, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group; and the American College of Cardiology Foundation: In Collaboration with the Heart Rhythm Society: Endorsed by the American Autonomic Society"
1190:
532:. The high (ineffective) sympathetic activity is thereby modulated by vagal (parasympathetic) outflow leading to excessive slowing of heart rate. The abnormality lies in this excessive vagal response causing loss of blood flow to the brain. The tilt-table test typically evokes the attack. Avoiding what brings on the syncope and possibly greater salt intake is often all that is needed.
299:, blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, or feeling warm. Syncope may also be associated with a short episode of muscle twitching. Psychiatric causes can also be determined when a patient experiences fear, anxiety, or panic; particularly before a stressful event, usually medical in nature. When consciousness and muscle strength are not completely lost, it is called
768:
by an abnormal nervous system reaction similar to the reflex faints. Women are significantly more likely to experience syncope as a presenting symptom of a myocardial infarction. In general, faints caused by structural disease of the heart or blood vessels are particularly important to recognize, as they are warning of potentially life-threatening conditions.
1013:(ECG) are the most effective ways to determine the underlying cause of syncope. Guidelines from the American College of Emergency Physicians and American Heart Association recommend a syncope workup include a thorough medical history, physical exam with orthostatic vitals, and a 12-lead ECG. The ECG is useful to detect an abnormal heart rhythm,
608:), and following exercise. Manisty et al. note: "Deglutition syncope is characterised by loss of consciousness on swallowing; it has been associated not only with ingestion of solid food, but also with carbonated and ice-cold beverages, and even belching." Fainting can occur in "cough syncope" following severe fits of
524:), the vaso-motor centre demands an increased pumping action by the heart (flight or fight response). This is set in motion via the adrenergic (sympathetic) outflow from the brain, but the heart is unable to meet requirements because of the low blood volume, or decreased return. A feedback response to the
1336:
Of those presenting with syncope to an emergency department, about 4% died in the next 30 days. The risk of a poor outcome, however, depends very much on the underlying cause. Situational syncope is not at increased risk of death or adverse outcomes. Cardiac syncope is associated with worse prognosis
873:
Hyperadrenergic orthostatic hypotension refers to an orthostatic drop in blood pressure despite high levels of sympathetic adrenergic response. This occurs when a person with normal physiology is unable to compensate for >20% loss in intravascular volume. This may be due to blood loss, dehydration
543:
Isolated episodes of loss of consciousness, unheralded by any warning symptoms for more than a few moments. These tend to occur in the adolescent age group and may be associated with fasting, exercise, abdominal straining, or circumstances promoting vaso-dilation (e.g., heat, alcohol). The subject is
1310:
was developed to isolate people who have higher risk for a serious cause of syncope. High risk is anyone who has: congestive heart failure, hematocrit <30%, electrocardiograph abnormality, shortness of breath, or systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg. The San
Francisco syncope rule however was
1158:
may be used. This is a portable ECG device that can record the wearer's heart rhythms during daily activities over an extended period of time. Since fainting usually does not occur upon command, a Holter monitor can provide a better understanding of the heart's activity during fainting episodes. For
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can cause "a release of histamine, resulting in an extreme dilatation of the blood vessels, resulting in a drop of blood pressure so that not enough blood reaches the brain, leading to dizziness, fainting, syncope, itching, hives, tingling or swelling of the lips, tongue, or throat; chest tightness,
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episode may also proceed faster than the respiratory system can respond. These processes cause the typical symptoms of fainting: pale skin, rapid breathing, nausea, and weakness of the limbs, particularly of the legs. If the ischemia is intense or prolonged, limb weakness progresses to collapse. The
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suddenly collapsed and died during a televised intercollegiate basketball game. He had previously collapsed during a game a few months prior. He was diagnosed with exercise-induced ventricular tachycardia at the time. There was speculation that he had since stopped taking the prescribed medications
1327:
Syncope affects about three to six out of every thousand people each year. It is more common in older people and females. It is the reason for 2–5% of visits to emergency departments and admissions to hospital. Up to half of women over the age of 80 and a third of medical students describe at least
1272:
Management of syncope focuses on treating the underlying cause. This can be challenging as the underlying cause is unclear in half of all cases. Several risk stratification tools (explained below) have been developed to combat the vague nature of this diagnosis. People with an abnormal ECG reading,
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in the walls of vessels in the carotid sinus and aortic arch. These receptors then trigger a sympathetic nervous response to compensate and redistribute blood back into the brain. The sympathetic response causes peripheral vasoconstriction and increased heart rate. These together act to raise blood
767:
Diseases involving the shape and strength of the heart can be a cause of reduced blood flow to the brain, which increases risk for syncope. The most common cause in this category is fainting associated with an acute myocardial infarction or ischemic event. The faint in this case is primarily caused
803:
arises from retrograde (reversed) flow of blood in the vertebral artery or the internal thoracic artery, due to a proximal stenosis (narrowing) and/or occlusion of the subclavian artery. Symptoms such as syncope, lightheadedness, and paresthesias occur while exercising the arm on the affected side
519:
Vasovagal (situational) syncope is one of the most common types which may occur in response to any of a variety of triggers, such as scary, embarrassing or uneasy situations, during blood drawing, or moments of sudden unusually high stress. There are many different syncope syndromes which all fall
1314:
The
Canadian syncope risk score was developed to help select low-risk people that may be viable for discharge home. A score of <0 on the Canadian syncope risk score is associated with <2% risk of serious adverse event within 30 days. It has been shown to be more effective than older syncope
445:
Syncope affects about three to six out of every thousand people each year. It is more common in older people and females. It is the reason for one to three percent of visits to emergency departments and admissions to hospital. Up to half of women over the age of 80 and a third of medical students
1323:
There are 18.1–39.7 syncope episodes per 1000 people in the general population. Rates are highest between the ages of 10–30 years old. This is likely because of the high rates of vasovagal syncope in the young adult population. Older adults are more likely to have orthostatic or cardiac syncope.
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Recommended acute treatment of vasovagal and orthostatic (hypotension) syncope involves returning blood to the brain by positioning the person on the ground, with legs slightly elevated or sitting leaning forward and the head between the knees for at least 10–15 minutes, preferably in a cool and
881:
Hypoadrenergic orthostatic hypotension occurs when the person is unable to sustain a normal sympathetic response to blood pressure changes during movement despite adequate intravascular volume. There is little to no compensatory increase in heart rate or blood pressure when standing for up to 10
758:
are the most common examples. Major valves of the heart become stiffened and reduce the efficiency of the hearts pumping action. This may not cause symptoms at rest but with exertion, the heart is unable to keep up with increased demands leading to syncope. Aortic stenosis presents with repeated
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occurs when heat exposure causes decreased blood volume and peripheral vasodilatation. Position changes, especially during vigorous exercise in the heat, may lead to decreased blood flow to the brain. Closely related to other causes of syncope related to hypotension (low blood pressure) such as
477:
There also seems to be a genetic component to syncope. A recent genetic study has identified first risk locus for syncope and collapse. The lead genetic variant, residing at chromosome 2q31.1, is an intergenic variant approximately 250 kb downstream of the ZNF804A gene. The variant effected the
551:
Recurrent syncope with complex associated symptoms. This is neurally mediated syncope (NMS). It is associated with any of the following: preceding or succeeding sleepiness, preceding visual disturbance ("spots before the eyes"), sweating, lightheadedness. The subject is usually but not always
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is recommended. Lifestyle modifications are important for treating people experiencing repeated syncopal episodes. Avoiding triggers and situations where loss of consciousness would be seriously hazardous (operating heavy machinery, commercial pilot, etc.) has been shown to be effective.
535:
Associated symptoms may be felt in the minutes leading up to a vasovagal episode and are referred to as the prodrome. These consist of light-headedness, confusion, pallor, nausea, salivation, sweating, tachycardia, blurred vision, and sudden urge to defecate among other symptoms.
703:
originate in the ventricles. VT causes syncope and can result in sudden death. Ventricular tachycardia, which describes a heart rate of over 100 beats per minute with at least three irregular heartbeats as a sequence of consecutive premature beats, can degenerate into
564:
which increased survival from attackers and might have slowed blood loss in a primitive environment. "Blood-injury phobia", as this is called, is experienced by about 15% of people. It is often possible to manage these symptoms with specific behavioral techniques.
3027:
D'Ascenzo F, Biondi-Zoccai G, Reed MJ, Gabayan GZ, Suzuki M, Costantino G, et al. (2013-07-15). "Incidence, etiology and predictors of adverse outcomes in 43,315 patients presenting to the
Emergency Department with syncope: An international meta-analysis".
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is caused primarily by an excessive drop in blood pressure when standing up from a previous position of lying or sitting down. When the head is elevated above the feet the pull of gravity causes blood pressure in the head to drop. This is sensed by
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Seizures and syncope can be difficult to differentiate. Both often present as sudden loss of consciousness and convulsive movements may be present or absent in either. Movements in syncope are typically brief and more irregular than seizures.
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compared to noncardiac syncope. Factors associated with poor outcomes include history of heart failure, history of myocardial infarction, ECG abnormalities, palpitations, signs of hemorrhage, syncope during exertion, and advanced age.
446:
describe at least one event at some point in their lives. Of those presenting with syncope to an emergency department, about 4% died in the next 30 days. The risk of a poor outcome, however, depends very much on the underlying cause.
2034:"Human brain evolution and the 'Neuroevolutionary Time-depth Principle:' Implications for the Reclassification of fear-circuitry-related traits in DSM-V and for studying resilience to warzone-related posttraumatic stress disorder"
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Typically, tachycardic-generated syncope is caused by a cessation of beats following a tachycardic episode. This condition, called tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome, is usually caused by sinoatrial node dysfunction or block or
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If fainting spells occur often without a triggering event, syncope may be a sign of an underlying heart disease. In the case where syncope is caused by cardiac disease, the treatment is much more sophisticated than that of
1036:
Based on this initial workup many physicians will tailor testing and determine whether a person qualifies as 'high-risk', 'intermediate risk' or 'low-risk' based on risk stratification tools. More specific tests such as
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people with more than two episodes of syncope and no diagnosis on "routine testing", an insertable cardiac monitor might be used. It lasts 28–36 months and is inserted just beneath the skin in the upper chest area.
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is a cardiac syncope that occurs with seizures caused by complete or incomplete heart block. Symptoms include deep and fast respiration, weak and slow pulse, and respiratory pauses that may last for 60 seconds.
930:
Arterial disease in the upper spinal cord, or lower brain that causes syncope if there is a reduction in blood supply. This may occur with extending the neck or with use of medications to lower blood pressure.
587:
Much of this pathway was discovered in animal experiments by Bezold (Vienna) in the 1860s. In animals, it may represent a defense mechanism when confronted by danger ("playing possum"). A 2023 study identified
947:
can present with sudden loss of postural tone without associated tonic-clonic movements. Absence of a long post-ictal state is indicative of syncope rather than an akinetic seizure. Some rare forms, such as
362:
is pressed. The third type of syncope is due to a drop in blood pressure when changing position such as when standing up. This is often due to medications that a person is taking but may also be related to
1264:, and paroxysmal spells. While these may appear as "fainting", they do not fit the strict definition of syncope being a sudden reversible loss of consciousness due to decreased blood flow to the brain.
1220:
and ischemia testing may be recommended for cases where initial evaluation and ECG testing is nondiagnostic. For people with uncomplicated syncope (without seizures and a normal neurological exam)
556:
Syncope has been linked with psychological triggers. This includes fainting in response to the sight or thought of blood, needles, pain, and other emotionally stressful situations. One theory in
1986:
1077:
and some psychiatric disorders among others. Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Those who are considered at high risk following investigation may be admitted to hospital for further
438:
and some psychiatric disorders among others. Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Those who are considered at high risk following investigation may be admitted to hospital for further
2891:
Albassam OT, Redelmeier RJ, Shadowitz S, Husain AM, Simel D, Etchells EE (25 June 2019). "Did This
Patient Have Cardiac Syncope?: The Rational Clinical Examination Systematic Review".
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may be seen following the event in those with pulmonary embolism. Routine broad panel laboratory testing detects abnormalities in <2–3% of results and is therefore not recommended.
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inappropriately leading to poor blood flow to the brain. This may occur from either a triggering event such as exposure to blood, pain, strong feelings, or a specific activity such as
1092:
is performed to elicit orthostatic syncope secondary to autonomic dysfunction (neurogenic). A number of factors make a heart related cause more likely including age over 35, prior
326:. Issues with the heart and blood vessels are the cause in about 10% and typically the most serious while neurally mediated is the most common. Heart related causes may include an
3620:
1236:
as a cause of syncope also is not indicated. Although sometimes investigated as a cause of syncope, carotid artery problems are unlikely to cause that condition. Additionally an
576:. A non-combatant who has fainted signals that they are not a threat. This would explain the association between fainting and stimuli such as bloodletting and injuries seen in
3493:
Birnbaum A, Esses D, Bijur P, Wollowitz A, Gallagher EJ (August 2008). "Failure to validate the San
Francisco Syncope Rule in an independent emergency department population".
3247:"Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope (version 2009): The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Syncope of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)"
2261:
955:
Subarachnoid hemorrhage may result in syncope. Often this is in combination with sudden, severe headache. It may occur as a result of a ruptured aneurysm or head trauma.
1680:
Singh J.R., Rand E.B., Erosa S.C., Cho R.S., Sein M. Aromatherapy for
Procedural Anxiety in Pain Management and Interventional Spine Procedures: A Randomized Trial.
1139:(ARVD/C). Signs of HCM include large voltages in the precordial leads, repolarization abnormalities, and a wide QRS with a slurred upstroke. Signs of ARVD/C include
3639:
3458:
Quinn J, McDermott D, Stiell I, Kohn M, Wells G (May 2006). "Prospective validation of the San
Francisco Syncope Rule to predict patients with serious outcomes".
3245:
Moya A, European
Society of Cardiology (ESC), Sutton R, European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA), Ammirati F, and Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), et al. (2009).
3403:"Incidence, etiology and predictors of adverse outcomes in 43,315 patients presenting to the Emergency Department with syncope: An international meta-analysis"
3192:
2486:
Oqab Z, Ganshorn H, Sheldon R (September 2017). "Prevalence of pulmonary embolism in patients presenting with syncope. A systematic review and meta-analysis".
771:
Among other conditions prone to trigger syncope (by either hemodynamic compromise or by a neural reflex mechanism, or both), some of the most important are
3805:
3634:
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rhythm) wherein the heart beats too slowly, too rapidly, or too irregularly to pump enough blood to the brain. Some arrhythmias can be life-threatening.
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Nallamothu BK, Mehta RH, Saint S, et al. (October 2002). "Syncope in acute aortic dissection: diagnostic, prognostic, and clinical implications".
2011:
1154:, heart block, or a new or old heart attack, it typically does not provide a definite diagnosis for the underlying cause for fainting. Sometimes, a
2727:
3946:
474:. Issues with the heart and blood vessels are the cause in about 10% and typically the most serious while neurally mediated is the most common.
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is pressed. A normal response to carotid sinus massage is reduction in blood pressure and slowing of the heart rate. Especially in people with
596:
zone (PVZ) as a coordinated neural network participating in the cardioinhibitory Bezold–Jarisch reflex (BJR) regulating fainting and recovery.
346:
inappropriately. This may occur from either a triggering event such as exposure to blood, pain, strong feelings or a specific activity such as
3625:
275:
and muscle strength characterized by a fast onset, short duration, and spontaneous recovery. It is caused by a decrease in blood flow to the
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1053:(CT) is generally not required unless specific concerns are present. Other causes of similar symptoms that should be considered include
790:, a sinus node dysfunction, causing alternating bradycardia and tachycardia. Often there is a long pause (asystole) between heartbeats.
414:(CT) is generally not required unless specific concerns are present. Other causes of similar symptoms that should be considered include
3246:
1136:
572:
view is that some forms of fainting are non-verbal signals that developed in response to increased inter-group aggression during the
1982:
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Kenny RA, Bhangu J, King-Kallimanis BL (2013). "Epidemiology of syncope/collapse in younger and older
Western patient populations".
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can cause obstructed blood vessels and is the cause of syncope in less than 1% of people who present to the emergency department.
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878:. On standing the person will experience reflex tachycardia (at least 20% increased over supine) and a drop in blood pressure.
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count may indicate anemia or blood loss. However, this has been useful in only about 5% of people evaluated for fainting. The
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378:(ECG) are the most effective ways to determine the underlying cause. The ECG is useful to detect an abnormal heart rhythm,
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It is estimated that from 20 to 50% of people have an abnormal ECG. However, while an ECG may identify conditions such as
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577:
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Freeman R (2011). "Chapter 20: Syncope". In Longo DL, Kasper DL, Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Loscalzo J (eds.).
127:
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Peeters SY, Hoek AE, Mollink SM, Huff JS (April 2014). "Syncope: risk stratification and clinical decision making".
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Marine JE (2012). "ECG Features that suggest a potentially life-threatening arrhythmia as the cause for syncope".
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Tintinalli, Judith E. Stapczynski, J Stephan. Ma, O John. Yealy, Donald M. Meckler, Garth D. Cline, David (2017).
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2406:"Sex differences in symptom presentation in acute myocardial infarction: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
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Syncope may be caused by specific behaviors including coughing, urination, defecation, vomiting, swallowing (
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2194:"The Bezold-Jarisch reflex revisited: Clinical implications of inhibitory reflexes originating in the heart"
972:
965:
2970:
2771:
Strieper MJ (2005-03-01). "Distinguishing Benign
Syncope from Life-Threatening Cardiac Causes of Syncope".
1801:"Genome-wide association study identifies locus at chromosome 2q32. 1 associated with syncope and collapse"
1696:"Genome-wide association study identifies locus at chromosome 2q32. 1 associated with syncope and collapse"
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688:
2007:
862:. In a small percentage of cases, the cause of orthostatic hypotensive faints is structural damage to the
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2008:"Swoon at the Sight of Blood? Why the sight of blood might make you faint – and what you can do about it"
1029:. Low blood pressure and a fast heart rate after the event may indicate blood loss or dehydration, while
772:
394:. Low blood pressure and a fast heart rate after the event may indicate blood loss or dehydration, while
906:. While these conditions often impair consciousness they rarely meet the medical definition of syncope.
3814:
1307:
589:
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D'Ascenzo F, Biondi-Zoccai G, Reed MJ, Gabayan GZ, Suzuki M, Costantino G, et al. (2013-07-15).
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32:"Passing out", "Syncopy", and "Fainting" redirect here. For the completion of a military course, see
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Syncope and presyncope are common in young athletes. In 1990 the American college basketball player
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or "whooping cough". Neurally mediated syncope may also occur when an area in the neck known as the
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minutes. This is often due to an underlying disorder or medication use and is accompanied by other
863:
705:
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Strickberger SA, Benson DW, Biaggioni I, Callans DJ, Cohen MI, Ellenbogen KA, et al. (2006).
3635:
2004 European Society of Cardiology Guidelines on Management (Diagnosis and Treatment) of Syncope
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Dubosh Nicole M., Bellolio M. Fernanda, Rabinstein Alejandro A., Edlow Jonathan A. (2016-03-01).
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992:) may cause symptoms resembling syncope. A number of psychological interventions are available.
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Causes range from non-serious to potentially fatal. There are three broad categories of causes:
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Causes range from non-serious to potentially fatal. There are three broad categories of causes:
3941:
3130:
Shen WK, Sheldon RS, Benditt DG, Cohen MI, Forman DE, Goldberger ZD, et al. (March 2017).
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Gaynor D, Egan J (2011). "Vasovagal syncope (the common faint): what clinicians need to know".
1939:
Kaufmann H, Bhattacharya K (May 2002). "Diagnosis and treatment of neurally mediated syncope".
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is triggered by an inadequate supply of oxygenated blood in the brain. Common examples include
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33:
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2644:"Sensitivity of Early Brain Computed Tomography to Exclude Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage"
1901:
Paluso KA (August 2000). "The fainting patient. First and foremost, a meticulous evaluation".
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may be seen following the event in those with pulmonary embolism. More specific tests such as
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episodes of syncope. Rarely, cardiac tumors such as atrial myxomas can also lead to syncope.
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upright. The tilt-table test, if performed, is generally positive. It is relatively uncommon.
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Ruwald MH (August 2013). "Epidemiological studies on syncope – a register based approach".
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775:, acute aortic dissection, pericardial tamponade, pulmonary embolism, aortic stenosis, and
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3533:"Predictors of Short-Term Outcomes after Syncope: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
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Blockages in major vessels or within the heart can also impede blood flow to the brain.
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3132:"2017 ACC/AHA/HRS Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Patients With Syncope"
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Von Bezold (1867). "A. Uber die physiologischen Wirkungen des essigsauren Veratrines".
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1240:(EEG) is generally not recommended. A bedside ultrasound may be performed to rule out
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1649:"Syncope Information Page | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke"
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2383:(Textbook) (18th ed.). New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies. pp. 171–77.
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Lovelace JW, Ma J, Yadav S, Chhabria K, Shen H, Pang Z, et al. (2023-11-09).
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2421:
1089:
755:
751:
545:
478:
expression of ZNF804A, making this gene the strongest driver of the association.
358:. Neurally mediated syncope may also occur when an area in the neck known as the
288:
272:
3771:
3363:
2531:"Operating theatre related syncope in medical students: a cross sectional study"
2052:
1315:
risk scores even combined with cardiac biomarkers at predicting adverse events.
3768:
3730:
3265:
3148:
3131:
3098:
2784:
2499:
2338:
2301:
2284:
2162:
2109:
1767:
1671:
Chen-Scarabelli C, Scarabelli TM: Neurocardiogenic syncope. BMJ 2004;329:336–41
1394:
1350:
1155:
1108:
944:
811:
713:
561:
486:
467:
463:
319:
315:
3644:
2713:
3935:
3860:
3783:
3610:
3436:
3059:
2850:
2792:
2610:
2429:
2354:
2117:
1914:
1401:
1346:
1144:
859:
843:
617:
581:
521:
359:
342:
among others. Neurally mediated syncope occurs when blood vessels expand and
76:
3693:
2841:
2601:
2086:"Vagal sensory neurons mediate the Bezold–Jarisch reflex and induce syncope"
3895:
3566:
3514:
3479:
3444:
3375:
3283:
3237:
3157:
3116:
3067:
2991:
2912:
2904:
2868:
2800:
2669:
2628:
2566:
2547:
2507:
2472:
2437:
2362:
2310:
2170:
2135:
2070:
1960:
1922:
1834:
1785:
1729:
1599:
1565:
1425:
1363:
1257:
1070:
958:
818:
459:
431:
311:
37:
2219:
3840:
3749:
1816:
1711:
1370:
1112:
913:
The respiratory system may compensate for dropping oxygen levels through
867:
851:
684:
680:
676:
637:
605:
573:
529:
490:
364:
343:
331:
292:
280:
3655:
3427:
3050:
2754:
3870:
3083:"Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope (version 2009)"
1085:
1062:
998:
560:
is that fainting at the sight of blood might have evolved as a form of
423:
300:
152:
3676:
2696:
Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine : A Comprehensive Study Guide, 9e
1776:
870:
or diabetes) or in neurological diseases (e.g., Parkinson's disease).
3877:
3760:
3400:
3026:
1382:
1287:
1078:
855:
613:
494:
439:
368:
347:
296:
241:
148:
3305:
303:. It is recommended that presyncope be treated the same as syncope.
67:
2775:. Seizures, Syncope, and Sudden Death: Recognizing Cardiac Causes.
2250:"Cardiac manifestations and sequelae of gastrointestinal disorders"
1124:
1026:
918:
895:
502:
498:
391:
355:
351:
284:
3307:
Transient loss of consciousness in adults and young people (CG109)
3209:
1001:
may present with sudden loss of consciousness similar to syncope.
910:
transient ischemic attacks may produce true syncope as a symptom.
489:
or neurally mediated syncope occurs when blood vessels expand and
2890:
1120:
1054:
415:
2528:
939:
There are other conditions which may cause or resemble syncope.
730:. The degree of QT prolongation determines the risk of syncope.
3855:
3688:
3629:
1261:
1058:
899:
419:
3865:
3173:
2247:
1278:
734:
also commonly presents with syncope secondary to arrhythmia.
669:
609:
455:
307:
276:
213:
3845:
3492:
3081:
Moya A, Sutton R, Ammirati F, et al. (November 2009).
2936:"Review of Important ECG Findings in Patients with Syncope"
1355:
Fainting in women was a commonplace trope or stereotype in
1025:. Heart related causes also often have little history of a
390:. Heart related causes also often have little history of a
119:
113:
107:
2282:
1753:
2151:"What causes fainting? Scientists finally have an answer"
1359:
and in contemporary and modern depictions of the period.
1225:
371:. There also seems to be a genetic component to syncope.
104:
3457:
969:
shortness of breath, or difficulty breathing, wheezing"
3129:
2283:
Dicpinigaitis PV, Lim L, Farmakidis C (February 2014).
2083:
1903:
Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants
1107:(ECG) finds that should be looked for include signs of
1684:
2021;100(10):978-982. doi:10.1097/PHM.0000000000001690
1551:
640:
or heart muscle, or blockages of blood vessels from a
334:
or heart muscle and blockages of blood vessels from a
3179:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
2529:
Jamjoom AA, Nikkar-Esfahani A, Fitzgerald JE (2009).
2248:
Manisty C, Hughes-Roberts Y, Kaddoura S (July 2009).
1408:) 'cutting up', 'sudden loss of strength', from σύν (
762:
128:
110:
101:
3666:
2450:
1938:
925:
664:
The most common cause of cardiac syncope is cardiac
116:
2485:
2403:
1244:in people with concerning history or presentation.
98:
3080:
889:
539:Vasovagal syncope can be considered in two forms:
1983:"Why do Some People Faint at the Sight of Blood?"
27:Transient loss of consciousness and postural tone
3933:
3361:
995:Low blood sugar can be a rare cause of syncope.
1798:
1693:
624:this response can cause syncope or presyncope.
3813:
3530:
2404:Coventry LL, Finn J, Bremner AP (2011-11-01).
2374:
2372:
3799:
3640:2017 American College of Cardiology Guideline
3136:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
2822:
2582:
2198:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
1009:A medical history, physical examination, and
973:Lactose intolerance § Signs and symptoms
745:
374:A medical history, physical examination, and
61:Fainting, blacking out, passing out, swooning
2726:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2041:Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry
1195:A short PR in Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome
481:
3337:"American Epilepsy Society Choosing Wisely"
2522:
2369:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1252:Other diseases which mimic syncope include
592:vagal sensory neurons (NPY2R VSNs) and the
3806:
3792:
3169:
3167:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2740:
2488:The American Journal of Emergency Medicine
2381:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
2232:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1137:arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
838:Orthostatic (postural) hypotensive syncope
66:
3556:
3426:
3362:Mechanic OJ, Grossman SA (18 July 2022).
3273:
3227:
3147:
3106:
3049:
2858:
2840:
2659:
2618:
2600:
2556:
2546:
2300:
2209:
2125:
2060:
2031:
1824:
1775:
1719:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1247:
1228:is not generally needed. Likewise, using
821:, may cause bradycardia induced syncope.
285:symptoms before the loss of consciousness
3619:) is being considered for deletion. See
3329:
2770:
1736:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1328:one event at some point in their lives.
1298:depending on the precise cardiac cause.
695:). SVT does not cause syncope except in
650:
3531:Gibson T, Weiss R, Sun B (2018-04-30).
3364:"Syncope And Related Paroxysmal Spells"
3164:
3123:
2956:
2933:
2378:
1412:, "together, thoroughly") and κόπτειν (
1296:implantable cardioverter-defibrillators
1133:hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy
782:
225:Medical history, physical examination,
36:. For the film production company, see
14:
3947:Symptoms and signs of mental disorders
3934:
3195:from the original on September 1, 2013
2967:
2766:
2764:
2578:
2576:
2148:
1934:
1932:
1900:
1606:
1585:
1340:
1004:
659:
599:
548:, if performed, is generally negative.
3787:
3579:
3537:Western Journal of Emergency Medicine
3526:
3524:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3010:
2943:American Journal of Clinical Medicine
2825:"Syncope in the Emergency Department"
2818:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2689:
2687:
2585:"Syncope in the Emergency Department"
2336:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2320:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1572:
1438:
1311:not validated by subsequent studies.
1096:, and turning blue during the event.
1017:and other electrical issues, such as
622:hypersensitive carotid sinus syndrome
382:and other electrical issues, such as
3662:. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
3314:from the original on 29 October 2013
2829:Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine
2589:Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine
2191:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1099:
675:Two major groups of arrhythmias are
632:Heart-related causes may include an
508:
3407:International Journal of Cardiology
3030:International Journal of Cardiology
2761:
2573:
1929:
1756:Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases
1015:poor blood flow to the heart muscle
722:can cause syncope when it sets off
584:as well as the gender differences.
578:blood-injection-injury type phobias
380:poor blood flow to the heart muscle
24:
3521:
3389:
3007:
2984:10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2013.07.008
2807:
2684:
2317:
2235:Untersch. Physiolog. Lab. Würzburg
1049:may be useful in uncertain cases.
763:Structural cardiopulmonary disease
410:may be useful in uncertain cases.
25:
3958:
3623:to help reach a consensus. ›
3602:
3507:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2007.12.007
3472:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2005.11.019
3229:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.170274
3191:, American Academy of Neurology,
2264:from the original on 11 June 2013
1909:(8): 40–42, 48–49, 53–54 passim.
1841:
926:Vertebro-basilar arterial disease
831:
708:, which is rapidly fatal without
1953:10.1097/00127893-200205000-00004
1200:
1188:
1176:
1164:
866:due to systemic diseases (e.g.,
850:This may be due to medications,
94:
3573:
3486:
3451:
3355:
3074:
2998:
2927:
2884:
2875:
2773:Seminars in Pediatric Neurology
2734:
2635:
2479:
2444:
2397:
2276:
2241:
2226:
2185:
2142:
2077:
2025:
2014:from the original on 2015-09-06
2000:
1989:from the original on 2016-08-01
1975:
1318:
980:Some psychological conditions (
934:
890:Central nervous system ischemia
683:. Bradycardia can be caused by
612:, such as that associated with
3650:The San Francisco syncope rule
3586:American College of Cardiology
2823:Sandhu RK, Sheldon RS (2019).
2583:Sandhu RK, Sheldon RS (2019).
1792:
1687:
1674:
1665:
1232:on the premise of identifying
697:Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
528:is triggered via the afferent
13:
1:
3608:
3175:American Academy of Neurology
2698:. McGraw-Hill Education LLC.
2465:10.1016/S0002-9343(02)01254-8
2211:10.1016/S0735-1097(83)80014-X
1431:
1393:The term is derived from the
1301:
1267:
817:Various medications, such as
710:cardiopulmonary resuscitation
3549:10.5811/westjem.2018.2.37100
3419:10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.11.083
3042:10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.11.083
2971:Journal of Electrocardiology
2661:10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.011386
2422:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2011.05.001
1388:
1331:
814:can also result in syncope.
689:supraventricular tachycardia
687:. Tachycardias include SVT (
7:
3836:Persistent vegetative state
2053:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008
1682:Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil..
1554:Emergency Medicine Practice
1419:
970:
773:hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
246:Depends on underlying cause
10:
3963:
3815:Disorders of consciousness
3149:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.03.003
2785:10.1016/j.spen.2005.01.001
2500:10.1016/j.ajem.2017.09.015
2302:10.1016/j.rmed.2013.10.020
2163:10.1038/d41586-023-03450-3
2110:10.1038/s41586-023-06680-7
1799:Hadji-Turdeghal K (2019).
1768:10.1016/j.pcad.2012.11.006
1694:Hadji-Turdeghal K (2019).
1377:primarily reported in the
1344:
1308:San Francisco syncope rule
1212:
1207:Type 2 Brugada ECG pattern
1039:implantable loop recorders
904:transient ischemic attacks
854:, significant bleeding or
810:(a tear in the aorta) and
804:(most commonly the left).
746:Obstructive cardiac lesion
627:
590:neuropeptide Y receptor Y2
512:
400:implantable loop recorders
367:, significant bleeding or
212:Decrease in blood flow to
31:
3909:
3886:
3831:Minimally conscious state
3821:
3740:
3670:
3370:. StatPearls Publishing.
2343:American Family Physician
1242:abdominal aortic aneurysm
952:are of an unknown cause.
896:central ischemic response
801:Subclavian steal syndrome
482:Neurally mediated syncope
449:
250:
240:
236:Based on underlying cause
232:
219:
208:
197:
189:
181:
171:
158:
142:
86:
74:
65:
57:
52:
3621:templates for discussion
3266:10.1093/eurheartj/ehp298
3099:10.1093/eurheartj/ehp298
2192:Mark AL (January 1983).
1290:syncope and may involve
986:somatic symptom disorder
864:autonomic nervous system
706:ventricular fibrillation
655:Syncope from bradycardia
544:invariably upright. The
3186:: an initiative of the
2842:10.3389/fcvm.2019.00180
2602:10.3389/fcvm.2019.00180
2339:"Evaluation of Syncope"
2149:Naddaf M (2023-11-01).
2032:Bracha HS (July 2006).
1805:Cardiovascular Research
1700:Cardiovascular Research
1560:(4): 1–22, quiz 22–23.
1230:carotid ultrasonography
1117:atrioventricular blocks
1079:monitoring of the heart
1031:low blood oxygen levels
724:ventricular tachycardia
701:Ventricular tachycardia
693:ventricular tachycardia
570:evolutionary psychology
558:evolutionary psychology
472:orthostatic hypotension
440:monitoring of the heart
396:low blood oxygen levels
324:orthostatic hypotension
203:orthostatic hypotension
75:A 1744 oil painting by
3582:"The Syncopal Athlete"
3580:Madan S (2016-04-29).
3341:www.choosingwisely.org
3254:European Heart Journal
3004:Grubb (2001) pp. 83–84
2905:10.1001/jama.2019.8001
2743:The Irish Psychologist
2548:10.1186/1472-6920-9-14
2337:Gauer R (2011-09-15).
1588:Danish Medical Journal
1416:, "strike, cut off").
1379:southern United States
1375:culture-bound syndrome
1248:Differential diagnosis
1234:carotid artery disease
777:pulmonary hypertension
740:atrioventricular block
656:
283:. There are sometimes
42:Faint (disambiguation)
34:passing out (military)
3310:, NICE, August 2010,
1135:(HOCM), and signs of
1047:carotid sinus massage
962:orthostatic syncope.
950:hair-grooming syncope
794:Adams-Stokes syndrome
654:
634:abnormal heart rhythm
408:carotid sinus massage
328:abnormal heart rhythm
273:loss of consciousness
254:~5 per 1,000 per year
165:Loss of consciousness
2289:Respiratory Medicine
1238:electroencephalogram
884:hypoadrenergic signs
783:Other cardiac causes
636:, problems with the
491:heart rate decreases
344:heart rate decreases
330:, problems with the
263:, commonly known as
40:For other uses, see
2102:2023Natur.623..387L
1341:Society and culture
1260:, certain types of
1222:computed tomography
1152:atrial fibrillation
1094:atrial fibrillation
1051:Computed tomography
1005:Diagnostic approach
990:conversion disorder
966:Lactose intolerance
788:Sick sinus syndrome
728:torsades de pointes
660:Cardiac arrhythmias
600:Situational syncope
412:Computed tomography
167:and muscle strength
3921:Locked-in syndrome
3741:External resources
3626:Syncope (medicine)
2934:Toscano J (2012).
2881:Grubb (2001) p. 83
1817:10.1093/cvr/cvz106
1712:10.1093/cvr/cvz106
1147:in lead V1 to V3.
1043:tilt table testing
917:, though a sudden
826:pulmonary embolism
657:
642:pulmonary embolism
404:tilt table testing
336:pulmonary embolism
281:low blood pressure
3929:
3928:
3901:Vasovagal episode
3781:
3780:
3177:(February 2013),
2705:978-1-260-01993-3
2390:978-0-07-174889-6
2096:(7986): 387–396.
1653:www.ninds.nih.gov
1357:Victorian England
1105:Electrocardiogram
1100:Electrocardiogram
1075:drug intoxication
1011:electrocardiogram
945:Akinetic seizures
844:stretch receptors
808:Aortic dissection
646:aortic dissection
515:Vasovagal syncope
509:Vasovagal syncope
436:drug intoxication
376:electrocardiogram
340:aortic dissection
279:, typically from
258:
257:
227:electrocardiogram
221:Diagnostic method
201:Cardiac, reflex,
47:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3954:
3808:
3801:
3794:
3785:
3784:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3560:
3528:
3519:
3518:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3430:
3398:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3343:. 14 August 2018
3333:
3327:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3292:
3286:. Archived from
3277:
3251:
3241:
3231:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3171:
3162:
3161:
3151:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3110:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3053:
3024:
3005:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2965:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2940:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2888:
2882:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2862:
2844:
2820:
2805:
2804:
2768:
2759:
2758:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2725:
2717:
2691:
2682:
2681:
2663:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2622:
2604:
2580:
2571:
2570:
2560:
2550:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2410:Heart & Lung
2401:
2395:
2394:
2376:
2367:
2366:
2334:
2315:
2314:
2304:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2213:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2129:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2064:
2038:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1936:
1927:
1926:
1898:
1839:
1838:
1828:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1779:
1751:
1734:
1733:
1723:
1691:
1685:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1645:
1604:
1603:
1583:
1570:
1569:
1549:
1218:Echocardiography
1204:
1192:
1183:Long QT syndrome
1180:
1171:ECG showing HOCM
1168:
1141:T wave inversion
1129:Brugada syndrome
1067:low blood oxygen
1023:Brugada syndrome
1019:long QT syndrome
976:
915:hyperventilation
732:Brugada syndrome
720:Long QT syndrome
466:, also known as
428:low blood oxygen
388:Brugada syndrome
384:long QT syndrome
318:, also known as
131:
126:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
70:
50:
49:
21:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3912:
3905:
3882:
3851:Brainstem death
3823:Unconsciousness
3817:
3812:
3782:
3777:
3776:
3736:
3735:
3679:
3654:
3645:Tilt table test
3624:
3605:
3600:
3599:
3590:
3588:
3578:
3574:
3529:
3522:
3491:
3487:
3456:
3452:
3399:
3390:
3380:
3378:
3360:
3356:
3346:
3344:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3317:
3315:
3304:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3260:(21): 2631–71.
3249:
3204:, which cites:
3198:
3196:
3188:ABIM Foundation
3184:Choosing Wisely
3172:
3165:
3142:(5): e39–e110.
3128:
3124:
3093:(21): 2631–71.
3079:
3075:
3025:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2966:
2957:
2947:
2945:
2938:
2932:
2928:
2899:(24): 2448–57.
2889:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2821:
2808:
2769:
2762:
2739:
2735:
2719:
2718:
2706:
2692:
2685:
2640:
2636:
2581:
2574:
2527:
2523:
2484:
2480:
2449:
2445:
2402:
2398:
2391:
2377:
2370:
2335:
2318:
2285:"Cough syncope"
2281:
2277:
2267:
2265:
2246:
2242:
2231:
2227:
2190:
2186:
2147:
2143:
2082:
2078:
2036:
2030:
2026:
2017:
2015:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1992:
1990:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1941:The Neurologist
1937:
1930:
1899:
1842:
1797:
1793:
1752:
1737:
1692:
1688:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1657:
1655:
1647:
1646:
1607:
1584:
1573:
1550:
1439:
1434:
1422:
1391:
1353:
1343:
1334:
1321:
1304:
1270:
1258:low blood sugar
1250:
1215:
1208:
1205:
1196:
1193:
1184:
1181:
1172:
1169:
1102:
1090:tilt table test
1071:low blood sugar
1007:
937:
928:
908:Vertebrobasilar
892:
834:
785:
765:
756:mitral stenosis
752:Aortic stenosis
748:
662:
648:, among others.
630:
602:
594:periventricular
546:tilt-table test
517:
511:
484:
452:
432:low blood sugar
289:lightheadedness
138:
129:
97:
93:
48:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3960:
3950:
3949:
3944:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3917:
3915:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3892:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3827:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3811:
3810:
3803:
3796:
3788:
3779:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3757:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3722:
3711:
3696:
3680:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:Classification
3665:
3664:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3604:
3603:External links
3601:
3598:
3597:
3572:
3520:
3485:
3450:
3388:
3354:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3302:
3242:
3163:
3122:
3073:
3006:
2997:
2955:
2926:
2883:
2874:
2806:
2760:
2733:
2704:
2683:
2634:
2572:
2521:
2478:
2443:
2396:
2389:
2368:
2316:
2275:
2240:
2225:
2184:
2141:
2076:
2024:
1999:
1974:
1928:
1840:
1791:
1735:
1686:
1673:
1664:
1605:
1571:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1421:
1418:
1390:
1387:
1367:on game days.
1351:Fainting couch
1342:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1320:
1317:
1303:
1300:
1269:
1266:
1249:
1246:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1163:
1156:Holter monitor
1109:heart ischemia
1101:
1098:
1006:
1003:
936:
933:
927:
924:
891:
888:
833:
832:Blood pressure
830:
812:cardiomyopathy
784:
781:
764:
761:
747:
744:
714:defibrillation
661:
658:
629:
626:
601:
598:
554:
553:
549:
513:Main article:
510:
507:
487:Reflex syncope
483:
480:
470:mediated; and
451:
448:
322:mediated; and
256:
255:
252:
248:
247:
244:
238:
237:
234:
230:
229:
223:
217:
216:
210:
206:
205:
199:
195:
194:
193:Short duration
191:
187:
186:
183:
179:
178:
175:
169:
168:
162:
156:
155:
146:
140:
139:
137:
136:
90:
88:
84:
83:
72:
71:
63:
62:
59:
55:
54:
46:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3959:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3942:Consciousness
3940:
3939:
3937:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3913:consciousness
3911:Alteration of
3908:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3879:
3876:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3809:
3804:
3802:
3797:
3795:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3739:
3732:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3716:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3678:
3673:
3669:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3622:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3606:
3587:
3583:
3576:
3568:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3543:(3): 517–23.
3542:
3538:
3534:
3527:
3525:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3501:(2): 151–59.
3500:
3496:
3495:Ann Emerg Med
3489:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3466:(5): 448–54.
3465:
3461:
3460:Ann Emerg Med
3454:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3358:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3293:on 2021-08-29
3289:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3222:(2): 316–27.
3221:
3217:
3213:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3168:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3126:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3077:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3001:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2978:(6): 561–68.
2977:
2973:
2972:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2878:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2765:
2756:
2752:
2749:(7): 176–79.
2748:
2744:
2737:
2729:
2723:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2688:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2654:(3): 750–55.
2653:
2649:
2645:
2638:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2577:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2494:(4): 551–55.
2493:
2489:
2482:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2459:(6): 468–71.
2458:
2454:
2447:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2416:(6): 477–91.
2415:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2392:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2373:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2349:(6): 640–50.
2348:
2344:
2340:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2295:(2): 244–51.
2294:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2263:
2260:(4): 175–80.
2259:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2236:
2229:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2204:(1): 90–102.
2203:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2080:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2047:(5): 827–53.
2046:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2013:
2009:
2003:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1947:(3): 175–85.
1946:
1942:
1935:
1933:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1762:(4): 357–63.
1761:
1757:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1677:
1668:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1437:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1402:Ancient Greek
1399:
1396:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1352:
1348:
1347:Fainting room
1338:
1329:
1325:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1274:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1203:
1198:
1191:
1186:
1179:
1174:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1145:epsilon waves
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1002:
1000:
996:
993:
991:
987:
983:
978:
974:
967:
963:
960:
956:
953:
951:
946:
940:
932:
923:
920:
916:
911:
909:
905:
901:
897:
887:
885:
879:
877:
876:third-spacing
871:
869:
865:
861:
860:nitroglycerin
857:
853:
848:
845:
840:
839:
829:
827:
822:
820:
819:beta blockers
815:
813:
809:
805:
802:
798:
795:
791:
789:
780:
778:
774:
769:
760:
757:
753:
743:
741:
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
715:
711:
707:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
673:
671:
667:
653:
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
625:
623:
619:
618:carotid sinus
615:
611:
607:
597:
595:
591:
585:
583:
582:needle phobia
579:
575:
571:
566:
563:
559:
550:
547:
542:
541:
540:
537:
533:
531:
527:
523:
522:needle phobia
516:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
479:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
447:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
372:
370:
366:
361:
360:carotid sinus
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
253:
249:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
228:
224:
222:
218:
215:
211:
207:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
174:
173:Complications
170:
166:
163:
161:
157:
154:
150:
147:
145:
141:
134:
133:
124:
92:
91:
89:
87:Pronunciation
85:
82:
78:
77:Pietro Longhi
73:
69:
64:
60:
56:
51:
43:
39:
35:
30:
19:
3896:Heat syncope
3887:
3759:
3748:
3724:
3713:
3698:
3683:
3659:
3614:
3589:. Retrieved
3585:
3575:
3540:
3536:
3498:
3494:
3488:
3463:
3459:
3453:
3428:11380/793892
3413:(1): 57–62.
3410:
3406:
3379:. Retrieved
3367:
3357:
3345:. Retrieved
3340:
3331:
3316:, retrieved
3306:
3295:. Retrieved
3288:the original
3257:
3253:
3219:
3215:
3197:, retrieved
3182:
3139:
3135:
3125:
3090:
3087:Eur. Heart J
3086:
3076:
3051:11380/793892
3036:(1): 57–62.
3033:
3029:
3000:
2975:
2969:
2946:. Retrieved
2942:
2929:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2877:
2832:
2828:
2779:(1): 32–38.
2776:
2772:
2755:10147/135366
2746:
2742:
2736:
2695:
2651:
2647:
2637:
2592:
2588:
2538:
2535:BMC Med Educ
2534:
2524:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2456:
2452:
2446:
2413:
2409:
2399:
2380:
2346:
2342:
2292:
2288:
2278:
2266:. Retrieved
2257:
2254:Br J Cardiol
2253:
2243:
2237:(1): 75–156.
2234:
2228:
2201:
2197:
2187:
2154:
2144:
2093:
2089:
2079:
2044:
2040:
2027:
2016:. Retrieved
2002:
1991:. Retrieved
1977:
1944:
1940:
1906:
1902:
1808:
1804:
1794:
1759:
1755:
1703:
1699:
1689:
1681:
1676:
1667:
1656:. Retrieved
1652:
1594:(8): B4702.
1591:
1587:
1557:
1553:
1426:Voodoo death
1413:
1409:
1405:
1397:
1392:
1369:
1364:Hank Gathers
1361:
1354:
1335:
1326:
1322:
1319:Epidemiology
1313:
1305:
1284:
1275:
1271:
1251:
1216:
1149:
1103:
1083:
1035:
1008:
997:
994:
979:
964:
959:Heat syncope
957:
954:
941:
938:
935:Other causes
929:
912:
893:
880:
872:
849:
837:
835:
823:
816:
806:
799:
792:
786:
770:
766:
749:
736:
718:
685:heart blocks
674:
663:
638:heart valves
631:
603:
586:
567:
562:playing dead
555:
538:
534:
518:
485:
476:
460:blood vessel
453:
444:
373:
332:heart valves
312:blood vessel
305:
268:
264:
260:
259:
80:
38:Syncopy Inc.
29:
3841:Obtundation
3750:MedlinePlus
3660:MedlinePlus
3609:‹ The
3216:Circulation
2948:11 November
1371:Falling-out
1131:, signs of
1113:arrhythmias
868:amyloidosis
852:dehydration
681:tachycardia
677:bradycardia
606:deglutition
574:paleolithic
530:vagus nerve
365:dehydration
269:passing out
182:Usual onset
58:Other names
3936:Categories
3871:Somnolence
3726:DiseasesDB
3656:"Fainting"
3591:2020-01-25
3368:StatPearls
3318:24 October
3297:2019-01-04
2714:1120739798
2453:Am. J. Med
2018:2015-08-15
1993:2015-08-15
1811:: 138–48.
1777:2262/72984
1706:: 138–48.
1658:2020-01-23
1432:References
1395:Late Latin
1345:See also:
1302:Risk tools
1292:pacemakers
1268:Management
1086:hemoglobin
1063:concussion
999:Narcolepsy
984:disorder,
971:(see also
712:(CPR) and
691:) and VT (
668:(abnormal
666:arrhythmia
424:concussion
301:presyncope
185:Fast onset
153:cardiology
3878:Cataplexy
3772:emerg/876
3761:eMedicine
3437:0167-5273
3347:30 August
3199:August 1,
3060:0167-5273
2921:205099479
2851:2297-055X
2793:1071-9091
2722:cite book
2611:2297-055X
2430:0147-9563
2355:0002-838X
2179:264931815
2118:0028-0836
1915:1547-1896
1404:συγκοπή (
1389:Etymology
1383:Caribbean
1332:Prognosis
1288:vasovagal
856:infection
614:pertussis
495:urination
462:related;
369:infection
348:urination
314:related;
297:pale skin
251:Frequency
242:Prognosis
233:Treatment
149:Neurology
144:Specialty
3769:ped/2188
3766:med/3385
3611:template
3567:29760850
3515:18282636
3480:16631985
3445:22192287
3381:25 April
3376:29083598
3312:archived
3284:19713422
3238:16418451
3193:archived
3158:28286221
3117:19713422
3068:22192287
2992:23973090
2913:31237649
2869:31850375
2801:15929463
2670:26797666
2629:31850375
2567:19284564
2508:28947223
2473:12427495
2438:22000678
2363:21916389
2311:24238768
2262:Archived
2171:37914882
2136:37914931
2127:10632149
2071:16563589
2012:Archived
1987:Archived
1961:12803689
1923:11521616
1835:31049583
1786:23472771
1730:31049583
1600:24063058
1566:25105200
1420:See also
1381:and the
1125:short PR
1027:prodrome
919:ischemic
610:coughing
580:such as
568:Another
503:coughing
499:vomiting
468:neurally
392:prodrome
356:coughing
352:vomiting
320:neurally
293:sweating
287:such as
265:fainting
190:Duration
160:Symptoms
81:Fainting
3888:Syncope
3720:D013575
3613:below (
3558:5942019
3275:3295536
3108:3295536
2860:6901601
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2558:2657145
2516:5012417
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2098:Bibcode
2062:7130737
1969:9740102
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1721:6918066
1414:koptein
1406:sunkopē
1400:, from
1398:syncope
1254:seizure
1213:Imaging
1121:long QT
1055:seizure
982:anxiety
900:strokes
628:Cardiac
526:medulla
416:seizure
271:, is a
261:Syncope
132:-kə-pee
79:called
53:Syncope
18:Syncopy
3856:Stupor
3755:003092
3630:Curlie
3616:Curlie
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1059:stroke
464:reflex
450:Causes
420:stroke
316:reflex
209:Causes
177:Injury
135:
3866:Sleep
3861:Sopor
3731:27303
3709:780.2
3291:(PDF)
3250:(PDF)
2939:(PDF)
2917:S2CID
2674:S2CID
2512:S2CID
2175:S2CID
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1965:S2CID
1373:is a
1279:sleep
670:heart
501:, or
456:heart
354:, or
308:heart
277:brain
214:brain
198:Types
3846:Coma
3715:MeSH
3704:9-CM
3563:PMID
3511:PMID
3476:PMID
3441:PMID
3433:ISSN
3383:2023
3372:PMID
3349:2018
3320:2013
3280:PMID
3234:PMID
3201:2013
3154:PMID
3113:PMID
3064:PMID
3056:ISSN
2988:PMID
2950:2019
2909:PMID
2893:JAMA
2865:PMID
2847:ISSN
2797:PMID
2789:ISSN
2728:link
2710:OCLC
2700:ISBN
2666:PMID
2625:PMID
2607:ISSN
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2504:PMID
2469:PMID
2434:PMID
2426:ISSN
2385:ISBN
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2067:PMID
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1831:PMID
1782:PMID
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2855:PMC
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