60:
44:
76:
214:
A primary or secondary aliphatic amine separated by 2 carbons from a substituted benzene ring is minimally required for high agonist activity. The pKa of the amine is approximately 8.5-10. The presence of hydroxy group in the benzene ring at 3rd and 4th position shows maximum alpha- and
398:. The symptoms of physical withdrawal from stimulants can include fatigue, dysphoric mood, increased appetite, vivid or lucid dreams, hypersomnia or insomnia, increased movement or decreased movement, anxiety, and drug craving, as is apparent in the rebound withdrawal from certain
405:
Sympathomimetic drugs are sometimes involved in development of cerebral vasculitis and generalized polyarteritis nodosa like diseases involving immune-complex deposition. Known reports of such hypersensitivity reactions include the use of
236:
is tertiary, it will have poor direct action. Also, if the amine has bulky substituents, then it will have greater beta adrenergic receptor activity, but if the substituent is not bulky, then it will favor the alpha adrenergic receptors.
667:
If a drug causes effects similar to the activation of the sympathetic nervous system, it is called a sympathomimetic A sympathomimetic agent increases heart rate, force of cardiac contraction and blood
3226:
3716:
370:
Norepinephrine is synthesized by the body from the amino acid tyrosine, and is used in the synthesis of epinephrine, which is a stimulating neurotransmitter of the
2980:
2985:
3271:
682:
4132:
3709:
2965:
1747:
2777:
3702:
2694:
754:"Cerebral Vasculitis and Hemorrhage in an Adolescent Taking Diet Pills Containing Phenylpropanolamine: Case Report and Review of Literature"
2453:
336:
work by causing the release of dopamine and norepinephrine, along with (in some cases) blocking the reuptake of these neurotransmitters.
3010:
3005:
3000:
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4125:
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3161:
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3166:
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652:
232:
The structure can be modified to alter binding. If the amine is primary or secondary, it will have direct action, but if the
228:
Hydroxyl groups in the meta and para position of the aromatic ring to form a catechol which is essential for receptor binding
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4118:
864:
3324:
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2256:
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932:
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186:
The mechanisms of sympathomimetic drugs can be direct-acting (direct interaction between drug and receptor), such as
679:
2261:
17:
2661:
2355:
2266:
430:" and "sympathomimetic" have similar effects, but through completely different pathways. For example, both cause
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1911:
752:
Forman, Howard P.; Levin, Stanley; Stewart, Barbara; Patel, Mahendra; Feinstein, Stuart (1989-05-01).
4268:
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4184:
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1837:
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832:
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206:, release stimulants, and reuptake inhibitors that increase the levels of endogenous catecholamines.
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2014:
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1282:
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919:
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178:
of certain neurotransmitters, or stimulating production and release of catecholamines.
102:
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chart). In addition to intended therapeutic use, many of these stimulants have
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34:
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These drugs can act through several mechanisms, such as directly activating
128:. The primary endogenous agonists of the sympathetic nervous system are the
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168:
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198:; or indirect-acting (interaction not between drug and receptor), such as
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133:
49:
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2019:
2004:
1996:
1991:
1961:
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957:
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383:
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281:
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117:
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1312:
1302:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1123:
1108:
1103:
1035:
972:
952:
904:
873:
793:"Diffuse cerebral vasculitis with normal results on brain MR imaging"
505:
481:
431:
375:
360:
329:
2935:
2930:
4174:
3880:
3860:
3726:
3681:
3545:
3505:
3465:
3460:
3256:
2887:
2847:
2739:
2689:
2636:
2631:
2578:
2573:
2563:
2448:
2350:
2296:
2137:
2038:
1981:
1719:
1694:
1638:
1608:
1495:
1465:
1460:
1415:
1327:
1307:
1214:
1171:
1128:
1055:
947:
577:
395:
356:
225:
A hydroxyl group at the chiral beta position in the R-configuration
175:
141:
81:
3986:
3660:
3585:
3540:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3126:
3083:
3055:
2915:
2837:
2827:
2709:
2068:
1951:
1827:
1628:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1430:
1425:
1118:
1088:
493:
469:
348:
149:
105:
59:
3730:
3665:
3615:
3600:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3116:
2048:
2032:
2028:
2024:
1560:
1485:
1073:
1068:
1063:
644:
Herlihy's the Human Body in Health and
Illness 1st Anz Edition
418:
and other drugs at prescribed doses as well as at over-doses.
43:
3440:
3360:
2704:
2621:
2340:
2177:
1802:
1757:
1083:
842:
233:
2251:
1797:
1777:
1598:
529:
374:. All sympathomimetic amines fall into the larger group of
352:
199:
75:
218:
For maximum sympathomimetic activity, a drug must have:
751:
394:, although not by the same mechanism(s) as opioids or
101:) are stimulant compounds which mimic the effects of
680:
Medicinal
Chemistry of Adrenergics and Cholinergics
222:
Amine group two carbons away from an aromatic group
209:
1748:1-Methylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propane
4260:
2778:1-Benzyl-4-(2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl)piperidine
713:Patestas, Maria A.; Gartner, Leslie P. (2006).
712:
245:
27:Substance that mimics effects of catecholamines
4126:
3710:
858:
697:
702:(7th ed.). Pearson - Benjamin Cummings.
647:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 234–.
640:
4133:
4119:
3717:
3703:
865:
851:
698:Campbell, Neil A.; Reece, Jane B. (2005).
152:. Sympathomimetic drugs are used to treat
835:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
634:
287:
181:
14:
4261:
790:
729:"Pseudoephedrine Disease Interactions"
4114:
3698:
846:
260:can produce sympathomimetic effects.
256:Direct stimulation of the α- and β-
24:
4228:Hydroxyamphetamine (norpholedrine)
598:(Sudafed, SudoGest, also found in
339:
313:
25:
4280:
826:
797:American Journal of Roentgenology
442:) while sympathomimetics do not.
302:by dopaminergic agonists such as
1743:1-(4-Methylphenyl)-2-aminobutane
434:, but parasympatholytics reduce
324:Dopaminergic stimulants such as
240:
74:
58:
42:
3843:acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
2662:2-Phenyl-3,6-dimethylmorpholine
2356:N,alpha-Diethylphenylethylamine
641:Ellie Kirov (9 November 2021).
306:is used intravenously to treat
264:is a widely used direct-acting
210:Structure-activity relationship
3257:Troparil (β-CPT, WIN 35,065-2)
1858:2-Amino-1,2-dihydronaphthalene
872:
784:
745:
721:
706:
691:
673:
13:
1:
3895:Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
791:Imbesi, S G (December 1999).
628:
421:
246:Adrenergic receptor agonists
122:force of cardiac contraction
7:
3366:3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine
2906:2-Diphenylmethylpyrrolidine
2793:3,4-Dichloromethylphenidate
2788:2-Methyl-3-phenylpiperidine
606:
445:
33:Chemical structures of the
10:
4285:
2361:N,N-Dimethylphenethylamine
809:10.2214/ajr.173.6.10584789
715:A Textbook of Neuroanatomy
618:Sympathetic nervous system
547:methylenedioxypyrovalerone
317:
291:
249:
215:beta-adrenergic activity.
144:), which function as both
110:sympathetic nervous system
4213:
4161:
4067:
4000:
3952:
3893:
3841:
3817:
3794:
3785:
3742:
3679:
3353:
3280:
3082:
3074:Phenylpiracetam hydrazide
3054:
2896:
2768:
2680:
2597:
1733:
1680:
1637:
1579:
1406:
1238:
1205:
1137:
1054:
991:
933:8-Cyclopentyltheophylline
918:
880:
320:Monoamine releasing agent
272:. Other examples include
174:, blocking breakdown and
1398:Phthalimidopropiophenone
837:Medical Subject Headings
400:substituted amphetamines
4002:Prostaglandin analogues
2808:4-Methylmethylphenidate
2803:4-Fluoromethylphenidate
1912:β-Phenylmethamphetamine
1868:5-(2-Aminopropyl)indole
1803:4-Fluoromethamphetamine
1758:2-Fluoromethamphetamine
1363:Methylenedioxycathinone
833:Amines,+Sympathomimetic
717:. Blackwell Publishing.
114:sympathomimetic effects
3132:Dichloropane (RTI-111)
1937:3-Benzhydrylmorpholine
1907:β-Methylphenethylamine
1783:3-Fluoroethamphetamine
1768:2-Phenyl-3-aminobutane
538:(Meth, Crank, Desoxyn)
372:central nervous system
164:, among other things.
3247:Salicylmethylecgonine
2883:Serdexmethylphenidate
2607:3-Fluorophenmetrazine
2306:Dextromethamphetamine
2252:MDMA (midomafetamine)
1838:a-Ethylphenethylamine
1248:3-Fluoromethcathinone
920:Adenosine antagonists
770:10.1542/peds.83.5.737
288:Dopaminergic agonists
196:dopaminergic agonists
192:β-adrenergic agonists
188:α-adrenergic agonists
116:include increases in
91:Sympathomimetic drugs
4039:Latanoprostene bunod
3954:Beta blocking agents
3787:Parasympathomimetics
3581:Naphthylaminopropane
3092:4-fluorotropacocaine
2178:5-Iodo-2-aminoindane
2173:4-Hydroxyamphetamine
2010:Dimethoxyamphetamine
1788:3-Methoxyamphetamine
1139:Arylcyclohexylamines
938:8-Phenyltheophylline
928:8-Chlorotheophylline
258:adrenergic receptors
182:Mechanisms of action
2667:Pseudophenmetrazine
2479:Phenylpropanolamine
2399:-Norpseudoephedrine
2366:Naphthylamphetamine
2310:Levomethamphetamine
2237:MDA (tenamfetamine)
2079:Ethylnorepinephrine
2015:Dimethylamphetamine
1798:4-Fluoroamphetamine
1793:3-Methylamphetamine
1778:3-Fluoroamphetamine
1753:2-Fluoroamphetamine
1026:Levopropylhexedrine
412:phenylpropanolamine
392:physical dependence
308:hypertensive crisis
298:Stimulation of the
2857:Dexmethylphenidate
2843:Isopropylphenidate
2798:4-Benzylpiperidine
2783:2-Benzylpiperidine
2188:Indanylamphetamine
1283:4-Methylpentedrone
1268:4-Methylbuphedrone
685:2010-11-04 at the
252:Adrenergic agonist
4256:
4255:
4185:Methylscopolamine
4142:Ophthalmologicals
4108:
4107:
3889:
3888:
3729:preparations and
3692:
3691:
3631:Rubidium chloride
3102:Altropane (IACFT)
3016:Indapyrophenidone
2838:Methylnaphthidate
2599:Phenylmorpholines
2519:Propylamphetamine
2398:
2210:
1999:
1887:Dextroamphetamine
1378:N-Ethylbuphedrone
1318:Dimethylcathinone
1273:4-Methylcathinone
1031:Methylhexaneamine
654:978-0-7295-8853-9
499:Erythroxylum coca
428:Parasympatholytic
380:psychoactive drug
146:neurotransmitters
99:adrenergic amines
16:(Redirected from
4276:
4269:Sympathomimetics
4215:Sympathomimetics
4163:Anticholinergics
4135:
4128:
4121:
4112:
4111:
3792:
3791:
3744:Sympathomimetics
3719:
3712:
3705:
3696:
3695:
3112:CFT (WIN 35,428)
3097:4'-Fluorococaine
2961:Diphenylprolinol
2828:Ethylnaphthidate
2823:Diphenylpyraline
2459:Phenpromethamine
2396:
2331:Methoxyphenamine
2321:Methoxyphenamine
2222:Lisdexamfetamine
2208:
2122:Levofenfluramine
1997:
1957:Chlorphentermine
1690:4-Methylaminorex
1383:N-Ethylhexedrone
867:
860:
853:
844:
843:
821:
820:
803:(6): 1494–1496.
788:
782:
781:
749:
743:
742:
740:
739:
725:
719:
718:
710:
704:
703:
695:
689:
677:
671:
670:
638:
613:Adrenergic storm
559:4-methylaminorex
532:(Ecstasy, Molly)
518:lisdexamfetamine
464:benzylpiperazine
294:Dopamine agonist
160:, or even delay
95:adrenergic drugs
78:
62:
46:
21:
18:Sympathomimetics
4284:
4283:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4209:
4167:antimuscarinics
4157:
4139:
4109:
4104:
4063:
4007:
3996:
3948:
3898:
3885:
3837:
3813:
3781:
3738:
3725:Drugs used for
3723:
3693:
3688:
3675:
3576:Methiopropamine
3349:
3276:
3202:RTI-121 (IPCIT)
3078:
3069:Phenylpiracetam
3050:
2892:
2878:Propylphenidate
2853:Methylphenidate
2813:Desoxypipradrol
2764:
2676:
2652:Phendimetrazine
2593:
2569:Tranylcypromine
2524:Pseudoephedrine
2391:Normetanephrine
2386:Norfenfluramine
2302:Methamphetamine
2118:Dexfenfluramine
1891:Levoamphetamine
1873:2-Aminotetralin
1735:Phenethylamines
1729:
1676:
1633:
1575:
1402:
1343:Isoethcathinone
1234:
1201:
1133:
1050:
1041:Propylhexedrine
987:
914:
876:
871:
829:
824:
789:
785:
750:
746:
737:
735:
727:
726:
722:
711:
707:
696:
692:
687:Wayback Machine
678:
674:
655:
639:
635:
631:
609:
596:pseudoephedrine
590:propylhexedrine
553:methylphenidate
536:methamphetamine
448:
424:
416:methamphetamine
408:pseudoephedrine
390:, and possibly
384:abuse potential
342:
340:Abuse potential
334:propylhexedrine
322:
316:
314:Indirect-acting
296:
290:
269:
254:
248:
243:
212:
204:COMT inhibitors
184:
162:premature labor
93:(also known as
88:
87:
86:
85:
84:
79:
70:
69:
68:
63:
54:
53:
52:
47:
38:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4282:
4272:
4271:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4250:
4245:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4219:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4204:+phenylephrine
4197:
4192:
4190:Cyclopentolate
4187:
4182:
4177:
4171:
4169:
4159:
4158:
4138:
4137:
4130:
4123:
4115:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4082:
4077:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4056:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4022:
4011:
4009:
4005:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3958:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3931:
3926:
3912:
3906:
3904:
3891:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3878:
3872:
3867:
3858:
3853:
3847:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3824:
3822:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3800:
3798:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3754:
3748:
3746:
3740:
3739:
3722:
3721:
3714:
3707:
3699:
3690:
3689:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3571:Methastyridone
3568:
3566:Methamnetamine
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3371:Amfonelic acid
3368:
3363:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3286:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3117:β-CIT (RTI-55)
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3088:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3060:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2902:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2833:Ethylphenidate
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2774:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2686:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2603:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2538:Levosalbutamol
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2376:Norepinephrine
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2084:Etilamfetamine
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1739:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1686:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1643:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1412:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1244:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1211:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1152:Dieticyclidine
1149:
1143:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1060:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1046:Tuaminoheptane
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
1001:Cyclopentamine
997:
995:
989:
988:
986:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
963:Istradefylline
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
924:
922:
916:
915:
913:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
886:
884:
878:
877:
870:
869:
862:
855:
847:
841:
840:
828:
827:External links
825:
823:
822:
783:
764:(5): 737–741.
744:
720:
705:
690:
672:
653:
632:
630:
627:
626:
625:
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615:
608:
605:
604:
603:
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581:
575:
561:
556:
550:
544:
539:
533:
527:
521:
515:
503:
491:
479:
467:
461:
455:
447:
444:
423:
420:
365:norepinephrine
341:
338:
318:Main article:
315:
312:
292:Main article:
289:
286:
267:
250:Main article:
247:
244:
242:
239:
230:
229:
226:
223:
211:
208:
183:
180:
158:blood pressure
154:cardiac arrest
138:norepinephrine
130:catecholamines
126:blood pressure
112:. Examples of
80:
73:
72:
71:
66:Norepinephrine
64:
57:
56:
55:
48:
41:
40:
39:
35:catecholamines
32:
31:
30:
29:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4281:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4239:
4238:Phenylephrine
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4205:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4136:
4131:
4129:
4124:
4122:
4117:
4116:
4113:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4023:
4020:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4003:
3999:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3945:
3944:Methazolamide
3942:
3939:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3929:Diclofenamide
3927:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3910:Acetazolamide
3908:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3896:
3892:
3882:
3879:
3876:
3875:Physostigmine
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3828:Acetylcholine
3826:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3816:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3752:Apraclonidine
3750:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3720:
3715:
3713:
3708:
3706:
3701:
3700:
3697:
3687:
3683:
3678:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3651:Thiopropamine
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3551:Meclofenoxate
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3501:Hexacyclonate
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3416:Centanafadine
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3279:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3152:Ioflupane (I)
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2868:Phacetoperane
2866:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2657:Phenmetrazine
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2584:Xylopropamine
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2559:Theodrenaline
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2474:Phenylephrine
2472:
2470:
2469:Phenylalanine
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2409:Orciprenaline
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2282:Mephentermine
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1922:Benzphetamine
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1863:2-Aminoindane
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
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1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
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1779:
1776:
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1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
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1736:
1732:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
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1640:
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1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
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1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1353:Methcathinone
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1192:Tenocyclidine
1190:
1188:
1187:Rolicyclidine
1185:
1183:
1182:Phencyclidine
1180:
1178:
1177:Phencyclamine
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1147:Benocyclidine
1145:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1021:Isometheptene
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
998:
996:
994:
990:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
943:Aminophylline
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
925:
923:
921:
917:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
887:
885:
883:
879:
875:
868:
863:
861:
856:
854:
849:
848:
845:
838:
834:
831:
830:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
787:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
748:
734:
730:
724:
716:
709:
701:
694:
688:
684:
681:
676:
669:
664:
660:
656:
650:
646:
645:
637:
633:
624:
623:Sympatholytic
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
610:
601:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
584:phenmetrazine
582:
579:
576:
573:
569:
565:
564:oxymetazoline
562:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
543:
542:methcathinone
540:
537:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
512:
507:
504:
501:
500:
495:
492:
489:
488:
483:
480:
477:
476:
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
458:benzphetamine
456:
453:
450:
449:
443:
441:
437:
436:accommodation
433:
429:
419:
417:
413:
409:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
386:, can induce
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
345:Illegal drugs
337:
335:
331:
327:
321:
311:
309:
305:
301:
295:
285:
283:
279:
278:isoproterenol
275:
274:phenylephrine
271:
263:
259:
253:
241:Direct-acting
238:
235:
227:
224:
221:
220:
219:
216:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
179:
177:
173:
170:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
104:
100:
96:
92:
83:
77:
67:
61:
51:
45:
36:
19:
4214:
4089:+latanoprost
4080:Guanethidine
4068:Other agents
3982:Metipranolol
3923:+brimonidine
3915:Brinzolamide
3901:sulfonamides
3865:Fluostigmine
3743:
3606:Oxaprotiline
3556:Medifoxamine
3476:Fenpentadiol
3456:Dimethocaine
3451:Diclofensine
3431:Cropropamide
3426:Clofenciclan
3381:Amiphenazole
3335:7-Methyl-αET
3330:6-Fluoro-αMT
3310:5-Fluoro-αMT
3305:5-Chloro-αMT
3300:4-Methyl-αMT
3295:4-Methyl-αET
3137:Difluoropine
3122:Cocaethylene
3107:Brasofensine
3046:Pyrovalerone
2898:Pyrrolidines
2617:Fenmetramide
2612:Fenbutrazate
2589:Zylofuramine
2549:Solriamfetol
2381:Norfenefrine
2287:Metanephrine
2213:(Selegiline)
2203:Isoprenaline
2133:Feprosidnine
2114:Fenfluramine
2109:Fenethylline
2094:Famprofazone
1967:Cinnamedrine
1897:Amphetaminil
1848:Amfepentorex
1526:Sazetidine A
1491:Ispronicline
1456:Bradanicline
1408:Cholinergics
1323:Ethcathinone
1207:Benzazepines
1162:Eticyclidine
983:Theophylline
968:Paraxanthine
800:
796:
786:
761:
757:
747:
736:. Retrieved
732:
723:
714:
708:
699:
693:
675:
666:
643:
636:
599:
509:
497:
487:Catha edulis
485:
475:Catha edulis
473:
425:
404:
369:
355:also affect
343:
323:
297:
255:
231:
217:
213:
185:
169:postsynaptic
166:
113:
98:
94:
90:
89:
4200:Tropicamide
4195:Homatropine
4180:Scopolamine
4150:cycloplegia
4075:Dapiprazole
4059:Unoprostone
4029:+netarsudil
4025:Latanoprost
4015:Bimatoprost
3977:Levobunolol
3934:Dorzolamide
3870:Neostigmine
3856:Ecothiopate
3818:muscarinic/
3809:Pilocarpine
3777:Epinephrine
3772:Dipivefrine
3757:Brimonidine
3656:Thiothinone
3641:Tametraline
3626:Rauwolscine
3596:Nomifensine
3591:Nikethamide
3536:Lomevactone
3521:JNJ-7925476
3516:Indatraline
3491:GSK1360707F
3446:Desipramine
3436:Crotetamide
3421:Ciclazindol
3401:Benzydamine
3391:Atomoxetine
3386:Atipamezole
3282:Tryptamines
3252:Tesofensine
2818:Difemetorex
2770:Piperidines
2682:Piperazines
2544:Sibutramine
2514:Prenylamine
2464:Phentermine
2419:Oxifentorex
2316:Methoxamine
2292:Metaraminol
2128:Fenproporex
2099:Fencamfamin
2064:Epinephrine
1987:Clortermine
1977:Clobenzorex
1972:Clenbuterol
1947:Camfetamine
1883:Amphetamine
1853:Amidephrine
1725:Thozalinone
1705:Cyclazodone
1652:Armodafinil
1614:Pentetrazol
1594:Bicuculline
1581:Convulsants
1571:WAY-317,538
1566:Varenicline
1556:Tebanicline
1536:SSR-180,711
1521:Rivanicline
1516:Pozanicline
1511:PNU-282,987
1506:PNU-120,596
1501:PHA-543,613
1481:Epiboxidine
1476:Epibatidine
1441:Altinicline
1333:Flephedrone
1288:Amfepramone
1167:Gacyclidine
1011:Cyprodenate
993:Alkylamines
978:Theobromine
910:Rimantadine
882:Adamantanes
592:(Benzedrex)
572:Vicks Sinex
524:maprotiline
452:amphetamine
440:cycloplegia
326:amphetamine
300:D1 receptor
134:epinephrine
50:Epinephrine
4248:Pholedrine
4242:+ketorolac
4095:Omidenepag
4085:Netarsudil
4049:Travoprost
4044:Tafluprost
3992:Mepindolol
3851:Demecarium
3804:Aceclidine
3796:muscarinic
3636:Setazindol
3621:Rasagiline
3611:PNU-99,194
3561:Mefexamide
3531:Leptacline
3526:Lazabemide
3496:GYKI-52895
3486:Gilutensin
3411:BTS 74,398
3376:Amineptine
3325:5-MeO-DIPT
3157:Norcocaine
3147:FP-β-CPPIT
3142:FE-β-CPPIT
3064:Oxiracetam
3041:Prolintane
2760:Vanoxerine
2672:Radafaxine
2647:PD-128,907
2642:Oxaflozane
2627:Manifaxine
2554:Synephrine
2534:Salbutamol
2529:Ropinirole
2484:Pholedrine
2424:Oxilofrine
2414:Ortetamine
2404:Octopamine
2371:Nisoxetine
2227:Lophophine
2217:Lefetamine
2198:Isoetarine
2193:Iofetamine
2158:Hexapradol
2148:Furfenorex
2143:Formetorex
2089:Etilefrine
2074:Etafedrine
2044:Dopexamine
2029:Dextrodopa
2020:Dobutamine
2005:Denopamine
1992:Cypenamine
1962:Cilobamine
1917:Benfluorex
1902:Arbutamine
1843:Amfecloral
1833:Alfetamine
1715:Fluminorex
1710:Fenozolone
1700:Clominorex
1682:Oxazolines
1662:CRL-40,941
1657:CRL-40,940
1624:Strychnine
1619:Picrotoxin
1589:Anatoxin-a
1471:Dianicline
1388:Pentedrone
1358:Methedrone
1348:Mephedrone
1298:Buphedrone
1293:Benzedrone
1240:Cathinones
1197:Tiletamine
1157:Esketamine
1099:LY-503,430
1094:LY-404,187
1016:Heptaminol
1006:Cypenamine
958:Dimethazan
900:Bromantane
895:Amantadine
890:Adapromine
874:Stimulants
758:Pediatrics
738:2021-11-21
663:1287761421
629:References
586:(Preludin)
526:(Ludiomil)
508:(found in
496:(found in
484:(found in
472:(found in
422:Comparison
376:stimulants
304:fenoldopam
282:dobutamine
262:Salbutamol
118:heart rate
103:endogenous
4233:Ibopamine
4223:Ephedrine
4146:mydriasis
4100:Ripasudil
3972:Carteolol
3967:Betaxolol
3962:Befunolol
3833:Carbachol
3820:nicotinic
3767:Clonidine
3671:Yohimbine
3646:Tandamine
3616:PRC200-SS
3511:Indanorex
3481:Gamfexine
3471:Fenisorex
3396:Bemegride
3320:5-MeO-αMT
3315:5-MeO-αET
3262:Tropoxane
3036:Picilorex
3026:Naphyrone
2873:Pipradrol
2735:GBR-13119
2730:GBR-13098
2725:GBR-13069
2720:GBR-12935
2715:GBR-12783
2454:Phenatine
2277:Mefenorex
2211:-Deprenyl
2183:Ibopamine
2168:Hordenine
2153:Gepefrine
2104:Fencamine
2059:Ephedrine
2049:Droxidopa
2000:-Deprenyl
1878:Acridorex
1672:Modafinil
1667:Fluorenol
1647:Adrafinil
1639:Eugeroics
1604:Flurothyl
1531:SIB-1553A
1451:Arecoline
1446:Anabasine
1436:AR-R17779
1421:A-366,833
1393:Pentylone
1373:Mexedrone
1368:Methylone
1338:Hexedrone
1313:Cathinone
1303:Bupropion
1230:SKF-82958
1225:SKF-81297
1220:SKF-77434
1124:Sunifiram
1109:Org 26576
1104:Nooglutyl
1056:Ampakines
1036:Octodrine
973:SCH-58261
953:CGS-15943
905:Memantine
817:0361-803X
778:0031-4005
733:Drugs.com
668:pressure.
555:(Ritalin)
520:(Vyvanse)
506:ephedrine
482:cathinone
432:mydriasis
396:sedatives
388:tolerance
361:serotonin
330:ephedrine
172:receptors
4263:Category
4175:Atropine
4053:+timolol
4033:+timolol
4019:+timolol
3938:+timolol
3919:+timolol
3881:Paraoxon
3861:Stigmine
3761:+timolol
3727:glaucoma
3682:ATC code
3546:Mazindol
3506:Idazoxan
3466:Etamivan
3461:Efaroxan
3290:4-HO-αMT
3084:Tropanes
3056:Racetams
2911:4-Cl-PVP
2888:SCH-5472
2848:JZ-IV-10
2740:JJC8-088
2690:2C-B-BZP
2637:Morforex
2632:Morazone
2579:Tyrosine
2574:Tyramine
2564:Tiflorex
2449:Pentorex
2351:Morforex
2297:Mesocarb
2138:Fludorex
2039:Dopamine
2033:Levodopa
1982:Cloforex
1763:2-OH-PEA
1720:Pemoline
1695:Aminorex
1609:Gabazine
1496:Nicotine
1466:Cytisine
1461:Cotinine
1416:A-84,543
1328:Ethylone
1308:Butylone
1253:3,4-DMMC
1215:6-Br-APB
1172:Ketamine
1129:Unifiram
948:Caffeine
683:Archived
607:See also
602:species)
580:(Cylert)
578:pemoline
460:(Didrex)
454:(Evekeo)
446:Examples
357:dopamine
347:such as
270:-agonist
176:reuptake
156:and low
150:hormones
142:dopamine
106:agonists
82:Dopamine
3987:Timolol
3661:Trazium
3586:Nefopam
3541:LR-5182
3242:RTI-386
3237:RTI-371
3232:RTI-354
3227:RTI-336
3222:RTI-229
3217:RTI-177
3212:RTI-150
3207:RTI-126
3197:RTI-120
3192:RTI-113
3187:RTI-112
3127:Cocaine
2916:5-DBFPV
2863:Nocaine
2710:DBL-583
2069:Epinine
1952:Cathine
1828:AL-1095
1773:2,3-MDA
1629:Thujone
1551:TC-2216
1546:TC-1827
1541:TC-1698
1431:ABT-418
1426:ABT-202
1119:S-18986
1089:IDRA-21
700:Biology
600:Ephedra
511:Ephedra
502:, coca)
494:cocaine
490:, khat)
470:cathine
349:cocaine
132:(i.e.,
108:of the
3731:miosis
3666:UH-232
3601:O-2172
3354:Others
3182:RTI-51
3177:RTI-32
3172:RTI-31
2946:α-PHPP
2936:α-PHiP
2931:α-PCYP
2695:3C-PEP
2257:MDMPEA
1561:UB-165
1486:GTS-21
1278:4-MEAP
1084:CX-717
1079:CX-691
1074:CX-614
1069:CX-546
1064:CX-516
839:(MeSH)
815:
776:
661:
651:
549:(MDPV)
363:, and
332:, and
280:, and
194:, and
140:, and
124:, and
3441:D-161
3361:2-MDP
3272:WF-33
3267:WF-23
3011:MOPPP
3006:MOPVP
2986:MDPBP
2981:MDPPP
2966:DMPVP
2956:α-PVT
2951:α-PVP
2941:α-PHP
2926:α-PBP
2921:α-PPP
2745:MeOPP
2705:CM156
2622:G-130
2341:MMDMA
2272:MDPEA
1823:6-FNE
1818:4-MTA
1813:4-MMA
1263:4-CMC
1258:4-BMC
568:Afrin
466:(BZP)
378:(see
234:amine
200:MAOIs
4154:S01F
4148:and
3735:S01E
3686:N06B
3021:MDPV
3001:MPPP
2996:MPHP
2991:MPBP
2976:FPVP
2971:FPOP
2755:oMPP
2750:MBZP
2509:PPAP
2504:PMMA
2499:PMEA
2439:PCMA
2346:MMMA
2336:MMDA
2267:MDPR
2262:MDOH
2247:MDEA
2242:MDBU
2232:MBDB
2163:HMMA
2054:EBDB
2025:DOPA
1942:BPAP
1808:4-MA
1599:DMCM
1114:PEPA
813:ISSN
774:ISSN
659:OCLC
649:ISBN
530:MDMA
353:MDMA
351:and
148:and
97:and
3406:BTQ
3345:αMT
3340:αET
3167:PTT
3162:PIT
3031:PEP
2700:BZP
2494:PMA
2489:PIA
2444:PHA
2434:PCA
2429:PBA
2326:MMA
1932:BOH
1927:BDB
805:doi
801:173
766:doi
4265::
4144::
4031:,
4006:2α
4004:(F
3921:,
3684::
2308:,
2120:,
2031:,
1889:,
811:.
799:.
795:.
772:.
762:83
760:.
756:.
731:.
665:.
657:.
570:,
414:,
410:,
402:.
367:.
359:,
328:,
310:.
284:.
276:,
202:,
190:,
136:,
120:,
4244:)
4240:(
4206:)
4202:(
4165:/
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1998:D
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866:e
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268:2
266:β
20:)
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