463:
487:
502:
534:
546:
342:
1656:
522:
1664:
92:
451:
221:
232:: "conservative", "persistent" and "versatile", in chronological order. This classification was further refined by Monique Crick in 2010 into three types of decoration: "Sketchy", "Composed", and "Full "rim-to-rim"". The "Sketchy decoration" group uses "a vigorous, brushed style, painted freehand and spontaneously" by a single artisan. The later groups often use drawing in dark concentrated blue to create the design, which is then overpainted with a lighter wash, in the same style that is often used with black and turquoise in the polychrome enamels. Some of these pieces have visible pin pricks indicating where a
475:
149:
561:
19:
1187:
259:
283:. Other traditional markets for Chinese ceramics such as Korea and Vietnam seem not to be involved; they had already developed more traditional Chinese tastes favouring finely shaped monochrome wares or more delicately decorated styles. The dishes were used for display, and for dining; even royalty sat with guests on mats on the floor, eating communally from several large dishes, as early European visitors reported.
126:. Underglaze blue decoration had been common in Chinese ceramics for over two centuries, but polychrome enamels had been relatively unusual before this period. The pieces are mostly "large open forms such as dishes, painted with sketchy designs over the glaze in red, green, turquoise and black enamels". On the other hand, the "drawing has a spontaneity not found in the central tradition" of finer wares.
1105:
462:
241:
porcelain, which would have burnt the coloured enamels. They were then painted before a short second firing at about 800 °C. Common palettes are red, green and (rather less) yellow, and turquoise, red, green and black. The black, mainly used for line-drawing, was actually made from the cobalt used for underglaze blue, in impure and concentrated form.
400:
The Dutch East India
Company, founded in 1602, traded with Indonesia, a major market for the wares. They were not allowed to trade directly with China, and contented themselves with capturing any Portuguese, Spanish and Chinese vessels they could, and probably arranging deliveries to their bases by
286:
In Japan fragments have been found at prestigious castle and temple sites, and it seems that the rather crude vigour of the decoration appealed to the very sophisticated aesthetic sense of some
Japanese tea-masters, leaders of taste at the time. The smaller bowls and jars were more easily utilized
240:
The polychrome enamel wares may not have begun until the start of the 17th century, but then increased rapidly, forming about half of the Swatow pieces from the Binh Thuan wreck, which perhaps sank in 1608. The dishes were given a white slip coating, and fired at the high temperature necessary for
169:
in landscapes, especially manning boats, but sometimes as a main subject. Other motifs are sea-monsters and dragons, both oddly-shaped. Some dishes have
Islamic inscriptions in Arabic, intended for South East Asian Muslims rather than those further west. Some dishes show European ships, and
357:
of the same period was probably always sent in greater quantity there. This has many similarities but was all in underglaze blue and white. The
Portuguese had traded at Yuegang until expelled in 1548, but were allowed to return from 1567, and in 1577 were allowed to establish a station at
333:. There were thousands of "medium-sized dishes", as well as some blue and white ones up to 42 cm across, and smaller dishes and jars. There were many designs, repeated in batches, much as in modern ceramic output, but with the designs varying from the free and presumably rapid execution.
88:. The precise dates for the beginning and ending of production remain uncertain, but the evidence from archaeology suggests production between about 1575–1650, though an earlier start has been proposed. The peak levels of production may have ended around 1620.
413:
was adapted to suit
European tastes, which Swatow ware never seems to have been. Later Swatow wares may have been exported directly to Europe by the Dutch. These European trades have left fragments of Swatow ware at various land sites and wrecks around the
266:
Almost no examples of Swatow ware have been excavated in China itself, other than at the actual kiln sites, and it seems the wares were, like some other types, entirely made to export. The main markets were the islands of South-East Asia, especially modern
244:
A relatively rare type is decorated in both underglaze blue and white and overglaze enamels. These pieces were expensive to produce and seem to have been made for the
Japanese market. An example can be seen in the wall of dishes illustrated (D5).
236:
was fixed, presumably allowing rapid painting of the wash. The outline would have needed to dry before the wash was applied, suggesting that a number of artisans were involved in different stages of production requiring different levels of skill.
486:
164:
The most common subjects are birds in flight or at rest in or by water, and flowers. Animals, especially deer, set in a landscape are also common, as main subjects or in medallions in the border. Human figures are usually shown as
196:
split in two vertically by a funnel-like strip reserved in white, almost like a volcanic eruption", which has puzzled scholars; there are a number of suggestions as to its meaning. This is now interpreted by some, including the
439:
has an exceptional collection of some 170 pieces, with "the most representative range of the type", though in terms of shapes it concentrates on the large dishes. This was originally assembled in
Indonesia by a
129:
While "Swatow ware" is typically reserved for pieces with the characteristic styles of decoration, "Zhangzhou ware" also covers other types of wares made in the same kilns, for export or not, including large
434:
and Japan, where there are several good collections. They were generally not collected by the
Chinese and most Western and Chinese museums with good collections of ceramics have sparse holdings. The Dutch
501:
72:
Many authorities now prefer to call the wares
Zhangzhou ware, as it seems that Swatow did not become an important export port until the 19th century, and the wares were actually probably exported from
729:
185:
of various designs, and the numerous potteries were small concerns, far removed from the industrial scale of
Jingdezhen. Pieces were mostly wheel-thrown, but moulds were also used to form pieces.
366:
has a room decorated between 1664 and 1687 with a spectacular angled ceiling covered with Chinese blue and white porcelain dishes; three of these have been identified as Swatow ware.
521:
450:
174:, but at a considerable distance. Smaller numbers of pieces, often undecorated, are in a range of other background colours, especially blues and browns, usually achieved by
545:
313:
and half with overglaze enamels, the latter having suffered from the extended immersion in the sea. It may well be the ship recorded as lost at sea in 1608, which the
1655:
673:
560:
533:
1913:
57:
from which the wares were thought to have been shipped. The many kilns were probably located all over the coastal region, but mostly near
1815:
1800:
1663:
468:
Dish with Qu'ran verse, prayer, and professions of faith. Such designs were used for courtly welcome ceremonies in the Islamic islands.
1143:
213:, leaping above the building, while others retain an open mind. This design is one of many where the Chinese characters in "debased"
2254:
192:
has peculiarities, including the motif of the "split pagoda" where the central scene "is dominated by what resembles a three storey
2225:
474:
49:
wares initially intended for the Southeast Asian market. The traditional name in the West arose because Swatow, or present-day
1825:
181:
The pieces very often have grit from the kiln on the glaze at the foot, indicating rather careless making. They were fired in
2260:
2117:
1533:
1115:
2045:
2278:
1985:
1493:
2199:
2189:
1967:
2272:
2221:
1937:
1634:
1379:
1091:
382:
2003:
1991:
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1136:
1062:
1045:
1030:
2051:
341:
1961:
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2236:
2081:
1762:
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493:
436:
96:
907:
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91:
2194:
2323:
2318:
2099:
1919:
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in the Philippines, carried goods including Chinese luxuries between there and New World ports such as
202:
1015:, section "Swatow wares" in "China, §VIII, 3.6: Ceramics: Historical development", by Medley, Margaret
299:
2284:
1901:
1693:
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1129:
1018:
198:
153:
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make no sense, reflecting illiterate decorators producing for a market that could not read Chinese.
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1528:
1360:
1317:
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314:
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206:
111:
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A division of the blue and white wares into three "families" or broad groups has been proposed by
1486:
148:
2039:
2009:
1785:
1598:
1312:
220:
2248:
118:
is the most common, and was probably the only type of decoration at first, but there are many
99:; spot the repeated designs – there are at least three. Key: Top left = A1; bottom right = F9
26:
period, 1573–1620. The ship is drawn in black overglaze enamel, then loosely painted over in
1979:
1925:
1907:
1859:
1066:
288:
2087:
492:
Detail of the "split pagoda" motif. A different dish to that shown above; this one from the
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2230:
2184:
2153:
2143:
2138:
1592:
1176:
733:
171:
104:
69:, where several were excavated in the mid-1990s, which has clarified matters considerably.
1931:
224:
Deer in a landscape, in the "Composed decoration" style, using outline and wash technique.
18:
8:
2105:
1895:
1883:
152:
Dish with the path to the island of immortals, with "split pagoda" motif in the centre.
381:
trade. Swatow ware has been recovered from several Spanish sites and wrecks, including
2296:
2290:
1949:
1943:
1479:
107:, Swatow ware is generally coarse, crudely potted and often under-fired. Decoration in
54:
2204:
2163:
2021:
1973:
1865:
1087:
1058:
1041:
1026:
1012:
441:
415:
291:
and other contexts, and some Japanese pieces imitated Swatow shapes and decoration.
229:
210:
1073:
The Collection of Zhangzhou Ware at the Princessehof Museum, Leeuwarden, Netherlands
2075:
2033:
2015:
1889:
1871:
1847:
1820:
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1523:
1418:
1337:
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1216:
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1152:
123:
77:
46:
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2063:
1955:
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1715:
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175:
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represent Western ship's compasses. The designs show awareness of contemporary
2158:
2027:
1720:
1604:
1438:
378:
157:
136:
430:
The pieces have remained appreciated in their original markets, especially in
2312:
2069:
1830:
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1431:
1424:
1166:
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330:
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62:
23:
2168:
1586:
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1211:
419:
318:
258:
81:
42:
1877:
684:
Grove; Ströber, 16–17, 28; Medley, 233–235; Kerr & Mengoni; Miksic, 44
456:
A typical design centering on water birds, outline and wash in cobalt blue
1779:
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The Porcelain Room in Santos Palace (now the French Embassy in Portugal)
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508:
431:
309:; its excavation was published in 2004. The porcelain was about half
303:
272:
131:
85:
58:
27:
1997:
1725:
1568:
1251:
1201:
1121:
720:
Ströber, 30–32 has a full list; Medley, 234–236; Kerr & Mengoni
374:
326:
268:
166:
527:
Detail. The "sketchy" dish at lower right has a main human figure.
2093:
2057:
1562:
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1256:
1231:
1206:
402:
295:
233:
73:
50:
329:, perhaps intending to trade the ceramics for spices around the
30:
semi-translucent enamel, a typical technique with these colours.
1459:
1390:
1373:
1354:
1104:
406:
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363:
322:
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115:
66:
353:
European markets were probably much less significant, and the
302:
carried a cargo whose surviving elements were Swatow ware and
1366:
359:
1471:
1038:
The Chinese Potter: A Practical History of Chinese Ceramics
306:
160:. There are two more in the "wall of dishes": E1 and D4.
566:
Yellow-glazed olive-shaped vase, for the domestic market
349:, at lower left both under- and overglaze decoration.
134:
storage jars, whitewares, and a few figurines of the
122:
wares, using red, green, turquoise, black and yellow
1025:, pp. 123–124, 2011, Victoria & Albert Museum,
1055:Southeast Asian Ceramics: New Light on Old Pottery
178:, but also by applying coloured glazes all over.
2310:
1659:Ming plate 15th century Jingdezhen kilns Jiangxi
317:(VOC) had arranged to carry a cargo, mainly of
262:Dish in the freehand "Sketchy decoration" style
279:, together with Japan, such as those found in
1487:
1137:
401:Chinese ships. From 1624 they had a base on
1494:
1480:
1144:
1130:
345:Detail of wall of dishes: at lower right
340:
257:
219:
147:
90:
17:
2311:
1826:Chinese porcelain in European painting
1534:Chinese influences on Islamic pottery
1475:
1125:
1151:
1195:Earthenwares, stonewares and others
1118:from The Metropolitan Museum of Art
444:administrator in the 19th century.
41:is a loose grouping of mainly late
13:
2190:Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus
1662:
1654:
143:
14:
2340:
1635:Famille jaune, noire, rose, verte
1380:Famille jaune, noire, rose, verte
1097:
369:The Spanish, who were settled at
2249:Kuskovo State Museum of Ceramics
1667:Meissen hard porcelain vase 1735
1185:
1103:
1057:, 2009, Editions Didier Millet,
559:
544:
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473:
461:
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53:, was the South Chinese port in
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674:Figurine of Guanyin, dated 1615
667:
658:
294:A wreck off the south coast of
1116:A Handbook of Chinese Ceramics
1086:, 1991, British Museum Press,
1040:, 3rd edition, 1989, Phaidon,
649:
640:
631:
622:
613:
604:
595:
586:
577:
551:Another wall of dishes in the
425:
409:). The rather similar export
1:
2255:Sèvres – Cité de la céramique
2200:François Xavier d'Entrecolles
1501:
1084:Chinese Pottery and Porcelain
1005:
730:British Museum dish, PDF A709
383:SebastiĂŁo Rodrigues Soromenho
2237:Dresden Porcelain Collection
553:Princessehof Ceramics Museum
539:Detail of bird among flowers
494:Princessehof Ceramics Museum
480:Foliated dish with landscape
437:Princessehof Ceramics Museum
97:Princessehof Ceramics Museum
22:Detail of Swatow ware dish,
7:
762:Ströber, 11, 19; Miksic, 85
336:
10:
2345:
2279:Victoria and Albert Museum
610:Ströber, 12–13; Miksic, 85
248:
203:Victoria and Albert Museum
2285:Museum of Royal Worcester
2261:Musée des Arts Décoratifs
2226:Percival David Foundation
2220:British Museum (London):
2213:
2177:
2131:
1840:
1808:
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1772:
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1703:
1694:Japanese export porcelain
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1303:Jingdezhen/Imperial wares
1280:
1194:
1183:
1159:
199:Percival David Foundation
154:Percival David Foundation
103:Compared to contemporary
2195:Johann Friedrich Böttger
1529:Chinese export porcelain
693:Ströber, 14; Medley, 235
571:
362:. The Santos Palace in
315:Dutch East India Company
207:islands of the Immortals
1023:Chinese Export Ceramics
253:
1668:
1660:
350:
321:, to their station at
263:
225:
205:, as "the path to the
161:
100:
95:Wall of dishes in the
31:
1666:
1658:
389:, wrecked in 1595 at
344:
289:Japanese tea ceremony
261:
223:
151:
94:
21:
2231:The David Collection
2154:Overglaze decoration
2144:Hard-paste porcelain
2139:Soft-paste porcelain
1177:Green-glazed pottery
1112:at Wikimedia Commons
172:Jingdezhen porcelain
105:Jingdezhen porcelain
2088:Bing & Grøndahl
2052:Dihl & Guérhard
1950:Villeroy & Boch
511:, in the "Sketchy"
2297:Ludwigsburg Palace
2291:Walters Art Museum
1689:Japanese porcelain
1669:
1661:
1559:(16th century BCE)
1036:Medley, Margaret,
1021:, Mengoni, Luisa,
981:Grove; see gallery
945:Ströber, 46, 53–55
918:Ströber, 42, 53–55
870:Ströber, 32, 48–52
789:Ströber, 20, 25–26
753:Kerr & Mengoni
628:Ströber, 53, 35–36
601:Ströber, 13; Grove
515:style, before 1600
351:
264:
226:
162:
101:
55:Guangdong province
32:
2324:Culture in Fujian
2319:Chinese porcelain
2306:
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2205:Dmitry Vinogradov
2127:
2126:
2100:Wagner & Apel
1816:List of companies
1795:
1794:
1744:
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1649:
1607:(14th century on)
1601:(14th century on)
1595:(11th century on)
1524:Chinese porcelain
1469:
1468:
1272:Tang tomb figures
1108:Media related to
1065:, 9789814260138,
1013:Oxford Art Online
507:Swatow porcelain
416:Cape of Good Hope
230:Barbara Harrisson
211:Chinese mythology
124:overglaze enamels
2336:
1914:Saint Petersburg
1821:French porcelain
1806:
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1763:Korean porcelain
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1419:Five Great Kilns
1217:Longquan celadon
1189:
1153:Chinese ceramics
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1107:
1082:Vainker, S. J.,
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963:Ströber, 4, 9–10
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592:Vainker, 145–146
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393:, just north of
47:export porcelain
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2329:Teochew culture
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2243:Gardiner Museum
2222:Asia Department
2209:
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2064:Hutschenreuther
1836:
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1172:Terracotta Army
1160:Ancient pottery
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1100:
1051:Miksic, John N.
1033:, 9781851776320
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897:Ströber, 29, 27
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144:Characteristics
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2159:China painting
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2019:
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1637:(17th century)
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1631:(17th century)
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1625:(17th century)
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1619:(16th century)
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1613:(16th century)
1608:
1605:Blanc de Chine
1602:
1599:Blue and white
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1589:(12th century)
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1583:(10th century)
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1361:Blue and white
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1099:
1098:External links
1096:
1095:
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1080:
1071:Ströber, Eva,
1069:
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1007:
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852:Ströber, 37–38
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771:Ströber, 19–21
764:
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734:V&A Museum
722:
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664:Ströber, 15–18
657:
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637:Ströber, 23–24
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583:Ströber, 25–26
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513:blue and white
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448:
442:Dutch colonial
427:
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379:Manila galleon
338:
335:
311:blue-and-white
255:
252:
250:
247:
158:British Museum
145:
142:
137:blanc de Chine
112:blue and white
39:Zhangzhou ware
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2299:(Ludwigsburg)
2298:
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2267:Palace Museum
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1831:Armorial ware
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1565:(1st century)
1564:
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1557:Proto-celadon
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1539:Fonthill Vase
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1167:Proto-celadon
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906:Ströber, 41;
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498:
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488:
483:
476:
471:
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459:
452:
447:
446:
445:
443:
438:
433:
423:
421:
417:
412:
408:
404:
398:
396:
395:San Francisco
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
367:
365:
361:
356:
348:
347:Mount Penglai
343:
334:
332:
331:Spice Islands
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308:
305:
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297:
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278:
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117:
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110:
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89:
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83:
79:
75:
70:
68:
64:
63:Pinghe County
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
29:
25:
20:
16:
2233:(Copenhagen)
2169:Factory mark
2132:Technologies
2040:Clignancourt
1616:
1458:
1451:
1444:
1437:
1430:
1423:
1389:
1372:
1365:
1353:
1327:
1313:Transitional
1083:
1072:
1067:google books
1054:
1037:
1022:
995:
986:
977:
968:
959:
950:
941:
932:
923:
914:
902:
893:
884:
875:
866:
857:
848:
839:
830:
821:
812:
803:
794:
785:
776:
767:
758:
749:
740:
725:
716:
707:
698:
689:
680:
669:
660:
651:
646:Vainker, 146
642:
633:
624:
615:
606:
597:
588:
579:
429:
420:South Africa
399:
386:
368:
352:
319:Chinese silk
293:
285:
265:
243:
239:
227:
187:
183:dragon kilns
180:
163:
135:
128:
102:
82:Longhai City
71:
43:Ming dynasty
38:
34:
33:
15:
2293:(Baltimore)
2287:(Worcester)
2214:Collections
1980:Ludwigsburg
1962:Frankenthal
1938:Nymphenburg
1932:FĂĽrstenberg
1908:Capodimonte
1860:Saint-Cloud
1413:Mantou kiln
1408:Dragon kiln
1110:Swatow ware
999:Ströber, 37
990:Ströber, 15
954:Ströber, 50
861:Ströber, 48
843:Ströber, 35
834:Ströber, 27
825:Ströber, 25
816:Ströber, 23
807:Ströber, 22
798:Ströber, 22
780:Ströber, 19
744:Medley, 235
711:Medley, 235
702:Ströber, 14
655:Medley, 235
619:Medley, 234
426:Collections
387:San Agustin
277:Philippines
215:seal script
190:iconography
35:Swatow ware
2313:Categories
2275:(Istanbul)
2149:Bone china
2034:Copenhagen
2028:Loosdrecht
2010:Wallendorf
1593:Jingdezhen
1347:Decoration
1079:(60 pages)
1063:9814260134
1046:071482593X
1031:185177632X
1019:Kerr, Rose
1006:References
972:Ströber, 4
936:Miksic, 85
879:Miksic, 44
391:Drakes Bay
355:Kraak ware
325:in modern
300:Binh Thuan
281:Nan'ao One
120:polychrome
109:underglaze
2269:(Beijing)
2245:(Toronto)
2239:(Dresden)
2112:Porsgrund
2106:Rosenthal
2046:Hollóháza
1956:Worcester
1896:Vincennes
1884:Chantilly
1878:Rörstrand
1721:Nabeshima
1503:Porcelain
1385:Ash glaze
1281:Porcelain
509:albarello
432:Indonesia
304:cast iron
273:Indonesia
132:stoneware
86:Zhangzhou
59:Zhangzhou
28:turquoise
2281:(London)
2251:(Moscow)
2185:Chinamen
2118:Augarten
1998:Wedgwood
1944:Plymouth
1809:General:
1756:General:
1726:Kakiemon
1682:General:
1517:General:
1011:"Grove"
405:(modern
375:Acapulco
337:European
327:Malaysia
275:and the
269:Malaysia
167:staffage
140:type.
78:Haicheng
45:Chinese
2263:(Paris)
2257:(Paris)
2164:Biscuit
2094:Zsolnay
2070:Doulton
2058:Mintons
2022:Limoges
1920:Mennecy
1902:Chelsea
1866:Meissen
1587:Qingbai
1563:Celadon
1453:Meiping
1446:Hunping
1298:Qingbai
1212:Yaozhou
1207:Celadon
403:Formosa
397:.
377:in the
296:Vietnam
287:in the
249:Markets
234:stencil
74:Yuegang
51:Shantou
2178:People
2120:(1923)
2114:(1885)
2108:(1879)
2102:(1877)
2096:(1853)
2090:(1853)
2084:(1826)
2082:Herend
2078:(1822)
2076:Lichte
2072:(1815)
2066:(1814)
2060:(1793)
2054:(1781)
2048:(1777)
2042:(1775)
2036:(1775)
2030:(1774)
2024:(1771)
2018:(1768)
2012:(1764)
2006:(1763)
2004:Berlin
2000:(1759)
1994:(1760)
1992:Retiro
1988:(1759)
1982:(1758)
1976:(1757)
1970:(1756)
1968:Sèvres
1964:(1755)
1958:(1751)
1952:(1748)
1946:(1748)
1940:(1747)
1934:(1747)
1928:(1747)
1922:(1745)
1916:(1744)
1910:(1743)
1904:(1743)
1898:(1740)
1892:(1735)
1890:Doccia
1886:(1730)
1880:(1726)
1874:(1718)
1872:Vienna
1868:(1710)
1862:(1693)
1856:(1673)
1850:(1575)
1848:Medici
1841:Types:
1801:Europe
1786:Joseon
1780:Goryeo
1773:Types:
1736:Hirado
1731:Kutani
1704:Types:
1641:Canton
1629:Kangxi
1623:Tianqi
1617:Swatow
1550:Types:
1541:(1338)
1460:Gaiwan
1391:An hua
1374:Doucai
1355:Sancai
1338:Canton
1333:Tianqi
1328:Swatow
1318:export
1267:Shiwan
1262:Yixing
1247:Jizhou
1222:Cizhou
1090:
1061:
1044:
1029:
407:Taiwan
371:Manila
364:Lisbon
323:Johore
194:pagoda
116:cobalt
114:using
76:, now
67:Fujian
2016:Revol
1986:Weesp
1974:Derby
1854:Rouen
1749:Korea
1716:Imari
1711:Arita
1675:Japan
1611:Kraak
1510:China
1439:Guang
1367:Wucai
1323:Kraak
1308:Dehua
888:Grove
572:Notes
360:Macao
209:" of
176:slips
24:Wanli
1581:Ding
1575:Xing
1432:Ding
1425:Cong
1417:The
1293:Ding
1288:Xing
1242:Jian
1237:Guan
1227:Ding
1088:ISBN
1059:ISBN
1042:ISBN
1027:ISBN
307:woks
254:Asia
201:and
188:The
1926:Bow
1569:Yue
1252:Jun
1202:Yue
1077:PDF
418:in
385:'s
298:at
80:in
37:or
2315::
2224:/
1257:Ru
1232:Ge
1075:,
1053:,
732:;
422:.
271:,
84:,
65:,
61:,
1495:e
1488:t
1481:v
1145:e
1138:t
1131:v
156:/
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