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31:
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9 in). The recorded weights of adults range from 580 to 1,100 g (1.28 to 2.43 lb). Females are significantly larger than the males. In New
Zealand, 54 males averaged 640 g (1.41 lb) and 66 females averaged 870 g (1.92 lb). Going on mean weights and linear measurements, the swamp harrier may be by a slight margin the largest extant species of harrier but it is only marginally larger than some other species, like the marsh harriers and the
58:
333:
The swamp harrier only became established in New
Zealand within the last few hundred years, after lowland forests were extensively cleared by the first Polynesian settlers. It is absent from the fossil record. According to archeological and genetic research, humans arrived in New Zealand no earlier
350:
to New
Zealand, became extinct after human settlement. All swamp harrier remains from New Zealand that have been studied in detail are some 1000 years old at most, meaning that they post-date human settlement. There is no evidence for widespread coexistence of swamp and Eyles's harriers in New
275:
The swamp harrier is largely dark brown, becoming lighter with age, and has a distinct white rump. It hunts by flying slowly, low to the ground, on upswept wings. The body length is 48 to 62 cm (19 to 24.5 in), and the wingspan is 118 to 145 cm (3 ft 10 in to 4 ft
414:
This species nests on the ground, often in wetlands, on a mound in reeds or other dense vegetation. In some districts they nest in fields of oats or barley. The clutch size may range from two to seven, but is usually three or four. The
597:"High-precision dating and ancient DNA profiling of moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) eggshell documents a complex feature at Wairau Bar and refines the chronology of New Zealand settlement by Polynesians"
382:
and have also been heavily blamed and persecuted for killing chickens, pheasants and ducklings. Swamp harriers are the only bird of prey used for falconry in New
Zealand. The quarry is usually
684:
298:
267:, which are represented worldwide, except Antarctica. The sub-family and genus are derived from the characteristic behaviour of circling flight during courtship and hawking.
794:
707:
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period is 31 to 34 days, and is carried out by the female alone. Chicks are fed by both parents, are fully feathered by 28 days and
990:
1042:
1191:
534:
1047:
1206:
820:- The national centre for the conservation, education and advocacy of birds of prey in New Zealand. Location: Rotorua, NZ
334:
than about 1280, with at least the main settlement period between about 1320 and 1350, consistent with evidence based on
314:
The swamp harrier is widespread through
Australasia and many islands in the south-west Pacific region, including much of
286:
351:
Zealand. Apparently, despite their considerable differences, the two harriers were still ecologically similar enough to
1196:
804:
571:
252:. It arrived in New Zealand within the last 700 years, replacing the larger species, the extinct New Zealand endemic
1201:
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one another, and only when the endemic Eyles's harrier became extinct could the swamp harrier become established.
817:
358:
The swamp harrier has benefited from
European settlement, and is now very common, especially in open farmland.
330:
and as stragglers on some subantarctic islands. It is usually found in wetlands and well-watered open country.
867:
889:
595:
Jacomb, C.; Holdaway, R. N.; Allentoft, M. E.; Bunce, M.; Oskam, C. L.; Walter, R.; Brooks, E. (2014).
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1186:
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82:
30:
402:, frogs, and fish. During the winter months harriers feed to a large extent on carrion, including
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Walter, Richard; Buckley, Hallie; Jacomb, Chris; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth (2017-12-01).
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318:(except the arid region), New Zealand (where it is common in open country),
231:
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39:
1106:
1016:
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239:
235:
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The Birds of
Australia: A Book of Identification: 758 Birds in Colour
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335:
315:
94:
1021:
969:
823:
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A Guide to
Canterbury Museum's Edgar Stead Hall of New Zealand Birds
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which mob individuals. They have been known to kill the young of
323:
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The lost world of the moa : prehistoric life of New
Zealand
104:
1140:
964:
644:"Mass Migration and the Polynesian Settlement of New Zealand"
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433:
319:
124:
786:
795:
Handbook of
Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds
439:
754:"Which Birds Of Prey Are Available To NZ Falconers?"
406:, frequently falling victim to vehicles themselves.
394:The swamp harrier mainly feeds on ground birds and
781:BirdLife International (2006). Species factsheet:
529:. North Shore, New Zealand: Penguin. p. 275.
465:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22695363A111781121.en
485:Ferguson-Lees, J., & Christie, D. A. (2001).
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562:Worthy, Trevor H.; Holdaway, Richard N. (2002).
524:
561:
685:"Genealogies as a basis for Maori chronology"
548:
546:
259:The swamp harrier belongs to the sub-family
792:Marchant, S.; & Higgins, P. J. (eds.).
527:The field guide to the birds of New Zealand
309:
247:
731:Seaton, R.; Galbraith, M.; Hyde, N. 2013.
705:
202:
56:
29:
659:
566:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
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525:Heather, Barrie; Robertson, Hugh (2005).
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682:
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799:. Oxford University Press: Melbourne.
304:Immature flying in Victoria, Australia
828:
827:
727:
725:
1094:034ae6aa-06e9-4147-baf3-0ab02c8cb7cc
1182:IUCN Red List least concern species
511:Simpson, K., & Day, N. (1984).
451:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
398:, rabbits and other small mammals,
13:
722:
14:
1218:
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712:Journal of the Polynesian Society
689:Journal of the Polynesian Society
601:Journal of Archaeological Science
500:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses
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81:
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440:BirdLife International (2017).
366:Common enemies of harriers are
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423:about 45 days after hatching.
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1:
797:. Vol. 2: Raptors to Lapwings
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1192:Diurnal raptors of Australia
818:Wingspan Birds of Prey Trust
361:
292:Adult male soaring in flight
7:
683:Roberton, J. B. W. (1956).
648:Journal of World Prehistory
409:
10:
1223:
1207:Taxa named by Titian Peale
743:. www.nzbirdsonline.org.nz
498:Dunning Jr, J. B. (2007).
242:, it is also known by the
234:widely distributed across
224:Australasian marsh harrier
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661:10.1007/s10963-017-9110-y
621:10.1016/j.jas.2014.05.023
458:: e.T22695363A111781121.
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78:Scientific classification
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45:
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28:
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1197:Birds of prey of Oceania
741:New Zealand Birds Online
706:Te Hurinui, Pei (1958).
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310:Distribution and habitat
1202:Birds described in 1848
787:http://www.birdlife.org
389:
338:. The Eyles's harrier (
336:genealogical traditions
38:Adult swamp harrier at
248:
1128:Paleobiology Database
739:Miskelly, C.M. (ed.)
353:competitively exclude
222:), also known as the
487:Raptors of the world
374:which dive bomb and
228:Australasian harrier
708:"Maori genealogies"
613:2014JArSc..50...24J
386:and young rabbits.
380:New Zealand falcons
230:, is a large, slim
169:C. approximans
48:Conservation status
1159:Circus-approximans
929:BirdLife-Australia
895:Circus_approximans
882:Circus_approximans
868:Circus approximans
838:Circus approximans
785:. Downloaded from
783:Circus approximans
444:Circus approximans
376:European starlings
368:Australian magpies
340:Circus teauteensis
219:Circus approximans
187:Circus approximans
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1115:Open Tree of Life
830:Taxon identifiers
536:978-0-14-302040-0
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135:Accipitriformes
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16:Species of bird
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758:wingspan.co.nz
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789:on 4/12/2006
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469:. Retrieved
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342:), a larger
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232:bird of prey
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145:Accipitridae
40:Hamilton Zoo
18:
1017:iNaturalist
862:Wikispecies
695:(1): 45–54.
471:12 November
271:Description
240:New Zealand
236:Australasia
1176:Categories
1154:Xeno-canto
776:References
417:incubation
396:waterbirds
263:and genus
670:1573-7802
629:0305-4403
607:: 24–30.
362:Behaviour
316:Australia
163:Species:
101:Kingdom:
95:Eukaryota
1141:Species+
1061:22695363
1035:10215540
983:45518724
921:22695363
916:BirdLife
847:Wikidata
763:19 March
582:46634728
421:fledging
410:Breeding
404:roadkill
400:reptiles
346:species
261:Circinae
141:Family:
115:Chordata
111:Phylum:
105:Animalia
91:Domain:
68:IUCN 3.1
996:5229172
970:swahar1
944:swahar1
903:Avibase
853:Q605827
609:Bibcode
348:endemic
344:harrier
324:Vanuatu
151:Genus:
131:Order:
121:Class:
66: (
1133:372508
1120:766820
1091:NZOR:
1081:NZBO:
1074:387821
1048:559298
803:
668:
627:
580:
570:
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384:pūkeko
265:Circus
196:, 1849
156:Circus
1107:73182
1030:IRMNG
965:eBird
941:BOW:
427:Notes
246:name
244:Māori
238:. In
194:Peale
1146:8944
1069:NCBI
1056:IUCN
1043:ITIS
1022:5168
1009:1246
1004:GISD
991:GBIF
957:VG7V
801:ISBN
765:2020
666:ISSN
625:ISSN
578:OCLC
568:ISBN
531:ISBN
473:2021
456:2017
390:Diet
320:Fiji
249:kāhu
212:The
125:Aves
978:EoL
952:CoL
890:AFD
877:ADW
656:doi
617:doi
460:doi
226:or
1178::
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756:.
737:In
735:.
724:^
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714:.
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693:65
691:.
687:.
664:.
652:30
650:.
646:.
623:.
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603:.
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545:^
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672:.
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446:"
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216:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
