Swaddling - Knowledge

295:. These women thus become mothers to a stranger's children, who by nature mean so little to them that they seek only to spare themselves trouble. A child unswaddled would need constant watching; well swaddled it is cast into a corner and its cries are ignored . It is claimed that infants left free would assume faulty positions and make movements which might injure the proper development of their limbs. This is one of the vain rationalizations of our false wisdom which experience has never confirmed. Out of the multitude of children who grow up with the full use of their limbs among nations wiser than ourselves, you never find one who hurts himself or maims himself; their movements are too feeble to be dangerous, and when they assume an injurious position, 171: 255: 100: 335: 191: 31: 364:

cultures show swaddling practices; further 19% use other methods of movement restriction for infants. Some authors assume that the popularity of swaddling is growing in the U.S., Great Britain and the Netherlands. A British sample showed up 19.4% of the babies are swaddled at night. In Germany, swaddling is not used as routine care measure. For example, the standard work on regulatory disturbances by Papusek does not mention swaddling at all.

287:, it has hardly begun to move and stretch its limbs, when it is given new bonds. It is wrapped in swaddling bands, laid down with its head fixed, its legs stretched out, and its arms by its sides; it is wound round with linen and bandages of all sorts so that it cannot move . Whence comes this unreasonable custom? From an unnatural practice. Since mothers despise their primary duty and do not wish to 398:

children, but after a few days the effect of the introduction of regularity with swaddling is exactly the same as the regularity on its own. In other words: after a few days swaddling is completely unnecessary. It is therefore contraindicated to address the potential risk of swaddling, because the effect is only for a short term available, but after a little while is negligible.

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1990s, the medical community has recommended placing babies on their back to sleep to reduce the risk of SIDS. As studies proved swaddled babies sleep better in the back sleeping position, swaddling has become increasingly popular and recommended so parents avoid the dangerous stomach sleeping position. Swaddling also prevents newborns waking themselves with their

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infant. Some of these products employ Velcro patches or other fasteners. Some parents prefer a specialized device because of the relative ease of use, and many parents prefer a large square receiving blanket or wrap because they can get a tighter and custom fit and the baby will not outgrow the blanket.

1432:

Bystrova, Ksenia; Widström, Ann-Marie; Matthiesen, Ann-Sofi; Ransjö-Arvidson, Anna-Berit; Welles-Nyström; Barbara, Vorontsov, Igor; Uvnäs-Moberg, Kerstin (2007 b). Early lactation performance in primiparous and multiparous women in relation to different maternity home practices. A randomised trial in

63:

A few authors are said to be of the opinion that swaddling is becoming popular again, although medical and psychological opinion on the effects of swaddling is largely against. Some modern medical studies indicate that swaddling helps babies fall asleep and to remain asleep and helps to keep the baby

1424:

Bystrova, Ksenia; Widström, Ann-Marie; Matthiesen, Ann-Sofi; Ransjö-Arvidson, Anna-Berit; Welles-Nyström; Barbara, Vorontsov, Igor; Uvnäs-Moberg, Kerstin (2003). Skin-to-skin contact may reduce negative consequences of "the stress of being born": a study on temperature in newborn infants, subjected

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of 1965 dealt with a modern swaddling form. The researchers described the two main effects of tightly wrapping babies: they are motorically calm and sleep much. These effects are detected by means of various psycho-physiological parameters, such as heart rate, sleep duration and duration of crying.

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Swaddling as a medical intervention with a clearly limited indication range is used in the care practices of premature babies. Also swaddling is used for reducing pain in such care actions as collecting blood at the heel. The swaddling of these premature babies (very low birth weight infants) takes

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By the time the baby is learning to roll over, often around 4–5 months, parents and caregivers should transition the baby from swaddling to a less restrictive covering for sleep. If the baby can roll over, then it is important for the baby to have use of its hands and arms to adjust his or her head

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Loose and ineffective swaddling techniques made while using an undersized blanket can generally be kicked off by a wakeful baby. It is important for caregivers to accomplish a secure swaddle to ensure the blanket does not become loose and the baby remains wrapped during the sleep period. The act of

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paintings are now replaced with cotton receiving blankets, cotton muslin wraps, or specialised "winged" baby swaddles. Modern swaddling is becoming increasingly popular today as a means of settling and soothing irritable infants and helping babies sleep longer with fewer awakenings. Since the early

1428:

Bystrova, Ksenia; Widström, Ann-Marie; Matthiesen, Ann-Sofi; Ransjö-Arvidson, Anna-Berit; Welles-Nyström; Barbara, Vorontsov, Igor; Uvnäs-Moberg, Kerstin (2007 a). The effect of Russian Maternity Home routines on breastfeeding and neonatal weight loss with special reference to swaddling. In: Early

1376:

Adolph, Karen E.; Karasik (Vishnevetsky), Lana B.; Tamis-LeMonda, Catherine S. (2010). Moving Between Cultures: Cross-Cultural Research on Motor Development. In: Marc H. Bornstein (Hg.). Handbook of cross-cultural developmental science, Vol. 1, Domains of development across cultures. New York. (S.

162:

Swaddling clothes described in the Bible consisted of a cloth tied together by bandage-like strips. After an infant was born, the umbilical cord was cut and tied, and then the baby was washed, rubbed with salt and oil, and wrapped with strips of cloth. These strips kept the newborn child warm, and

461:

In the most important contemporary study on swaddling practices in maternity wards by Bystrova et al., it is shown that swaddling in the hours after birth is linked with delayed recovery from post-natal weight loss. A positive effect on the recovery is given by direct skin-to-skin contact between

219:

I also saw right and straight children created by God and born into this world by humans, who became nevertheless bent and lame men, who never got straight and healthy thighs. (…) In addition, I have for instance let a child lay again down and tied up, so that I see, in which way he was swaddled.

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Swaddling is still practiced worldwide. In some countries, swaddling is the standard treatment of babies. In Turkey, for instance, 93.1% of all babies become swaddled in the traditional way. According to the Human Relations Area Files (HRAF), 39% of all documented contemporary non-industrialized

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To avoid hip dysplasia risk, the swaddle should be done in such a way that the baby is able to move his or her legs freely at the hip. This is more easily done with a large blanket that can keep the arms in place while allowing the legs flexibility, all while allowing for proper hip development.

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Modern specialized baby swaddles are designed to make it easier to swaddle a baby than with traditional square blanket. They are typically fabric blankets in a triangle, 'T' or 'Y' shape, with 'wings' that fold around the baby's torso or down over the baby's shoulders and around underneath the

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But besides the Mischief arising from the Weight and Heat of these Swaddling-cloaths, they are put on so tight, and the Child is so cramp'd by them, that its Bowels have not room, nor the Limbs any Liberty, to act and exert themselves in the free easy Manner they ought. This is a very hurtful

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and babies with detectable organic brain damage. Swaddling enhances the REM sleep (active sleep) and also the whole sleep duration. The effect of swaddling on the regulatory disturbance excessive crying is not very convincing: By adding the swaddling there is an immediate "calming" effect on

433:

Swaddling was supposed to keep babies on their back, in order to prevent SIDS. Swaddling itself is not seen as a protective factor for SIDS. Swaddling may even increase the risk when babies sleep in the prone position; it reduces the risk if they sleep in the supine position. A recent study

418:) leads to a delayed onset of walking. An older Austrian study showed that swaddled Albanian babies showed a delayed ability to crawl and reach things with their hands. This shows the need for further substantial scientific clarifying regarding the impairment of motor skills by swaddling. 207:

times, swaddling involved wrapping the new baby in linen bands from head to foot to ensure the baby would grow up without physical deformity. A stay band would be attached to the forehead and the shoulders to secure the head. Babies would be swaddled like this until about 8 or 9 months.

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who would leave babies in their care swaddled for long periods without washing or comforting them. More than a hundred years after Würtz, physicians and philosophers from England began to openly criticize swaddling and finally demanded its complete abolishment. The British philosopher

245:(1711–1797) seems to have been the first physician who pleaded for the complete abolition of swaddling. In his "Essay upon Nursing" of 1748, he expressed his view of contemporary child care, swaddling, the topic of too much clothing for infants and overfeeding. He wrote: 1546:

Gilbert, R., Rudd, P; Berry, P. J.: Fleming, P. J.; Hall, E.; White, D. G.; Oreffo, V. O., James, P.; Evans, J. A. (1992). Combined effect of infection and heavy wrapping on the risk of sudden unexpectedinfant death. In: Archives of Disease in Childhood, 67, S.

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Mafart, B.; Kéfi, R.; Béraud-Colomb, E. (2007). Palaeopathological and Palaeogenetic Study of 13 Cases of Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip with Dislocation in a Historical Population from Southern France. In: International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 17, S.

1713:

Van Sleuwen, B. E., L’Hoir, M. P.; Engelberts, A. C.; Busschers, W. B.; Westers, P.; Blom, M. A. et al. (2006). Comparison of behavior modification with and without swaddling as interventions for excessive crying. In: Journal of Pediatrics, 149 (4), S.

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Blair, Peter S.; Sidebotham, Peter; Evason-Coombe, Carol; Edmonds, Margaret; Fleming, Peter. (2009). Hazardous cosleeping environments and risk factors amenable to change: case-control study of SIDS in south west England. British Medical Journal, 339,

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And so it was, that, while they were there, the days were accomplished that she should be delivered. And she brought forth her firstborn son, and wrapped him in swaddling clothes and laid him in a manger; because there was no room for them in the inn.

1490:

Fearon, Isabel; Kisilevsky, Barbara; Mains, Sylvia; Muir, Darwin W.; Tranmer, Joan. (1997). Swaddling After Heel Lance: Age-Specific Effects on Behavioral Recovery in Preterm Infants. In: Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 18 (4), S.

1675:

Short, Mary A.; Brooks-Brunn, Jo Ann, Reves, Deborah S.; Yeager, Janet, Thorpe, Jean Ann (1996) The Effects of Swaddling Versus Standard Positioning on Neuromuscular Development in Very Low Birth Weight Infants. In: Neonatal Network, 15 (4). S.

1720:

Würtz, Felix (1612). Kinderbüchlein. In: Felix Würtz. Wund-Artzney. Basel. p. 674-730. (First edition 1612, printed 1675): Felix Wuertzen / Weiland des berühmten Wundarztes zu Basel Wund-Artzney / darinnen allerhand schädliche Missbräuche

1709:

Van Sleuwen, B. E.; L’Hoir, M. P.; Engelberts, A. C.; Westers, P.; Schulpen, T. W. J. (2003). Infant care practices related to cot death in Turkish and Moroccan families in the Netherlands. In: Archives of Disease in Childhood, 88, S.

1380:

Akman, Alp; Korkmaz, Ayşe; Aksoy, M. Cemalettin; Yazici, Muharrem; Yurdakök, Murat, Tekinalp, Gülsevin (2007). Evaluation of risk factors in developmental dysplasia of the hip: results of infantile hip ultrasonography. In:

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mother and baby in the hours after birth. Skin-to-skin contact was shown to reduce the impact of the stress of being born, with babies maintaining their body temperature to a greater degree than those swaddled in a nursery.

1700: 695: 1690:

Task Force on Infant Sleep Position and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (2000). Changing concepts of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: Implications for infant sleeping environment and sleep position. In: Pediatrics, 105 (3), S.

1542:

Gerard, Claudia M.; Harris Kathleen A., Thach, Bradley T. (2002 b). Physiologic studies on swaddling: An ancient child care practice, which may promote the supine position for infant sleep. Journal of Pediatrics, 141, S.

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demonstrated now, that swaddling is apparently a risk factor for SIDS, although the opposite was often previously assumed: Of the babies who died of SIDS, 24% were swaddled; in the control-groups only 6% were swaddled.

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There I then really saw, where it was gone wrong (…). By misunderstanding however they wanted to bind him straight, but in fact they bind him bent and tighten the bandages hard, so that the child cannot have peace (….).

1705:

Van Gestel, Josephus Petrus Johannes, L’Hoir, Monique Pauline, ten Berge, Maartje, Jansen, Nicolaas Johannes Georgius, Plötz, Frans Berend (2002). Risks of Ancient Practices in Modern Times. In: Pediatrics, 110, S.

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Kutlu, Abdurrahman; Memik, Recep; Mutlu, Mahmut; Kutlu, Ruhusen; Arslan, Ahmet (1992). Congenital Dislocation of the Hip and Its Relation to Swaddling Used in Turkey. In: Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics, 12, S.

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Chaarani, M.W.; Al Mahmeid, M.S.; Salman, A.M. (2002). Developmental dysplasia of the hip before and after increasing community awareness of the harmful effects of swaddling. In: Qatar Medical Journal, 11 (1), S.

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place only very loosely. It is meant to hold the weak arms at the body and make certain movements possible. This "swaddling" is something completely different from traditional swaddling in the stretched position.

1504:

Gerard, Claudia, Harris, Kathleen A., Thach, Bradley T., (2002 a). Spontaneous Arousals in Supine Infants While Swaddled and Unswaddled During Rapid Eye Movement and Quiet Sleep: Pediatrics, 110, S. e70-e77

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Franco, Patricia; Seret, Nicole; van Hees, Jean-Noël; Scaillet, Sonia; Groswasser, José; Kahn, André (2005). Influence of Swaddling on Sleep and Arousal Characteristics of Healthy Infants: Pediatrics, 115,

1091:

See Lipton et al (1965), S. 564 mentioning Sofue, T.; Suye, H.; Murakami, T (1957). Anthropological study of Ejiko, Japanese cradle for child. Journal of the anthropological society of Nippon, 66, S. 77-91.

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Tight swaddling, particularly where the head is covered, reduces the baby's ability to cool its body temperature which can lead to hyperthermia. In one case, a heavily wrapped child died of hyperthermia.

1717:

Van Sleuwen, Bregje E.; Engelberts, Adèle C.; Boere-Boonekamp, Magda M.; Kuis, Wietse, Schulpen, Tom W.J.; L'Hoir, Monique P. (2007). Swaddling: A Systematic Review. In: Pediatrics, 120, S. e1097-e1106.

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Tight chest wrapping or swaddling has been associated with an increased risk of pneumonia. Traditional tight swaddling simulates a strait jacket and prevents baby from moving their arms to self-settle.

1566:

Long, Tony (2007). Adding swaddling to behaviour modification in infant care did not reduce excessive crying in healthy infants <13 weeks of age at randomisation. Evidence Based Nursing,10, S. 42.

1459:

Danzinger, Lotte, Frankl, Liselotte (1934). Zum Problem der Funktionsreifung: erster Bericht über Entwicklungsprüfungen an albanischen Kindern. In: Zeitschrift für Kinderforschung, 43, S. 219–254.

1501:

Frenken, Ralph (2011 b). Psychology and history of swaddling: Part two – The abolishment of swaddling from the 16th century until today. In: The Journal of Psychohistory, 39 (3), p. 219-245.

1669:

Papousek, Mechthild; Schieche, Michael; Wurmser, Harald (Eds.) (2004) Regulationsstörungen der frühen Kindheit. Frühe Risiken und Hilfen im Entwicklungskontext der Eltern-Kind-Beziehungen. Bern.

1672:

Richardson, Heidi L.; Walker, Adrian M.; Horne, Rosemary (2009). Minimizing the Risks of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: To Swaddle or Not to Swaddle? In: The Journal of Pediatrics, 155, 475–481.

414:. In other areas of the motor development, clear delays of the development show up even when mild restrictions take place. A Japanese study concluded that the application of the basket cradle ( 1473:

DeMeo, James (2006). Saharasia: The 4000 BCE Origins of Child Abuse, Sex-Repression, Warfare and Social Violence, In the Deserts of the Old World (Revised Second ed.). Natural Energy Works.

1697:

Thompson, Charles John S. (March 1922). "Greco-Roman votive offerings for health in the Wellcome Historical Medical Museum". Health (Wellcome Library, London, UK: Hazell, Watson and Viney).

1556:

Kremli, Mamoun K.; Alshahid, Ahmed H.; Khoshhal, Khalid I.; Zamzam, Mohammed M. (2003). The pattern of developmental dysplasia of the hip: In: Saudi Medical Journal, 24 (10), S. 1118–1120.

239:, becoming a lobbyist for not binding babies at all. This thought was very controversial during the time, but slowly gained ground, first in England and later elsewhere in Western Europe. 72:(SIDS). However, another study indicated that swaddling increased the risk of SIDS. Additionally, emerging evidence is showing that certain swaddling techniques may increase the risk of 1563:

Lipton, Earle L., Steinschneider, Alfred, Richmond, Julius B. (1965). Swaddling, a Child Care Practice: Historical, Cultural, and Experimental Observations: Pediatrics, 35, S. 521–567.

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swaddling does carry a risk of the baby overheating if the caregiver uses multiple blankets that are too thick or uses thick fluffy fabric that creates excessive thermal insulation.

1656:

Meyer, L. E.; Erler, T. (2009). Schlafqualität bei Säuglingen: Polysomnographisch gestützter Vergleich unter Wickel-(Swaddling-) Bedingungen. In: Somnologie, 13, S. 24–28.

588: 430:(SIDS) are unclear. A 2016 review found tentative evidence that swaddling increases risk of SIDS, especially among babies placed on their stomachs or side while sleeping. 355:

position after rolling over. The traditional swaddling uses flat strings for babies to be tied; care is needed not to tie them too hard or blood flow would be restricted.

1442:

Caglayan, Suat; Yaprak, Isin; Seçkin, Ebru; Kansoy, Savas; Aydinlioglu Halil (1991). A different approach to sleep problems of infancy: swaddling above the waist. In:

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The research group around the Dutch biologist van Sleuwen in 2007 confirms this picture in their latest meta-analysis of medical studies on swaddling and its effects.

1570:

Long, T. (2007). "Adding swaddling to behaviour modification in infant care did not reduce excessive crying in healthy infants <13 weeks of age at randomisation".

1659:

Nelson, Edmund Anthony Severn; Schiefenhoevel, Wulf; Haimerl, Felizitas (2000). Child Care Practices in Nonindustrialized Societies. In: Pediatrics, 105, S. e75.

1484:

Dennis, Wayne (1940 a). Infant Reaction to Restraint: An Evaluation of Watson's Theory. In: Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2 (2), S. 202–219.

1453:

Cheng, Tina L.; Partridge, J. Colin (1993). Effect of Bundling and High Environmental Temperature on Neonatal Body Temperature. In: Pediatrics, 92, S. 238–240.

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A pediatrician found in his sample the flattening of the occipital aspect of the head of babies, who were wrapped tightly and lay in their traditional cradles.

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In the seventeenth century, the scientific opinion towards swaddling began to change. There was an association of neglect with swaddling, especially regarding

1409:

Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (1995). "Swaddling". The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (reprint, revised ed.). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. pp. 670.

1727:

Yurdakok, Kadrye; Yavuz, Tuna; Taylor, Carl E. (1990). Swaddling and Acute Respiratory Infections. In: American Journal of Public Health, 80 (7), S. 873–875.

1436:

Bystrova, Ksenia (2008). Skin-to-skin contact and early suckling in the postpartum: effects on temperature, feeding and mother-infant interaction. Stockholm.

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clothes have been excavated. Apparently, these were frequently given as thank-offerings by anxious mothers when their infants had recovered from sickness.

864:

van Gestel, Josephus Petrus Johannes; Monique Pauline L’Hoir; Maartje ten Berge; Nicolaas Johannes Georgius Jansen; Frans Berend Plötz (6 December 2002).

1406:

Bloch, Aaron (1966). The Kurdistani Cradle Story: A Modern Analysis of This Centuries-Old Infant Swaddling Practice. In: Clinical Pediatrics, 5, 641–645.

1694:

Thach, Bradley T. (2009). Does Swaddling Decrease or Increase the Risk for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome? In: The Journal of Pediatrics, 155, S. 461–462.

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Modern medical studies of swaddling use a form that is considerably shorter and less severe than the historical forms. The classical study by Lipton

1724:

Young Holliday, Diane (2005). Occipital lesions: A possible cost of cradleboards. In: American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 90 (3), S. 283–290.

1388:

Bacon, C. J.; Bell, S. A.; Clulow, E E; Beattie, A. B. (1991). How mothers keep their babies warm. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 66, S. 627–632.

1029:(2007), p. e1097, e1101, e1102 and especially p. e1103, where 3 of 5 central and empirically convincing effects are concerned with immature babies! 465:

Another study by Bystrova also indicates that maternal behavior develops less under swaddling conditions, and reciprocity within the mother-child

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However, severe restrictions on the scope of these studies should be kept in mind, because most of the positive effects mentioned by van Sleuwen

1663: 796: 632: 1498:

Frenken, Ralph (2011 a). Gefesselte Kinder: Geschichte und Psychologie des Wickelns. Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Bachmann. Badenweiler.

1653:

Mahan, Susan T.; Kasser, James R., (2008). Does Swaddling Influence Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip? Pediatrics, 121, S. 177–178.

1202:

See Blair et al. (2009). In the sample, one quarter of the babies who died of SIDS were swaddled. See also Richardson et al. (2009).

927:

See Caglayan et al (1991), p. 117, the statistics are from the Turkish population and health survey (1978), Ankara, p. 78, 82, 114.

585: 1153:

Pease, A. S.; Fleming, P. J.; Hauck, F. R.; Moon, R. Y.; Horne, R. S. C.; Lhoir, M. P.; Ponsonby, A.-L.; Blair, P. S. (2016).

1684: 1478: 1467: 1439:

Cadogan, William (1748). An essay upon nursing and the management of children from their birth to three years of age. London.

1414: 810: 761: 726: 678: 642: 671:

Saharasia: The 4000 BCE Origins of Child Abuse, Sex-Repression, Warfare and Social Violence, In the Deserts of the Old World

1309:

See van Gestel et al. (2002). See also Task Force on Infant Sleep Position and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (2000), p. 654.

1553:

Kennell, J. H.; McGrath, S.K. (2003). Beneficial effects of skin-to-skin contact. In: Acta Paediatrica, 92, S. 272–273.

1300:

See Bacon et al (1991), p. 627 ff., Cheng & Partridge (1993), p. 238 ff., also van Sleuwen et al. (2007), p. e1101.

407: 258: 235: 1443: 1382: 863: 250:

Circumstance, for Limbs that are not used, will never be strong, and such tender Bodies cannot bear much Pressure.

164: 1738: 1510:"Spontaneous Arousals in Supine Infants While Swaddled and Unswaddled During Rapid Eye Movement and Quiet Sleep" 538:"Spontaneous Arousals in Supine Infants While Swaddled and Unswaddled During Rapid Eye Movement and Quiet Sleep" 1764: 183: 1550:

Gilbert, R. (1994). The changing epidemiology of SIDS. In: Archives of Disease in Childhood, 70, S. 445–449.

427: 150: 69: 1774: 242: 1327:

See Bloch (1966). p. 645 (Kurdish sample), also Young (2005) for a prehistoric indigenous population.

170: 60:

were often used to further restrict the infant. Swaddling fell out of favour in the 17th century.

753: 275: 195: 17: 1456:

Chisholm, James S. (1983). Navajo infancy: an ethological study of child development. New York.

514: 135: 1418: 714: 504: 130:

women who died in childbirth, displaying babies in swaddling clothes. In shrines dedicated to

614: 509: 270: 104: 73: 452:

In one study, the risk of developing respiratory infections increased fourfold by swaddling.

816: 648: 8: 905: 269:

Philosophers and physicians more and more began to reject swaddling in the 18th century.

254: 215:(approx. 1500 to approx. 1598) was the first who criticized aspects of swaddling openly. 34: 99: 1743: 1633: 1608: 1595: 1265: 1135: 494: 410:

did not show a delay in the onset of walking caused by the restraint of the use of the

1748: 1779: 1769: 1680: 1638: 1587: 1531: 1474: 1463: 1410: 1176: 1127: 887: 806: 757: 722: 674: 638: 607: 559: 323: 38: 1599: 1269: 1139: 1628: 1620: 1579: 1521: 1396: 1257: 1166: 1119: 877: 696:"Greco-Roman votive offerings for health in the Wellcome Historical Medical Museum" 549: 466: 394: 179: 89: 1624: 592: 262: 115: 65: 1462:

DeMause, Lloyd (2002). The Emotional Life of Nations. Other Press. p. 322.

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to different ward routines in St. Petersburg. In: Acta Pædiatr, 92, S. 320–326.

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See Fearon et al. (1997), p. 222 ff. Swaddling here had a pain reducing effect.

489: 393:

are not related to normally developed newborns, but to impaired babies, namely

123: 53: 1248:

Torjesen, I. (2013). "Swaddling increases babies' risk of hip abnormalities".

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Swaddling, especially traditional forms, increases the risk for hip dysplasia.

212: 1758: 1100:

See Danzinger & Frankl (1934), S. 235; see also Frenken (2011), S. 44 ff.

628: 499: 334: 304: 288: 190: 142: 1744:

Terracotta of a swaddled infant in Royal Museum of Art and History, Brussels

1679:

Sim, Alison (1998). The Tudor Housewife. McGill-Queen's Press. pp. 26.

1345:

See Bystrova et al. (2007 a), p. 37 f.; also Bystrova et al. (2003), p. 324.

536:

Gerard, Claudia M.; Kathleen A. Harris; Bradley T. Thach (6 December 2002).

1642: 1591: 1535: 1526: 1509: 1180: 1171: 1154: 1131: 891: 882: 865: 563: 554: 537: 442:

Several empirical studies show evidence of negative effects of swaddling.

204: 127: 111:, 2600-2000 BC., Heraklion (Iraklion), Crete. Archeological museum Iraklion 30: 1155:"Swaddling and the Risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: A Meta-analysis" 1123: 802: 721:(reprint, revised ed.). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. p. 670. 479: 411: 328: 93: 85: 1583: 613:. Library of the early civilizations. McGraw-Hill Book Company. p. 535: 1662:

Odent, Michel (12/23/2007). "The Future of Suicide". Birth Works, Inc.

484: 230: 131: 108: 1400: 1261: 1110:

Moon RY, Fu L (July 2012). "Sudden infant death syndrome: an update".

963:

See Meyer & Erler (2009), p. 24, also Papusek et al., p. 20, 408.

320: 1433:

St. Petersburg. In: International Breastfeeding Journal, 2, S. 9-23.

1609:"Spontaneous arousal activity in infants during NREM and REM sleep" 292: 225: 163:

were thought to ensure that the child's limbs would grow straight.

49: 303:

Although this form of swaddling has fallen out of favour in the

1193:

See Thach (2009), p. 461, Richardson et al. (2009), p. 475 ff.

918:

See Frenken (2011 a), p. 321-351, Frenken (2011 b), p. 233 ff.

308: 146: 141:

Probably the most famous record of swaddling is found in the

972:

Van Sleuwen et al. (2007), p. e1097, e1101, e1102 and e1103.

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describes Israel as unswaddled, a metaphor for abandonment.

296: 284: 119: 84:

Several authors presume that swaddling was invented in the

376: 233:(1632–1704) rejected swaddling in his 1693 publication 88:

period. The earliest depictions of swaddled babies are

27:

Practice of wrapping infants so as to restrict movement

990:

See Short et al. (1996), p. 25; illustration on p. 27.

52:

in blankets or similar cloths so that movement of the

1606: 1152: 291:

their own children, they have had to entrust them to

174:

Swaddled baby and bad mother, 1505–1510, detail from

1607:

McNamara, F.; Lijowska, A. S.; Thach, B. T. (2002).

1073:

See Dennis (1940 a), p. 107; Chisholm (1983), p. 83.

1508:Gerard, C. M.; Harris, K. A.; Thach, B. T. (2002). 606: 1739:Swaddling band in The V&A Museum of Childhood 1507: 1487:Dennis, Wayne (1940 b). The Hopi Child. New York. 673:(Revised Second ed.). Natural Energy Works. 1756: 103:Votive offerings depicting swaddled babies from 1354:See also Kennell & MacGrath (2003), p. 273. 421: 96:from Crete and Cyprus, 4000 to 4500 years old. 609:The royal hordes: Nomad peoples of the steppes 437: 719:The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia 866:"Risks of Ancient Practices in Modern Times" 1042:(2005), S. 1307 ff.; Chisholm (1983), S. 83 1632: 1525: 1170: 881: 553: 134:, models representing babies wrapped in 1749:18th Century Baby Swaddling Photo Series 1247: 1103: 854:See van Sleuwen, et al. (2007), p. e1097 712: 694:Thompson, Charles John S. (March 1922). 693: 604: 531: 529: 333: 253: 189: 169: 98: 29: 1336:See Bystrova et al. (2007 a), p. 29 ff. 794: 706: 627: 377:Psychological and physiological effects 283:The child has hardly left the mother's 14: 1757: 1109: 358: 199:and their swaddled babies. c.1600–1610 857: 741: 668: 526: 79: 1569: 687: 662: 401: 747: 314: 48:is an ancient practice of wrapping 24: 1318:See Yurdakok et al. (1990), p. 878 1211:See Kutlu et al. (1992), p. 598 f. 936:See Nelson et al. (2000), p. e 77. 605:Phillips, Eustace Dockray (1965). 408:indigenous peoples of the Americas 236:Some Thoughts Concerning Education 74:developmental dysplasia of the hip 25: 1791: 1732: 1444:The Turkish Journal of Pediatrics 1383:The Turkish Journal of Pediatrics 945:See van Sleuwen (2007), p. e1097. 637:. New York: Karnac. p. 328. 338:A modern application of swaddling 1429:Human Development, 83, S. 29–39. 1082:Aldolph et al. (2010), p. 72 ff. 954:See Bacon et al. (1991), p. 630. 426:The effects of swaddling on the 1357: 1348: 1339: 1330: 1321: 1312: 1303: 1294: 1285: 1276: 1241: 1232: 1223: 1214: 1205: 1196: 1187: 1146: 1094: 1085: 1076: 1067: 1058: 1045: 1032: 1019: 1006: 993: 984: 975: 966: 957: 948: 939: 930: 921: 912: 898: 848: 839: 830: 788: 779: 770: 367: 713:Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (1995). 621: 598: 579: 570: 41:(1319) depicts swaddling bands 13: 1: 1369: 798:The Emotional Life of Nations 634:The Emotional Life of Nations 184:Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga 176:The Temptation of St. Anthony 1625:10.1113/jphysiol.2001.012507 428:sudden infant death syndrome 422:Sudden infant death syndrome 307:, many Eastern cultures and 70:sudden infant death syndrome 7: 1363:See Bystrova (2008), p. 46. 1220:Akman et al. (2007), p. 290 473: 438:Documented negative effects 68:, which lowers the risk of 10: 1796: 1613:The Journal of Physiology 1282:Mahan & Kasser (2008) 1055:(2003), (2006) und (2007) 319:The swaddling clothes of 299:warns them to change it. 785:Würtz (1612), p. 714 ff. 576:See Blair et al. (2009). 520: 145:concerning the birth of 1701:Archives.wellcome.ac.uk 795:DeMause, Lloyd (2002). 776:Würtz (1612), p. 726 f. 276:Emile: Or, On Education 196:The Cholmondeley Ladies 118:have been found in the 56:is tightly restricted. 1572:Evidence-Based Nursing 1527:10.1542/peds.110.6.e70 1229:Chaarani et al. (2002) 1172:10.1542/peds.2015-3275 883:10.1542/peds.110.6.e78 845:Cadogan (1748), p. 10. 555:10.1542/peds.110.6.e70 515:Swaddled infant votive 339: 301: 266: 252: 222: 200: 187: 160: 112: 42: 1751:, Sharon Ann Burnston 1666:Retrieved 12/15/2009. 1421:Retrieved 12/15/2009. 1291:Mafart et al. (2007). 906:"Swaddling your baby" 669:DeMeo, James (2006). 510:Sleeping bag (infant) 406:Two studies based on 337: 281: 271:Jean Jacques Rousseau 257: 247: 217: 193: 173: 155: 102: 33: 1238:Kremli et al. (2003) 1124:10.1542/pir.33-7-314 1112:Pediatrics in Review 836:Locke (1779), p. 12. 754:McGill-Queen's Press 748:Sim, Alison (1998). 1664:birthpsychology.com 1584:10.1136/ebn.10.2.42 1395:BMJ 2009;339:b3666 750:The Tudor Housewife 359:Regional variations 35:Ambrogio Lorenzetti 1775:Physical restraint 1003:(1965), S. 560 ff. 591:2011-08-19 at the 340: 273:wrote in his book 267: 211:The Swiss surgeon 201: 188: 113: 80:Origin and history 43: 1765:Infants' clothing 1685:978-0-7509-3774-0 1479:978-0-9621855-5-7 1468:978-1-892746-98-6 1446:, 33, S. 117–120. 1415:978-0-8028-3784-4 1401:10.1136/bmj.b3666 1385:, 49, S. 290–294. 1262:10.1136/bmj.f6499 1051:See van Sleuwen, 1025:See van Sleuwen, 1016:(2007), p. e1097. 1012:See van Sleuwen, 812:978-1-892746-98-6 763:978-0-7509-3774-0 728:978-0-8028-3784-4 680:978-0-9621855-5-7 644:978-1-892746-98-6 402:Motor development 324:Madonna and Child 182:(ca. 1450–1516). 116:Votive statuettes 39:Madonna and Child 16:(Redirected from 1787: 1646: 1636: 1603: 1539: 1529: 1419:books.google.com 1364: 1361: 1355: 1352: 1346: 1343: 1337: 1334: 1328: 1325: 1319: 1316: 1310: 1307: 1301: 1298: 1292: 1289: 1283: 1280: 1274: 1273: 1245: 1239: 1236: 1230: 1227: 1221: 1218: 1212: 1209: 1203: 1200: 1194: 1191: 1185: 1184: 1174: 1165:(6): e20153275. 1150: 1144: 1143: 1107: 1101: 1098: 1092: 1089: 1083: 1080: 1074: 1071: 1065: 1062: 1056: 1049: 1043: 1036: 1030: 1023: 1017: 1010: 1004: 997: 991: 988: 982: 979: 973: 970: 964: 961: 955: 952: 946: 943: 937: 934: 928: 925: 919: 916: 910: 909: 902: 896: 895: 885: 861: 855: 852: 846: 843: 837: 834: 828: 827: 825: 824: 815:. Archived from 792: 786: 783: 777: 774: 768: 767: 745: 739: 738: 736: 735: 710: 704: 703: 691: 685: 684: 666: 660: 659: 657: 656: 647:. Archived from 625: 619: 618: 612: 602: 596: 586:hipdysplasia.org 583: 577: 574: 568: 567: 557: 533: 395:premature babies 315:Modern swaddling 180:Hieronymus Bosch 90:votive offerings 21: 1795: 1794: 1790: 1789: 1788: 1786: 1785: 1784: 1755: 1754: 1735: 1730: 1619:(Pt 1): 263–9. 1372: 1367: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1331: 1326: 1322: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1304: 1299: 1295: 1290: 1286: 1281: 1277: 1246: 1242: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1224: 1219: 1215: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1197: 1192: 1188: 1151: 1147: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1095: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1077: 1072: 1068: 1064:See Long (2007) 1063: 1059: 1050: 1046: 1037: 1033: 1024: 1020: 1011: 1007: 998: 994: 989: 985: 980: 976: 971: 967: 962: 958: 953: 949: 944: 940: 935: 931: 926: 922: 917: 913: 904: 903: 899: 862: 858: 853: 849: 844: 840: 835: 831: 822: 820: 813: 805:. p. 322. 793: 789: 784: 780: 775: 771: 764: 746: 742: 733: 731: 729: 711: 707: 692: 688: 681: 667: 663: 654: 652: 645: 626: 622: 603: 599: 593:Wayback Machine 584: 580: 575: 571: 534: 527: 523: 495:Infant's binder 476: 440: 424: 404: 379: 370: 361: 317: 293:mercenary women 263:Nez Perce tribe 259:Native American 243:William Cadogan 82: 66:supine position 58:Swaddling bands 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 1793: 1783: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1753: 1752: 1746: 1741: 1734: 1733:External links 1731: 1729: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1718: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1688: 1677: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1647: 1604: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1471: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1447: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1407: 1404: 1393: 1389: 1386: 1378: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1365: 1356: 1347: 1338: 1329: 1320: 1311: 1302: 1293: 1284: 1275: 1240: 1231: 1222: 1213: 1204: 1195: 1186: 1145: 1102: 1093: 1084: 1075: 1066: 1057: 1044: 1031: 1018: 1005: 992: 983: 974: 965: 956: 947: 938: 929: 920: 911: 897: 856: 847: 838: 829: 811: 787: 778: 769: 762: 756:. p. 26. 740: 727: 705: 686: 679: 661: 643: 629:DeMause, Lloyd 620: 597: 578: 569: 524: 522: 519: 518: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 490:Infant massage 487: 482: 475: 472: 471: 470: 463: 459: 456: 453: 450: 447: 439: 436: 423: 420: 403: 400: 378: 375: 369: 366: 360: 357: 316: 313: 311:still use it. 81: 78: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1792: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1762: 1760: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1736: 1726: 1723: 1719: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1689: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1448: 1445: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1379: 1375: 1374: 1360: 1351: 1342: 1333: 1324: 1315: 1306: 1297: 1288: 1279: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1244: 1235: 1226: 1217: 1208: 1199: 1190: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1149: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1118:(7): 314–20. 1117: 1113: 1106: 1097: 1088: 1079: 1070: 1061: 1054: 1048: 1041: 1038:Vgl. Franco, 1035: 1028: 1022: 1015: 1009: 1002: 996: 987: 978: 969: 960: 951: 942: 933: 924: 915: 907: 901: 893: 889: 884: 879: 875: 871: 867: 860: 851: 842: 833: 819:on 2007-02-05 818: 814: 808: 804: 800: 799: 791: 782: 773: 765: 759: 755: 751: 744: 730: 724: 720: 716: 709: 701: 697: 690: 682: 676: 672: 665: 651:on 2007-02-05 650: 646: 640: 636: 635: 630: 624: 616: 611: 610: 601: 594: 590: 587: 582: 573: 565: 561: 556: 551: 547: 543: 539: 532: 530: 525: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 505:Psychohistory 503: 501: 500:Kangaroo care 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 477: 468: 464: 460: 457: 454: 451: 448: 445: 444: 443: 435: 431: 429: 419: 417: 413: 409: 399: 396: 392: 387: 384: 374: 365: 356: 352: 348: 344: 336: 332: 330: 325: 322: 312: 310: 309:tribal people 306: 305:Western world 300: 298: 294: 290: 286: 280: 278: 277: 272: 264: 260: 256: 251: 246: 244: 240: 238: 237: 232: 227: 221: 216: 214: 209: 206: 198: 197: 192: 185: 181: 177: 172: 168: 166: 159: 154: 152: 148: 144: 143:New Testament 139: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 110: 106: 101: 97: 95: 91: 87: 77: 75: 71: 67: 61: 59: 55: 51: 47: 40: 36: 32: 19: 1616: 1612: 1575: 1571: 1517: 1513: 1359: 1350: 1341: 1332: 1323: 1314: 1305: 1296: 1287: 1278: 1253: 1249: 1243: 1234: 1225: 1216: 1207: 1198: 1189: 1162: 1158: 1148: 1115: 1111: 1105: 1096: 1087: 1078: 1069: 1060: 1052: 1047: 1039: 1034: 1026: 1021: 1013: 1008: 1000: 999:See Lipton, 995: 986: 977: 968: 959: 950: 941: 932: 923: 914: 900: 873: 869: 859: 850: 841: 832: 821:. 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