1458:(ECE), a Suzuki Early Childhood Education (SECE) curriculum for (pre-instrumental) ECE was developed within the Suzuki philosophy by Dorothy & Sharon Jones (SAA), Jeong Cheol Wong (ASA), Emma O'Keefe (PPSA), Anke van der Bijl (ESA), and Yasuyo Matsui (TERI). The SECE curriculum is designed for ages 0–3 and uses singing, nursery rhymes, percussion, audio recordings, and whole body movements in a group setting where children and their adult caregivers participate side by side. The Japanese based SECE curriculum is different from the English-based SECE curriculum. The English-based curriculum is currently being adapted for use in other languages.
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the lever harp will find some of the pieces in the later books to have challenging lever changes. This series ultimately leads to more in-depth study of the pedal harp and its repertoire and teaches more of a classical style technique. Those pursuing traditional Celtic music can use this as a foundation, however, the traditional style of teaching focuses on relying on the ear rather than on the written note. Repertoire for volume six is selected, though the music is not published in a single book.
1626:. Raising children with "noble hearts" (inspired by great music and diligent study) was one of his primary goals; he believed that people raised and "nurtured by love" in his method would grow up to achieve better things than war. One of his students during this post-1945 period was violinist Hidetaro Suzuki, no relation, who later became a veteran of international violin competitions (Tchaikovsky, Queen Elizabeth, Montreal International) and then the longtime concertmaster of the
806:; repertoire (group) classes; teacher training courses; concerts; discussion sessions; seminars; and various 'enrichment' classes in different musical styles, instruments, or non-musical (usually arts, crafts, or dancing) activities. As at any music festival, participants must pay registration and tuition fees to the institute they are attending. Each national Suzuki association handles registration for teacher training, and policies differ from country to country.
1046:) almost directly from the first three violin volumes, and the rest differ significantly as they delve into standard viola literature. The viola books introduce shifting and work in higher positions earlier than the violin volumes, in anticipation of viola students being asked to play in ensembles sooner in their studies than violinists, and needing these skills to better handle orchestral or chamber music parts (Preucil, 1985). Volumes 4 to 8 include works by
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787:. Curved-headjoint flutes with displaced keys (which are closer together than normal flute keys) and holes are also available, making it possible for children as young as three to study the flute. Height-adjustable chairs, benches, and footrests are used for piano, guitar, cello, and double bass. Fractional-sized student violins were already available when Suzuki began to teach, but the popularity of the method prompted
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776:. Suzuki believed that the advent of recording technology made it possible for large numbers of "ordinary" people whose parents were not themselves great musicians and music teachers to be surrounded with excellent performances from birth. The Suzuki method requires daily listening in the home from before birth if possible and the implementation of a beginner's repertoire alongside recordings of advanced repertoire.
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843:-playing over technical exercises and asked teachers to allow students to make music from the beginning, helping to motivate young children with short, attractive songs which can themselves be used as technique building exercises. Each song in the common repertoire is meant to introduce some new or higher level of technique than the previous selection.
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Beethoven, Bach, Tcherepnin, Tchaikovsky, Schumann, Chopin, Mendelssohn, Daquin, Grieg, Granados, Villa-Lobos, Scarlatti, Handel, Bartók, and
Debussy. Many pieces from the original books remain; some have been moved to another volume. Book and CD combinations for the revised volumes 4 to 7 were performed by Japanese concert artist Seizo Azuma.
1592:". His father felt that instrumental performance was beneath his son's social status, and refused to allow him to study the instrument. At age 17, he began to teach himself by ear, since no formal training was allowed to him. Eventually he convinced his father to allow him to study with a violin teacher in Tokyo. (Suzuki,
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is defined as the student's ability to produce and recognize a beautiful, ringing tone quality on their instrument. This term was coined by Suzuki and is based on the word "vocalization." While initially developed for violin education, the tonalization technique has been applied to other instruments,
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Trumpet was added to the
International Suzuki Association's list of Suzuki Method instruments in 2011. The application of Suzuki's teaching philosophy to the trumpet is currently being researched in Sweden; the first Trumpet teacher training course to be offered by the European Suzuki Association in
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The harp repertoire is in five volumes. These books are suitable for learning to read and play music on the pedal harp or the lever harp (folk harp, Irish/Celtic harp, etc. that preferably has 30 or more strings). Most of the music is arrangements of either folk music or classical music. Students of
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There are eight volumes of recorder repertoire for both soprano and alto recorder. The recorder repertoire shares some early repertoire with other instruments, such as "Twinkle
Twinkle Little Star" and several Bach Minuets. Later books delve into more complex Renaissance and Baroque music, including
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Although Suzuki was a violinist, the method he founded is not a "school of violin playing" whose students can be identified by the set of techniques they use to play the violin. However, some of the technical concepts Suzuki taught his own students, such as the development of "tonalization," were so
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series, with the first three volumes also available on recordings. Nine volumes are planned and being compiled and edited by Dr. S Daniel Swaim (SAA, Chair), Virginia Dixon (SAA), Michael
Fanelli (SAA), Domenick Fiore (SAA), and Eugene Rebeck (SAA). The first two volumes contain arrangements of the
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The New
International Edition adds some more recent compositions to the books, such as the music of Béla Bartók. Revised versions of the piano books have now been published. The new volumes are collections of piano repertoire from all eras representing works by composers such as Mozart, Burgmüller,
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for all students of an instrument was established. This body of music is designed to allow each student to participate in group classes, help foster local and international musical community and camaraderie, and provide motivation for students to learn new music while keeping the 'old' pieces they
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were established to encourage a musical community, train teachers, and provide a place where master teachers' ideas can be spread to the whole community of Suzuki students, teachers and parents. These short term music festivals began in
Matsumoto, Japan, where teachers & students came to learn
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Suzuki believed that teachers who test for musical aptitude before taking students, or who look only for "talented" students, are limiting themselves to people who have already started their music education. Just as every child is expected to learn their native language, Suzuki expected every child
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books for each instrument, and Suzuki teachers supplement the repertoire common to each instrument as needed, particularly in the area of teaching reading. One of the innovations of the Suzuki method was to make professional recordings of beginner level pieces widely available. Many non-Suzuki
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Eventually, the center of the Suzuki movement in education was established as the Talent
Education Research Institute (TERI) in Matsumoto. TERI hosts thousands of people each year—students, parents, teachers, (and teacher trainees). Other organizations have sprung up all over the world to help
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The Suzuki violin repertoire is currently in the process of being revised by the
International Suzuki Association, and as part of the revision process, each regional Suzuki Association provides a recommended list of supplemental repertoire appropriate for students in volumes 6 to 8. The Suzuki
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The voice repertoire is in five Levels. Developed in
Finland since 1986, the vocal repertoire of the Suzuki method has spread to over 20 countries including The United States, Australia, Europe, Asia and New Zealand. Teacher training courses are scheduled yearly in Europe, US and Australia.
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Retaining and reviewing every piece of music ever learned is also strongly encouraged. This is intended to raise technical and musical ability. Review pieces, along with "preview" parts of music a student is yet to learn, are often used in place of the more traditional
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The piano method is in seven volumes. The first volume begins with
Variations on "Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star" (as with the violin books) and continues with many folk songs and contemporary songs. As one progresses to the second volume, there are pieces written by
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including the piano. Suzuki believed that a student must learn tonalization in order to properly reproduce and perform music. Outside the Suzuki method, the term used is "tone production," and is part of Western music education stretching back to its beginning.
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repertoire was compiled through a collaborative process involving teachers from the United States, Europe and Australia, and edited by Frank Longay. The nine volumes begin with Twinkle Variations and many folk songs, and adds pieces originally written for the
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The method is meant to discourage competition between players and advocate collaboration and mutual encouragement for those of every ability and level. However, this does not mean the complete elimination of auditions or evaluations of student performances.
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Suzuki observed that children speak before learning to read, and thought that children should also be able to play music before learning to read. To support learning by ear, students are expected to listen to recordings of the music they are learning daily.
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Suzuki teaching uses a common core repertoire for students of the same instrument worldwide. Although it focuses on Western European "classical" music, it emphasizes that this music can be a bridge across cultural and language barriers.
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The cello method is in ten volumes, with some early pieces arranged from the early violin volumes. The first piece unique to the cello repertoire is the second overall: "French Folk Song". The first four volumes have been performed by
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The parent of the young student is expected to supervise instrument practice every day to attend and take notes at every lesson so they can coach the student effectively, an element of the method once dubbed "The Mom-Centric Method."
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Variations. Music in book one is performed by Frank Longay and Bill Kossler, with books two through four recorded by Seth Himmelhoch, Andrew LaFrenier, and Louis Brown. George Sakellariou has recorded books five, six and seven and
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The Suzuki method does not include a formal plan or prescribe specific materials for introducing music theory and reading, in part because Suzuki created the method in a culture where music literacy was routinely taught in schools.
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oversee the movement and train teachers. These include the Asia Suzuki Association, the Suzuki Association of the Americas, the European Suzuki Association (which is currently assisting in the beginnings of the Suzuki movement in
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repertoire was compiled and edited by Gunilla Rönnberg and Lars Hagström beginning in 1998. As of 2019, eight volumes have been published. As of 2011, an active Suzuki-training organ scheme is under way in the Australian city of
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violin concertos respectively, they have readily-available recordings by various violinists. Completing the 10 volumes is not the end of the Suzuki journey, as many Suzuki violin teachers traditionally continue with the
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Suzuki believed in training musicians not only to be better musicians, but also to be better teachers. Suzuki Associations worldwide offer ongoing teacher-training programs to prospective and continuing Suzuki teachers.
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to meet the demands of a small child's body in various ways. This lowers the age at which people are anatomically ready to begin studying an instrument. Scaled-down instrument sizes are used for children studying
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of music not originally written for violin, although the first volume contains several original compositions by Suzuki for violin and piano. These arrangements are drawn from folk tunes and from composers such as
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hosted Suzuki in Seattle. The majority of American Suzuki pedagogues and teaching methods are grounded in the Suzuki-Kendall system. Other pioneers of the Suzuki Method in the US include Clifford Cook,
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essential to his way of teaching that they have been carried over into the entire method. Other non-instrument specific techniques are used to implement the basic elements of the philosophy in each
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570:. Suzuki believed that every child, if properly taught, was capable of a high level of musical achievement. He also made it clear that the goal of such musical education was to raise
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traditional Suzuki violin pieces mixed in with some new arrangements of other pieces. Volume 3 contains some new transcriptions of jazz, Gaelic, and folk songs; plus works by
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Suzuki literature also deliberately leaves out many technical instructions and exercises found in the beginners' music books of his day. He favored a focus on melodic
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A "modified" Suzuki philosophy curriculum has been developed to apply Suzuki teaching to heterogeneous instrumental music classes & string orchestras in schools.
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brought the Suzuki method, along with adaptations to better fit the requirements of the American classroom, to the United States in the late 1950s and early 1960s (
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Supplementary materials are also published under the Suzuki name, including some etudes, note-reading books, piano accompaniment parts, guitar accompaniment parts,
590:. The essential components of his method spring from the desire to create the "right environment" for learning music, which he also believed would foster excellent
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if the learning steps were small enough and the instrument was scaled down to fit their body. He modeled his method, which he called "Talent Education"
1588:. Gripped by the beauty of the music, he immediately picked up a violin from his father's factory and began to teach himself to play the instrument "
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This article is about the mid-20th century music curriculum and teaching method. For the similarly titled Gorillaz song, Left Hand Suzuki Method, see
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books. Traditional etudes and technical studies are not used in the beginning stages, which focus almost exclusively on a set of performance pieces.
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is another technique common to all the musical instruments taught in the Suzuki method. Pre-recorded music is used to help students learn notes,
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in the second book. The third book is early intermediate level with several sonatinas and beginning with Sonatina in C Major, Op. 36, No. 1 by
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from the young age, which is usually referred to "mother-tongue" method. Suzuki believed that this environment would also help to foster good
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At age 22, Suzuki travelled to Germany to find a violin teacher to continue his studies. While there, he studied privately with
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The central belief of Suzuki, based on his language acquisition theories, is that all people can (and will) learn from their
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and released in 2020. Audio recordings for the first four volumes are also available in separate albums by artists such as
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Suzuki believed that children should typically start formal instruction between the ages of three and five years old. (See
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The application of Suzuki's teaching philosophy to the mandolin is currently being researched in Italy by Amelia Saracco.
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1199:" by Beethoven and includes the Sonata in C Major, Hob. XVI/35 by Franz Joseph Haydn. The sixth book begins with the
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instruction in intense Baroque ornamentation along with 17th-century Dutch and Italian articulation techniques.
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9. Frequent public performance makes performing feel like a natural and enjoyable part of being a musician.
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The American Suzuki Institute at the University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point: The Suzuki Method in Action
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The flute repertoire was compiled and edited by Toshio Takahashi in fourteen volumes. It begins with
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Association of the Americas' supplemental repertoire list includes pieces by composers such as Bach,
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Azzi, A (2006). "Leonor Michaelis and Music: Transcript of a Conversation with Kunio Yagi in 1986".
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There are no official recordings of volumes 9 and 10. However, since these volumes contain Mozart's
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Meyer, Constance (2003-09-07). The Mom-centric method. LA Times, 7 September 2003. Retrieved from
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in nine volumes. Like the violin repertoire, much of the viola repertoire is drawn from the
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The violin method was compiled and edited by Suzuki in ten volumes, beginning with Suzuki's
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Preucil, William & Doris (November, 1985). "The Evolution of the Suzuki Viola School".
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2011:. Western Springs School of Talent Education Publications, Western Springs, IL, 1998.
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Lieb, Allen; Cole, Ronda; Fink, Lorraine; Kimmett, Karen; Reuning, Sandy (May 2013).
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2044:. Suzuki Association of the Americas Website, May 2013. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
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Teaching from the Balance Point: A Guide for Suzuki Teachers, Parents, and Students
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Barber, Barbara (Autumn, 1991). "Traditional & Suzuki Teaching: A Comparison".
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Suzuki Talent Education Association of Australia (Vic) Inc., (Copyright 2005).
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Suggested Supplementary Repertoire for Suzuki Violin School Volumes 6, 7 & 8
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Bradley, Jane (Spring 2005). "When to Twinkle – Are Children Ever Too Young?".
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in the Renaissance, and spanning all musical time periods, including pieces by
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from Suzuki. In the US, they often last for a week or two and include daily
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1870:"Suggested Supplementary Repertoire for Revised Violin Books 6, 7 & 8"
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trained music teachers also use the Suzuki repertoire to supplement their
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Kristian Bush talks about music, the Suzuki Method, and Southern Gravity
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https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-sep-07-ca-meyer7-story.html
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2146:: An online collection documenting Suzuki and his teaching methodology.
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Learning with Sound Recordings: A History of Suzuki’s Mediated Pedagogy
2031:. Produced by The Cleveland Institute of Music. Telos Productions, Inc.
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The focus on memorization continues even after a student begins to use
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of children with "noble hearts" as opposed to creating famous musical
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Lavie, Karen (Summer, 2005). "On Gastronomy and Tonalization."
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Rather than focusing on a specific instrument, at the stage of
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Meyer, Constance (2003, 7 September). The Mom-Centric Method.
2002:
International Suzuki Association: Regional Suzuki Associations
277:
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714:
335:
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507:
violin salesman. Suzuki noticed that children pick up their
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The first four volumes have been recorded on two albums by
1055:
912:
876:
840:
499:
The Suzuki Method was conceived in the mid-20th century by
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instead. In his youth, Shin'ichi Suzuki chanced to hear a
1450:
Early childhood education (SECE) and Suzuki in the schools
1014:
concertos, along with pieces from other composers such as
704:
8. Regular playing in groups (including playing pieces in
2036:
Journal of the American Viola Society Vol. 1, #2, pp18-20
612:
1850:
990:
made a complete set of recordings of volumes 1 to 8 for
519:, they might have the ability to become proficient on a
257:
A group of Suzuki method students performing on violins.
1969:. Harper Collins Publishers, Inc., New York, NY, 2000,
1614:
In 1945, Suzuki began his Talent Education movement in
1042:
period. The first three volumes have been arranged (or
2029:
Nurtured by Love: The life and work of Shinichi Suzuki
1742:"The Suzuki Method | International Suzuki Association"
1098:. Volumes 4 to 10 contain works by composers such as
628:
2. Deliberate avoidance of musical aptitude tests or
2058:
Nurtured By Love: A New Approach to Talent Education
1684:
203:, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a
1867:
1470:2013. (Suzuki Teacher Training for Trumpet, 2013).
679:
6. Memorization of all solo repertoire is expected.
97:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1085:, and the rest are available in separate albums.
652:
5050:
1897:"Book Status (12/14/16) » Suzuki Harp Info"
1235:Currently there are five printed volumes in the
1203:by Mozart, and the seventh book begins with the
2016:New Zealand Suzuki Journal Vol. 16, #4, pp. 5–6
1560:In the late 19th century, Japan's borders were
559:
4771:
4321:
1823:"Suzuki Method - New Zealand Suzuki Institute"
1395:recorded books 8 and 9, with the exception of
662:5. The beginning of teaching is emphasized by
620:This includes attending local classical music
553:
4953:
2203:
1264:. Famous pieces include: "The Elephant" from
641:3. Emphasis on playing from a very young age.
445:
4876:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
1034:The viola method was compiled and edited by
487:. The method claims to create a reinforcing
2088:Suzuki Association of the Americas Website
1981:Shinichi Suzuki: The Man and his Philosophy
823:The core Suzuki literature is published on
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4960:
4946:
2210:
2196:
1564:, and in particular to the importation of
1195:by J.S. Bach. The fifth book begins with "
870:The first three volumes are mostly graded
452:
438:
1994:International Suzuki Association Website
1646:Southern Illinois University Edwardsville
1548:Learn how and when to remove this message
1473:
970:The first three volumes were recorded by
695:and note reading are left to the teacher.
241:Learn how and when to remove this message
223:Learn how and when to remove this message
157:Learn how and when to remove this message
4573:
2160:) is being considered for deletion. See
2104:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022429418756879
1960:American Suzuki Journal Vol. 33, #3, p53
1677:, Anastasia Jempelis, and Margery Aber.
491:for learning music for young learners.
252:
3948:
3176:
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1829:
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2100:Journal of Research in Music Education
1983:. Warner Brothers Publications, 1981,
1562:opened to trade with the outside world
791:to scale violins down to even smaller
511:quickly, whereas adults consider even
184:contains content that is written like
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1584:'s Ave Maria, as played on violin by
546:age children could learn to play the
18:Gorillaz (album) § Track listing
2086:Suzuki Teacher Training for Trumpet.
1754:
1530:adding citations to reliable sources
1501:
1207:by Mozart. This book also includes "
168:
95:adding citations to reliable sources
66:
25:
4922:
2136:Talent Education Research Institute
1497:
1494:arrangements of Suzuki repertoire.
1272:by Beethoven, and "Largo" from the
637:to be able to learn to play music.
13:
2126:Suzuki Association of the Americas
1877:Suzuki Association of the Americas
1803:Suzuki Association of the Americas
1288:and ends in the Flute Concerto by
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2164:to help reach a consensus. ›
2109:
2069:Ability Development from Age Zero
1399:in book 9, which was recorded by
542:Suzuki pioneered the idea that a
41:This article has multiple issues.
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4435:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
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3477:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
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2116:International Suzuki Association
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1292:. Also included are concerti by
566:, after his theories of natural
173:
71:
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2082:. Retrieved November 29, 2008.
1857:. New Zealand Suzuki Institute.
1628:Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra
1517:needs additional citations for
1308:. Students also study music by
653:4. Using well-trained teachers.
82:needs additional citations for
49:or discuss these issues on the
4592:Federated States of Micronesia
3887:British Indian Ocean Territory
2140:Pan-Pacific Suzuki Association
2131:Asia Region Suzuki Association
2004:. Retrieved February 21, 2007.
1967:The Mozart Effect for Children
1903:
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523:. Suzuki decided to develop a
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2071:. Warner bros. Publication,
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1171:composers, such as Schumann,
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613:1. Saturation in the musical
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378:International Association for
4560:United States Virgin Islands
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2080:History of the Suzuki Method
2060:. Warner bros. Publication,
1851:"New Zealand Suzuki Journal"
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609:. These components include:
7:
4322:Education in North America
2180:Ben Sorensen's REAL Country
2121:European Suzuki Association
2047:Retrieved January 14, 2016.
1997:Retrieved January 14, 2016.
1722:Shinichi Suzuki (violinist)
1680:
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1324:and other major composers.
1187:. The fourth book includes
861:Twinkle Twinkle Little Star
601:environment of acquiring a
560:
364:International organizations
10:
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4772:Education in South America
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2091:, Retrieved July 15, 2013.
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2094:Thibeault, M. D. (2018).
2053:, Retrieved June 20, 2010
1769:10.1080/15216540600702230
1622:shortly after the end of
1456:early childhood education
1336:
1209:The Harmonious Blacksmith
850:
814:have learned in top form.
708:) is strongly encouraged.
597:The method parallels the
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414:American Choral Directors
393:US national organizations
371:International Society for
4743:Northern Mariana Islands
4555:Turks and Caicos Islands
3636:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
3232:Central African Republic
2162:templates for discussion
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400:National Association for
5069:Philosophy of education
4708:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3897:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1953:American String Teacher
1915:American String Teacher
1799:"Building Noble Hearts"
1663:Roland and Almita Vamos
1572:, began to manufacture
1406:
1266:Carnival of the Animals
1230:
780:Instruments are adapted
531:, who was Professor of
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1921:(2): 25–27. May 1986.
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324:Instructional settings
281:
258:
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4425:Saint Kitts and Nevis
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2050:Suzuki Organ Website
2000:Kelly, Birte (2002).
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687:to learn new pieces.
666:over reading written
664:learning music by ear
632:to begin music study.
280:
256:
205:neutral point of view
23:Music teaching method
4574:Education in Oceania
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568:language acquisition
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306:Dalcroze Eurhythmics
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4440:Trinidad and Tobago
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4215:States with limited
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2804:Teaching philosophy
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2650:21st century skills
2629:Religious education
2272:Aims and objectives
2067:Suzuki, Shinichi.
2056:Suzuki, Shinichi.
1911:"Marketplace, 1986"
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772:, and tone quality
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1630:. (Hermann, 1981)
1393:William Kanengiser
1274:New World Symphony
594:in every student.
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1193:Partita in B-flat
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1096:Tsuyoshi Tsutsumi
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3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3582:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3561:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3539:
3526:
3517:
3503:Canary Islands
3499:
3498:
3496:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3473:
3471:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3181:
3169:
3168:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3101:
3091:
3084:
3083:
3072:
3067:
3057:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3016:
3009:
3008:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2959:
2952:
2951:
2947:Primary school
2941:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2917:
2907:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2660:Cognitive load
2657:
2652:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2595:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2417:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2331:Evidence-based
2328:
2323:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2279:
2274:
2268:
2266:
2265:By perspective
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2242:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2223:
2222:
2215:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2192:
2183:
2182:
2173:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2111:
2110:External links
2108:
2107:
2106:
2092:
2083:
2076:
2073:Miami, Florida
2065:
2062:Miami, Florida
2054:
2048:
2039:
2032:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1992:
1977:
1965:Campell, Don.
1963:
1956:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1902:
1888:
1860:
1841:
1828:
1814:
1790:
1747:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1698:
1682:
1679:
1671:Louise Behrend
1652:Documentary).
1582:Franz Schubert
1556:
1555:
1538:September 2014
1514:
1512:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1492:string quartet
1475:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1451:
1448:
1443:
1440:
1426:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1386:, and Yocoh's
1338:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1281:
1278:
1232:
1229:
1185:Muzio Clementi
1159:
1156:
1090:
1087:
1031:
1028:
852:
849:
820:
817:
816:
815:
807:
796:
777:
752:
735:
732:
722:
719:
709:
702:
696:
689:
680:
677:
671:
660:
654:
651:
642:
639:
633:
626:
617:
611:
583:
580:
496:
493:
460:
459:
457:
456:
449:
442:
434:
431:
430:
426:
425:
418:
411:
404:
396:
395:
392:
391:
388:
387:
383:
382:
380:Jazz Education
375:
367:
366:
363:
362:
359:
358:
354:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
327:
326:
323:
322:
319:
318:
314:
313:
308:
303:
301:Orff Schulwerk
298:
292:
291:
288:
287:
284:
283:
273:
272:
266:
265:
249:
248:
231:
230:
213:September 2016
201:external links
181:
179:
172:
165:
164:
147:September 2014
79:
77:
70:
65:
39:
38:
36:
29:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5081:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5039:
5036:
5033:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5004:
5003:Suzuki method
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4993:Kodály Method
4991:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4974:
4970:
4969:Music methods
4963:
4958:
4956:
4951:
4949:
4944:
4943:
4940:
4928:
4920:
4918:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4896:
4895:
4892:
4878:
4873:
4871:
4870:French Guiana
4868:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4854:
4849:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4776:
4769:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4733:New Caledonia
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4713:Easter Island
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4682:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4659:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4578:
4571:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4452:
4446:
4445:United States
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4326:
4319:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4299:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4267:Faroe Islands
4265:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4251:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4239:South Ossetia
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4213:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4091:Liechtenstein
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3946:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3926:
3918:
3917:
3914:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3877:
3873:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3861:South Ossetia
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3833:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3566:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3540:
3534:
3530:
3527:
3521:
3518:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3489:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3464:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3307:Guinea-Bissau
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3170:
3163:
3159:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3110:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3097:Undergraduate
3095:
3094:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3052:
3033:
3027:
3023:
3022:Middle school
3020:
3019:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2993:
2974:
2968:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2936:
2926:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2787:Project-based
2785:
2783:
2782:Problem-based
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2742:Demonstration
2740:
2738:
2737:Contemplative
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2624:Homeschooling
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2471:Environmental
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2396:Instructional
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2299:Psychometrics
2297:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2208:
2206:
2201:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2167:Suzuki method
2163:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2033:
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311:Suzuki method
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80:This article
78:
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5002:
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4853:Dependencies
4684:Dependencies
4670:Cook Islands
4550:Sint Maarten
4530:Saint Martin
4244:Transnistria
3876:Dependencies
3806:Turkmenistan
3771:Saudi Arabia
3542:Saint Helena
3513:
3417:South Africa
3407:Sierra Leone
3212:Burkina Faso
3104:Postgraduate
2920:Kindergarten
2772:Personalized
2752:Experiential
2712:Teacher look
2421:Agricultural
2277:Anthropology
2184:
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1880:. Retrieved
1876:
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1806:. Retrieved
1802:
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1763:(5–6): 378.
1760:
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1632:
1624:World War II
1613:
1608:
1598:
1593:
1586:Mischa Elman
1559:
1544:
1535:
1524:Please help
1519:verification
1516:
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980:David Cerone
976:David Nadien
969:
961:Shostakovich
945:
872:arrangements
869:
867:concertos.
854:
845:
838:
822:
810:
798:
795:than before.
789:violinmakers
779:
755:
748:Tonalization
747:
737:
728:
724:
711:
698:
693:Music theory
682:
673:
656:
644:
635:
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561:sainō kyōiku
541:
533:Biochemistry
498:
465:
463:
341:Concert band
310:
237:
219:
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195:by removing
191:Please help
183:
153:
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134:
127:
120:
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89:Please help
84:verification
81:
57:
50:
44:
43:Please help
40:
4998:Orff method
4927:WikiProject
4617:New Zealand
4520:Puerto Rico
4430:Saint Lucia
4380:El Salvador
4282:Isle of Man
4217:recognition
4191:Switzerland
4126:Netherlands
3935:Asia portal
3836:States with
3756:Philippines
3696:South Korea
3691:North Korea
3586:Afghanistan
3469:recognition
3422:South Sudan
3312:Ivory Coast
3028:High school
2825:Definitions
2702:Lesson plan
2591:Alternative
2496:Mathematics
2466:Engineering
2150:‹ The
1654:Vilem Sokol
1276:by Dvořák.
1258:Saint-Saëns
1256:, Webster,
1237:double bass
1104:Saint-Saëns
1060:Mendelssohn
1012:Mendelssohn
984:Koji Toyoda
972:Hilary Hahn
925:Dittersdorf
829:sheet music
754:The use of
685:sheet music
588:environment
572:generations
489:environment
423:Association
416:Association
409:Association
331:School band
5053:Categories
5009:Saxophone
4515:Montserrat
4510:Martinique
4505:Guadeloupe
4360:Costa Rica
4161:San Marino
4121:Montenegro
4101:Luxembourg
4081:Kazakhstan
3984:Azerbaijan
3816:Uzbekistan
3791:Tajikistan
3706:Kyrgyzstan
3686:Kazakhstan
3606:Bangladesh
3596:Azerbaijan
3524:(Portugal)
3482:Somaliland
3402:Seychelles
3367:Mozambique
3352:Mauritania
3337:Madagascar
3292:The Gambia
3227:Cape Verde
3080:Continuing
3070:Vocational
2675:Curriculum
2609:Democratic
2581:Vocational
2571:Technology
2531:Philosophy
2413:By subject
2391:Technology
2371:Psychology
2356:Philosophy
2346:Leadership
2287:Evaluation
2282:Assessment
1882:2024-01-30
1808:2023-04-03
1757:IUBMB Life
1728:References
1667:Betty Haag
1578:phonograph
1431:pipe organ
1270:Ode to Joy
1152:Boccherini
1144:Sammartini
1116:Goltermann
1044:transposed
897:Boccherini
857:Variations
834:curriculum
819:Repertoire
741:discipline
599:linguistic
582:Philosophy
495:Background
193:improve it
117:newspapers
46:improve it
4842:Venezuela
4787:Argentina
4587:Australia
4500:Greenland
4415:Nicaragua
4390:Guatemala
4272:Gibraltar
4096:Lithuania
3902:Hong Kong
3856:Palestine
3781:Sri Lanka
3776:Singapore
3656:Indonesia
3357:Mauritius
2913:Preschool
2813:Wikimedia
2551:Religious
2476:Euthenics
2461:Economics
2441:Chemistry
2431:Bilingual
2386:Sociology
2341:Inclusion
2321:Economics
2219:Education
1935:0003-1313
1616:Matsumoto
1436:Newcastle
1250:Beethoven
1197:Für Elise
1173:Beethoven
1140:van Goens
1052:Casadesus
885:Beethoven
734:Technique
630:auditions
615:community
592:character
576:prodigies
544:preschool
482:pedagogue
478:violinist
52:talk page
5064:Pedagogy
4984:General
4917:Category
4832:Suriname
4822:Paraguay
4807:Colombia
4602:Kiribati
4465:Anguilla
4400:Honduras
4370:Dominica
4345:Barbados
4292:Svalbard
4277:Guernsey
4224:Abkhazia
4176:Slovenia
4171:Slovakia
4146:Portugal
4004:Bulgaria
3925:Category
3846:Abkhazia
3796:Thailand
3751:Pakistan
3731:Mongolia
3726:Maldives
3721:Malaysia
3621:Cambodia
3548: /
3544: /
3537:(France)
3531: /
3509: /
3505: /
3457:Zimbabwe
3432:Tanzania
3282:Ethiopia
3277:Eswatini
3257:Djibouti
3222:Cameroon
3207:Botswana
2797:Socratic
2757:Feedback
2643:Concepts
2536:Physical
2506:Military
2486:Language
2436:Business
2376:Research
2366:Politics
2351:Pedagogy
2246:Glossary
2231:Overview
2152:template
1777:16754335
1681:See also
1570:Shamisen
1442:Mandolin
1368:Giuliani
1364:Carcassi
1328:Recorder
1298:Cimarosa
1215:and the
1048:Telemann
1024:Kreisler
949:Kreisler
917:Veracini
893:Paganini
766:dynamics
762:phrasing
622:concerts
513:dialects
505:Japanese
4837:Uruguay
4812:Ecuador
4792:Bolivia
4753:Tokelau
4652:Vanuatu
4495:Curaçao
4480:Bonaire
4475:Bermuda
4405:Jamaica
4385:Grenada
4340:Bahamas
4201:Ukraine
4151:Romania
4111:Moldova
4069:Ireland
4064:Iceland
4059:Hungary
4049:Germany
4044:Georgia
4034:Finland
4029:Estonia
4024:Denmark
4009:Croatia
3994:Belgium
3989:Belarus
3979:Austria
3974:Armenia
3969:Andorra
3964:Albania
3821:Vietnam
3736:Myanmar
3716:Lebanon
3646:Georgia
3601:Bahrain
3591:Armenia
3533:Réunion
3529:Mayotte
3520:Madeira
3515:(Spain)
3511:Melilla
3442:Tunisia
3412:Somalia
3397:Senegal
3382:Nigeria
3372:Namibia
3362:Morocco
3327:Liberia
3322:Lesotho
3272:Eritrea
3242:Comoros
3217:Burundi
3192:Algeria
3100:→
3075:Further
3030:→
3025:→
3007:→
2971:→
2966:→
2950:→
2923:→
2916:→
2762:Passive
2685:Studies
2566:Teacher
2556:Science
2546:Reading
2541:Physics
2516:Nursing
2501:Medical
2336:History
2256:Outline
2238:General
2154:below (
1946:Sources
1785:2802395
1656:of the
1574:violins
1465:Trumpet
1384:Mudarra
1380:Albéniz
1376:Tarrega
1356:Vivaldi
1181:minuets
1169:baroque
1128:Paradis
1100:Vivaldi
1068:Leclair
1064:Vivaldi
1040:Baroque
1016:Paradis
1003:D major
999:A major
965:Copland
921:Corelli
909:Vivaldi
827:and in
535:at the
131:scholar
4817:Guyana
4797:Brazil
4728:Hawaii
4647:Tuvalu
4420:Panama
4410:Mexico
4355:Canada
4350:Belize
4287:Jersey
4229:Kosovo
4196:Turkey
4186:Sweden
4166:Serbia
4156:Russia
4141:Poland
4136:Norway
4116:Monaco
4086:Latvia
4054:Greece
4039:France
4014:Cyprus
3866:Taiwan
3801:Turkey
3766:Russia
3701:Kuwait
3681:Jordan
3671:Israel
3631:Cyprus
3616:Brunei
3611:Bhutan
3552:
3535:
3522:
3452:Zambia
3447:Uganda
3387:Rwanda
3342:Malawi
3302:Guinea
3197:Angola
3147:Portal
3107:
3066:
2969:Junior
2964:Infant
2869:Stages
2845:Quotes
2830:Images
2690:Theory
2680:Hidden
2576:Values
2481:Health
2456:Design
2381:Rights
2361:Policy
2171:Curlie
2157:Curlie
2075:, 1981
2064:, 1968
1987:
1973:
1933:
1783:
1775:
1636:Africa
1590:by ear
1490:, and
1388:Sakura
1337:Guitar
1318:Blavet
1314:Handel
1306:Quantz
1294:Mozart
1262:Dvořák
1260:, and
1246:Gossec
1242:Handel
1221:Bartók
1213:Handel
1132:Eccles
1120:Squire
1112:Breval
1108:Popper
1074:, and
1072:Hummel
1022:, and
1020:Mozart
957:Bartok
941:Fiocco
937:Mozart
933:Handel
929:Rameau
901:Brahms
889:Handel
881:Dvořák
865:Mozart
851:Violin
774:by ear
770:rhythm
706:unison
548:violin
133:
126:
119:
112:
104:
5034:Other
4980:Flute
4802:Chile
4642:Tonga
4632:Samoa
4622:Palau
4612:Nauru
4470:Aruba
4395:Haiti
4262:Åland
4181:Spain
4106:Malta
4076:Italy
3907:Macau
3826:Yemen
3786:Syria
3761:Qatar
3741:Nepal
3676:Japan
3651:India
3641:Egypt
3626:China
3507:Ceuta
3427:Sudan
3377:Niger
3332:Libya
3317:Kenya
3297:Ghana
3287:Gabon
3262:Egypt
3202:Benin
2850:Texts
2820:Books
2521:Peace
2511:Music
2491:Legal
2451:Death
2251:Index
1873:(PDF)
1781:S2CID
1620:Japan
1484:trios
1480:duets
1425:Organ
1416:Voice
1322:Fauré
1302:Ibert
1290:Otaka
1280:Flute
1211:" by
1158:Piano
1148:Haydn
1136:Fauré
1089:Cello
1076:Bruch
1030:Viola
1008:Bruch
953:Elgar
905:Seitz
793:sizes
715:etude
336:Choir
138:JSTOR
124:books
4827:Peru
4723:Guam
4675:Niue
4597:Fiji
4540:Saba
4365:Cuba
3746:Oman
3711:Laos
3666:Iraq
3661:Iran
3437:Togo
3347:Mali
3237:Chad
2840:News
1985:ISBN
1971:ISBN
1931:ISSN
1773:PMID
1429:The
1407:Harp
1360:Bach
1352:Sanz
1348:lute
1341:The
1310:Bach
1304:and
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1231:Bass
1177:Bach
1175:and
1167:and
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1010:and
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555:才能教育
503:, a
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