142:
January 1847, but was forced to give up the position less than two months later under disputed circumstances. In 1850 Frémont became
California's first U.S. Senator. Frémont, who had become wealthy off of gold mining claims, wrote a bill limiting gold mining claims to White citizens of the United States. In 1856 Frémont was nominated as the Republican candidate for President, losing the race to
100:
and set up camp there, planning to take Sutter Fort and raise the
American flag. While encamped, Frémont heard rumors that local Indians were preparing an attack on settlers. He took movements of Indian groups and the upcoming harvest as "signs" that the time for the attack was nearing, and stated in
141:
In July 1846, Frémont moved on to Sutter Fort and raised the
American flag. By August 1846 American military officers had fully occupied the northern half of the state, and by December all of modern California was under American control. John C. Frémont became Military Governor of California in
79:
In 1845, Captain Frémont was sent by the War
Department on an expedition to survey the Great Basin and Alta California, a possession of Mexico. Upon arriving in California, Frémont and his men moved about the northern half of the state for several months, provoking the Mexican authorities and
132:
Neither Frémont nor any of his expedition members were charged or punished in any way for the killings. Frémont claimed afterwards that his attack "put an end to the intended attack upon the whites" and that the
Indians were kept on "good behavior" by fear of him.
154:
from immediate annihilation, though the stealing of land, rape, and slave raids were common. By the 1850s, White
American animosity at Indian possession of the land had built, and large-scale massacres involving hundreds of Wintu deaths commenced, including the
149:
By the time Frémont had arrived in the
Sacramento River Valley, wealthy landed settlers were beginning to depend on Indian labor in a sort of feudal system, with the Indians working both as free and as bonded labor. To some degree this saved the local
75:
of
Missouri was a prominent leader of this movement, into which he enlisted his son-in-law, John C. Frémont. Benton obtained government funding for several expeditions led by Frémont to map and explore the western territory.
104:
Frémont admits that his goal was to terrorize the
Indians into submission and that he ordered his men to "leave no enemy behind." In the morning he and his armed men approached a
60:
The expansionist movement of the 1840s motivated many
Americans to work to push America's borders out into land claimed by Spain, Mexico, Britain, and Native American tribes. "
80:
building up patriotic sentiment among Americans who had settled there. They briefly left the state in April 1846 under pressure from Mexican authorities, committing the
88:
after leaving it. A message from the American government implying war with Mexico was imminent led Frémont and his men to return to California in late May.
520:
480:
510:
490:
485:
17:
109:
379:
465:
72:
124:
and attempted to attack them as well, but word had spread and the Indians across the land were already fleeing.
242:
68:, captured the idea that the young American nation was destined to rule all of the North American continent.
112:. They attacked without warning and killed several Indians, though others escaped. Those killed were likely
515:
495:
475:
470:
178:
168:
81:
449:
Freedom's Frontier, California and the Struggle Over Unpaid Labor, Emancipation, and Reconstruction
183:
234:
173:
156:
85:
65:
8:
227:
44:
40:
409:
375:
238:
61:
32:
505:
500:
143:
459:
97:
36:
422:
A World Transformed: Firsthand Accounts of California before the Gold Rush
369:
117:
113:
159:, the Old Shasta Town massacre and the Bridge Gulch massacre.
31:
refers to the murder of a group of Californian Indians on the
151:
146:. He later fought as a Union general during the Civil War.
411:
Genocide in Northwestern California: when our worlds cried
431:
The California Gold Rush and the Coming of the Civil War
391:
Handbook of North American Indians: California, Volume 8
39:
in June 1846 by a militarized expeditionary band led by
101:
his memoirs that he chose to attack them preemptively.
408:
229:Bear Flag Rising: The Conquest of California, 1846
226:
457:
440:Blood and Thunder: An Epic of the American West
371:Memoirs of My Life, By John Charles Frémont
120:. Frémont's band then proceeded to other
521:Massacres committed by the United States
428:
419:
415:. San Francisco: Indian Historian Press.
212:
96:On 30 May 1846, the band arrived at the
367:
316:
293:
281:
257:
14:
458:
406:
397:
388:
352:
340:
305:
224:
201:
84:on their way out of the state and the
481:Native American history of California
446:
437:
328:
269:
511:Anti-Indigenous racism in California
491:History of Sutter County, California
433:. New York, New York: Vintage Books.
24:
25:
532:
127:
108:near the location of modern-day
346:
334:
322:
233:. New York: Macmillan. p.
64:", a term coined by journalist
368:Frémont, John Charles (1887).
310:
299:
287:
275:
263:
251:
218:
206:
195:
13:
1:
486:Massacres of Native Americans
429:Richards, Leonard L. (2007).
424:. Berkeley, CA: Heyday Books.
361:
55:
47:were killed in the massacre.
189:
136:
7:
374:. Chicago: Belford, Clark.
162:
91:
10:
537:
393:. Smithsonian Institution.
50:
447:Smith, Stacey L. (2013).
420:Paddison, Joshua (1999).
398:Madley, Benjamin (2016).
179:Kern and Sutter massacres
169:Sacramento River massacre
82:Sacramento River massacre
43:of Virginia. At least 14
402:. Yale University Press.
389:Heizer, William (1978).
225:Walker, Dale L. (1999).
184:List of Indian massacres
466:1846 in Alta California
438:Sides, Hampton (2006).
41:Captain John C. Frémont
29:Sutter Buttes massacre
18:Sutter Buttes massacre
407:Norton, Jack (1979).
174:Klamath Lake massacre
157:Kabyai Creek massacre
86:Klamath Lake massacre
400:An American Genocide
110:Meridian, California
516:California genocide
442:. Random House Inc.
71:Democratic Senator
451:. UNC Press Books.
343:, pp. 324–325
272:, pp. 123–124
260:, pp. 418–420
73:Thomas Hart Benton
66:John L. O'Sullivan
45:California Indians
496:Sacramento Valley
476:Massacres in 1846
16:(Redirected from
528:
471:June 1846 events
452:
443:
434:
425:
416:
414:
403:
394:
385:
356:
355:, pp. 51–54
350:
344:
338:
332:
326:
320:
314:
308:
303:
297:
291:
285:
279:
273:
267:
261:
255:
249:
248:
232:
222:
216:
210:
204:
199:
62:Manifest Destiny
33:Sacramento River
21:
536:
535:
531:
530:
529:
527:
526:
525:
456:
455:
382:
364:
359:
351:
347:
339:
335:
327:
323:
315:
311:
304:
300:
292:
288:
280:
276:
268:
264:
256:
252:
245:
223:
219:
211:
207:
200:
196:
192:
165:
139:
130:
94:
58:
53:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
534:
524:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
454:
453:
444:
435:
426:
417:
404:
395:
386:
380:
363:
360:
358:
357:
345:
333:
321:
309:
298:
286:
274:
262:
250:
243:
217:
205:
193:
191:
188:
187:
186:
181:
176:
171:
164:
161:
144:James Buchanan
138:
135:
129:
126:
116:people of the
93:
90:
57:
54:
52:
49:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
533:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
463:
461:
450:
445:
441:
436:
432:
427:
423:
418:
413:
412:
405:
401:
396:
392:
387:
383:
381:9780665141270
377:
373:
372:
366:
365:
354:
349:
342:
337:
330:
325:
319:, p. 517
318:
313:
307:
302:
296:, p. 517
295:
290:
284:, p. 516
283:
278:
271:
266:
259:
254:
246:
240:
236:
231:
230:
221:
214:
213:Richards 2007
209:
203:
198:
194:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
166:
160:
158:
153:
147:
145:
134:
128:Repercussions
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
102:
99:
98:Sutter Buttes
89:
87:
83:
77:
74:
69:
67:
63:
48:
46:
42:
38:
37:Sutter Buttes
34:
30:
19:
448:
439:
430:
421:
410:
399:
390:
370:
348:
336:
331:, p. 92
324:
317:Frémont 1887
312:
301:
294:Frémont 1887
289:
282:Frémont 1887
277:
265:
258:Frémont 1887
253:
228:
220:
215:, p. 44
208:
197:
148:
140:
131:
121:
105:
103:
95:
78:
70:
59:
28:
26:
353:Norton 1979
341:Heizer 1978
306:Madley 2016
202:Madley 2016
460:Categories
362:References
329:Smith 2013
270:Sides 2006
244:0312866852
122:rancherias
56:Background
190:Footnotes
137:Aftermath
106:rancheria
163:See also
92:Incident
51:History
506:Wintun
501:Patwin
378:
241:
118:Wintun
114:Patwin
152:Wintu
35:near
376:ISBN
239:ISBN
27:The
462::
237:.
235:81
384:.
247:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.