Sustainable consumption

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describes an obstacle to changes in individual customer behavior. Many consumers are aware of the importance of their consumption choices and care about environmental issues, however most do not translate their concerns into their consumption patterns. This is because the purchase decision process is

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Strong sustainable consumption refers to participating in viable environmental activities, such as consuming renewable and efficient goods and services (such as electric locomotive, cycling, renewable energy). Strong sustainable consumption also refers to an urgency to reduce individual living space

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as they disproportionally use their larger financial resources – which they can usually spend freely in their entirety for any purpose as long as the end user purchase is legal – for energy-intensive goods. In particular, the largest disproportionality was identified to

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came to the identical conclusion, finding that "our diets need to shift towards more plant-based ingredients, rich in vegetables, fruits, wholegrains and pulses. Our diets should be limited in red meat, processed meat, salt, added sugar, and high-fat animal products, while fish and seafood should be

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impacts while enabling a flourishing life for individuals, households, communities, and beyond. It is the product of individual and collective decisions about aspirations and about satisfying needs and adopting practices, which are in turn conditioned, facilitated, and constrained by societal norms,

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of policy options rely on (true / reliable) information being available/provided to "shift demand—both intermediate and final—either away from imported completely, e.g., through diet shifts (IC1), or to sustainably produced FRCs, e.g., through voluntary or mandatory supply-chain transparency (IS1,

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In one study, individuals were given a set budget, "which could be spent once a week on a wide range of food and drink products", then data "on each item's carbon footprint was clearly presented, and individuals could view the carbon footprint of their supermarket basket on their shopping bill."

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Nepstad, Daniel; McGrath, David; Stickler, Claudia; Alencar, Ane; Azevedo, Andrea; Swette, Briana; Bezerra, Tathiana; DiGiano, Maria; Shimada, João; Seroa da Motta, Ronaldo; Armijo, Eric; Castello, Leandro; Brando, Paulo; Hansen, Matt C.; McGrath-Horn, Max; Carvalho, Oswaldo; Hess, Laura (6 June

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In order to achieve sustainable consumption, two developments have to take place: an increase in the efficiency of consumption, and a change in consumption patterns and reductions in consumption levels in industrialized countries and rich social classes in developing countries which have a large

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nations causes two million premature deaths annually, suggesting that the average lifetime consumption of about ~28 people in these countries causes at least one premature death (average age ~67) while developing countries "cannot be expected" to implement or be able to implement countermeasures

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of discussion and research. International government organizations’ (IGOs) prerogatives have kept away from strong sustainable consumption. To avoid scrutiny, IGOs have deemed their influences as limited, often aligning its interests with consumer wants and needs. In doing so, they advocate for

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goal of maintaining average global warming to optimistically 1.5 °C, and at least below a threshold of 2.0 °C. Western culture tends to celebrate consumer sovereignty and free market solutions to political economy problems. Yet climate change, and the associated tragedy of the global

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organization in order to encourage individual actions and discourage regulation. The organization teamed with schools and government agencies to spread the anti-litter message. Running public service announcements like "Susan Spotless," the organization encouraged consumers to dispose waste in

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The app CodeCheck gives versed smartphone users some capability to scan ingredients in food, drinks and cosmetics for filtering out some of the products that are legal but nevertheless unhealthy or unsustainable from their consumption/purchases. A similar "personal shopping assistant" has been

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Gardner, T. A.; Benzie, M.; Börner, J.; Dawkins, E.; Fick, S.; Garrett, R.; Godar, J.; Grimard, A.; Lake, S.; Larsen, R. K.; Mardas, N.; McDermott, C. L.; Meyfroidt, P.; Osbeck, M.; Persson, M.; Sembres, T.; Suavet, C.; Strassburg, B.; Trevisan, A.; West, C.; Wolvekamp, P. (1 September 2019).

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includes analyses of efficiency, infrastructure, and waste, as well as access to basic services, green and decent jobs, and a better quality of life for all within the concept of sustainable consumption. Sustainable consumption shares a number of common features and is closely linked to

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Not only selection, quantity and quality of consumed products may be of relevance to sustainable consumption, the process of consumption, including how selected products are distributed or gathered could be considered a component of it as well: for instance, ordering from a local store

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could assess the comparative sustainability and overall environmental impacts of products – including (but not limited to): "raw materials, extraction, processing and transport; manufacturing; delivery and installation; customer use; and end of life (such as disposal or recycling)".

1055:. Sustainable consumption is often paralleled with sustainable production; consumption refers to use and disposal (or recycling) not just by individuals and households, but also by governments, businesses, and other organizations. Sustainable consumption is closely related to 1919:

and assess the need for changes based on a risk-averse perspective. In order to achieve strong sustainable consumption, changes in infrastructures as well as the choices customers have are required. In the political arena, weak sustainable consumption is more discussed.

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concluded that the effectiveness of food labelling related to health impacts was "low to moderate" according to available evidence, and that "shaping the information environment through labelling is necessary but not sufficient to advance healthy and sustainable diets".

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about meat and sustainability of food systems, animal welfare, and healthy nutrition concluded that meat consumption has to be reduced substantially for sustainable consumption. The review names broad potential measures such as "restrictions or fiscal mechanisms". In

5309: 2029:(CSR) strive to incorporate sustainability concerns into market supply and demand forces by increasing the transparency of productive processes, as well as awareness of ecological footprints of consumption. Public solutions apply regulatory frameworks such as the 1874:

Weak sustainable consumption is the failure to adhere to strong sustainable consumption. In other words, consumption of highly pollutant activities, such as frequent car use and consumption of non-biodegradable goods (such as plastic items, metals, and mixed

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Hoehn, Daniel; Laso, Jara; Margallo, María; Ruiz-Salmón, Israel; Amo-Setién, Francisco José; Abajas-Bustillo, Rebeca; Sarabia, Carmen; Quiñones, Ainoa; Vázquez-Rowe, Ian; Bala, Alba; Batlle-Bayer, Laura; Fullana-i-Palmer, Pere; Aldaco, Rubén (January 2021).

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Rajão, Raoni; Soares-Filho, Britaldo; Nunes, Felipe; Börner, Jan; Machado, Lilian; Assis, Débora; Oliveira, Amanda; Pinto, Luis; Ribeiro, Vivian; Rausch, Lisa; Gibbs, Holly; Figueira, Danilo (17 July 2020). "The rotten apples of Brazil's agribusiness".

3521: 1598:-options for reducing imported deforestation also include "Lower/raise import tariffs for sustainably/unsustainably produced commodities" and "Regulate imports, e.g., through quotas, bans, or preferential access agreements". However, several 2958:

Mazac, Rachel; Meinilä, Jelena; Korkalo, Liisa; Järviö, Natasha; Jalava, Mika; Tuomisto, Hanna L. (April 2022). "Incorporation of novel foods in European diets can reduce global warming potential, water use and land use by over 80%".

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Nolte, Christoph; le Polain de Waroux, Yann; Munger, Jacob; Reis, Tiago N. P.; Lambin, Eric F. (1 March 2017). "Conditions influencing the adoption of effective anti-deforestation policies in South America's commodity frontiers".

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ecological footprint and set an example for increasing middle classes in developing countries. The first prerequisite is not sufficient on its own and qualifies as weak sustainable consumption. Technological improvements and

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population is estimated to be 900 million, of which around 20% are regarded as owned pets. Sustainable consumption may also involve their feed. Beyond reduction of meat consumption, the composition of livestock feed and

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for voluntarily financial investment redirection/guidance based on this categorization. The company Dayrize is one organization that attempts to accurately assess environmental and social impacts of consumer products.

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could help mitigate this problem, and possibly increase the capacity to account for imported pollution/harm/death-footprints. Footprints of nondomestic production are significant: for instance, a study concluded that

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began to replace reusable products with disposable containers (plastic items and metals). Unaware of how to dispose of containers, consumers began to throw waste across public spaces and national parks. Following a

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occurs, leisure time may increase at least temporarily. There are some suggestions that in general, increases in leisure time do not per se translate to increased sustainability – in particular that some time saved

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Cazzolla Gatti, Roberto; Velichevskaya, Alena (November 2020). "Certified 'sustainable' palm oil took the place of endangered Bornean and Sumatran large mammals habitat and tropical forests in the last 30 years".

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The bottom half of the population is directly responsible for less than 20% of energy footprints and consume less than the top 5% in terms of trade-corrected energy. High-income individuals usually have higher

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If information is linked to products e.g. via a digital product passport, along with proper architecture and governance for data sharing and data protection, it could help achieve climate neutrality and foster

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Surveys ranking consumer values such as environmental, social, and sustainability, showed sustainable consumption values to be particularly low. Surveys on environmental awareness saw an increase in perceived

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strategies across governmental institutions and non-governmental organizations to achieve greater citizen engagement and self-governance systems. Increasing levels of sustainable consumption to contribute to

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investigated in a study. Studies indicated a low level of use of sustainability labels on food. Moreover, existing labels have been intensely criticized for invalidity or unreliability, often amounting to

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saw increases in the number of families forced to turn to cast-off clothing. When wages became desperate, employers offered clothing replacements as a substitute for earnings. In response, fashion trends

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Lord, Kathryn; Feinstein, Mark; Smith, Bradley; Coppinger, Raymond (2013). "Variation in reproductive traits of members of the genus Canis with special attention to the domestic dog (Canis familiaris)".

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There is a growing recognition that human well-being is interwoven with the natural environment, as well as an interest to change human activities that cause environmental harm. This is evident in the

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Degrowth also emphasizes the need to 'degrow' various sectors of the economy without a negative connotation usually associated with such measures such as at least temporary job-loss. If no immediate

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emissions (in terms of transportation emissions and when not considering which options are available). Bundling items could reduce carbon emissions of deliveries and carbon footprints of in-person

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Economic concepts by which scholarly literature approaches problems such as overconsumption, using this terminology to characterize broad, typically conceptual-stage, solution-proposals include:

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Consumption such as "domestic water consumption" could be considered as a collectively ordered activity especially when such data and contextual education is available the respective collective.

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Bodirsky, Benjamin Leon; Chen, David Meng-Chuen; Weindl, Isabelle; Soergel, Bjoern; Beier, Felicitas; Molina Bacca, Edna J.; Gaupp, Franziska; Popp, Alexander; Lotze-Campen, Hermann (May 2022).

1618:, bans (import control), support of selected production and subsidies which shifts, rather than mainly reduces, consumption. International sanctions during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 1887:, recognized sustainable consumption as a concept. It also recognized the difference between strong and weak sustainable consumption but set efforts away from strong sustainable consumption. 1699:"by addressing real need, reducing wants, ensuring greater distributive equality and ultimately by suppressing production", or "downscaling of production and consumption that increases human 1422:

labels are often intended to confirm compliance with relevant social and environmental considerations, enabling consumers and other purchasers to make more ethical decisions in terms of

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are replaced by more reality-attached measures such as of health, social and environmental well-being and more needs-based structures. Broadly, degrowth would or does aim to address

1956:, such as clothing, tools, and furniture. Used items offered entry into consumer culture, and they also provided investment value and enhancements to wage-earning capabilities. 1258: 3135:

Lescureux, Nicolas; Linnell, John D.C. (2014). "Warring brothers: The complex interactions between wolves (Canis lupus) and dogs (Canis familiaris) in a conservation context".

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A common denominator of degrowth is a decline in the metric GDP. More concrete degrowth proposals are diverse, dispersed throughout the growing body of literature and include:

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complicated and relies on e.g. social, political, and psychological factors. Young et al. identified a lack of time for research, high prices, a lack of information, and the

3887:"Increasing world consumption of beef as a driver of regional and global change: A call for policy action based on evidence from Queensland (Australia), Colombia and Brazil" 2287:

Vergragt, P.J. et al (2016) Fostering and Communicating Sustainable Lifestyles: Principles and Emerging Practices, UNEP– Sustainable Lifestyles, Cities and Industry Branch,

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Sánchez-Muros, María-José; Barroso, Fernando G.; Manzano-Agugliaro, Francisco (15 February 2014). "Insect meal as renewable source of food for animal feeding: a review".

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zu Ermgassen, Erasmus K. H. J.; Godar, Javier; Lathuillière, Michael J.; Löfgren, Pernilla; Gardner, Toby; Vasconcelos, André; Meyfroidt, Patrick (15 December 2020).

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became a cultural movement. Irish consumer confidence fell, sparking a cultural shift in second-hand markets and charities, stressing sustainability and drawing on

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and those issued by sustainability standards organisations may be used by businesses and public bodies to confirm compliance. Public procurement regulations in the

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Ripple, William J.; Wolf, Christopher; Newsome, Thomas M.; Gregg, Jillian W.; et al. (28 July 2021). "World Scientists' Warning of a Climate Emergency 2021".

2108: 1880: 1314:. Moreover, there can be competition for resources, such as land, between growing crops for human consumption and growing crops for animals, also referred to as " 7359: 6433: 3586:

Nansai, Keisuke; Tohno, Susumu; Chatani, Satoru; Kanemoto, Keiichiro; Kagawa, Shigemi; Kondo, Yasushi; Takayanagi, Wataru; Lenzen, Manfred (2 November 2021).

2325: 1952:, families turned to sustainable consumption. When unemployment began to stretch resources, American working-class families increasingly became dependent on 1720:, and action should be acknowledged and scrutinized in detail" which could prompt or be necessary for an "organization of an alternative society" (see also: 3994: 6340: 4812:

Young, William; Hwang, Kumju; McDonald, Seonaidh; Oates, Caroline J. (2009). "Sustainable consumption: green consumer behaviour when purchasing products".

4474: 3443: 2147: 5296: 4148:"Introducing a Degrowth Approach to the Circular Economy Policies of Food Production, and Food Loss and Waste Management: Towards a Circular Bioeconomy" 2350:

Forster, Piers M.; Forster, Harriet I.; Evans, Mat J.; Gidden, Matthew J.; Jones, Chris D.; Keller, Christoph A.; Lamboll, Robin D.; Quéré, Corinne Le;

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Perrels, Adriaan (July 2008). "Wavering between radical and realistic sustainable consumption policies: in search for the best feasible trajectories".

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One tool that could possibly be used in large-scale policies is an app that "will guide users to prioritize reduction in high-footprint categories".

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aim to implement frameworks and support developing countries in order to "move towards more sustainable patterns of consumption and production".

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conference of 1956, plastic corporations were quick to enter the mass consumption market of post-war America. During this period companies like

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Gatersleben, Birgitta; Steg, Linda; Vlek, Charles (May 2002). "Measurement and Determinants of Environmentally Significant Consumer Behavior".

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Reliable evaluations and categorizations of products may enable measures such as policy-combinations that include transparent criteria-based

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usually only refers to individual choices, and not the consumption behavior and/or import and consumption policies by the decision-making of

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Marrakech Process Progress Report including Elements for a 10-Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP)

3669: 3557: 7384: 6213: 7297: 6426: 5960: 2510: 2150:" was developed by co-ordination of a series of meetings and other "multi-stakeholder" processes by UNEP and UNDESA following the WSSD. 1411: 1710:"reducing and redistributing income alone" along with GHG-pricing and wealth redistribution into a global food systems transformation 1384:

A considerable proportion of consumers of food produced by the food system may be non-livestock animals such as pet-dogs: the global

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refers to economic paradigms that address the need to reduce global consumption and production whereby metrics and mechanisms like

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Gompper, Matthew E. (2013). "The dog–human–wildlife interface: assessing the scope of the problem". In Gompper, Matthew E. (ed.).

6949: 2354:; Rosen, Deborah; Schleussner, Carl-Friedrich; Richardson, Thomas B.; Smith, Christopher J.; Turnock, Steven T. (7 August 2020). 2238: 1299: 2025:. There are at least three options for achieving cultural shifts and greater ecological awareness. Private solutions labeled as 5910: 4022:"Large inequality in international and intranational energy footprints between income groups and across consumption categories" 1607: 1294:

Non-intervention in processes related to beef (and soy) production via policies may be a main driver of tropical deforestation.

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Support for education on sustainable consumption as a priority for respondents to the European Investment Bank Climate Survey.

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United Nations Department of Social and Economic Affairs (2010) Paving the Way to Sustainable Consumption and Production. In

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should be rephrased as encyclopedic definition, not as action plan from the proponents' PoV. Also, who coined these terms?

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2002—A ten-year program on sustainable consumption and production (SCP) was created in the Plan of Implementation at the

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be in the domain of transport, where e.g. the top 10% consume 56% of vehicle fuel and conduct 70% of vehicle purchases.

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http://www.unep.fr/scp/marrakech/pdf/Marrakech%20Process%20Progress%20Report%20-%20Paving%20the%20Road%20to%20SCP.pdf

3643: 3318: 2067: 1853: 1014: 377: 3588:"Consumption in the G20 nations causes particulate air pollution resulting in two million premature deaths annually" 1903:

improvements, resulting in government skepticism and minimal commitments to strong sustainable consumption efforts.

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Comparison of footprint-based and transboundary pollution-based relationships among G20 nations for the number of PM

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During the rapid expansion of post-war suburbia, families turned to new levels of mass consumption. Following the

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Ireland saw an increase in secondhand shopping and communal gardening. Following a series of financial scandals,

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Schiermeier, Quirin (15 August 2019). "Eat less meat: UN climate-change report calls for change to human diet".

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Source: Norwegian Ministry of the Environment (1994) Oslo Roundtable on Sustainable Production and Consumption.

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Sustainable consumption can be undertaken in such a way that needs are met for present-day humans and also for

286: 5027:"A Polycentric Approach for Coping with Climate Change: Background Paper to the 2010 World Development Report" 4190: 2728:

Steinfeld, Henning; Gerber, Pierre; Wassenaar, Tom; Castel, Vincent; Rosales, Mauricio; de Haan, Cees (2006),

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2014). "Slowing Amazon deforestation through public policy and interventions in beef and soy supply chains".

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is meant to "ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns". Specifically, targets 12.1 and 12.A of

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require that label requirements only include those which are "linked to the subject-matter of the contract".

1170: 4475:"Diversifying and de-growing the circular economy: Radical social transformation in a resource-scarce world" 2442:"Shifting expenditure on food, holidays, and furnishings could lower greenhouse gas emissions by almost 40%" 1518: 7496: 6442: 6135: 5403: 5049:"Education for UN Sustainable Development Goal 12: A Cross-Curricular Program for Secondary Level Students" 2234: 1200: 909: 520: 339: 4333:

Lenzen, Manfred; Keyβer, Lorenz; Hickel, Jason (May 2022). "Degrowth scenarios for emissions neutrality".

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Network, Sarah DeWeerdt for Conservation magazine, part of the Guardian Environment (17 February 2016).

3522:"The impact of environmental recall and carbon taxation on the carbon footprint of supermarket shopping" 7276: 6814: 6466: 5945: 5566: 5445: 5310:"Third International Conference of the Sustainable Consumption Research and Action Initiative (SCORAI)" 4700: 3063: 2773:

Crippa, M.; Solazzo, E.; Guizzardi, D.; Monforti-Ferrario, F.; Tubiello, F. N.; Leip, A. (March 2021).

2158: 949: 884: 789: 566: 440: 191: 121: 5363:"Bologna, la "patente digitale" per i cittadini virtuosi: punti e premi. E un'app con tutti i servizi" 5232: 4216:"Translating Degrowth into Contemporary Policy Challenges: A Symbiotic Social Transformation Strategy" 7186: 7010: 6794: 6145: 5940: 5778: 5430: 4926: 3520:

Panzone, Luca A.; Ulph, Alistair; Zizzo, Daniel John; Hilton, Denis; Clear, Adrian (September 2021).

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2018—Third International Conference of the Sustainable Consumption Research and Action Initiative (

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Sustainable Consumption for a Better Future – A Study on Consumer Behaviour and Business Reporting

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Directive 2014/24/EU of 26 February 2014 on public procurement and repealing Directive 2004/18/EC

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The 1992 Earth Summit found that sustainable consumption rather than sustainable development was

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McAlpine, C. A.; Etter, A.; Fearnside, P. M.; Seabrook, L.; Laurance, W. F. (1 February 2009).

1982: 1692: 1263: 496: 445: 415: 5275: 4215: 2849:"The availability of feeds for livestock: Competition with human consumption in present world" 1259:

Environmental impact of meat production § Alternatives to meat production and consumption

7369: 7233: 7072: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6586: 6486: 6283: 6228: 6185: 6068: 6043: 6008: 5684: 4679: 2206: 2169: 2111:(UNCED) the concept of sustainable consumption was established in chapter 4 of the Agenda 21. 1924: 1725: 1717: 1275: 1245: 1204: 1119:

Sustainable development as well as sustainable consumption rely on certain premises such as:

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refers to the active process of controlling or limiting the choices available to consumers.

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Therefore, sustainable consumption also includes food consumption – shifting to more

709: 674: 542: 256: 211: 71: 4782: 4242: 3970:"EU passes first chunk of green investment rules, contentious sectors still to come" 3902: 3886: 3871: 3791: 3490: 3412:"Sustainability labels on food products: Consumer motivation, understanding and use" 3064:"Meat consumption must fall by at least 75% for sustainable consumption, says study" 2253: 7425: 7420: 7206: 7201: 7084: 7040: 6879: 6854: 6743: 6594: 6521: 6258: 6130: 6105: 5998: 5824: 5798: 5750: 5745: 5727: 5664: 5615: 5536: 5506: 5501: 5458: 5197: 5158: 5060: 4999: 4905: 4829: 4821: 4794: 4753: 4730: 4663: 4602: 4569: 4528: 4515:

Matthies, Aila-Leena; Peeters, Jef; Hirvilammi, Tuuli; Stamm, Ingo (October 2020).

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ban on disposable glass products, plastic corporations banded together to form the

1957: 1792: 1768: 1648: 1635: 1606:

As of 2021, one approach under development is binary "labelling" of investments as

1599: 1360: 1326: 964: 799: 724: 639: 634: 594: 261: 216: 31: 5003: 4798: 4734: 4493: 4401: 4070:

Fuso Nerini, Francesco; Fawcett, Tina; Parag, Yael; Ekins, Paul (16 August 2021).

3428: 3411: 3343:

Asikis, Thomas; Klinglmayr, Johannes; Helbing, Dirk; Pournaras, Evangelos (2021).

2918: 1771:

on their own, while useful as broad components, are insufficient and ineffective.

1463:

and higher cost requirements in effort or time for the product-selection from the

1430: 7435: 7196: 6738: 6725: 6703: 6688: 6599: 6511: 6093: 6003: 5988: 5854: 5819: 5628: 4556:

Fauré, Eléonore; Svenfelt, Åsa; Finnveden, Göran; Hornborg, Alf (November 2016).

3945: 3920: 3184: 3156: 2749:"Food systems account for more than one third of global greenhouse gas emissions" 2216: 2017: 1949: 1764: 1696: 1460: 1348: 1239: 1192: 939: 924: 784: 739: 689: 619: 362: 321: 251: 241: 231: 151: 106: 91: 81: 61: 5162: 4987: 4683: 2775:"Food systems are responsible for a third of global anthropogenic GHG emissions" 7440: 6884: 6411: 6018: 5935: 5869: 5864: 5583: 5561: 5496: 5419: 4783:"Strong sustainable consumption governance – precondition for a degrowth path?" 4346: 4303: 4096: 4071: 3919:

Bager, Simon L.; Persson, U. Martin; Reis, Tiago N. P. dos (19 February 2021).

3611: 3540: 3276: 3251: 3033: 2972: 2791: 2774: 2250: 2211: 2186: 2022: 2014: 1908: 1900: 1733: 1667: 1654: 1557: 1196: 1101: 1097: 1080: 1069: 984: 864: 859: 749: 729: 614: 574: 526: 490: 425: 236: 156: 5065: 5048: 4757: 4667: 4048: 2865: 2848: 2816:"Feeding proteins to livestock: Global land use and food vs. feed competition" 2380: 2355: 7485: 7179: 7128: 6894: 6824: 6781: 6748: 6733: 6551: 6506: 6323: 6048: 6033: 6028: 6013: 5834: 5788: 5546: 3295: 3230: 3090: 2416: 2034: 1729: 1658: 1591: 1577: 1569: 1336: 1319: 1315: 894: 779: 719: 514: 266: 3827: 2669: 2595: 2274: 1866:

Some writers make a distinction between "strong" and "weak" sustainability.

604: 7228: 6683: 6661: 6656: 6646: 6296: 5694: 5453: 5202: 5185: 4354: 4311: 3835: 3783: 3629: 3498: 3396: 3192: 3041: 2990: 2800: 2688: 2645:"The origin, supply chain, and deforestation risk of Brazil's beef exports" 2603: 2351: 2289:

http://www.oneearthweb.org/communicating-sustainable-lifestyles-report.html

2201: 2004: 1884: 1473: 1415: 1363:

by over 80% in a study. Many studies such as a 2019 IPCC report and a 2022

1124: 969: 959: 684: 624: 599: 579: 281: 221: 206: 166: 141: 101: 6531: 2832: 2815: 2033:

system to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. An alternative approach adopts

7111: 6651: 6546: 5879: 5874: 5839: 5702: 3644:"Digitalisation for a circular economy: A driver for European Green Deal" 2535: 2533: 2531: 1356: 1307: 994: 854: 829: 764: 714: 629: 609: 584: 547: 479: 136: 4649:"Sustainable Consumption Governance: A History of Promises and Failures" 4616: 4410: 3378: 2981: 1556:

by a second country with a strict climate policy this is referred to as

1403: 6996: 6693: 6566: 6038: 6023: 5849: 5829: 5186:"Austerity Ireland, the New Thrift Culture and Sustainable Consumption" 4910: 4893: 4533: 4516: 4234: 4174: 4164: 4147: 3444:"Certification schemes such as FSC are greenwashing forest destruction" 3286: 2772: 2466: 2441: 1916: 1747: 1615: 1490: 1464: 1332: 999: 744: 669: 389: 226: 201: 181: 46: 4986:

Ye, Nan; Kueh, Tung-Boon; Hou, Lisong; Liu, Yongxin; Yu, Hang (2020).

4834: 4574: 4557: 3558:"Ordering from a local store can curb online shopping's CO₂ emissions" 3410:

Grunert, Klaus G.; Hieke, Sophie; Wills, Josephine (1 February 2014).

2704:"How Americans' love of beef is helping destroy the Amazon rainforest" 2528: 2425: 7166: 6307: 6253: 5707: 5276:

Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development

4381:

Heikkurinen, Pasi; Lozanoska, Jana; Tosi, Pierre (20 February 2019).

2904: 1973: 1933: 1721: 1700: 1677: 1622:

while supporting alternatives, albeit these sanctions were not based

1508: 1149: 1132: 989: 889: 704: 468: 271: 51: 4558:"Four Sustainability Goals in a Swedish Low-Growth/Degrowth Context" 3720:"Air pollution from G20 consumers caused two million deaths in 2010" 2642: 7238: 7161: 7122: 6668: 6100: 4825: 3750:"Transparency and sustainability in global commodity supply chains" 3361: 2356:"Current and future global climate impacts resulting from COVID-19" 1688: 1498: 1352: 1173:

seeks to "ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns".

974: 769: 5220:

UN Goal 12: Ensure Sustainable Consumption and Production Patterns

3921:"Eighty-six EU policy options for reducing imported deforestation" 3856: 6073: 5388: 4020:

Oswald, Yannick; Owen, Anne; Steinberger, Julia K. (March 2020).

3742: 3740: 3213: 2814:

Manceron, Stéphane; Ben-Ari, Tamara; Dumas, Patrice (July 2014).

2511:"Full product transparency gives consumers more informed choices" 2165: 2114:

1995—Sustainable consumption was requested to be incorporated by

1584:

without external support or internationally coordinated efforts.

1166: 1073: 1064: 552: 401: 4376: 4374: 4372: 3695:"EU countries support plan for world-first carbon border tariff" 3345:"How value-sensitive design can empower sustainable consumption" 3342: 7143: 5737: 4111:

Koch, Max; Buch-Hansen, Hubert; Fritz, Martin (1 August 2017).

3914: 3912: 2440:

Kanyama, Annika Carlsson; Nässén, Jonas; Benders, René (2021).

2115: 2095: 2091: 1894:. Currently, strong sustainable consumption is only present in 1703:

and enhances ecological conditions and equity on the planet".

1608:"green" according to an EU governmental body-created "taxonomy" 1595: 1502: 1215: 1109: 834: 754: 311: 5248:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (1997)

5083:

Sustainable Consumption: Political Economy of Sustainable Food

4555: 4514: 3884: 3737: 2727: 6965: 5046: 4369: 3804: 3581: 3579: 1625:

on environment-related qualitative criteria of the products.

1145: 1128: 914: 474: 4701:"United Nations Conference on Environment & Development" 4144: 4069: 3909: 2572: 3467: 3169: 2133: 1195:

for "decarbonization" of humanity's economic structures or

4892:

Ruby, Matthew B.; Walker, Iain; Watkins, Hanne M. (2020).

4063: 3746: 3585: 3576: 1803: 1310:

are responsible for one third of the global anthropogenic

5047:

Kiely, L; Parajuly, K; Green, JA; Fitzpatrick, C (2021).

4642: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4282: 3250:

d’Adda, Giovanna; Gao, Yu; Tavoni, Massimo (April 2022).

2957: 2933:"Lab-grown meat and insects 'good for planet and health'" 2731:

Livestock's Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options

2349: 1716:

Another broad proposal suggests that "different roles of

1580: 1445: 1385: 1369: 4380: 3319:"Apps for Earth Day: 5 options to keep your green goals" 2626:"Amazon soya and beef exports 'linked to deforestation'" 2251:

World Commission on Environment and Development (1987).

2241:, published 22 February 2016, accessed 13 September 2020 2109:

United Nations Conference on Environment and Development

2066:

Ethnographic research across Europe concluded that post-

1881:

United Nations Conference on Environment and Development

1628: 1156:

so that consumer items are utilized to maximum potential

6278:

UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)

4869:"Reframing History: The Litter Myth : Throughline" 4811: 2128:(UNEP) started a SC program and SC is discussed in the 2118:(ECOSOC) into the UN Guidelines on Consumer Protection. 1459:

The approach of labels can involve a trade-off between

1393:

may also be subject of sustainable consumption shifts.

7360:

International Conference on Population and Development

4631: 3519: 2881:"Lebensmittel aus dem Labor könnten der Umwelt helfen" 2402: 2042:

will likely require supportive educational resources.

1948:

In the early twentieth century, especially during the

5280:

Report of the World Summit on Sustainable Development

4140: 4138: 4019: 1758: 4110: 2813: 2439: 1936:

effort needed as the main barriers when it comes to

1743:

Demonetized activities are important for degrowth.

1620:

included restrictions on Russian fossil fuel imports

5140: 4591:"Modern Interpretations of Sustainable Development" 2540:Parlasca, Martin C.; Qaim, Matin (5 October 2022). 2121:

1997—A major report on SC was produced by the OECD.

2101: 4473:Hobson, Kersty; Lynch, Nicholas (September 2016). 4332: 4191:"Degrowth as a Concept and Practice: Introduction" 4135: 2252: 1509:Product information transparency and trade control 5261:United Nations Development Program (UNDP) (1998) 4973:The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review 4891: 4647:Fuchs, Doris A.; Lorek, Sylvia (September 2005). 3529:Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 3409: 1590:is important for global goals such as ending net- 1548:is being developed. When there is an increase in 7483: 6441: 3918: 3134: 2090:were established by the United Nations in 2015. 2081: 1286:Average greenhouse gas emissions by food product 3249: 2649:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1943: 1523:Standardization § Environmental protection 1483: 1252: 6302:Rio Declaration on Environment and Development 5123:. UCD Michael Smurfit Graduate Business School 5034:Policy Research Working Paper 5095, World Bank 4254: 4252: 3231:"Towards sustainable food consumption – SAPEA" 3128: 3091:"Towards sustainable food consumption – SAPEA" 2326:"Goal 12: Responsible consumption, production" 2040:United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 12 1519:Emission intensity § Estimating emissions 1218:-states. These have however been compared for 6981: 6427: 5404: 5336:"Sozialkreditsystem: Tugendpunkte in Bologna" 4383:"Activities of degrowth and political change" 2846: 2721: 1676:(PCAs) refers to technology-based schemes to 1022: 4985: 4781:Lorek, Sylvia; Fuchs, Doris (January 2013). 4458:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2539: 1642: 1267:Per capita annual meat consumption by region 1096:, is part of the worldwide struggle against 7385:United Nations world population conferences 5282:, UN Document A/CONF.199/20*, New York: UN. 4748:Meier, Lars; Lange, Hellmuth, eds. (2009). 4472: 4249: 3667: 3112:Free-Ranging Dogs and Wildlife Conservation 3103: 3011: 2343: 7298:Population and housing censuses by country 6988: 6974: 6434: 6420: 6373: 5411: 5397: 5230: 4924: 4780: 4747: 4646: 3114:. Oxford University Press. pp. 9–54. 2504: 2502: 1412:sustainability standards and certification 1381:sourced from sustainably managed stocks". 1029: 1015: 351:The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures 6313:Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) 5215: 5213: 5201: 5064: 4909: 4833: 4606: 4573: 4532: 4409: 4173: 4163: 4095: 3944: 3773: 3619: 3427: 3386: 3360: 3285: 3275: 2980: 2864: 2831: 2790: 2678: 2668: 2557: 2465: 2424: 2379: 2076:a narrative surrounding economic recovery 1854:Learn how and when to remove this message 1068:political institutions, public policies, 7021:Estimates of historical world population 6341:UN Conference on Sustainable Development 4975:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3552: 3550: 3163: 2302:"Sustainable consumption and production" 2049: 1526: 1300:environmental impacts of meat production 1289: 1281: 1270: 1262: 436:Surplus: Terrorized into Being Consumers 5089:. Otakaari, Finland: Aalto University. 4720: 4521:International Journal of Social Welfare 4432: 3670:"Emissions Loophole Stays Open in E.U." 3220:, Article 43, accessed 28 December 2022 3109: 2508: 2499: 2141:World Summit on Sustainable Development 2021:atmospheric commons, represent a large 1994: 1804:Strong and weak sustainable consumption 1176: 7484: 5911:Corporate environmental responsibility 5360: 5250:Sustainable Consumption and Production 5210: 5183: 5079: 5024: 4213: 4188: 4072:"Personal carbon allowances revisited" 3967: 3692: 2701: 2559:10.1146/annurev-resource-111820-032340 2306:United Nations Sustainable Development 1965:as high-end clothing became a luxury. 1763:A study suggests that the concepts of 1359:) are shown to have the potential to 1092:. Sustainable consumption, as part of 7507:Environmental social science concepts 6969: 6415: 5392: 5108: 5106: 4970: 4966: 4964: 4952: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4695: 4693: 3547: 3316: 2542:"Meat Consumption and Sustainability" 2045: 1629:Fairness and income/spending freedoms 1063:. "A sustainable lifestyle minimizes 421:Affluenza: The All-Consuming Epidemic 7454: 6284:Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983) 4588: 1807: 1424:the environmental impact of products 1201:substantial impact on global warming 7390:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement 5361:Rosano, Francesco (29 March 2022). 4957:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 4955:Social Choice and Individual Values 2546:Annual Review of Resource Economics 2509:Arratia, Ramon (18 December 2012). 2259:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 13: 5926:Environmental full-cost accounting 5418: 5103: 4961: 4856: 4842: 4690: 2126:United Nations Environment Program 1823:tone or style may not reflect the 1759:Degrowth-related economic concepts 1562:Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism 1203:. Such changes may result in more 1199:above politics are required for a 14: 7518: 7282:Population and Development Review 5860:Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity 5384: 5333: 5184:Murphy, Fiona (15 October 2017). 4214:Murphy, Mary P. (November 2013). 4195:The Commons Social Change Library 1989: 1892:the center of political discourse 1883:(UNCED), also referred to as the 1572:induced by the contemporary free 1552:in one country as a result of an 1501:-trips can be eliminated e.g. by 1396: 1141:within their capacity for renewal 408:Profit over People: Neoliberalism 378:Future Primitive and Other Essays 7466: 7465: 7453: 7330:Population concern organizations 7036:Projections of population growth 6925: 6924: 6914: 6530: 6372: 6361: 6360: 6330:UN Millennium Declaration (2000) 5314:CBS - Copenhagen Business School 5190:Journal of Business Anthropology 4608:10.1111/j.1467-6478.2009.00455.x 3968:Abnett, Kate (9 December 2021). 3668:Andrés Cala (18 November 2014), 3471:Science of the Total Environment 2847:Steinfeld, H.; Opio, C. (2010). 2102:Notable conferences and programs 1836:guide to writing better articles 1812: 1505:to the shop instead of driving. 1402:This section is an excerpt from 880: 879: 16:Study of resource and energy use 7431:Human impact on the environment 7365:Population Action International 6699:Science, technology and society 5916:Corporate social responsibility 5845:Ocean thermal energy conversion 5784:Community-supported agriculture 5469:Human impact on the environment 5354: 5327: 5302: 5285: 5268: 5255: 5242: 5224: 5177: 5134: 5073: 5040: 5018: 4979: 4946: 4918: 4885: 4805: 4774: 4741: 4714: 4582: 4549: 4508: 4466: 4435:"How green is online shopping?" 4426: 4326: 4276: 4207: 4182: 4104: 4013: 3987: 3961: 3903:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.10.008 3878: 3872:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.01.001 3850: 3798: 3712: 3686: 3661: 3636: 3513: 3491:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140712 3461: 3436: 3403: 3336: 3317:Mulka, Angela (21 April 2022). 3310: 3243: 3223: 3207: 3083: 3056: 3005: 2951: 2925: 2898: 2873: 2840: 2807: 2766: 2741: 2702:McCoy, Terrence; Ledur, Júlia. 2695: 2636: 2618: 2566: 2027:Corporate Social Responsibility 317:The Theory of the Leisure Class 7380:United Nations Population Fund 6995: 6156:Socially responsible marketing 4129:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.03.035 3766:10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.05.025 3693:Abnett, Kate (16 March 2022). 2853:Advances in Animal Biosciences 2474: 2433: 2396: 2318: 2294: 2281: 2244: 2228: 2116:UN Economic and Social Council 1755:total distance of car travel. 287:Sustainable consumer behaviour 1: 6347:Sustainable Development Goals 6151:Socially responsible business 5004:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122679 4992:Journal of Cleaner Production 4799:10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.08.008 4787:Journal of Cleaner Production 4735:10.1016/j.jclepro.2007.08.008 4723:Journal of Cleaner Production 4494:10.1016/j.futures.2016.05.012 4402:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.11.119 4390:Journal of Cleaner Production 4189:Nelson, Anitra (2024-01-31). 3429:10.1016/j.foodpol.2013.12.001 2919:10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.11.068 2907:Journal of Cleaner Production 2482:"Country Overshoot Days 2022" 2446:Journal of Industrial Ecology 2222: 2197:Sustainable consumer behavior 2088:Sustainable Development Goals 2082:Sustainable Development Goals 2068:Financial crisis of 2007–2008 1789:Community economy and commons 1588:Transparency of supply chains 1493:could substantially reduce CO 1232:emissions embedded in imports 1171:Sustainable Development Goals 336:The Society of the Spectacle 6443:Environmental social science 3946:10.1016/j.oneear.2021.01.011 3185:10.1016/j.beproc.2012.10.009 3157:10.1016/j.biocon.2014.01.032 2157:) in collaboration with the 1944:Historical related behaviors 1484:The processes of consumption 1361:reduce environmental impacts 1253:Sustainable food consumption 1230:(albeit without considering 1162:and intragenerational equity 521:Institute for Social Ecology 7: 7405:World Population Foundation 7395:World Population Conference 7308:World population milestones 6482:Environmental communication 6176:Sustainability organization 5961:Standards and certification 5552:Social return on investment 5274:United Nations (UN) (2002) 5163:10.1177/0013916502034003004 5053:Frontiers in Sustainability 3891:Global Environmental Change 3860:Global Environmental Change 2180: 1683: 1450:Scientific Advice Mechanism 1378:Scientific Advice Mechanism 700:Anti-globalization movement 10: 7523: 7277:Population and Environment 6467:Environmental anthropology 5601:Systemic change resistance 4953:Arrow, Kenneth J. (1951). 4656:Journal of Consumer Policy 4595:Journal of Law and Society 4347:10.1038/s43016-022-00516-9 4304:10.1038/s43016-022-00500-3 4223:Irish Journal of Sociology 4097:10.1038/s41893-021-00756-w 3612:10.1038/s41467-021-26348-y 3541:10.1016/j.jeem.2018.06.002 3349:Royal Society Open Science 3277:10.1038/s41560-022-01002-z 3034:10.1038/d41586-019-02409-7 2973:10.1038/s43016-022-00489-9 2792:10.1038/s43016-021-00225-9 2159:Copenhagen Business School 1998: 1674:Personal Carbon Allowances 1652: 1646: 1560:. In the EU, the proposed 1535:-related premature deaths. 1512: 1401: 1372:, science advisors in the 1335:such as under-development 1278:of GHG emissions for foods 1256: 1180: 1046:impacts on the environment 950:Natural resource economics 192:Feminist political ecology 122:Compulsive buying disorder 7492:Sustainability by subject 7449: 7413: 7338: 7290: 7269: 7187:Human population planning 7152: 7098: 7049: 7011:Demographics of the world 7003: 6910: 6759: 6539: 6528: 6449: 6356: 6267: 6204: 5976: 5903: 5812: 5779:Climate-smart agriculture 5764: 5736: 5693: 5647: 5614: 5487: 5444: 5426: 5114:"Consumer Market Monitor" 5066:10.3389/frsus.2021.638294 4758:10.1007/978-1-4020-9938-0 4668:10.1007/s10603-005-8490-z 4049:10.1038/s41560-020-0579-8 2885:www.sciencemediacenter.de 2866:10.1017/S2040470010000488 2381:10.1038/s41558-020-0883-0 2192:Collaborative consumption 1979:Vermont State Legislature 1793:Commons#Economic theories 1643:Techniques and approaches 1238:per capita as well as by 1197:root-cause system changes 590:Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen 97:Collaborative consumption 7502:Environmental mitigation 7192:Compulsory sterilization 6497:Environmental psychology 5921:Environmental accounting 5670:Sustainable architecture 5660:Environmental technology 5263:Human Development Report 5143:Environment and Behavior 4898:Journal of Social Issues 2130:Human Development Report 1550:greenhouse gas emissions 1546:Digital Product Passport 1461:financial considerations 900:Gross National Happiness 658:Related social movements 533:Rage Against the Machine 460:Organizations and groups 147:Criticism of advertising 7134:Malthusian growth model 6502:Environmental sociology 6477:Environmental economics 6457:Ecological anthropology 5794:Sustainable agriculture 5025:Ostrom, Elinor (2009). 4971:Stern, Nicolas (2007). 4814:Sustainable Development 4708:Sustainable Development 3828:10.1126/science.1248525 3137:Biological Conservation 2670:10.1073/pnas.2003270117 2596:10.1126/science.aba6646 2143:(WSSD) in Johannesburg. 2001:Environmental education 1911:support a reduction in 1576:and consumption by the 1420:energy efficiency class 1343:, existing small-scale 1187:Sustainable food system 1114:environmental pollution 1094:sustainable development 1090:sustainable development 1042:Sustainable consumption 920:Influence of mass media 850:Consumption (sociology) 845:Consumption (economics) 695:Anti-corporate activism 292:Sustainable consumption 127:Conspicuous consumption 7261:Zero population growth 7256:Sustainable population 7180:Malthusian catastrophe 7139:Overshoot (population) 7016:Demographic transition 6492:Environmental politics 6337:(Rio+10, Johannesburg) 6206:Sustainable management 6191:Urban drainage systems 5931:Environmental planning 5895:Water recycling shower 5885:Tidal stream generator 5680:Sustainable industries 5639:Sustainable population 5624:Demographic transition 5606:Tragedy of the commons 5203:10.22439/jba.v6i2.5410 4750:The New Middle Classes 2417:10.1093/biosci/biab079 2134:UN Development Program 2055: 2035:polycentric governance 1983:Keep America Beautiful 1829:. The reason given is: 1536: 1476:or being ineffective. 1295: 1287: 1279: 1268: 1246:Life-cycle assessments 1205:sustainable lifestyles 1127:, and minimization of 1086:sustainable production 1061:sustainable lifestyles 1057:sustainable production 497:Earth Liberation Front 441:So, What's Your Price? 416:The Cultural Creatives 7370:Population Connection 7234:Mere addition paradox 7073:Physiological density 6587:Ecological humanities 6487:Environmental history 6229:Humanistic capitalism 6044:Environmental finance 5685:Sustainable packaging 4589:Ross, Andrea (2009). 4076:Nature Sustainability 3592:Nature Communications 3173:Behavioural Processes 2360:Nature Climate Change 2207:Group decision-making 2053: 1871:and consumption rate. 1726:life-cycle assessment 1647:Further information: 1530: 1513:Further information: 1293: 1285: 1276:Life-cycle assessment 1274: 1266: 1257:Further information: 930:Intentional community 760:Libertarian socialism 735:Fossil fuel phase-out 485:Deep Green Resistance 446:What Would Jesus Buy? 397:Escape from Affluenza 7400:World Population Day 7355:Church of Euthanasia 7244:Non-identity problem 7219:Political demography 7175:Human overpopulation 6679:Integrated geography 6557:Behavioral geography 6462:Ecological economics 6196:Urban infrastructure 5890:Water heat recycling 5713:Conservation biology 5557:Steady-state economy 5532:Micro-sustainability 5517:Ecological footprint 5474:Planetary boundaries 4117:Ecological Economics 2170:use public transport 2009:Solutions journalism 1995:Ecological awareness 1958:The Great Depression 1913:resource consumption 1783:planetary boundaries 1515:Produce traceability 1183:Sustainable products 1177:Consumption shifting 955:Non-monetary economy 875:Economic materialism 870:Ecological economics 327:The Affluent Society 277:Steady-state economy 247:Planned obsolescence 177:Ecological economics 7497:Ethical consumerism 7249:Reproductive rights 7080:Population dynamics 7031:Population momentum 6950:Research institutes 6472:Environmental crime 6297:Earth Summit (1992) 5951:Metrics and indices 5804:Sustainable fishery 5723:Holocene extinction 5542:Product stewardship 5512:Earth Overshoot Day 5367:Corriere di Bologna 5155:2002EnvBe..34..335G 5080:Amadae, SM (2023). 4088:2021NatSu...4.1025F 4041:2020NatEn...5..231O 3937:2021OEart...4..289B 3820:2014Sci...344.1118N 3814:(6188): 1118–1123. 3604:2021NatCo..12.6286N 3483:2020ScTEn.742n0712C 3379:10.1098/rsos.201418 3371:2021RSOS....801418A 3268:2022NatEn...7..360D 3149:2014BCons.171..232L 3026:2019Natur.572..291S 2833:10.1051/ocl/2014020 2661:2020PNAS..11731770Z 2655:(50): 31770–31779. 2588:2020Sci...369..246R 2486:Earth Overshoot Day 2458:2021JInEc..25.1602C 2372:2020NatCC..10..913F 1797:Gemeinwohl-Ökonomie 1554:emissions reduction 1454:European Commission 1429:Labels such as the 1374:European Commission 1212:ethical consumerism 1191:Studies found that 1154:product life-cycles 1139:renewable resources 1100:challenges such as 980:Subsistence economy 905:Heterodox economics 825:Advanced capitalism 680:Anarcho-primitivism 665:Alter-globalization 645:Henry David Thoreau 332:One-Dimensional Man 197:Food loss and waste 187:Ethical consumerism 172:Earth Overshoot Day 132:Consumer capitalism 112:Commodity fetishism 67:Autonomous building 57:Alternative culture 7375:Population Matters 7090:Population pyramid 7068:Population density 7063:Population decline 6920:Environment portal 6674:Industrial ecology 5756:Sustainable energy 5718:Endangered species 5675:Sustainable design 5589:Consumer behaviour 4911:10.1111/josi.12376 4534:10.1111/ijsw.12423 4235:10.7227/IJS.21.2.6 4165:10.3390/su13063379 3674:The New York Times 3564:. 26 February 2020 3069:University of Bonn 2467:10.1111/jiec.13176 2174:manage energy well 2056: 2046:Surveys and trends 1986:designated areas. 1925:attitude-behaviour 1663:Sustainable design 1600:theories of change 1537: 1467:available options. 1431:European Eco-label 1404:Label § Compliance 1304:emissions database 1296: 1288: 1280: 1269: 1106:resource depletion 1053:future generations 935:Left-wing politics 840:Consumer behaviour 775:Occupy Wall Street 368:Small Is Beautiful 87:Buddhist economics 40:Theories and ideas 7479: 7478: 7350:7 Billion Actions 7224:Population ethics 7117:Carrying capacity 7026:Population growth 6963: 6962: 6802:Green criminology 6562:Community studies 6517:Political ecology 6409: 6408: 6335:Earth Summit 2002 6318:Lisbon Principles 6290:Our Common Future 5968:Sustainable yield 5774:Civic agriculture 5527:Green consumption 5464:Global governance 5295:. Available at: 5265:, New York: UNDP. 5096:978-952-64-1109-5 4927:"Paris Agreement" 4767:978-1-4020-9937-3 4729:(11): 1203–1217. 4575:10.3390/su8111080 4082:(12): 1025–1031. 3754:World Development 3448:Greenpeace Africa 3020:(7769): 291–292. 2582:(6501): 246–248. 2255:Our common future 2148:Marrakesh Process 1938:green consumption 1929:values-action gap 1896:minimal precincts 1864: 1863: 1856: 1827:used on Knowledge 1825:encyclopedic tone 1636:energy footprints 1542:dematerialization 1349:ground-up insects 1327:sustainable diets 1160:Intergenerational 1039: 1038: 885:Economic problems 710:Diggers (theater) 675:Anarcho-communism 543:The Venus Project 373:To Have or to Be? 257:Political ecology 212:Green consumption 72:Billboard hacking 7514: 7469: 7468: 7457: 7456: 7426:Green Revolution 7207:Two-child policy 7202:One-child policy 7125: 7085:Population model 7041:World population 6990: 6983: 6976: 6967: 6966: 6928: 6927: 6918: 6850:natural resource 6534: 6522:Regional science 6436: 6429: 6422: 6413: 6412: 6376: 6375: 6364: 6363: 6308:Agenda 21 (1992) 6279: 6244:Natural resource 6131:Organic movement 6106:Impact investing 5825:Hydroelectricity 5799:Sustainable diet 5751:Renewable energy 5746:Carbon footprint 5728:Invasive species 5665:Natural building 5616:World population 5577:Marketing myopia 5537:Over-consumption 5507:Circular economy 5502:Anti-consumerism 5459:Environmentalism 5413: 5406: 5399: 5390: 5389: 5379: 5378: 5376: 5374: 5358: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5331: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5321: 5306: 5300: 5289: 5283: 5272: 5266: 5259: 5253: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5231:United Nations. 5228: 5222: 5217: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5138: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5128: 5118: 5110: 5101: 5100: 5088: 5077: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5044: 5038: 5037: 5031: 5022: 5016: 5015: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4968: 4959: 4958: 4950: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4940: 4931: 4925:United Nations. 4922: 4916: 4915: 4913: 4889: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4879: 4865: 4854: 4851: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4809: 4803: 4802: 4778: 4772: 4771: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4718: 4712: 4711: 4705: 4697: 4688: 4687: 4653: 4644: 4629: 4628: 4610: 4586: 4580: 4579: 4577: 4553: 4547: 4546: 4536: 4512: 4506: 4505: 4479: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4457: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4430: 4424: 4423: 4413: 4387: 4378: 4367: 4366: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4289: 4280: 4274: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4264: 4256: 4247: 4246: 4220: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4202: 4201: 4186: 4180: 4179: 4177: 4167: 4142: 4133: 4132: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4067: 4061: 4060: 4026: 4017: 4011: 4010: 4008: 4006: 3991: 3985: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3965: 3959: 3958: 3948: 3916: 3907: 3906: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3802: 3796: 3795: 3777: 3744: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3690: 3684: 3683: 3682: 3680: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3640: 3634: 3633: 3623: 3583: 3574: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3554: 3545: 3544: 3526: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3440: 3434: 3433: 3431: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3390: 3364: 3340: 3334: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3289: 3279: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3238: 3237: 3227: 3221: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3107: 3101: 3100: 3098: 3097: 3087: 3081: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3060: 3054: 3053: 3009: 3003: 3002: 2984: 2955: 2949: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2929: 2923: 2922: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2868: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2835: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2794: 2770: 2764: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2745: 2739: 2738: 2736: 2725: 2719: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2699: 2693: 2692: 2682: 2672: 2640: 2634: 2633: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2570: 2564: 2563: 2561: 2537: 2526: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2506: 2497: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2478: 2472: 2471: 2469: 2452:(6): 1602–1616. 2437: 2431: 2430: 2428: 2400: 2394: 2393: 2383: 2347: 2341: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2322: 2316: 2315: 2313: 2312: 2298: 2292: 2285: 2279: 2278: 2258: 2248: 2242: 2235:Consumer Council 2232: 2077: 1971: 1964: 1954:secondhand goods 1897: 1893: 1859: 1852: 1848: 1845: 1839: 1838:for suggestions. 1834:See Knowledge's 1816: 1815: 1808: 1779:Doughnut economy 1769:circular economy 1753:did not decrease 1649:Theory of change 1579: 1447: 1371: 1236:meat consumption 1125:use of resources 1031: 1024: 1017: 965:Post-materialism 883: 882: 800:Social anarchism 725:Environmentalism 640:Bernard Stiegler 635:E. F. Schumacher 595:Edward Goldsmith 410:and Global Order 393: 359: 347: 262:Post-consumerism 217:Hyperconsumerism 32:Anti-consumerism 19: 18: 7522: 7521: 7517: 7516: 7515: 7513: 7512: 7511: 7482: 7481: 7480: 7475: 7445: 7409: 7343: 7341: 7334: 7286: 7265: 7214:Overconsumption 7197:Family planning 7154: 7148: 7121: 7105: 7102: 7094: 7056: 7053: 7045: 6999: 6994: 6964: 6959: 6906: 6755: 6726:Systems ecology 6710:Sustainability 6704:science studies 6689:Rural sociology 6535: 6526: 6512:Human geography 6445: 6440: 6410: 6405: 6352: 6277: 6269: 6268:Agreements and 6263: 6200: 6004:Climate finance 5972: 5899: 5855:Reclaimed water 5808: 5760: 5732: 5689: 5643: 5629:Family planning 5610: 5483: 5440: 5422: 5417: 5387: 5382: 5372: 5370: 5359: 5355: 5345: 5343: 5334:Kaube, Jürgen. 5332: 5328: 5319: 5317: 5308: 5307: 5303: 5290: 5286: 5273: 5269: 5260: 5256: 5247: 5243: 5235: 5229: 5225: 5218: 5211: 5182: 5178: 5139: 5135: 5126: 5124: 5116: 5112: 5111: 5104: 5097: 5086: 5078: 5074: 5045: 5041: 5029: 5023: 5019: 4984: 4980: 4969: 4962: 4951: 4947: 4938: 4936: 4929: 4923: 4919: 4890: 4886: 4877: 4875: 4867: 4866: 4857: 4852: 4843: 4810: 4806: 4779: 4775: 4768: 4746: 4742: 4719: 4715: 4703: 4699: 4698: 4691: 4651: 4645: 4632: 4587: 4583: 4554: 4550: 4513: 4509: 4477: 4471: 4467: 4451: 4450: 4443: 4441: 4431: 4427: 4385: 4379: 4370: 4331: 4327: 4287: 4281: 4277: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4258: 4257: 4250: 4218: 4212: 4208: 4199: 4197: 4187: 4183: 4143: 4136: 4109: 4105: 4068: 4064: 4024: 4018: 4014: 4004: 4002: 3993: 3992: 3988: 3978: 3976: 3966: 3962: 3917: 3910: 3883: 3879: 3855: 3851: 3803: 3799: 3745: 3738: 3728: 3726: 3718: 3717: 3713: 3703: 3701: 3691: 3687: 3678: 3676: 3666: 3662: 3652: 3650: 3642: 3641: 3637: 3584: 3577: 3567: 3565: 3556: 3555: 3548: 3524: 3518: 3514: 3466: 3462: 3452: 3450: 3442: 3441: 3437: 3408: 3404: 3341: 3337: 3327: 3325: 3315: 3311: 3248: 3244: 3235: 3233: 3229: 3228: 3224: 3212: 3208: 3168: 3164: 3133: 3129: 3122: 3108: 3104: 3095: 3093: 3089: 3088: 3084: 3074: 3072: 3062: 3061: 3057: 3010: 3006: 2956: 2952: 2942: 2940: 2939:. 25 April 2022 2931: 2930: 2926: 2903: 2899: 2889: 2887: 2879: 2878: 2874: 2845: 2841: 2812: 2808: 2771: 2767: 2757: 2755: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2734: 2726: 2722: 2712: 2710: 2708:Washington Post 2700: 2696: 2641: 2637: 2632:. 17 July 2020. 2624: 2623: 2619: 2571: 2567: 2538: 2529: 2519: 2517: 2507: 2500: 2490: 2488: 2480: 2479: 2475: 2438: 2434: 2401: 2397: 2366:(10): 913–919. 2348: 2344: 2334: 2332: 2324: 2323: 2319: 2310: 2308: 2300: 2299: 2295: 2286: 2282: 2267: 2249: 2245: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2217:Overconsumption 2183: 2104: 2084: 2075: 2048: 2018:Paris Agreement 2011: 1997: 1992: 1969: 1962: 1950:interwar period 1946: 1895: 1891: 1860: 1849: 1843: 1840: 1833: 1821:This section's 1817: 1813: 1806: 1765:sharing economy 1761: 1697:overconsumption 1686: 1680:GHG emissions. 1665: 1651: 1645: 1631: 1568: 1544:. In the EU, a 1534: 1525: 1511: 1496: 1486: 1469: 1468: 1407: 1399: 1345:microbial foods 1261: 1255: 1240:overconsumption 1227: 1193:systemic change 1189: 1179: 1072:, markets, and 1070:infrastructures 1035: 1006: 1005: 1004: 940:McDonaldization 925:Informal sector 819: 811: 810: 809: 740:Green anarchism 690:Anti-capitalism 659: 651: 650: 649: 620:Donella Meadows 569: 559: 558: 557: 462: 452: 451: 450: 431:The Corporation 412: 409: 383: 363:Steal This Book 353: 337: 322:Brave New World 306: 298: 297: 296: 252:Right to repair 242:Overconsumption 232:Microgeneration 152:Culture jamming 107:Commodification 92:Buy Nothing Day 77:Buyer's remorse 62:Anti-capitalism 41: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7520: 7510: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7477: 7476: 7474: 7473: 7463: 7450: 7447: 7446: 7444: 7443: 7441:Sustainability 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7417: 7415: 7414:Related topics 7411: 7410: 7408: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7346: 7344: 7339: 7336: 7335: 7333: 7332: 7327: 7326: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7305: 7303:Largest cities 7300: 7294: 7292: 7288: 7287: 7285: 7284: 7279: 7273: 7271: 7267: 7266: 7264: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7252: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7210: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7184: 7183: 7182: 7172: 7164: 7158: 7156: 7150: 7149: 7147: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7123:I = P × A × T 7119: 7114: 7108: 7106: 7099: 7096: 7095: 7093: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7076: 7075: 7065: 7059: 7057: 7050: 7047: 7046: 7044: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7007: 7005: 7001: 7000: 6993: 6992: 6985: 6978: 6970: 6961: 6960: 6958: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6922: 6911: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6904: 6903: 6902: 6897: 6889: 6888: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6859: 6858: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6829: 6828: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6804: 6799: 6798: 6797: 6792: 6784: 6779: 6778: 6777: 6772: 6763: 6761: 6757: 6756: 6754: 6753: 6752: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6728: 6723: 6722: 6721: 6716: 6708: 6707: 6706: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6665: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6644: 6643: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6606:Environmental 6604: 6603: 6602: 6597: 6589: 6584: 6583: 6582: 6577: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6543: 6541: 6537: 6536: 6529: 6527: 6525: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6453: 6451: 6447: 6446: 6439: 6438: 6431: 6424: 6416: 6407: 6406: 6404: 6403: 6396: 6389: 6382: 6370: 6357: 6354: 6353: 6351: 6350: 6344: 6343:(Rio+20, 2012) 6338: 6332: 6327: 6321: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6299: 6294: 6286: 6281: 6273: 6271: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6210: 6208: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6097: 6096: 6091: 6089:Infrastructure 6086: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6019:Eco-capitalism 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5980: 5978: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5970: 5965: 5964: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5936:Sustainability 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5907: 5905: 5904:Accountability 5901: 5900: 5898: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5816: 5814: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5770: 5768: 5762: 5761: 5759: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5742: 5740: 5734: 5733: 5731: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5699: 5697: 5691: 5690: 5688: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5651: 5649: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5620: 5618: 5612: 5611: 5609: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5597: 5596: 5591: 5581: 5580: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5562:Sustainability 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5497:Anthropization 5493: 5491: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5450: 5448: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5438: 5433: 5427: 5424: 5423: 5420:Sustainability 5416: 5415: 5408: 5401: 5393: 5386: 5385:External links 5383: 5381: 5380: 5353: 5326: 5301: 5284: 5267: 5254: 5252:, Paris: OECD. 5241: 5223: 5209: 5176: 5149:(3): 335–362. 5133: 5102: 5095: 5072: 5039: 5017: 4978: 4960: 4945: 4917: 4884: 4855: 4841: 4826:10.1002/sd.394 4804: 4773: 4766: 4740: 4713: 4689: 4662:(3): 261–288. 4630: 4581: 4562:Sustainability 4548: 4527:(4): 378–389. 4507: 4465: 4425: 4368: 4341:(5): 308–309. 4325: 4298:(5): 341–348. 4275: 4248: 4206: 4181: 4152:Sustainability 4134: 4103: 4062: 4035:(3): 231–239. 4012: 3986: 3960: 3931:(2): 289–306. 3908: 3877: 3849: 3797: 3736: 3711: 3685: 3660: 3635: 3575: 3546: 3512: 3460: 3435: 3402: 3335: 3309: 3262:(4): 360–368. 3242: 3222: 3206: 3162: 3127: 3121:978-0191810183 3120: 3102: 3082: 3055: 3004: 2967:(4): 286–293. 2950: 2924: 2897: 2872: 2839: 2806: 2785:(3): 198–209. 2765: 2740: 2720: 2694: 2635: 2617: 2565: 2527: 2498: 2473: 2432: 2411:(9): biab079. 2395: 2342: 2317: 2293: 2280: 2266:978-0192820808 2265: 2243: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2220: 2219: 2214: 2212:Product design 2209: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2187:Choice editing 2182: 2179: 2178: 2177: 2162: 2151: 2144: 2137: 2122: 2119: 2112: 2103: 2100: 2083: 2080: 2072:Anti-Austerity 2047: 2044: 2023:market failure 2015:United Nations 1996: 1993: 1991: 1990:Culture shifts 1988: 1945: 1942: 1923:The so-called 1909:eco-efficiency 1877: 1876: 1872: 1862: 1861: 1820: 1818: 1811: 1805: 1802: 1801: 1800: 1786: 1760: 1757: 1741: 1740: 1737: 1734:job evaluation 1714: 1711: 1685: 1682: 1668:Choice editing 1655:Global commons 1644: 1641: 1630: 1627: 1566: 1558:carbon leakage 1532: 1510: 1507: 1494: 1485: 1482: 1439:United Kingdom 1435:European Union 1408: 1400: 1398: 1397:Product labels 1395: 1254: 1251: 1225: 1210:Nevertheless, 1178: 1175: 1164: 1163: 1157: 1142: 1135: 1102:climate change 1098:sustainability 1081:United Nations 1037: 1036: 1034: 1033: 1026: 1019: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1003: 1002: 997: 992: 987: 985:Sustainability 982: 977: 972: 967: 962: 957: 952: 947: 942: 937: 932: 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 877: 872: 867: 865:Disneyfication 862: 860:Counterculture 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 827: 821: 820: 817: 816: 813: 812: 808: 807: 805:Social ecology 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 752: 750:Green politics 747: 742: 737: 732: 730:Food Not Bombs 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 661: 660: 657: 656: 653: 652: 648: 647: 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 615:Serge Latouche 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 575:Mauro Bonaiuti 571: 570: 565: 564: 561: 560: 556: 555: 550: 545: 540: 538:Reverend Billy 535: 530: 527:Monthly Review 523: 518: 511: 506: 499: 494: 491:Democracy Now! 487: 482: 477: 472: 464: 463: 458: 457: 454: 453: 449: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 406: 404: 399: 394: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 348: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 308: 307: 304: 303: 300: 299: 295: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 244: 239: 237:Non-possession 234: 229: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 159: 157:Do it yourself 154: 149: 144: 139: 134: 129: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 49: 43: 42: 39: 38: 35: 34: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7519: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7489: 7487: 7472: 7464: 7462: 7461: 7452: 7451: 7448: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7421:Bennett's law 7419: 7418: 7416: 7412: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7347: 7345: 7342:organizations 7337: 7331: 7328: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7310: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7295: 7293: 7289: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7268: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7226: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7189: 7188: 7185: 7181: 7178: 7177: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7169: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7159: 7157: 7151: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7129:Kaya identity 7127: 7124: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7097: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7074: 7071: 7070: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7048: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7008: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6991: 6986: 6984: 6979: 6977: 6972: 6971: 6968: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6923: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6912: 6909: 6901: 6900:environmental 6898: 6896: 6893: 6892: 6890: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6865:environmental 6863: 6862: 6860: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6835:environmental 6833: 6832: 6830: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6810:environmental 6808: 6807: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6796: 6795:environmental 6793: 6791: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6783: 6782:Ecopsychology 6780: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6767: 6766:Architecture 6765: 6764: 6762: 6758: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6731: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6711: 6709: 6705: 6702: 6701: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6649: 6648: 6645: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6607: 6605: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6592: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6581: 6580:environmental 6578: 6576: 6573: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6552:Anthrozoology 6550: 6548: 6545: 6544: 6542: 6538: 6533: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6507:Human ecology 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6454: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6437: 6432: 6430: 6425: 6423: 6418: 6417: 6414: 6402: 6401: 6397: 6395: 6394: 6390: 6388: 6387: 6383: 6381: 6380: 6371: 6369: 6368: 6359: 6358: 6355: 6348: 6345: 6342: 6339: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6325: 6324:Earth Charter 6322: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6291: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6275: 6274: 6272: 6266: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6214:Environmental 6212: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6203: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6146:Refurbishment 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6136:Organizations 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6081: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6049:Green economy 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6034:Eco-socialism 6032: 6030: 6029:Eco-investing 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6014:Disinvestment 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5975: 5969: 5966: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5938: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5902: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5835:Marine energy 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5811: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5789:Cultured meat 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5763: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5735: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5700: 5698: 5696: 5692: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5646: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5613: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5586: 5585: 5582: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5564: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5547:Simple living 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5486: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5443: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5428: 5425: 5421: 5414: 5409: 5407: 5402: 5400: 5395: 5394: 5391: 5368: 5364: 5357: 5341: 5337: 5330: 5315: 5311: 5305: 5298: 5294: 5288: 5281: 5277: 5271: 5264: 5258: 5251: 5245: 5234: 5227: 5221: 5216: 5214: 5204: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5180: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5137: 5122: 5115: 5109: 5107: 5098: 5092: 5085: 5084: 5076: 5067: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5043: 5035: 5028: 5021: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4982: 4974: 4967: 4965: 4956: 4949: 4935: 4928: 4921: 4912: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4888: 4874: 4870: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4836: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4808: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4777: 4769: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4744: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4717: 4709: 4702: 4696: 4694: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4650: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4585: 4576: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4552: 4544: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4511: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4476: 4469: 4461: 4455: 4440: 4436: 4429: 4421: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4384: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4329: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4286: 4279: 4261: 4255: 4253: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4217: 4210: 4196: 4192: 4185: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4141: 4139: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4107: 4098: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4066: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4029:Nature Energy 4023: 4016: 4000: 3996: 3990: 3975: 3971: 3964: 3956: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3915: 3913: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3881: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3853: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3801: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3743: 3741: 3725: 3724:New Scientist 3721: 3715: 3700: 3696: 3689: 3675: 3671: 3664: 3649: 3645: 3639: 3631: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3582: 3580: 3563: 3559: 3553: 3551: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3523: 3516: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3464: 3449: 3445: 3439: 3430: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3406: 3398: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3355:(1): 201418. 3354: 3350: 3346: 3339: 3324: 3320: 3313: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3256:Nature Energy 3253: 3246: 3232: 3226: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3166: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3131: 3123: 3117: 3113: 3106: 3092: 3086: 3071: 3070: 3065: 3059: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3008: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2954: 2938: 2934: 2928: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2901: 2886: 2882: 2876: 2867: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2843: 2834: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2810: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2769: 2754: 2750: 2744: 2733: 2732: 2724: 2709: 2705: 2698: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2639: 2631: 2627: 2621: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2569: 2560: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2516: 2512: 2505: 2503: 2487: 2483: 2477: 2468: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2436: 2427: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2399: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2352:Rogelj, Joeri 2346: 2331: 2327: 2321: 2307: 2303: 2297: 2290: 2284: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2262: 2257: 2256: 2247: 2240: 2237:(Hong Kong), 2236: 2231: 2227: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2202:Durable goods 2200: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2149: 2145: 2142: 2138: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2113: 2110: 2106: 2105: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2079: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2062: 2052: 2043: 2041: 2036: 2032: 2031:cap and trade 2028: 2024: 2019: 2016: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1987: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1966: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1904: 1902: 1901:eco-efficient 1888: 1886: 1882: 1879:In 1992, the 1873: 1869: 1868: 1867: 1858: 1855: 1847: 1837: 1832: 1828: 1826: 1819: 1810: 1809: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1780: 1777: 1776: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1756: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1738: 1735: 1731: 1730:certification 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1708: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1669: 1664: 1660: 1659:Health policy 1656: 1650: 1640: 1637: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1609: 1604: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1592:deforestation 1589: 1585: 1582: 1575: 1571: 1570:air pollution 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1529: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1492: 1481: 1477: 1475: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1455: 1451: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1405: 1394: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1379: 1375: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1337:cultured meat 1334: 1330: 1328: 1323: 1321: 1320:food security 1318:" (see also: 1317: 1316:food vs. feed 1313: 1312:GHG emissions 1309: 1305: 1301: 1292: 1284: 1277: 1273: 1265: 1260: 1250: 1247: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1221: 1220:road vehicles 1217: 1213: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1188: 1184: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1140: 1136: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1121: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1032: 1027: 1025: 1020: 1018: 1013: 1012: 1010: 1009: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 991: 988: 986: 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 895:Green economy 893: 891: 888: 886: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 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