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36:
547:. In Australia in particular, due to risk mitigation/limitation factors the employment of surveyors at all levels of the construction industry is widespread. There are still many countries where it is not widely recognized as a profession. The Services that Building Surveyors undertake are broad but include:
516:
The survey party installs control stations at regular intervals. These are small steel plugs installed in pairs in holes drilled into walls or the back. For wall stations, two plugs are installed in opposite walls, forming a line perpendicular to the drift. For back stations, two plugs are installed
335:
In the case of buildings, an arbitrary system of grids is often established so as to correspond to the rows of columns and the major load-bearing walls of the building. The grids may be identified alphabetically in one direction, and numerically in the other direction (as in a road map). The grids
648:
In the United States, Canada, the United
Kingdom and most Commonwealth countries land surveying is considered to be a distinct profession. Land surveyors have their own professional associations and licensing requirements. The services of a licensed land surveyor are generally required for boundary
404:
measures neither horizontal nor vertical angles. It simply combines a spirit level and telescope to allow the user to visually establish a line of sight along a level plane. When used together with a graduated staff it can be used to transfer elevations from one location to another. An alternative
368:
In other types of construction projects, arbitrary "plan north" reference lines may be established, using
Cartesian coordinates that may or may not necessarily correspond to true coordinates. The technique is called localized grid. This method uses the plan building grids as their own ordinates. A
468:
like timber and minerals. The stakes can be made from wood, metal, plastic, and other materials and typically come in a range of sizes and colors for different purposes. Sources can include surveying and construction suppliers, and people can also make or order their own for custom applications.
359:
which can be suitable for long linear infrastructure such as high speed rail. Such grids not only minimise the impact of distortion due to the Earth's curvature but also have the benefit of defined relationships to a geodetic datum and therefore lack the arbitrary nature of localized grids.
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are usually but not necessarily perpendicular, and are often but not necessarily evenly spaced. Floors and basement levels are also numbered. Structures, equipment or architectural details may be located in reference to the floor and the nearest intersection of the arbitrary axes.
639:
With the enlargement of the
European community, the profession of the Chartered Building Surveyor is becoming more widely known in other European states, particularly France. Chartered Building Surveyors, where many English speaking people buy second homes.
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or have a space for people to write information on the stake. Surveyors use stakes when assessing sites to mark out boundaries, record data, and convey information to other people. On a job site, for example, survey stakes indicate where it is necessary to
221:
coordinates. However, for the purposes of construction a more suitable coordinate system will often be used. During construction surveying, the surveyor will often have to convert from geodesic coordinates to the coordinate system used for that project.
177:
Modern technology advanced surveying's accuracy and efficiency. For example, surveyors used to use two posts joined with a chain to measure distance. This technology could only account for distance and not elevation. Current technology uses
192:
Survey existing conditions of the future work site, including topography, existing buildings and infrastructure, and underground infrastructure whenever possible (for example, measuring invert elevations and diameters of sewers at
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and are often not suitable for precise engineering design and construction. For major infrastructure projects specifically designed low distortion engineering grids can be used, an example being the
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relocating the boundaries of existing land parcels using legal descriptions, registered documents, surveyors' field notes and plans, and evidence of monumentation and other marks on or under ground.
244:- 1 chain is equal to 66 feet or 100 links) will be established, often to correspond with the centre line of the road or pipeline. During construction, structures would then be located in terms of
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that will guide the construction of new structures such as roads, rail, or buildings. These markers are usually staked out according to a suitable coordinate system selected for the project.
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with soil to raise the elevation, or to cut soil away to lower it. Stakes can also provide information about slope and grading for people getting a job site ready for construction.
616:. It is usual for building surveyors to undertake an accredited degree qualification before undertaking structured training to become a member of a professional organisation. For
801:
139:(otherwise known as "staking", "stake-out", "lay-out", or "setting-out") is to provide dimensional control for all stages of construction work, including the stake out of
208:
Conduct an As-Built survey: a survey conducted at the end of the construction project to verify that the work authorized was completed to the specifications set on plans
960:
608:
Clients of a building surveyor can be the public sector, Local
Authorities, Government Departments as well as private sector organisations and work closely with
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point of beginning is established at the southwest cross grid, e.g. . The grids are added together heading north and east to make each line its own ordinate.
620:, these courses are accredited by the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors. Other professional organisations that have building surveyor members include
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method to transfer elevation is to use water in a transparent hose as the level of the water in the hose at opposite ends will be at the same elevation. A
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A set of plugs can be used to locate the total station set up in a drift or tunnel by processing measurements to the plugs by intersection and
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Stake out lot corners, stake limit of work and stake location of construction trailer (clear of all excavation and construction)
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by a group of technically minded
General Practice Surveyors. Building Surveying is a recognized profession within
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A survey stake is typically small, with a pointed end to make it easy to drive into the earth. It may be
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167:(c.2500 BC) suggests that the monument was set out by prehistoric surveyors using peg and rope geometry.
433:. Stakes are generally made of wood in different sizes. Based on the use of the stake they are called
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93:
997: — Discussion on Building Surveys within Construction industry by Stephen R. Pettee, CCM
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182:(GNSS) that can measure the distance from point A to point B as well as differences in elevation.
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691: – Science of determining the positions of points and the distances and angles between them
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creating new boundaries sanctioned by landowners by way of subdivision plans or plats, and for
612:, planners, homeowners and tenants groups. Building Surveyors may also be called to act as an
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views (a "transparent" section view collapsing all section views of the road parallel to the
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have supplemented (and to a large extent supplanted) the traditional optical instruments.
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Stake out reference points and markers that will guide the construction of new structures
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Land surveys and surveys of existing conditions are generally performed according to
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generally increases from left to right, or from the bottom to the top of the plan.
682: – Type of technical drawing used to define requirements for engineered items
465:
356:
557:
CDM Co-ordinator under the
Construction (Design & Management) Regulations 2015
923:"Building Surveying: A UK Phenomenon or a Profession with Genuine Global Appeal?"
802:"Use of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) in land surveying and mapping"
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536:
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of an underground mine are driven. The recorded data is then downloaded into a
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A total station is used to record the absolute location of the tunnel walls' (
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In the sixth century BC geometric based techniques were used to construct the
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Building
Surveyors also advise on many aspects of construction including:
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721:"GEOSPATIAL ENGINEERING COMPETENCIES Specialist Engineering Surveying"
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are shown as if the viewer is looking in the direction of increasing
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is said to be "left" or "right" relative to someone standing on the
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Building
Inspection to ensure compliance with building regulations
673: – Engineering discipline focused on physical infrastructure
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The nearly perfect squareness and north–south orientation of the
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are shown with the chainage increasing from left to right, and
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programme, and compared to the designed layout of the tunnel.
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212:
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Total stations are the primary survey instrument used in
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KIBBLEWHITE, Thomas; WILKINSON, Sara (May 22–27, 2004).
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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
675:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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Equipment and techniques used in construction surveying
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Equipment and techniques used in mining and tunnelling
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1021:
YEOMANS, David: ‘The
Geometry of a Piece of String’,
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Verify the location of structures during construction
920:
782:
Solving
Stonehenge: The New Key to an Ancient Enigma
729:
Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors
146:
517:in the back, forming a line parallel to the drift.
339:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
643:
409:verifies grid patterns, isolating layout errors.
344:Typically national mapping grids have significant
284:views (a "true" section view perpendicular to the
1007:DELANEY, Miriam and Anne GORMAN, ‘Surveying’, in
460:projects to prepare job sites, mark out property
421:A soldier checks the distance between stakes
327:"Chainage" may also be referred to as "Station".
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991:University of British Columbia, Carlos E.Ventura
264:who is looking in the direction of increasing
995:As-builts – Problems & Proposed Solutions
205:Provide horizontal control on multiple floors
896:"Thames Tideway - Navigating the Challenges"
752:"Great Pyramid Of Giza Not A Perfect Square"
566:Defect investigation and maintenance adviser
535:emerged in the 1970s as a profession in the
1009:Studio Craft & Technique for Architects
363:
27:Providing control of layout during building
563:Insurance assessment and claims assistance
464:, and provide information about claims on
842:Modern Residential Construction Practices
839:David A. Madsen; David P. Madsen (2017).
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
810:Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors
416:
377:Surveying equipment, such as levels and
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505:), ceilings (backs), and floors as the
213:Coordinate systems used in construction
14:
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551:Construction design and building works
429:may be established through the use of
425:Control of alignment and grade during
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941:from the original on 14 November 2022
931:International Federation of Surveyors
820:from the original on 7 September 2023
569:Building Surveys and measured surveys
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383:electronic distance measurement (EDM)
230:In the case of roads or other linear
762:from the original on 8 November 2020
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
1016:Survey: Architectural Iconographies
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578:Undertaking pre-acquisition surveys
187:Elements of the construction survey
180:Global Navigation Satellite Systems
24:
1001:
871:"Surveying staking out a building"
25:
1055:
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554:Project Management and monitoring
330:
147:History of construction surveying
697: – Real estate professional
581:Negotiating dilapidations claims
412:
340:Low distortion engineering grids
34:
1011:(London, 2015) pp. 284–317
961:"Glasgow Caledonian University"
644:Distinction from land surveyors
156:, built c. 2700 BC, affirm the
45:needs additional citations for
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832:
784:. (Thames & Hudson, 2008)
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572:Handling Planning applications
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1:
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701:List of surveying instruments
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618:Chartered Building Surveyors
560:Property Legislation adviser
141:reference points and markers
7:
750:Lee, Rhodi (22 June 2016).
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272:views (viewed from above),
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1018:(Zurich: Park Books, 2021)
452:Survey stakes are markers
268:. Plans would often show
163:A recent reassessment of
900:Tunnel Business Magazine
407:double right angle prism
364:Other coordinate systems
69:"Construction surveying"
174:on the island of Samos.
160:' command of surveying.
1039:Construction surveying
422:
133:Construction surveying
1023:Architectural History
420:
154:Great Pyramid of Giza
1044:Building engineering
847:Taylor & Francis
350:Transport for London
308:(so that the "left"
54:improve this article
680:Engineering Drawing
226:Chainage or station
172:tunnel of Eupalinos
813:. pp. 32–34.
780:Johnson, Anthony,
758:. Tech Times Inc.
695:Chartered Surveyor
533:Building Surveying
497:Underground mining
423:
353:London Survey Grid
137:building surveying
1014:WELLS, Matthew:
989:Surveying outline
790:978-0-500-05155-9
671:Civil Engineering
466:natural resources
357:snake projections
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242:Gunter's Chain
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43:This article
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18:Survey stakes
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969:. Retrieved
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
945:7 September
824:7 September
735:7 September
601:restoration
592:maintenance
528:Profession
493:surveying.
474:color-coded
379:theodolites
1033:Categories
971:2010-01-17
906:29 January
880:29 January
766:August 23,
756:Tech Times
707:References
610:architects
462:boundaries
346:distortion
320:is to the
312:is to the
165:Stonehenge
80:newspapers
689:Surveying
651:cadastral
545:Australia
522:resection
458:surveying
454:surveyors
288:). In a
254:elevation
193:manholes)
158:Egyptians
110:July 2010
936:Archived
815:Archived
760:Archived
665:See also
479:backfill
306:chainage
298:Profiles
294:chainage
286:chainage
278:chainage
266:chainage
246:chainage
237:chainage
219:geodesic
541:Britain
456:use in
274:profile
94:scholar
853:
788:
595:repair
589:design
507:drifts
503:stopes
491:mining
445:, and
318:offset
310:offset
292:view,
258:Offset
250:offset
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
939:(PDF)
926:(PDF)
818:(PDF)
805:(PDF)
724:(PDF)
322:right
280:) or
101:JSTOR
87:books
947:2023
908:2024
882:2024
851:ISBN
826:2023
786:ISBN
768:2020
737:2023
634:RICS
632:and
630:HKIS
622:CIOB
543:and
400:The
393:and
314:left
290:plan
270:plan
252:and
234:, a
73:news
626:ABE
511:CAD
324:).
135:or
56:by
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