651:
833:
1713:
146:
453:
679:
1224:
1360:. In the United States, surveyors and civil engineers use units of feet wherein a survey foot breaks down into 10ths and 100ths. Many deed descriptions containing distances are often expressed using these units (125.25 ft). On the subject of accuracy, surveyors are often held to a standard of one one-hundredth of a foot; about 1/8 inch. Calculation and mapping tolerances are much smaller wherein achieving near-perfect closures are desired. Though tolerances will vary from project to project, in the field and day to day usage beyond a 100th of a foot is often impractical.
586:
157:
1296:
latitude and longitude, and often a height above sea level. As the surveying profession grew it created
Cartesian coordinate systems to simplify the mathematics for surveys over small parts of the Earth. The simplest coordinate systems assume that the Earth is flat and measure from an arbitrary point, known as a 'datum' (singular form of data). The coordinate system allows easy calculation of the distances and direction between objects over small areas. Large areas distort due to the Earth's curvature. North is often defined as true north at the datum.
948:
for many professional surveyors because they are versatile and reliable in all conditions. The productivity improvements from a GPS on large scale surveys makes them popular for major infrastructure or data gathering projects. One-person robotic-guided total stations allow surveyors to measure without extra workers to aim the telescope or record data. A fast but expensive way to measure large areas is with a helicopter, using a GPS to record the location of the helicopter and a laser scanner to measure the ground. To increase precision, surveyors place
1049:
1172:
903:
zenith angle. The horizontal circle uses an upper and lower plate. When beginning the survey, the surveyor points the instrument in a known direction (bearing), and clamps the lower plate in place. The instrument can then rotate to measure the bearing to other objects. If no bearing is known or direct angle measurement is wanted, the instrument can be set to zero during the initial sight. It will then read the angle between the initial object, the theodolite itself, and the item that the telescope aligns with.
1867:
343:
813:
804:
2037:
1183: using air pressure to find the height. When more precise measurements are needed, means like precise levels (also known as differential leveling) are used. When precise leveling, a series of measurements between two points are taken using an instrument and a measuring rod. Differences in height between the measurements are added and subtracted in a series to get the net difference in elevation between the two endpoints. With the
1028:
47:
1209:
bearing can be transferred to a reference point on Earth. The point can then be used as a base for further observations. Survey-accurate astronomic positions were difficult to observe and calculate and so tended to be a base off which many other measurements were made. Since the advent of the GPS system, astronomic observations are rare as GPS allows adequate positions to be determined over most of the surface of the Earth.
824:
1200:. This is repeated until the series of measurements is completed. The level must be horizontal to get a valid measurement. Because of this, if the horizontal crosshair of the instrument is lower than the base of the rod, the surveyor will not be able to sight the rod and get a reading. The rod can usually be raised up to 25 feet (7.6 m) high, allowing the level to be set much higher than the base of the rod.
570:, or calculate, the position of a point inside a triangle using the angles cast between the vertices at the unknown point. These could be measured more accurately than bearings of the vertices, which depended on a compass. His work established the idea of surveying a primary network of control points, and locating subsidiary points inside the primary network later. Between 1733 and 1740,
1089:. To measure horizontal distances, these chains or tapes were pulled taut to reduce sagging and slack. The distance had to be adjusted for heat expansion. Attempts to hold the measuring instrument level would also be made. When measuring up a slope, the surveyor might have to "break" (break chain) the measurement- use an increment less than the total length of the chain.
1385:: a survey that documents the location of recently constructed elements of a construction project. As-built surveys are done for record, completion evaluation and payment purposes. An as-built survey is also known as a 'works as executed survey'. As built surveys are often presented in red or redline and laid over existing plans for comparison with design information.
944:
that allows the static antenna to send corrections to the roving antenna. The roving antenna then applies those corrections to the GPS signals it is receiving to calculate its own position. RTK surveying covers smaller distances than static methods. This is because divergent conditions further away from the base reduce accuracy.
1689:
734:(GPS) in 1978. GPS used a larger constellation of satellites and improved signal transmission, thus improving accuracy. Early GPS observations required several hours of observations by a static receiver to reach survey accuracy requirements. Later improvements to both satellites and receivers allowed for
1328:
Random errors are small unavoidable fluctuations. They are caused by imperfections in measuring equipment, eyesight, and conditions. They can be minimized by redundancy of measurement and avoiding unstable conditions. Random errors tend to cancel each other out, but checks must be made to ensure they
1314:
Errors made by the surveyor during the survey. Upsetting the instrument, misaiming a target, or writing down a wrong measurement are all gross errors. A large gross error may reduce the accuracy to an unacceptable level. Therefore, surveyors use redundant measurements and independent checks to detect
947:
Surveying instruments have characteristics that make them suitable for certain uses. Theodolites and levels are often used by constructors rather than surveyors in first world countries. The constructor can perform simple survey tasks using a relatively cheap instrument. Total stations are workhorses
1456:
This is a type of survey conducted in or on a non-level surface. Common in the oil and gas industry to replace old or damaged pipes on a like-for-like basis, the advantage of dimensional control survey is that the instrument used to conduct the survey does not need to be level. This is useful in the
1195:
is a term used when referring to moving the level to take an elevation shot from a different location. To "turn" the level, one must first take a reading and record the elevation of the point the rod is located on. While the rod is being kept in exactly the same location, the level is moved to a new
943:
that can be over 20 km long. RTK surveying uses one static antenna and one roving antenna. The static antenna tracks changes in the satellite positions and atmospheric conditions. The surveyor uses the roving antenna to measure the points needed for the survey. The two antennas use a radio link
1843:
Licensing requirements vary with jurisdiction, and are commonly consistent within national borders. Prospective surveyors usually have to receive a degree in surveying, followed by a detailed examination of their knowledge of surveying law and principles specific to the region they wish to practice
1039:
Surveyors determine the position of objects by measuring angles and distances. The factors that can affect the accuracy of their observations are also measured. They then use this data to create vectors, bearings, coordinates, elevations, areas, volumes, plans and maps. Measurements are often split
938:
GPS surveying differs from other GPS uses in the equipment and methods used. Static GPS uses two receivers placed in position for a considerable length of time. The long span of time lets the receiver compare measurements as the satellites orbit. The changes as the satellites orbit also provide the
669:
in South
Australia in 1858. Torrens intended to simplify land transactions and provide reliable titles via a centralized register of land. The Torrens system was adopted in several other nations of the English-speaking world. Surveying became increasingly important with the arrival of railroads in
1280:
is a common method of surveying smaller areas. The surveyor starts from an old reference mark or known position and places a network of reference marks covering the survey area. They then measure bearings and distances between the reference marks, and to the target features. Most traverses form a
1909:
Most
English-speaking countries consider building surveying a distinct profession. They have their own professional associations and licensing requirements. A building surveyor can provide technical building advice on existing buildings, new buildings, design, compliance with regulations such as
1798:
usually hold a degree or higher qualification. They are often required to pass further exams to join a professional association or to gain certifying status. Surveyors are responsible for planning and management of surveys. They have to ensure that their surveys, or surveys performed under their
1271:
is an alternate method of determining the position of objects, and was often used to measure imprecise features such as riverbanks. The surveyor would mark and measure two known positions on the ground roughly parallel to the feature, and mark out a baseline between them. At regular intervals, a
1295:
Many surveys do not calculate positions on the surface of the Earth, but instead, measure the relative positions of objects. However, often the surveyed items need to be compared to outside data, such as boundary lines or previous survey's objects. The oldest way of describing a position is via
1208:
The primary way of determining one's position on the Earth's surface when no known positions are nearby is by astronomic observations. Observations to the Sun, Moon and stars could all be made using navigational techniques. Once the instrument's position and bearing to a star is determined, the
902:
to measure angles in the horizontal and the vertical plane. A telescope mounted on trunnions is aligned vertically with the target object. The whole upper section rotates for horizontal alignment. The vertical circle measures the angle that the telescope makes against the vertical, known as the
1634:
the curvature of the Earth is taken into account while calculating reduced levels, angles, bearings and distances. This type of surveying is usually employed for large survey works. Survey works up to 100 square miles (260 square kilometers ) are treated as plane and beyond that are treated as
1333:
Surveyors avoid these errors by calibrating their equipment, using consistent methods, and by good design of their reference network. Repeated measurements can be averaged and any outlier measurements discarded. Independent checks like measuring a point from two or more locations or using two
1930:
One of the primary roles of the land surveyor is to determine the boundary of real property on the ground. The surveyor must determine where the adjoining landowners wish to put the boundary. The boundary is established in legal documents and plans prepared by attorneys, engineers, and land
1624:
assumes the Earth is flat. Curvature and spheroidal shape of the Earth is neglected. In this type of surveying all triangles formed by joining survey lines are considered as plane triangles. It is employed for small survey works where errors due to the Earth's shape are too small to matter.
1910:
planning and building control. A building surveyor normally acts on behalf of his or her client ensuring that their vested interests remain protected. The Royal
Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) is a world-recognised governing body for those working within the built environment.
1243:
that can be seen from long distances. The surveyors can set up their instruments in this position and measure to nearby objects. Sometimes a tall, distinctive feature such as a steeple or radio aerial has its position calculated as a reference point that angles can be measured against.
1345:. This is the process of distributing the error between all measurements. Each observation is weighted according to how much of the total error it is likely to have caused and part of that error is allocated to it in a proportional way. The most common methods of adjustment are the
1252:
is a method of horizontal location favoured in the days before EDM and GPS measurement. It can determine distances, elevations and directions between distant objects. Since the early days of surveying, this was the primary method of determining accurate positions of objects for
1446:
a survey to determine if a structure or object is changing shape or moving. First the positions of points on an object are found. A period of time is allowed to pass and the positions are then re-measured and calculated. Then a comparison between the two sets of positions is
917:
is a development of the theodolite with an electronic distance measurement device (EDM). A total station can be used for leveling when set to the horizontal plane. Since their introduction, total stations have shifted from optical-mechanical to fully electronic devices.
431:
maintained the boundaries of a village or parish. This was the practice of gathering a group of residents and walking around the parish or village to establish a communal memory of the boundaries. Young boys were included to ensure the memory lasted as long as possible.
1883:. Many nations devolve this authority to regional entities or states/provinces. Cadastral surveys tend to be the most regulated because of the permanence of the work. Lot boundaries established by cadastral surveys may stand for hundreds of years without modification.
1788:
often operate survey instruments, run surveys in the field, do survey calculations, or draft plans. A technician usually has no legal authority and cannot certify his work. Not all technicians are qualified, but qualifications at the certificate or diploma level are
1080:
were measured using a variety of means. In pre-colonial
America Natives would use the "bow shot" as a distance reference ("as far as an arrow can slung out of a bow", or "flights of a Cherokee long bow"). Europeans used chains with links of a known length such as a
1261:. Then the heights, distances and angular position of other objects can be derived, as long as they are visible from one of the original objects. High-accuracy transits or theodolites were used, and angle measurements were repeated for increased accuracy. See also
1227:
A survey using traverse and offset measurements to record the location of the shoreline shown in blue. Black dashed lines are traverse measurements between reference points (black circles). The red lines are offsets measured at right angles to the traverse
1321:
Errors that follow a consistent pattern. Examples include effects of temperature on a chain or EDM measurement, or a poorly adjusted spirit-level causing a tilted instrument or target pole. Systematic errors that have known effects can be compensated or
726:
submarines. Surveyors found they could use field receivers to determine the location of a point. Sparse satellite cover and large equipment made observations laborious and inaccurate. The main use was establishing benchmarks in remote locations.
609:
of India began in 1801. The Indian survey had an enormous scientific impact. It was responsible for one of the first accurate measurements of a section of an arc of longitude, and for measurements of the geodesic anomaly. It named and mapped
1979:
Cadastral surveyors often have to work around changes to the earth that obliterate or damage boundary monuments. When this happens, they must consider evidence that is not recorded on the title deed. This is known as extrinsic evidence.
1593:: Similar to a topographic survey but instead focuses more on the specific location of key features and structures as they exist at that time within the surveyed area rather than primarily focusing on the elevation, often used alongside
1886:
Most jurisdictions also have a form of professional institution representing local surveyors. These institutes often endorse or license potential surveyors, as well as set and enforce ethical standards. The largest institution is the
1517:: Mining surveying includes directing the digging of mine shafts and galleries and the calculation of volume of rock. It uses specialised techniques due to the restraints to survey geometry such as vertical shafts and narrow passages.
959:; vegetation clearing equipment; digging implements for finding survey markers buried over time; hammers for placements of markers in various surfaces and structures; and portable radios for communication over long lines of sight.
705:(EDM) equipment. EDM units use a multi frequency phase shift of light waves to find a distance. These instruments eliminated the need for days or weeks of chain measurement by measuring between points kilometers apart in one go.
1878:
Most countries' governments regulate at least some forms of surveying. Their survey agencies establish regulations and standards. Standards control accuracy, surveying credentials, monumentation of boundaries and maintenance of
934:
GPS systems have significantly increased the speed of surveying, and they are now horizontally accurate to within 1 cm ± 1 ppm in real-time, while vertically it is currently about half of that to within 2 cm ± 2 ppm.
921:
Modern top-of-the-line total stations no longer need a reflector or prism to return the light pulses used for distance measurements. They are fully robotic, and can even e-mail point data to a remote computer and connect to
443:
in 1086. It recorded the names of all the land owners, the area of land they owned, the quality of the land, and specific information of the area's content and inhabitants. It did not include maps showing exact locations.
1559:: an element of many other surveys where the calculated or proposed position of an object is marked on the ground. This can be temporary or permanent. This is an important component of engineering and cadastral surveying.
1190:
When using an optical level, the endpoint may be out of the effective range of the instrument. There may be obstructions or large changes of elevation between the endpoints. In these situations, extra setups are needed.
562:, approximately 72 miles (116 km). He underestimated this distance by 3.5%. The survey was a chain of quadrangles containing 33 triangles in all. Snell showed how planar formulae could be corrected to allow for the
1097:
is the science of measuring distances by measuring the angle between two ends of an object with a known size. It was sometimes used before to the invention of EDM where rough ground made chain measurement impractical.
417:
The Romans recognized land surveying as a profession. They established the basic measurements under which the Roman Empire was divided, such as a tax register of conquered lands (300 AD). Roman surveyors were known as
1196:
location where the rod is still visible. A reading is taken from the new location of the level and the height difference is used to find the new elevation of the level gun, which is why this method is referred to as
1272:
distance was measured at right angles from the first line to the feature. The measurements could then be plotted on a plan or map, and the points at the ends of the offset lines could be joined to show the feature.
1148:
By observing the bearing from every vertex in a figure, a surveyor can measure around the figure. The final observation will be between the two points first observed, except with a 180° difference. This is called a
198:, locations, such as the designated positions of structural components for construction or the surface location of subsurface features, or other purposes required by government or civil law, such as property sales.
1463:: a survey done to collect the positional data on a foundation that has been poured and is cured. This is done to ensure that the foundation was constructed in the location, and at the elevation, authorized in the
633:. It formed the basis for dividing the western territories into sections to allow the sale of land. The PLSS divided states into township grids which were further divided into sections and fractions of sections.
2006:
of the project. A quantity surveyor can work for either the client or the contractor, and can be involved in different stages of the project, from planning to completion. Quantity surveyors are also known as
998:
software and hardware both on PC, and more and more in newer generation data collectors in the field as well. Other computer platforms and tools commonly used today by surveyors are offered online by the
3024:
Good overview of surveying with references to construction surveys, cadastral surveys, photogrammetry surveys, mining surveys, hydrographic surveys, route surveys, control surveys and topographic surveys
650:
3027:
712:. Manufacturers added more equipment by degrees, bringing improvements in accuracy and speed of measurement. Major advances include tilt compensators, data recorders and on-board calculation programs.
2835:
A History of the
Rectangular Survey System by C. Albert White, 1983, Pub: Washington, D.C. : U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management : For sale by Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O.,
1299:
For larger regions, it is necessary to model the shape of the Earth using an ellipsoid or a geoid. Many countries have created coordinate-grids customized to lessen error in their area of the Earth.
280:. It is also used in transportation, communications, mapping, and the definition of legal boundaries for land ownership. It is an important tool for research in many other scientific disciplines.
975:, 3D scanners, and other collector data use land surveying software to increase efficiency, accuracy, and productivity. Land Surveying Software is a staple of contemporary land surveying.
1778:
are usually unskilled workers who help the surveyor. They place target reflectors, find old reference marks, and mark points on the ground. The term 'chainman' derives from past use of
1724:
The basic principles of surveying have changed little over the ages, but the tools used by surveyors have evolved. Engineering, especially civil engineering, often needs surveyors.
582:, leading to the publication in 1745 of the first map of France constructed on rigorous principles. By this time triangulation methods were well established for local map-making.
1509: : a building survey to produce plans of the building. such a survey may be conducted before renovation works, for commercial purpose, or at end of the construction process.
1565:: a detailed inspection to report upon the physical condition and structural stability of a building or structure. It highlights any work needed to maintain it in good repair.
738:(RTK) surveying. RTK surveys provide high-accuracy measurements by using a fixed base station and a second roving antenna. The position of the roving antenna can be tracked.
1187:(GPS), elevation can be measured with satellite receivers. Usually, GPS is somewhat less accurate than traditional precise leveling, but may be similar over long distances.
1451:
458:
1931:
surveyors. The surveyor then puts monuments on the corners of the new boundary. They might also find or resurvey the corners of the property monumented by prior surveys.
1175:
A Center for
Operational Oceanographic Products and Services staff member conducts tide station leveling in support of the US Army Corps of Engineers in Richmond, Maine.
1232:
Few survey positions are derived from the first principles. Instead, most surveys points are measured relative to previously measured points. This forms a reference or
1425:: Control surveys establish reference points to use as starting positions for future surveys. Most other forms of surveying will contain elements of control surveying.
767:
and satellite imagery continue to improve and become cheaper, allowing more commonplace use. Prominent new technologies include three-dimensional (3D) scanning and
708:
Advances in electronics allowed miniaturization of EDM. In the 1970s the first instruments combining angle and distance measurement appeared, becoming known as
689:
At the beginning of the century, surveyors had improved the older chains and ropes, but they still faced the problem of accurate measurement of long distances.
1437:: topographic, layout, and as-built surveys associated with engineering design. They often need geodetic computations beyond normal civil engineering practice.
1307:
A basic tenet of surveying is that no measurement is perfect, and that there will always be a small amount of error. There are three classes of survey errors:
1483:: a survey conducted with the purpose of mapping the shoreline and bed of a body of water. Used for navigation, engineering, or resource management purposes.
1844:
in, and undergo a period of on-the-job training or portfolio building before they are awarded a license to practise. Licensed surveyors usually receive a
3066:
A Global event for professional land surveyors and students to remeasure planet in a single day during summer solstice as a community of land surveyors.
1397:. It involves the setting or restoration of monuments or markers at the corners or along the boundaries of a parcel. These take the form of iron rods,
1851:
A licensed land surveyor is generally required to sign and seal all plans. The state dictates the format, showing their name and registration number.
296:
A surveyor is a professional person with the academic qualifications and technical expertise to conduct one, or more, of the following activities;
2844:
Richards, D., & Hermansen, K. (1995). Use of extrinsic evidence to aid interpretation of deeds. Journal of
Surveying Engineering, (121), 178.
593:
It was only towards the end of the 18th century that detailed triangulation network surveys mapped whole countries. In 1784, a team from
General
887:
when in use. Tape measures are often used for measurement of smaller distances. 3D scanners and various forms of aerial imagery are also used.
614:
and the other
Himalayan peaks. Surveying became a professional occupation in high demand at the turn of the 19th century with the onset of the
500:) created a theodolite with a compass and tripod in 1576. Johnathon Sission was the first to incorporate a telescope on a theodolite in 1725.
1735:, bridges, and buildings. They establish the boundaries of legal descriptions and political divisions. They also provide advice and data for
3053:
1040:
into horizontal and vertical components to simplify calculation. GPS and astronomic measurements also need measurement of a time component.
910:
is a form of theodolite that uses a gyroscope to orient itself in the absence of reference marks. It is used in underground applications.
647:
in 1808. This gathered data on the number of parcels of land, their value, land usage, and names. This system soon spread around Europe.
2858:
2603:
1414:
952:
on the ground (about 20 km (12 mi) apart). This method reaches precisions between 5–40 cm (depending on flight height).
3017:
3011:
Global social support network featuring surveyor forums, instructional videos, industry news and support groups based on geolocation.
1537:, building setback restrictions and shows nearby flood zones. In many places a mortgage survey is a precondition for a mortgage loan.
1495:
2277:
1008:
618:. The profession developed more accurate instruments to aid its work. Industrial infrastructure projects used surveyors to lay out
1110:
to provide a magnetic bearing or azimuth. Later, more precise scribed discs improved angular resolution. Mounting telescopes with
2578:
2495:
2233:
194:
between them. These points are usually on the surface of the Earth, and they are often used to establish maps and boundaries for
2924:
2690:
2402:
2379:
2265:
1888:
1683:
289:
1334:
different methods are used, and errors can be detected by comparing the results of two or more measurements, thus utilizing
994:
of the surveyed property is done by the surveyor, and nearly everyone working in the area of drafting today (2021) utilizes
3097:
2199:, the locating of structures relative to a reference line, used in the construction of buildings, roads, mines, and tunnels
575:
306:
to use that information for the planning and efficient administration of the land, the sea and any structures thereon; and,
2522:
1133:
provided a graphical method of recording and measuring angles, which reduced the amount of mathematics required. In 1829
955:
Surveyors use ancillary equipment such as tripods and instrument stands; staves and beacons used for sighting purposes;
111:
2325:
1858:
when setting boundary corners. Monuments take the form of capped iron rods, concrete monuments, or nails with washers.
602:
179:
1635:
geodetic. In geodetic surveying necessary corrections are applied to reduced levels, bearings and other observations.
1239:
Survey points are usually marked on the earth's surface by objects ranging from small nails driven into the ground to
832:
83:
2979:
2965:
2950:
2788:
2754:
2717:
2456:
2425:
2076:
1966:
1871:
1262:
1257:
maps of large areas. A surveyor first needs to know the horizontal distance between two of the objects, known as the
130:
2179:, the method used to divide most of Western Canada into one-square-mile sections for agricultural and other purposes
2371:
722:. The first successful launch took place in 1960. The system's main purpose was to provide position information to
472:
in 1551, but it is thought that the instrument was in use earlier as his description is of a developed instrument.
2876:
2862:
1410:
1378:
Local organisations or regulatory bodies class specializations of surveying in different ways. Broad groups are:
702:
90:
1373:
1236:
network where each point can be used by a surveyor to determine their own position when beginning a new survey.
2058:
670:
the 1800s. Surveying was necessary so that railroads could plan technologically and financially viable routes.
68:
1138:
697:
during the 1950s. It measures long distances using two microwave transmitter/receivers. During the late 1950s
2469:
2227:
1737:
956:
788:
524:
266:
2553:
1958:
923:
97:
1618:
Based on the considerations and true shape of the Earth, surveying is broadly classified into two types.
1848:, which varies depending on where they qualified. The system has replaced older apprenticeship systems.
1712:
605:. The first Ramsden theodolite was built for this survey. The survey was finally completed in 1853. The
3102:
2291:
2282:
2097:
2054:
1950:
1800:
1701:
1679:
1342:
606:
523:
of his own design. Ramsden's theodolite represented a great step forward in the instrument's accuracy.
485:
64:
2150:
produced the first map of Japan using modern surveying techniques starting in 1800, at the age of 55.
79:
2895:
2182:
2141:
2135:
2103:
1973:
1938:
1500:
1281:
loop pattern or link between two prior reference marks so the surveyor can check their measurements.
1184:
927:
868:
758:
731:
630:
551:
35:
17:
482:. It enabled plots of land to be accurately surveyed and plotted for legal and commercial purposes.
1962:
1954:
1579:: a survey of the positions and elevations of points and objects on a land surface, presented as a
1335:
1016:
1004:
678:
300:
to determine, measure and represent land, three-dimensional objects, point-fields and trajectories;
2191:, a square unit of land, six miles (~9.7 km) on a side, done by the U.S. Public Land Survey System
1904:
1093:, or measuring wheels, were used to measure longer distances but not to a high level of accuracy.
3050:
2853:
Joe Dracup (1997) "A new age of geodesy begins: 1970-1990", History of Geodetic Survey – Part 7,
2707:
2247:
2047:
1533:
1369:
1035:, still used commonly today by geographers, geologists and surveyors for field-based measurements
1000:
772:
272:
Surveying has been an element in the development of the human environment since the beginning of
57:
31:
2316:
United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management Technical Bulletin (1973).
2196:
2121:
1429:
1357:
1153:. If the first and last bearings are different, this shows the error in the survey, called the
682:
662:
626:
563:
328:
2669:
2173:, used to document land ownership, by the production of documents, diagrams, plats, and maps
1946:
1675:
1594:
1157:. The surveyor can use this information to prove that the work meets the expected standards.
995:
615:
436:
366:
2614:
452:
2996: : Association de géometres pour aide au développement. NGO Surveyors without borders
2176:
2109:
1845:
1417:. It incorporates elements of the boundary survey, mortgage survey, and topographic survey.
1275:
1258:
940:
841:
Surveying equipment. Clockwise from upper left: optical theodolite, robotic total station,
242:
230:
3014:
967:
Land surveyors, construction professionals, geomatics engineers and civil engineers using
8:
2130:
was a British surveyor that explored the jungles of South America attempting to find the
1919:
1531:
is a simple survey that delineates land boundaries and building locations. It checks for
1479:
1389:
1142:
1123:
1090:
1012:
931:
842:
755:
735:
719:
547:
332:
324:
218:
175:
3077:
Manual of Surveying Instructions For the Survey of the Public Lands of the United States
2341:
1491:: either finds the elevation of a given point or establish a point at a given elevation.
156:
27:
Science of determining the positions of points and the distances and angles between them
3092:
2020:
1832:
1794:
1728:
1630:
1575:
1546:
1441:
1346:
884:
640:
516:
503:
In the 18th century, modern techniques and instruments for surveying began to be used.
428:
320:
262:
187:
104:
2499:
2368:
International Symposium on History of Machines and Mechanisms: Proceedings of HMM 2008
3107:
2975:
2961:
2946:
2920:
2784:
2750:
2713:
2686:
2452:
2421:
2398:
2375:
2321:
2271:
2090:
1989:
1942:
1693:
1605:
1421:
1223:
1082:
1061:
979:
655:
540:
497:
475:
3032:
2100:
colonial or frontier territories early in their career, prior to serving in office.
1457:
off-shore industry, as not all platforms are fixed and are thus subject to movement.
890:
The theodolite is an instrument for the measurement of angles. It uses two separate
361:
would use simple geometry to re-establish boundaries after the annual floods of the
2912:
2318:
Manual of Instructions for the Survey of the Public Lands of the United States 1973
2268: – Global organization for the profession of surveying and related disciplines
2202:
1880:
1820:
1697:
1394:
1341:
Once the surveyor has calculated the level of the errors in his or her work, it is
1218:
273:
183:
2811:
2167:, a method of collecting information using aerial photography and satellite images
1782:. An assistant would move the far end of the chain under the surveyor's direction.
1122:
allowed measurement to a fraction of a degree, such as with a turn-of-the-century
585:
539:
developed an optical meter for the measuring of distance in 1771; it measured the
3057:
3021:
2778:
2744:
2415:
2221:
2215:
2188:
2094:
1855:
1779:
1580:
1402:
1398:
1134:
723:
598:
578:
undertook the first triangulation of France. They included a re-surveying of the
571:
567:
520:
406:
378:
145:
3069:
2890:
2147:
2530:
2250: – Surveying instrument that uses the Sun's direction instead of magnetism
2164:
2131:
1828:
1732:
1571:: A boundary survey that splits a property into two or more smaller properties.
1541:
1290:
1107:
907:
776:
764:
666:
358:
246:
2916:
2205:, used in the oil industry to measure a borehole's departure from the vertical
1941:(BLM) conducts most cadastral surveys in the United States. They consult with
939:
measurement network with well conditioned geometry. This produces an accurate
3086:
3063:
2940:
2645:
2127:
1998:
of construction projects. A quantity surveyor is an expert in estimating the
1761:
1727:
Surveyors help determine the placement of roads, railways, reservoirs, dams,
1705:
1393:: a survey that establishes or re-establishes boundaries of a parcel using a
1350:
1248:
1119:
1118:). Levels and calibrated circles allowed the measurement of vertical angles.
968:
914:
860:
751:
709:
690:
611:
504:
479:
440:
354:
234:
150:
2631:
2993:
1925:
1866:
1812:
1808:
1757:
1584:
856:
694:
579:
465:
342:
277:
258:
214:
2230:, performing geographic surveys as part of the U.S. Department of Commerce
1976:(PLSS), surveyors must carry out BLM cadastral surveys under that system.
2253:
1824:
1513:
1254:
1240:
1130:
1094:
1073:
1065:
880:
876:
594:
589:
A map of India showing the Great Trigonometrical Survey, produced in 1870
469:
383:
353:
Surveying has occurred since humans built the first large structures. In
2315:
2185:, a method used in the United States to survey and identify land parcels
1854:
In many jurisdictions, surveyors must mark their registration number on
1171:
812:
803:
30:
This article is about measuring positions on Earth. For other uses, see
2320:. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office. p. 1.
2274: – Navigation and surveying instrument to measure magnetic bearing
2061: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1598:
1550:
1115:
864:
852:
747:
698:
536:
508:
489:
387:
362:
250:
238:
3002:
1767:
Most jurisdictions recognize three different levels of qualification:
1545:: A survey that creates reference marks visible from the air to allow
303:
to assemble and interpret land and geographically related information,
3005:
The Home of the National Museum of Surveying in Springfield, Illinois
2117:
2113:
2026:
1816:
1180:
1166:
1053:
987:
532:
528:
420:
226:
195:
2036:
1011:
network, to get automated corrections and conversions for collected
397:) was set out by prehistoric surveyors using peg and rope geometry.
46:
3041:
National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying (NCEES)
3008:
2365:
2259:
2170:
1753:
1749:
1487:
1077:
1048:
644:
636:
365:. The almost perfect squareness and north–south orientation of the
210:
3074:
2606:
Accuracy Study of Airborne Laser Scanning Data with Photogrammetry
171:
is the technique, profession, art, and science of determining the
1745:
1111:
1032:
949:
716:
555:
401:
309:
to conduct research into the above practices and to develop them.
222:
206:
1937:
are licensed by governments. The cadastral survey branch of the
730:
The US Air Force launched the first prototype satellites of the
550:(a.k.a. Snel van Royen) introduced the modern systematic use of
983:
851:
The main surveying instruments in use around the world are the
2936:
2106:
is considered the "father" of geodetic surveying in the U.S.
1717:
1499:: Survey to change base flood line, removing property from a
1086:
823:
768:
619:
559:
512:
254:
191:
1688:
276:. It is used in the planning and execution of most forms of
2670:
https://apps.mht.maryland.gov/Medusa/PDF/NR_PDFs/NR-311.pdf
2236:, a former surveying agency of the United States Government
2218:, India's central agency in charge of mapping and surveying
2134:. His biography and expeditions were recounted in the book
991:
872:
172:
3044:
2262: – Trigonometric function defined as secant minus one
1027:
1106:
Historically, horizontal angles were measured by using a
1068:(creation of map in real-time) and field data collection.
1057:
972:
3038:
2632:"View DigitalGlobe Imagery Solutions @ Geospatial Forum"
2579:"Real-Time Kinematic (RTK): Chapter 5- Resolving Errors"
404:
described ways of measuring distant objects in his work
2287:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1994:
Quantity surveying is a profession that deals with the
1760:. They must also know the laws that deal with surveys,
386:(early 1st millennium BC). The prehistoric monument at
1638:
515:
in the horizontal and vertical planes. He created his
2812:"Building Surveyors London - ZFN Chartered Surveyors"
2683:
Sir Francis Ronalds: Father of the Electric Telegraph
1329:
are not propagating from one measurement to the next.
543:
from which the distance to a point could be deduced.
2395:
Solving Stonehenge: The New Key to an Ancient Enigma
1179:
The simplest method for measuring height is with an
1003:
and other governments' survey agencies, such as the
2738:
2736:
71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2209:
1609:: a survey of an underwater site, object, or area.
1141:for recording angles graphically by modifying the
376:, affirm the Egyptians' command of surveying. The
3060:Using Ground Penetrating Radar for Land Surveying
3047:National Society of Professional Surveyors (NSPS)
1895:). They represent the survey industry worldwide.
1704:gold medal in 1876, for his efforts in exploring
1356:The surveyor must be able to distinguish between
1114:atop the disc allowed more precise sighting (see
1076:(Electronic Distance Measurement) laser devices,
3084:
2733:
1741:(GIS) that record land features and boundaries.
1409:Land Title Survey is a standard proposed by the
1349:method, also known as the compass rule, and the
478:was introduced in 1620 by English mathematician
2907:Brinker, Russell C; Minnick, Roy, eds. (1995).
1870:Surveying students with their professor at the
1613:
1284:
1064:and field computer allows surveying as well as
715:The first satellite positioning system was the
3070:Surveyors – Occupational Employment Statistics
2906:
2002:needed for a project, as well as managing the
1965:, and others. The BLM used to be known as the
292:defines the function of surveying as follows:
3075:Public Land Survey System Foundation (2009),
3035:The History of Surveying And Survey Equipment
2972:Definitions of Surveying and Associated Terms
2224:, a national mapping agency for Great Britain
1374:Survey (disambiguation) § Earth sciences
654:A railroad surveying party at Russel's Tank,
201:A professional in land surveying is called a
2366:Hong-Sen Yan & Marco Ceccarelli (2009),
2112:practiced land surveying before starting an
1799:supervision, meet the legal standards. Many
1744:Surveyors must have a thorough knowledge of
511:in 1787. It was an instrument for measuring
492:that measured horizontal angles in his book
1052:Example of modern equipment for surveying (
233:, and the law. They use equipment, such as
2859:American Congress on Surveying and Mapping
2705:
2120:goods. The business would later turn into
2089:Some U.S. Presidents were land surveyors.
1415:American Congress on Surveying and Mapping
1401:, or concrete monuments in the ground, or
761:survey remain the primary methods in use.
2776:
2742:
2706:Kahmen, Heribert; Faig, Wolfgang (1988).
2604:"Toni Schenk, Suyoung Seo, Beata Csatho:
2467:
2449:Nineteenth Century Scientific Instruments
2256: – Study and practice of making maps
2077:Learn how and when to remove this message
1861:
131:Learn how and when to remove this message
2935:The Great Arc: The Dramatic Tale of How
2417:Surveying Instruments of Greece and Rome
2407:
2278:Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors
1865:
1711:
1687:
1222:
1170:
1047:
1026:
677:
649:
584:
554:. In 1615 he surveyed the distance from
451:
341:
261:, handheld tablets, optical and digital
155:
144:
2680:
2475:. International Federation of Surveyors
2294: – Survey methods in North America
2234:United States Coast and Geodetic Survey
1893:Fédération Internationale des Géomètres
1601:to locate or place building structures.
1203:
1043:
14:
3085:
2783:. McGraw Hill Education. p. 542.
2551:
1913:
1302:
1085:, or measuring tapes made of steel or
494:A geometric practice named Pantometria
3009:Land Surveyors United Support Network
2441:
2413:
2266:International Federation of Surveyors
1983:
1898:
1889:International Federation of Surveyors
1212:
290:International Federation of Surveyors
160:A student using a theodolite in field
3028:Table of Surveying, 1728 Cyclopaedia
3015:Natural Resources Canada – Surveying
2311:
2309:
2285: – Mapping Indian land cessions
2158:
2059:adding citations to reliable sources
2030:
2014:
1905:Building surveying § Profession
1101:
779:image processing is also appearing.
69:adding citations to reliable sources
40:
2000:costs of materials, labor, and time
1639:On the basis of the instrument used
527:invented an instrument that used a
24:
2870:
2685:. London: Imperial College Press.
2496:"Geodimeter-The First Name in EDM"
2493:
978:Typically, much if not all of the
603:Principal Triangulation of Britain
412:The Sea Island Mathematical Manual
382:instrument may have originated in
337:
205:. Surveyors work with elements of
25:
3119:
2987:
2712:. Berlin: de Gruyter. p. 9.
2523:"Electronic Distance Measurement"
2520:
2470:"The History of the Tellurometer"
2414:Lewis, M. J. T. (23 April 2001).
2306:
1967:United States General Land Office
1872:Helsinki University of Technology
1315:these errors early in the survey.
1263:Triangulation in three dimensions
3003:The National Museum of Surveying
2035:
1738:geographical information systems
1716:An all-female surveying crew in
1405:set in concrete or asphalt. The
883:. Most instruments screw onto a
845:GPS base station, optical level.
831:
822:
811:
802:
45:
2847:
2838:
2829:
2804:
2770:
2699:
2674:
2663:
2638:
2624:
2596:
2571:
2545:
2210:Geospatial survey organizations
2046:needs additional citations for
1411:American Land Title Association
1390:Cadastral or boundary surveying
741:
703:electronic distance measurement
673:
507:introduced the first precision
348:Cassells' Carpentry and Joinery
265:, subsurface locators, drones,
56:needs additional citations for
2958:Surveying for Field Scientists
2514:
2487:
2468:Sturman, Brian; Wright, Alan.
2461:
2451:, Sotheby Publications, 1983,
2420:. Cambridge University Press.
2397:. (Thames & Hudson, 2008)
2387:
2359:
2334:
1891:(Abbreviated FIG, for French:
771:-based topographical surveys.
333:Topographic map § History
13:
1:
3033:Surveying & Triangulation
2749:. Firewall Media. p. 2.
2552:Key, Henk; Lemmens, Mathias.
2299:
2228:U.S. National Geodetic Survey
1801:principals of surveying firms
1669:
1022:
924:satellite positioning systems
789:List of surveying instruments
535:as a target device, in 1640.
447:
391:
370:
283:
3051:Ground Penetrating Radar FAQ
2896:Resources in other libraries
1972:In states organized per the
1838:
1807:Related professions include
1614:Plane vs. geodetic surveying
1285:Datum and coordinate systems
1160:
782:
7:
3098:Ancient Egyptian technology
2153:
2004:financial and legal aspects
1542:Photographic control survey
962:
793:
601:of Great Britain began the
346:A plumb rule from the book
10:
3124:
2292:Surveying in North America
2283:Surveying in early America
2140:and were later adapted on
2124:lifestyle clothing store.
2024:
2018:
1987:
1923:
1917:
1902:
1702:Royal Geographical Society
1700:(19th century) received a
1680:Surveying in North America
1673:
1557:Stakeout, layout or setout
1503:special flood hazard area.
1452:Dimensional control survey
1367:
1351:principle of least squares
1288:
1216:
1164:
786:
607:Great Trigonometric Survey
318:
314:
269:, and surveying software.
237:, robotic total stations,
29:
2994:Géomètres sans Frontières
2945:, Harper Collins, 182pp,
2917:10.1007/978-1-4615-2067-2
2891:Resources in your library
2183:Public Land Survey System
2104:Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler
1974:Public Land Survey System
1959:Fish and Wildlife Service
1939:Bureau of Land Management
1793:Licensed, registered, or
1312:Gross errors or blunders:
1185:Global Positioning System
928:Global Positioning System
732:Global Positioning System
631:Public Land Survey System
496:(1571). Joshua Habermel (
456:Table of Surveying, 1728
36:Surveyor (disambiguation)
3056:22 December 2019 at the
2554:"Robotic Total Stations"
2240:
1955:Bureau of Indian Affairs
1935:Cadastral land surveyors
1874:in the late 19th century
1363:
1005:National Geodetic Survey
566:. He also showed how to
3020:29 October 2010 at the
2780:Surveying and Levelling
2122:Abercrombie & Fitch
1951:Army Corps of Engineers
1926:Cadastre § Surveys
1370:Survey (disambiguation)
1031:A standard Brunton Geo
1001:U.S. Federal Government
414:, published in 263 AD.
32:Survey (disambiguation)
2909:The Surveying Handbook
2746:Surveying by BC Punmia
2681:Ronalds, B.F. (2016).
2197:Construction surveying
2128:Percy Harrison Fawcett
1892:
1875:
1862:Surveying institutions
1721:
1709:
1662:Tacheometric Surveying
1595:architectural drawings
1430:Construction surveying
1358:accuracy and precision
1229:
1198:differential levelling
1176:
1069:
1036:
775:technology along with
686:
683:William Francis Ganong
659:
627:Land Ordinance of 1785
590:
564:curvature of the Earth
462:
350:
329:History of cartography
312:
161:
153:
1963:Bureau of Reclamation
1947:National Park Service
1869:
1715:
1691:
1676:Geomatics engineering
1650:Plane table Surveying
1435:engineering surveying
1226:
1174:
1139:reflecting instrument
1051:
1030:
787:Further information:
681:
653:
616:Industrial Revolution
588:
455:
437:William the Conqueror
367:Great Pyramid of Giza
345:
294:
231:programming languages
159:
148:
2447:Turner, Gerard L'E.
2248:Burt's solar compass
2177:Dominion Land Survey
2110:David T. Abercrombie
2055:improve this article
1684:Surveying in Oceania
1656:Theodolite Surveying
1204:Determining position
1044:Distance measurement
546:Dutch mathematician
427:In medieval Europe,
65:improve this article
2970:Genovese I (2005),
2646:"CAD for Surveying"
2009:Chartered Surveyors
1996:costs and contracts
1920:Cadastral surveying
1914:Cadastral surveying
1833:geomatics engineers
1795:chartered surveyors
1591:Existing conditions
1480:Hydrographic survey
1303:Errors and accuracy
1015:data, and the data
932:Real Time Kinematic
736:Real Time Kinematic
691:Trevor Lloyd Wadley
548:Willebrord Snellius
325:History of cadastre
219:regression analysis
149:A surveyor using a
2960:, Methuen, 230pp,
2777:N N Basak (2014).
2743:BC Punmia (2005).
2393:Johnson, Anthony,
2171:Cadastral surveyor
2137:The Lost City of Z
2027:Notable geodesists
1984:Quantity surveying
1899:Building surveying
1876:
1786:Survey technicians
1722:
1710:
1659:Traverse Surveying
1631:geodetic surveying
1576:Topographic survey
1547:aerial photographs
1442:Deformation survey
1230:
1213:Reference networks
1177:
1070:
1037:
1017:coordinate systems
687:
660:
641:continental Europe
639:Bonaparte founded
622:, roads and rail.
591:
531:with an installed
519:using an accurate
463:
429:beating the bounds
400:The mathematician
351:
321:History of geodesy
162:
154:
3103:Civil engineering
2956:Pugh J C (1975),
2926:978-1-4613-5858-9
2877:Library resources
2692:978-1-78326-917-4
2620:on 25 March 2009.
2558:GIM International
2403:978-0-500-05155-9
2381:978-1-4020-9484-2
2272:Prismatic compass
2159:Types and methods
2091:George Washington
2087:
2086:
2079:
2015:Notable surveyors
1990:Quantity surveyor
1881:geodetic networks
1821:photogrammetrists
1803:hold this status.
1772:Survey assistants
1764:, and contracts.
1647:Compass Surveying
1606:Underwater survey
1563:Structural survey
1461:Foundation survey
1422:Control surveying
1395:legal description
1102:Angle measurement
1062:laser rangefinder
685:surveying in 1903
541:parallactic angle
525:William Gascoigne
498:Erasmus Habermehl
439:commissioned the
257:sensors, radios,
180:three-dimensional
141:
140:
133:
115:
16:(Redirected from
3115:
2999:
2930:
2864:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2836:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2740:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2678:
2672:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2613:. Archived from
2612:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2529:. Archived from
2518:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2502:on 10 March 2014
2498:. Archived from
2491:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2474:
2465:
2459:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2411:
2405:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2313:
2288:
2203:Deviation survey
2082:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2062:
2039:
2031:
1856:survey monuments
1780:measuring chains
1708:for the British.
1698:Nain Singh Rawat
1665:Aerial Surveying
1521:Mortgage survey:
1514:Mining surveying
1473:subdivision plan
1219:Geodetic network
1155:angular misclose
982:and some of the
835:
826:
815:
806:
517:great theodolite
396:
393:
375:
372:
274:recorded history
136:
129:
125:
122:
116:
114:
73:
49:
41:
21:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3083:
3082:
3058:Wayback Machine
3022:Wayback Machine
2997:
2990:
2985:
2974:, ACSM, 314pp,
2939:was Mapped and
2933:Keay J (2000),
2927:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2873:
2871:Further reading
2868:
2867:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2820:
2818:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2775:
2771:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2741:
2734:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2679:
2675:
2668:
2664:
2654:
2652:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2617:
2610:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2587:
2585:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2562:
2560:
2550:
2546:
2536:
2534:
2533:on 29 July 2014
2519:
2515:
2505:
2503:
2492:
2488:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2462:
2446:
2442:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2412:
2408:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2374:, p. 107,
2364:
2360:
2350:
2348:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2328:
2314:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2286:
2243:
2222:Ordnance Survey
2216:Survey of India
2212:
2189:Survey township
2161:
2156:
2095:Abraham Lincoln
2083:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2052:
2040:
2029:
2023:
2019:Main category:
2017:
1992:
1986:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1907:
1901:
1864:
1841:
1829:civil engineers
1733:retaining walls
1686:
1672:
1644:Chain Surveying
1641:
1622:Plane surveying
1616:
1581:topographic map
1529:physical survey
1525:mortgage survey
1507:Measured survey
1383:As-built survey
1376:
1366:
1305:
1293:
1287:
1221:
1215:
1206:
1169:
1163:
1135:Francis Ronalds
1104:
1046:
1025:
965:
849:
848:
847:
846:
838:
837:
836:
828:
827:
818:
817:
816:
808:
807:
796:
791:
785:
777:photogrammetric
744:
724:Polaris missile
676:
665:introduced the
625:In the US, the
599:Ordnance Survey
572:Jacques Cassini
521:dividing engine
450:
407:Haidao Suanjing
394:
373:
340:
338:Ancient history
335:
317:
286:
247:retroreflectors
225:, engineering,
176:two-dimensional
137:
126:
120:
117:
74:
72:
62:
50:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3121:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3081:
3080:
3072:
3067:
3061:
3048:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3025:
3012:
3006:
3000:
2989:
2988:External links
2986:
2984:
2983:
2968:
2954:
2931:
2925:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2846:
2837:
2828:
2803:
2789:
2769:
2755:
2732:
2718:
2698:
2691:
2673:
2662:
2637:
2634:. 4 June 2010.
2623:
2595:
2570:
2544:
2527:Jerrymahun.com
2521:Mahun, Jerry.
2513:
2494:Cheves, Marc.
2486:
2460:
2440:
2426:
2406:
2386:
2380:
2358:
2333:
2327:978-0910845601
2326:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2289:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2168:
2165:Photogrammetry
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2132:Lost City of Z
2085:
2084:
2043:
2041:
2034:
2016:
2013:
1988:Main article:
1985:
1982:
1943:Forest Service
1918:Main article:
1915:
1912:
1903:Main article:
1900:
1897:
1863:
1860:
1840:
1837:
1805:
1804:
1790:
1783:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1640:
1637:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1602:
1588:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1538:
1518:
1510:
1504:
1492:
1484:
1476:
1458:
1448:
1438:
1426:
1418:
1386:
1365:
1362:
1331:
1330:
1323:
1316:
1304:
1301:
1291:Geodetic datum
1289:Main article:
1286:
1283:
1217:Main article:
1214:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1165:Main article:
1162:
1159:
1103:
1100:
1083:Gunter's chain
1045:
1042:
1024:
1021:
964:
961:
908:gyrotheodolite
857:measuring tape
840:
839:
830:
829:
821:
820:
819:
810:
809:
801:
800:
799:
798:
797:
795:
792:
784:
781:
765:Remote sensing
743:
740:
720:TRANSIT system
710:total stations
693:developed the
675:
672:
667:Torrens system
663:Robert Torrens
658:, in the 1860s
486:Leonard Digges
476:Gunter's chain
449:
446:
395: 2500 BC
374: 2700 BC
359:rope stretcher
339:
336:
316:
313:
311:
310:
307:
304:
301:
285:
282:
235:total stations
169:land surveying
139:
138:
53:
51:
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3120:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2981:
2980:0-9765991-0-4
2977:
2973:
2969:
2967:
2966:0-416-07530-4
2963:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2951:0-00-653123-7
2948:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2904:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2855:ACSM Bulletin
2850:
2841:
2832:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2792:
2790:9789332901537
2786:
2782:
2781:
2773:
2758:
2756:9788170088530
2752:
2748:
2747:
2739:
2737:
2721:
2719:3-11-008303-5
2715:
2711:
2710:
2702:
2694:
2688:
2684:
2677:
2671:
2666:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2633:
2627:
2616:
2609:
2607:
2599:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2559:
2555:
2548:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2501:
2497:
2490:
2471:
2464:
2458:
2457:0-85667-170-3
2454:
2450:
2444:
2429:
2427:9780521792974
2423:
2419:
2418:
2410:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2383:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2347:
2343:
2337:
2329:
2323:
2319:
2312:
2310:
2305:
2293:
2290:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2081:
2078:
2070:
2067:November 2022
2060:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2044:This section
2042:
2038:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2012:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1981:
1977:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1921:
1911:
1906:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1882:
1873:
1868:
1859:
1857:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1827:, as well as
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1813:hydrographers
1810:
1809:cartographers
1802:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1762:real property
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1719:
1714:
1707:
1706:the Himalayas
1703:
1699:
1696:cartographer
1695:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1585:contour lines
1582:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1361:
1359:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1300:
1297:
1292:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1249:Triangulation
1245:
1242:
1241:large beacons
1237:
1235:
1225:
1220:
1210:
1201:
1199:
1194:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1173:
1168:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1091:Perambulators
1088:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1056:technology):
1055:
1050:
1041:
1034:
1029:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
976:
974:
970:
969:total station
960:
958:
953:
951:
945:
942:
936:
933:
929:
925:
919:
916:
915:total station
911:
909:
904:
901:
897:
893:
888:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
861:total station
858:
854:
844:
834:
825:
814:
805:
790:
780:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
760:
757:
753:
752:total station
749:
739:
737:
733:
728:
725:
721:
718:
713:
711:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
684:
680:
671:
668:
664:
657:
652:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
632:
628:
623:
621:
617:
613:
612:Mount Everest
608:
604:
600:
596:
587:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
552:triangulation
549:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
505:Jesse Ramsden
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
481:
480:Edmund Gunter
477:
473:
471:
467:
461:
460:
454:
445:
442:
441:Domesday Book
438:
433:
430:
425:
423:
422:
415:
413:
409:
408:
403:
398:
389:
385:
381:
380:
368:
364:
360:
356:
355:ancient Egypt
349:
344:
334:
330:
326:
322:
308:
305:
302:
299:
298:
297:
293:
291:
281:
279:
275:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
203:land surveyor
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
182:positions of
181:
177:
174:
170:
166:
158:
152:
151:total station
147:
143:
135:
132:
124:
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82: –
81:
77:
76:Find sources:
70:
66:
60:
59:
54:This article
52:
48:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
3076:
3064:Survey Earth
2971:
2957:
2934:
2908:
2881:
2854:
2849:
2840:
2831:
2819:. Retrieved
2815:
2806:
2794:. Retrieved
2779:
2772:
2760:. Retrieved
2745:
2723:. Retrieved
2708:
2701:
2682:
2676:
2665:
2653:. Retrieved
2649:
2640:
2626:
2615:the original
2605:
2598:
2586:. Retrieved
2582:
2573:
2561:. Retrieved
2557:
2547:
2535:. Retrieved
2531:the original
2526:
2516:
2504:. Retrieved
2500:the original
2489:
2477:. Retrieved
2463:
2448:
2443:
2431:. Retrieved
2416:
2409:
2394:
2389:
2367:
2361:
2349:. Retrieved
2345:
2342:"Definition"
2336:
2317:
2148:InĹŤ Tadataka
2146:
2136:
2126:
2108:
2102:
2088:
2073:
2064:
2053:Please help
2048:verification
2045:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1993:
1978:
1971:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1908:
1885:
1877:
1853:
1850:
1846:post nominal
1842:
1825:topographers
1806:
1792:
1785:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1758:trigonometry
1743:
1736:
1726:
1723:
1629:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1604:
1590:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1540:
1534:encroachment
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1512:
1506:
1494:
1486:
1478:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1450:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1420:
1406:
1388:
1382:
1377:
1355:
1340:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1311:
1306:
1298:
1294:
1276:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1247:
1246:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1207:
1197:
1192:
1189:
1178:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1128:
1105:
1071:
1038:
1019:themselves.
977:
966:
954:
946:
937:
920:
912:
905:
899:
895:
891:
889:
850:
763:
745:
742:21st century
729:
714:
707:
695:Tellurometer
688:
674:20th century
661:
635:
629:created the
624:
592:
580:meridian arc
574:and his son
545:
502:
493:
488:described a
484:
474:
468:described a
466:Abel Foullon
464:
457:
435:In England,
434:
426:
419:
416:
411:
405:
399:
377:
352:
347:
295:
287:
278:construction
271:
259:inclinometer
215:trigonometry
202:
200:
168:
164:
163:
142:
127:
118:
108:
101:
94:
87:
75:
63:Please help
58:verification
55:
2998:(in French)
2655:9 September
2588:5 September
2351:17 February
2254:Cartography
2142:film screen
2011:in the UK.
1569:Subdivision
1496:LOMA survey
1319:Systematic:
1255:topographic
1137:invented a
1131:plane table
1095:Tacheometry
1066:cartography
896:protractors
865:3D scanners
701:introduced
595:William Roy
470:plane table
459:Cyclopaedia
384:Mesopotamia
251:3D scanners
245:receivers,
239:theodolites
173:terrestrial
80:"Surveying"
3087:Categories
2762:9 December
2563:17 October
2300:References
2025:See also:
1924:See also:
1817:geodesists
1789:available.
1674:See also:
1670:Profession
1599:blueprints
1368:See also:
1336:redundancy
1322:corrected.
1277:Traversing
1269:Offsetting
1116:theodolite
1023:Techniques
926:, such as
853:theodolite
748:theodolite
699:Geodimeter
537:James Watt
509:theodolite
490:theodolite
448:Modern era
388:Stonehenge
363:Nile River
319:See also:
284:Definition
91:newspapers
3093:Surveying
2943:was Named
2882:Surveying
2725:10 August
2709:Surveying
2650:Tutorgram
2608:, p. 118"
2433:30 August
2118:excursion
2116:store of
2114:outfitter
2021:Surveyors
1839:Licensing
1729:pipelines
1653:Levelling
1551:rectified
1469:site plan
1465:plot plan
1407:ALTA/ACSM
1181:altimeter
1167:Levelling
1161:Levelling
1078:distances
1054:Field-Map
984:designing
783:Equipment
643:'s first
533:crosshair
529:telescope
421:Gromatici
227:metrology
196:ownership
188:distances
165:Surveying
121:June 2023
18:Surveyors
3108:Land use
3054:Archived
3018:Archived
2821:12 March
2372:Springer
2260:Exsecant
2154:See also
2098:surveyed
1776:chainmen
1754:geometry
1750:calculus
1748:, basic
1488:Leveling
1413:and the
1353:method.
1347:Bowditch
1343:adjusted
1259:baseline
1120:Verniers
1112:reticles
1007:and the
980:drafting
963:Software
941:baseline
900:alidades
794:Hardware
645:cadastre
637:Napoleon
369:, built
211:geometry
186:and the
2941:Everest
2796:28 July
2583:Hexagon
2537:20 July
2506:20 July
2479:20 July
2346:fig.net
1969:(GLO).
1746:algebra
1326:Random:
1234:control
1193:Turning
1124:transit
1108:compass
1072:Before
1033:compass
950:beacons
892:circles
717:US Navy
656:Arizona
556:Alkmaar
402:Liu Hui
315:History
223:physics
207:geodesy
105:scholar
2978:
2964:
2949:
2923:
2879:about
2787:
2753:
2716:
2689:
2455:
2424:
2401:
2378:
2324:
1823:, and
1756:, and
1720:, 1918
1694:pundit
1682:, and
1549:to be
1228:lines.
1143:octant
885:tripod
620:canals
568:resect
513:angles
331:, and
263:levels
192:angles
184:points
107:
100:
93:
86:
78:
3039:NCEES
2937:India
2618:(PDF)
2611:(PDF)
2473:(PDF)
2241:Other
1718:Idaho
1583:with
1471:, or
1447:made.
1403:nails
1399:pipes
1364:Types
1151:close
1087:invar
992:plats
988:plans
877:level
769:lidar
576:CĂ©sar
560:Breda
379:groma
255:lidar
112:JSTOR
98:books
3045:NSPS
2976:ISBN
2962:ISBN
2947:ISBN
2921:ISBN
2823:2021
2798:2016
2785:ISBN
2764:2014
2751:ISBN
2727:2014
2714:ISBN
2687:ISBN
2657:2020
2590:2021
2565:2020
2539:2014
2508:2014
2481:2014
2453:ISBN
2435:2012
2422:ISBN
2399:ISBN
2376:ISBN
2353:2016
2322:ISBN
2093:and
1831:and
1692:The
1597:and
1501:SFHA
1433:and
1372:and
1129:The
1009:CORS
990:and
986:for
913:The
906:The
879:and
873:GNSS
754:and
746:The
357:, a
288:The
243:GNSS
190:and
84:news
34:and
2913:doi
2816:ZFN
2057:by
1774:or
1628:In
1527:or
1074:EDM
1058:GPS
1013:GPS
996:CAD
973:GPS
957:PPE
898:or
881:rod
869:GPS
843:RTK
773:UAV
759:GPS
756:RTK
597:'s
558:to
410:or
267:GIS
178:or
167:or
67:by
3089::
2919:.
2911:.
2861:.
2857:.
2814:.
2735:^
2648:.
2581:.
2556:.
2525:.
2370:,
2344:.
2308:^
2144:.
1961:,
1957:,
1953:,
1949:,
1945:,
1835:.
1819:,
1815:,
1811:,
1752:,
1731:,
1678:,
1523:A
1467:,
1338:.
1265:.
1145:.
1126:.
1060:,
971:,
930:.
894:,
875:,
867:,
863:,
859:,
855:,
750:,
424:.
392:c.
371:c.
327:,
323:,
253:,
249:,
241:,
229:,
221:,
217:,
213:,
209:,
2982:.
2953:.
2929:.
2915::
2825:.
2800:.
2766:.
2729:.
2695:.
2659:.
2592:.
2567:.
2541:.
2510:.
2483:.
2437:.
2355:.
2330:.
2080:)
2074:(
2069:)
2065:(
2051:.
1587:.
1553:.
1475:.
1454::
1444::
871:/
390:(
134:)
128:(
123:)
119:(
109:·
102:·
95:·
88:·
61:.
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
_crop.jpg)
