840:
895:"Subsistence" is understood as supporting oneself and family at a minimum level. Basic subsistence is the provision of food, clothing, shelter. A subsistence economy is an economy directed to one's subsistence rather than to the market. Often, the subsistence economy is
1200:'Subsistence agriculture' in: Alan Barnard and Jonathan Spencer, eds. (1996) Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology, London and New York: Routledge, p.624.
1071:— a widely studied ritual in which sponsors (helped by their entourages) gave away resources and manufactured wealth while generating prestige for themselves.
1382:
F. Berkes , P. J. George, R. J. Preston, A. Hughes, J. Turner, B. D. Cummins; George, P. J.; Preston, R. J.; Hughes, A.; Turner, J.; Cummins, B. D. (1994).
870:
1431:
1301:
1218:
1244:
910:
The subsistence system is maintained through sharing, feasting, ritual observance and associated norms. Harvesting is an important indicator of
983:
709:
1381:
863:
1277:"A Social and Cultural Capital Approach to Understanding Traditional Activities on the Land in Two Northern Dene Communities"
976:— a term which particularly applies to coastal or island ethnic groups using traditional techniques for subsistence fishing.
942:
spread, various societies moved to other economic systems at various times. Some remain relatively unchanged, ranging from
298:
1120:
856:
233:
1456:
887:
is an economy directed to basic subsistence, the provision of food, clothing, shelter rather than to the market.
903:. In a subsistence economy, economic surplus is minimal and only used to trade for basic goods, and there is no
1265:
Marshall
Sahlins (1972) Stone Age Economics, Chicago and New York: Aldine-Atherton, passim e.g. pp.17,34,42,50.
399:
844:
739:
459:
449:
769:
31:
1384:"Wildlife Harvesting and Sustainable Regional Native Economy in the Hudson and James Bay Lowland, Ontario"
1083:
17:
1210:
1057:
1240:
1451:
1125:
692:
620:
41:
1317:"Sharing-based social capital associated with harvest production and wealth in the Canadian Arctic"
228:
1047:
994:
900:
794:
744:
625:
353:
223:
804:
203:
1276:
914:. Subsistence embodies cultural perspectives of relationships to places, people and animals.
1425:
1295:
799:
444:
134:
104:
89:
1328:
947:
899:
and relies on natural resources to provide for basic needs through hunting, gathering, and
896:
704:
512:
409:
373:
218:
151:
99:
8:
1180:
1094:
1062:
951:
943:
814:
759:
754:
687:
677:
198:
1332:
1274:
1413:
1359:
1316:
1175:
979:
907:. In hunting and gathering societies, resources are often, if not typically underused.
819:
779:
650:
555:
174:
156:
146:
139:
1036:— part of the society follows the herd, while the other part maintains a home village.
1405:
1364:
1346:
939:
904:
672:
424:
404:
191:
184:
179:
1395:
1354:
1336:
1033:
1016:
665:
600:
585:
537:
527:
521:
494:
479:
250:
213:
1051:
1341:
1145:
1099:
1089:
973:
963:
789:
749:
714:
610:
570:
565:
532:
378:
358:
348:
338:
323:
303:
238:
124:
49:
1140:
1135:
911:
774:
590:
484:
328:
1445:
1409:
1350:
1160:
923:
824:
809:
615:
605:
595:
580:
560:
489:
333:
255:
166:
129:
119:
109:
1368:
1029:
1008:
935:
931:
699:
575:
439:
434:
429:
414:
368:
343:
318:
313:
260:
114:
1026:— all members of the pastoral society follow the herd throughout the year.
1165:
1002:
998:
764:
719:
682:
660:
655:
268:
243:
1417:
1400:
1383:
94:
62:
784:
308:
273:
208:
72:
67:
1068:
1039:
967:
161:
1275:
Amanda D. Boyd, Cynthia G. Jardine,Christopher M. Furgal (2010).
1170:
1155:
1150:
517:
293:
1130:
1086:
society, subsisting on the produce of a separate host society:
1042:
agriculture — non-nomadic pastoralism with a defined territory.
927:
839:
645:
1115:
1023:
1074:
1256:
Chief
Seattle to President Pierce regarding sale of land
1011:— plant cultivation, based on the use of simple tools.
1211:"What is subsistence economy? definition and meaning"
30:"Subsistence" redirects here. For other uses, see
930:, all humans lived in a subsistence economy. As
1443:
1005:, and is more labor-intensive than horticulture.
864:
1430:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1300:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
950:, to some cultures that choose to retain a
871:
857:
1399:
1358:
1340:
1001:cultivation involving continuous use of
984:subsistence hunting of the bowhead whale
14:
1444:
1284:The Canadian Journal of Native Studies
1314:
1102:, when subsisting in a larger economy
957:
27:Economy directed to basic subsistence
1308:
1221:from the original on 1 November 2017
1268:
24:
1019:, the raising of grazing animals:
25:
1468:
1121:Anthropological theories of value
1077:— Local Exchange Trading Systems.
1065:— exchange between social equals.
845:Business and economics portal
838:
1247:from the original on 2008-10-07
1375:
1259:
1233:
1203:
1194:
13:
1:
1315:Ready, Elspeth (2018-12-03).
1187:
890:
740:Commons-based peer production
460:Socialism of the 21st century
1342:10.1371/journal.pone.0193759
32:Subsistence (disambiguation)
7:
1108:
946:, to marginalized areas of
10:
1473:
966:techniques, also known as
917:
29:
1126:Back-to-the-land movement
234:Socialist-oriented market
995:Subsistence agriculture
1457:Agricultural economics
1215:BusinessDictionary.com
1241:"Subsistence Economy"
964:Hunting and gathering
948:developing countries
770:Newly industrialized
513:Collective ownership
374:Vertical archipelago
1401:10.14430/arctic1308
1333:2018PLoSO..1393759R
1181:Tiny house movement
952:traditional economy
944:uncontacted peoples
926:, before the first
885:subsistence economy
755:Inclusive Democracy
1176:Subsistence crisis
1003:arable (crop) land
980:Aboriginal whaling
958:List of strategies
693:Material balancing
175:Buddhist economics
940:division of labor
905:industrialization
881:
880:
391:By regional model
185:Sabbath economics
16:(Redirected from
1464:
1452:Economic systems
1436:
1435:
1429:
1421:
1403:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1362:
1344:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1299:
1291:
1281:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1034:agro-pastoralism
982:, including the
873:
866:
859:
843:
842:
601:Municipalization
586:Financialization
556:Collectivization
538:Social ownership
528:Private property
522:Common ownership
480:Common ownership
294:Closed (autarky)
251:State capitalism
229:Socialist market
214:Market socialist
50:Economic systems
37:
36:
21:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1423:
1422:
1380:
1376:
1327:(3): e0193759.
1313:
1309:
1293:
1292:
1279:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1250:
1248:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1224:
1222:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1146:Natural economy
1111:
1100:Garbage picking
974:Artisan fishing
960:
920:
893:
877:
837:
830:
829:
795:Post-industrial
790:Post-capitalist
750:Hunter-gatherer
735:
727:
726:
641:
633:
632:
611:Nationalization
571:Demutualization
566:Corporatization
551:
543:
542:
533:State ownership
508:
500:
499:
475:
467:
466:
392:
384:
383:
354:Robinson Crusoe
289:
288:By coordination
281:
280:
265:Traditionalist
125:Neomercantilist
85:
77:
58:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1470:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1438:
1437:
1394:(4): 350–360.
1374:
1307:
1267:
1258:
1232:
1202:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1141:Mahatma Gandhi
1138:
1136:Lasse Nordlund
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1097:
1092:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1058:Redistribution
1045:
1044:
1043:
1037:
1027:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1006:
989:
988:
987:
986:in the Arctic.
977:
959:
956:
919:
916:
912:social capital
892:
889:
879:
878:
876:
875:
868:
861:
853:
850:
849:
848:
847:
832:
831:
828:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
805:Resource-based
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
736:
733:
732:
729:
728:
725:
724:
723:
722:
717:
712:
702:
697:
696:
695:
690:
685:
680:
670:
669:
668:
663:
658:
648:
642:
639:
638:
635:
634:
631:
630:
629:
628:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
591:Liberalization
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
552:
549:
548:
545:
544:
541:
540:
535:
530:
525:
515:
509:
507:Property types
506:
505:
502:
501:
498:
497:
492:
487:
482:
476:
473:
472:
469:
468:
465:
464:
463:
462:
456:Latin America
454:
453:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
419:
418:
417:
412:
407:
402:
393:
390:
389:
386:
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382:
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376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
290:
287:
286:
283:
282:
279:
278:
277:
276:
271:
263:
258:
253:
248:
247:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
196:
195:
194:
189:
188:
187:
177:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
143:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
92:
86:
83:
82:
79:
78:
76:
75:
70:
65:
59:
56:
53:
52:
46:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1469:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1433:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1303:
1297:
1290:(2): 267–287.
1289:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1262:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1197:
1193:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1161:Simple living
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
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1114:
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1076:
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1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1000:
996:
993:
992:
991:Agriculture:
990:
985:
981:
978:
975:
972:
971:
969:
965:
962:
961:
955:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
924:human history
915:
913:
908:
906:
902:
898:
888:
886:
874:
869:
867:
862:
860:
855:
854:
852:
851:
846:
841:
836:
835:
834:
833:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
800:Post-scarcity
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
745:Expeditionary
743:
741:
738:
737:
731:
730:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
707:
706:
703:
701:
698:
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691:
689:
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684:
681:
679:
676:
675:
674:
671:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
653:
652:
649:
647:
644:
643:
637:
636:
627:
624:
623:
622:
621:Socialization
619:
617:
616:Privatization
614:
612:
609:
607:
606:Mutualization
604:
602:
599:
597:
596:Marketization
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
581:Expropriation
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
561:Communization
559:
557:
554:
553:
547:
546:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
523:
519:
516:
514:
511:
510:
504:
503:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
477:
471:
470:
461:
458:
457:
455:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
422:
420:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
397:
395:
394:
388:
387:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
299:Decentralized
297:
295:
292:
291:
285:
284:
275:
272:
270:
267:
266:
264:
262:
259:
257:
256:Social credit
254:
252:
249:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
224:Participatory
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
201:
200:
197:
193:
190:
186:
183:
182:
181:
178:
176:
173:
172:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
141:
138:
136:
135:Social market
133:
131:
130:Protectionist
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
110:Laissez-faire
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
97:
96:
93:
91:
88:
87:
81:
80:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
60:
55:
54:
51:
48:
47:
43:
39:
38:
33:
19:
1426:cite journal
1391:
1387:
1377:
1324:
1320:
1310:
1296:cite journal
1287:
1283:
1270:
1261:
1249:. Retrieved
1235:
1223:. Retrieved
1214:
1205:
1196:
1048:Distribution
1030:Transhumance
1009:Horticulture
999:agricultural
936:civilization
932:urbanization
921:
909:
894:
884:
882:
710:Peer-to-peer
705:Self-managed
640:Coordination
576:Deregulation
363:
261:Distributist
115:Mercantilist
1166:Staple food
1084:parasitical
1069:Potlatching
1063:Reciprocity
1017:Pastoralism
901:agriculture
815:Traditional
765:Manorialism
760:Information
734:Other types
720:Open access
683:Cybernetics
425:Anglo-Saxon
410:Singaporean
369:Underground
364:Subsistence
269:Corporatist
244:Syndicalist
204:Communalist
90:Associative
84:By ideology
57:Major types
18:Subsistence
1446:Categories
1251:2009-11-01
1188:References
891:Definition
820:Transition
780:Plantation
688:Indicative
550:Transition
400:East Asian
171:Religious
147:Democratic
120:Neoliberal
105:Democratic
95:Capitalist
63:Capitalism
1410:0004-0843
1351:1932-6203
1022:Pastoral
897:moneyless
785:Plutonomy
666:Regulated
495:Voluntary
421:European
274:Feudalism
219:Mutualist
209:Communist
199:Socialist
180:Christian
100:Corporate
73:Communism
68:Socialism
1418:40511596
1369:29529040
1321:PLOS ONE
1245:Archived
1219:Archived
1109:See also
1095:Conquest
1052:exchange
1024:nomadism
968:foraging
673:Planning
324:Informal
309:Dirigist
162:Georgist
157:Feminist
42:a series
40:Part of
1360:5846769
1329:Bibcode
1225:7 April
1171:Society
1156:Shakers
1151:Poverty
1090:Raiding
918:History
715:Sharing
678:In kind
626:Marxist
518:Commons
485:Private
474:Sectors
445:Rhenish
415:Keralan
405:Chinese
379:Virtual
359:Sharing
349:Planned
339:Natural
304:Digital
192:Islamic
152:Fascist
140:Welfare
1416:
1408:
1388:Arctic
1367:
1357:
1349:
1131:Famine
938:, and
928:cities
775:Palace
651:Market
646:Barter
490:Public
450:Soviet
435:Nordic
430:German
396:Asian
329:Market
1414:JSTOR
1280:(PDF)
1116:Amish
1040:Ranch
825:World
810:Token
700:Price
440:Dutch
334:Mixed
239:State
167:Green
1432:link
1406:ISSN
1365:PMID
1347:ISSN
1302:link
1227:2018
1075:LETS
1050:and
661:Open
656:Free
344:Open
319:Gift
314:Dual
1396:doi
1355:PMC
1337:doi
1288:XXX
1032:or
922:In
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.